Artificial Turf Or Synthetic Grass on Play Grounds -A Challenge

Home , Artificial turf, AstroTurf, Chase Field

Journal of Research in Applied Chemistry Volume 2 Issue 1

Artificial Turf or Synthetic Grass on Play Grounds -A Challenge

Prof (Dr) Nemailal Tarafder Ex-Emeritus Professor Corresponding author’s email id: [email protected] DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3241681

Abstract Artificial turf gained a substantial attention about 54 years back in 1966, when it was installed first in that year in old Astrodome. Astroturf or artificial turf is a surface made of synthetic fibres, which looks similar to a natural grass like surface. These are mostly used in the sports fields but nowadays these are also applied in private lawns. The maintenance of artificial turf grounds are easier because of heavy use on them, they require no irrigation and trimming. It was developed by Monsanto and rebranded as Astro Turf. It is a generic term in the games and sports fields. It has become a registered trade mark but it is no longer own by Monsanto. The short-pile fibres without infill were the originality of first generation turf materials and it has been replaced by the second generation and third generation turf systems. Artificial ground cleats are the cleats those are made primarily for use on man-made surfaces such as artificial turf or running tracks. Originally it was limited to large sports clubs but common people use these in their lawn or grounds also.

Keywords: Artificial turf, Sports Surfaces, Modern turf, Synthetic Grass

INTRODUCTION Astroturf. Since then it became a trade Background of Astroturf: name as artificial turf throughout the 20th Astroturf first came into the limelight in century. It is no longer remains under the the year 1966, when it was installed in the ownership of Monsanto, although it is still year in old Astrodome. It was basically a a trade name as Astro Turf. Artificial Turf product of Chem Grass, which was was first installed in 1964 for a recreation developed by Monsanto and rebranded as at the Moses Brown School in Providence,

Journal of Research in Applied Chemistry Volume 2 Issue 1

Rhode Island [01]. The public came to synthetic turf to homes across Australia know about the Astro Turf when it was [02]. Synthetic grass looks great all over first installed in 1964 in the Astrodome in the year, regardless of the of the weather Houston, Texas. The so called modern or water conditions. It is soft and indoor stadium was covered with artificial comfortable to touch, even when people grass only in the infield in April in 1966. It walk around barefoot. Experience of the became known to all that the use of Astro wonder artificial turf today is by calling Turf and similar surfaces had widespread out friendly team for expert advice on all applications in the US and Canada in the the top notch products of the said company early 1970s. It was installed both in the Tuff Turf. Artificial turf of the Custom outdoor and indoor stadiums for use in Golf Greer [03] is found in many places football and baseball playing. It has been including backyard putting greens, practice reported that more than 11,000 artificial golf greens, on play grounds and also in turf playing grounds are there throughout use as pet turf, sports turf and field turf. the US and other nations. More than 1200 SYN Lawn grass Synthetics are the most were installed in the U.S in 2013 durable in the industry as well as it can be according to the report of the group the customized to synthetic grass installation Synthetic Turf Council. as per the exact specification. SYN Lawn of Central Coast is the most durable and Sports Surfaces realistic artificial grass in the industry and According to Artificial Turf Melbourne, their products are precise, clean and for many years, customers have relied on unmatched in the industry. SYN Lawn of Tuff Turf to provide best quality artificial Bakersfield artificial grass gives the grass in Australia. If someone is looking freedom to enjoy a stunning green lawn for the highest quality artificial turf in without the maintenance and high Australia with outstanding customer irrigation costs of a sod yard. services, it is claimed that the right choice is the Synthetic Grass. Synthetic grass is Artificial Modern Turfs the ideal long lasting solution for the turf The market for the artificial grass is in residential yards, businesses, schools, growing quickly because it is driven by a sports grounds and play grounds. Tuff Turf combination of better manufacturing has the impeccable reputation for techniques combined with an increasing providing long lasting high quality awareness of the longer term

Journal of Research in Applied Chemistry Volume 2 Issue 1

environmental and economic benefits. According to the UK’s premier artificial Originally it was limited to larger sports grass manufacturer Tiger Turf [06], they clubs but now it is seen on many of the manufacture, install and maintain by their private lawns/gardens. There is no doubt at top sports surface contractors and local all that in the busy schedule lives, time landscapers. They manufacture from their becomes more precious as people seek to designed high performance artificial grass jungle all our responsibilities. Artificial sports, featuring technical innovation grass needs very little maintenance and arising from last 30 years of dedicated R & can free up a lot of time. Again, as the D department. They work with specialist weather grows warmer there will be no sports surface contractors and landscapers more pressure on restricting water usage. who install and maintain Tiger Turf across Hose pipe restrictions can really destroy a the UK and EMEA. Their product meets natural lawn, but artificial grass will not be the demands of FIFA, World Rugby, ITF, affected. Another important benefit is that FIH, GAA, and RFL. The quality artificial grass is of such a material which performance, safety attributes and realistic actively helps the environment. As well as appearance of their artificial grass surfaces substantially reducing water usage and are independently tested for certification pollution from water run-off carrying by sports governing bodies. It ensures that chemicals into the drains is minimized their artificial grass surfaces can fulfil the [05]. expectations for many years. They have vigilant quality control throughout the It always surprises people to know the manufacturing point to delivery of sports varied circumstances when artificial grass surfaces to satisfy the users. They are the can be beneficial. The areas are like dog international suppliers and distributors. runs, swimming pools, roof gardens, and They have their operations in UK, New high wear and tear areas and event Zealand, U.S, Australia and India also. management. There are certain disadvantages also in artificial grass, When searching for synthetic grass especially related to infilling materials like through literature review, it becomes shredded car types. The other extremely difficult to understand the disadvantage is that the urban flooding. terminology. Not everyone is a chemistry This is reported by App-AD & Policy wiz and knows what polypropylene or Optimization in the HINT AND THINGS. polyethylene is. It is also to be known why

Journal of Research in Applied Chemistry Volume 2 Issue 1

some other companies use nylon, the same provides a cushioned surface to play on material as women’s stocking? What similar to that of natural grass and is exactly are rubber granules and why does capable of withstanding higher than the it have to go in the infill?. Nylon is a normal stress [07]. thermoplastic silky material, used first in a bristle tooth brush. Nylon can be good for It is claimed that SYN Lawn artificial tooth brushes, stockings or carpet but not grass is more capable of withstanding for synthetic grass. Companies that use stress than just synthetic turfs and there is nylon in their turf use it to keep their much more to it than that. As per their blades standing upright. Although these report, it is instead of fusing around can quickly wear down, flatten and later mowing the lawn on a week end, their become hard. Because nylon becomes artificial landscape turf remains virtually hygroscopic, it can absorb liquid more maintenance free. It requires no more easily. watering and no more mowing. It is easy to understand why SYN Lawn artificial Polyethylene is what we see in the grocery grass is the perfect choice for landscaping bags, shampoo bottles and children’s toys. solution. They are the manufacturer of The uniqueness that comes from the synthetic landscape grass, pet turf, play polyethylene is its sift texture which ground grass, synthetic putting surfaces prevents rug burns and abrasions that are and many more and installer also. It saves common with nylon turfs. It is best to over 50% reduction in residential water choose a synthetic grass with polyethylene use average. Massive time savings rather than nylon because for the blades allowing people more time to enjoy their offer twice the resistance to ultraviolet yards instead of working maintain it. It light degradation and are also seen as helps to reduce carbon emission and no better for the environment. It is seen as need for lawn maintenance equipment. It strong and durable which handle to utilizes renewable resources with over damage pets and pests. Granular materials 70% of the petroleum based Polyol of like sand or rubber pallets that are about competitors’ turfs varieties replaced a the size of sand grains are most commonly plant based Polyol [08]. used. The rubber infill allows the blades of the synthetic grass to stand upright giving Reuse of post manufacturing waste the grass a natural appearance. It also including coal ash added to extra strength

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and dimensional stability. It is 100% exact/proper glue has to be selected. The recyclable with cleanest and safest glue has to be applied on both sides of the environment for pet with the introduction full overlap area and glue to be allowed to of pet deodorizing system have pet system take-off, which can be best applied by a components. They have research and stiff brush. Then glue covered area of the development laboratories for product each strip has to be directly laid on to glue innovation unmatched in the industry and covered area of the base and adjacent roll, it is claimed that it is only one of its kind. keeping the weights on the seam for The SKY Lawn products are approximately 24 and thus the job is approximately 20% cooler than completed [09]. competitors’ products. APPLICATION OF ASTROTURF ON Gluing Artificial Grass from W. I. VARIOUS SPORTS GROUNDS Polymers Ltd speaks about how an all American and Canadian Football-Houston weather pitch works. It is the experience Ollers was the first professional as enjoyed by the Ireland and how it would American Football team to play on the ensure play during all seasons. It is artificial turf and thereafter part of the becoming day by day more popular in American football league who moved into Ireland to help give a beautiful synthetic the Astrodome in 1968, which had lawn. Their main object is to stock a range installed the Astroturf two years ago. In of glues most suitable for gluing synthetic 1969 the University of Pennsylvania’s grass. They have offered a few tips for the Franklin Field in Philadelphia, at the time best work firstly the turf has to be rolled also home field of the Philadelphia Eagles on specified area, always making sure that switched from grass to Astroturf, making it the fibres run in the same direction. Then the first National Football League Stadium the next roll has to be laid beside the first to use the Artificial Turf. In the year 2002, overlapping the edges by about 300 mm. Century Link Field, who had a natural Then a chalk mark to be given of the grass field, was instead surfaced with field centre of the seam line on the base. Then a Turf upon positive reaction from Seattle sharp knife trimming is to be done on the Seahewks when they played on the surface overlap to match the trimmed edge of the at their temporary home ground Husley first roll and a load has to be applied to Stadium during 2000 and 2001 season. prevent the grass from moving. The More examples of Astroturf grounds are

Journal of Research in Applied Chemistry Volume 2 Issue 1

like Paul Brown Stadium which went from they did so 1988. The last Football League grass to turf in 2004, Gillette stadium team to have an artificial pitch in England which made the switch in 2006 and NRG was Preston North End, who removed their Stadium which did so in 2015 and today pitch in 1994 after eight years of use [11]. 12 NFL fields are Astroturf covered out of In 1981, London football Club Queens 31 fields [10]. Perk Range dug up its grass and installed an artificial one. By the mid 1980s, there The first professional Canadian Football were four artificial surfaces in operation in Stadium to use artificial turf was Empire the English league. Gradually clubs Stadium in Vancover, British Colombia returned to natural grass and in 1990, the home of CFL’s BC Lions, which many North American soccer clubs also instead 3M Tartan Turf in 1970. Presently removed their artificial turf and reinstalled of the nine stadiums in the Canadian grass pitch. Football League currently use artificial turf. The first stadium to use the next The use of artificial turf was banned by generation artificial turf was Ohawa’s FIFA, UEFA and many domestic football Frank Clair Stadium, which the Ottawa associations yet in the recent past Reigarle used when they began play governing bodies have expressed Rrough Riders’ Taylor field, which resurrected interest in the use of artificial replaced in 2007. turf in competitions provided they are FIFA recommended. A team of UEFA, Association of football club-Some FIFA and German Company Polytar association football clubs in Europe conducted tests in the Stadium Slazburg installed synthetic surfaces in 1980s, Wals-Siezenneine in the Stag Burg, which were called plastic pitches in the Australia which had matches played on it countries such as England. There were in UEFA Euro 2008. It is the 2nd Star several professional club venues who had approved artificial turf in European adopted them; QPR SLoffs Road, Luton domestic top flight after Dutch Club Town’s, Keinl Worth Road, Olaham Heracles Almelo received the FIFA Athletic Boundary Pat and Preston Deep certificate in August 2005 and the tests Date. QPR had been the first team to were approved. FIFA originally launched install an artificial pitch at their stadium in its FIFA quality concept in February 2001. 1981, but were the first to remove it when UEFA announced that starting from 2005-

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2006 season, approved artificial surfaces the fields has significantly changed the were to be permitted in their competitions character of the game. It was introduced in [12]. the year 1970 and in the western countries most of the competitions are now being A full international fixture for 2008 played on the artificial surfaces. Much European Championships was played on improvement in the speed of the game has 17th October 2007 between England and taken place by the introduction of artificial Russia on an artificial surface, which was grass. There is a big difference between installed to counteract adverse effects, at the artificial turf in hockey fields and other the Luzniki Stadium in Moscow. It was games. The shorter fibre structures allow one of the first full international games to the improvement in the speed brought by be played on such a surface approved by earlier artificial turf to be retained. The both FIFA and UEFA [13]. UEFA stressed International Hockey Federation (IHF) and that artificial turf should only be manufacturers are driving research in order considered an option where climatic to produce new fields that will be suitable conditions necessitated. One Desso Hybrid for a variety of games and sports. It is Grass product incorporated both natural observed that the changes in the type of and artificial elements. FIFA designated a artificial grass has brought a huge change Star System for artificial turf fields that in the techniques of many games and have undergone a series of tests that ultimately enjoyed by the players as well examined quality and performance based as the spectators [15]. to Star System. In 2009, FIFA introduced the Preferred Producer Initiative to Baseball-In the year 1966, in the Houston improve the quality of artificial football Astrodome, artificial turf was first turf at each stage of the life cycle. The two introduced in major League Baseball, most prominent English Football Clubs to replacing the grass field used when the currently use third generation artificial stadium opened one year earlier. For the pitches are Sutton United, whose FIIFA 2- greater part of the 1965 season, the Astros star quality pitch was installed at Gander played on green-painted dirt and dead Green Lane in august 2015 [14]. grass. The solution was to install a new type of artificial grass on the field, Chem Field hockey-In the games of hockey, the Grass, which ultimately became the introduction of synthetic grass/surface in Astroturf. As the supply of Astroturf was

Journal of Research in Applied Chemistry Volume 2 Issue 1

very low, only a limited amount of are considering using an artificial hybrid material was available for the first home grass for place Ertodome by Target Field game. On July 1966, the installation was in 2010. Only two MLB stadiums used completed covering the total outfield artificial turf from 2010 through 2018. In portion. The Chicago White Sox became 2019, this number will grow three when the first team to install artificial turf in an Arizona’s Chase Field replaces its natural outdoor stadium as they used it in the grass surface with artificial turf and in infield and adjacent foul territory at the 1920, the new Globe Life Field in Comic Skey Park from 1969 through Arington, Texas will also have an artificial 1975. Artificial turf was subsequently surface. installed in other new multi-purpose stadiums. The biggest difficulty in playing Rugby-Rugby also uses artificial surfaces on artificial turf was that the ball bounced at a professional level. Infill fields are used higher than on real grass and also travelled by English Aviva premiership teams faster, causing infielders to play further Saracens F.C, Newcastle Falcons and back than they would normally and as a Worcester Worriers, as well as Pro 14 result they would have sufficient time to teams Cardlf Blues and Glasgo Worriers. react. However, the biggest impact on the Some fields including Twickenhagn game of turf, as it came to be called, was Stadiun have incorporated a hybrid field, on the body of the players. Players also with grass and synthetic fibres used on the complained that the turf was much hotter surface. This makes the ground to be much than grass, sometimes causing the metal hard wearing and making it less cleats to burn their feet or plastic one to susceptible to weather conditions and melt. Ultimately, these factors provoked a frequent use. number of stadiums to switch from artificial turf back to normal grass. In Tennis-Tennis courts such as Wimbledon 2000, Tropicana Field became first MLB are considering using an artificial hybrid field to use a third generation artificial grass to replace their natural lawn courts. surface, Field Turf with the replacement of Such fields are covered with natural grass Miniapolis’s Hubert H. Humphrey and synthetic fibres to create a more Metennis. Courts such as Wimbledon durable surface which to play tennis games. Similarly, synthetic grass/turf can 5. also be used in the golf industry, because

Journal of Research in Applied Chemistry Volume 2 Issue 1

of the vast areas of the golf courses and the replaceable aluminium cleats, which are damage from clubs during shots it is not worn in wet dirt, firm plastic rubber cleats feasible to surface fairways with artificial for very hard surfaces [04]. turf. Types of Cleats CLEATS FOR ASTROTURF Firm ground cleats are defined as cleats Athletes have worn cleats/studs since at that are made typically for use on natural least 1500 years. The written surfaces such as dirt and grass. These documentation of cleats come from 1526, cleats are equipped with large studs on the when football boots were listed in King bottom of the shoes to assist in gripping Henry the VIII’s Great Wardrobe. the surface and preventing sliding and According to the researchers, the English assisting in rapid directional changes. In Monarch ordered the Royal Cord Wainer association football, where the shoes (show maker), Cornelius Johnson to make themselves are known as football boots, him a pair of hand stitched boots to play there are different types of cleats. They are football. The shoes were costly and were soft ground cleats, firm ground cleats and probably made of especially strong leather. sliding tackle cleats. In Australian Rules, The Football Association in 1863 football boots are traditionally referred to organized the game football in England. as stops. Prior to modern moulded plastic The cleats began to be used in the United soles, there were often replaceable screws States in 1860s when metal spikes were in wooden studs. In 1889, there were two first used on baseball shoes. The first types of studs, one had a screw in the official baseball shoes was invented and centre of the stop/stud and the other had produced by Waldo M Claflin, of fixed studs at the boot sole fixed by nails Philadelphia in 1882. The use of cleats [18]. gained further notoriety in the United States with the birth of American Football In baseball, they were referred as cleats or in the early 20th Century. The innovation spikes. The spikes are rectangular in shape of cleat technology continued to take place and can be made of rubber, plastic or throughout the mid of late 20th century. In metal. Rubber spikes are almost 1954, the first modern football boots were exclusively used in the upper class of the made by Adidas. Today, different types of sports. Lacrosse cleats are characterized by cleats exist for different surfaces: having a high support for the ankle and

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appear most similar to American Football APPLICATIONS cleats. Lacrosse cleats contain a typical Since the early 1990s, the use of synthetic standard toe cleat in the front and beneath grass have been widen in the areas like the toe, for gaining traction off the toe. residential and commercial landscaping Detachable cleats are defined as those in rather than athletic fields. Artificial turf which the studs are removable, typically has been used at airports. Some of the through attaching or detaching a metal or Astroturf/artificial grass can be integrated plastic piece to the bottom of the shoe. In with optical fibres for runway lighting in cycling cleats, a specially shaped metal or the artificial landing surfaces for aircrafts. plastic piece that attaches to the bottom of Both the rubber granules and the synthetic the cycling shoes to positively and fibres of artificial turf are subject to wear securely attach it to a Clip Tess pedal and can be washed into environment. The system is called a cleat. In the ice cleats rubber granulates from artificial turf infill crampons are a typical type of spikes that constitutes a significant source of rubber usually are attachable under the sole of pollution. Fragments from the artificial shoes to prevent slipping, especially on reeds make their way into the environment ice. On soft grounds, football players often as micro plastics pollution in both marine opt for removable studs. These are usual as well as the soil environment [16]. metal cones that vary in length but are generally longer than the traditional soccer The use of artificial grass has caused to studs. In golf, initially metal spikes were raise a number of health and safety used and nowadays, those have been concerns about their continuous replaced by soft spikes [20]. Artificial involvement in action. The friction ground cleats are cleats that are made between skin and the old generation primarily for use on man-made surfaces, Astroturf surface can cause more abrasion such as artificial turf or running tracks. than natural grass. Again the surface of Although conventional cleats can be used artificial turf can retain heat from the sun on turf surfaces, specialized baseball and rays for a prolong exposure. Therefore, it softball turf shoes are also manufactured. is reported that periodic disinfection is These shoes typically have numerous required for artificial turf as pathogens are rubber studs along the soles as opposed to not broken down by normal process in the spikes. same manner as natural grass. A higher number of injuries to the players have been

Journal of Research in Applied Chemistry Volume 2 Issue 1

reported while playing on the Astroturf. A artificial turf gives the freedom to enjoy a study of the NFL Injury and Safety panel, stunning green lawn without the published in October 2012 issue of the maintenance and high irrigation costs of a American Journal of Sports Medicine, sod yard. The market of artificial grass is Elliot B. Harsh Man et al, was reviewed growing quickly because a contribution of for the injury data from NFL games played better manufacturing techniques combined between 2000 and 2009. The review report with an increasing awareness of the longer pointed out that knee injury of the players term environmental and economic played on Astroturf increased by 22% benefits. Vigilant quality control compared to normal grass players. Again, throughout the manufacturing processes crumb rubber is referred in some and finishing at the delivery end of Tiger cases/granulated rubber, which is some Turf reflects the quality consciousness artificial turf used by in filled silicon about the products of the artificial grass. sand/granulated rubber. Some of the The most important reason to choose a granulated rubber is made from recycled synthetic grass with polypropylene rather car tires and may carry heavy metals than nylon is because it does not absorb which can leach into the water tables. As water like nylon does. Massive time early as 2007, a moratorium on the use of savings allowing users more time to enjoy ground up rubber tires in fields and play their yard instead of working to maintain grounds was recommended by the it, when SYN Lawn artificial turf is used. appropriate authority on health concern Gluing of artificial grass is also essential [17]. for long lasting of the turfs. Artificial ground cleats are the cleats that are made CONCLUSION primarily for use on man-made surfaces, Artificial turf first gained substantial such as artificial turf or running tracks. attention in the year 1966. Artificial turf does have its down side, limited life, REFERENCES periodic cleaning, petroleum use, toxic, I. “Artificial Turf- Wikipedia”, chemical from in fill and heightened health https://en.wikipedia.org/windex.ph and safety concerns. Tuff Turf has an p?title=Artificial_turf & old impeccable reputation for providing long id=889076116. lasting, high quality synthetic turf to homes across Australia. SYN Lawn

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II. “Artificial Grass”, benefits, Los Angeles: Petersen Publishing Advantages and Disadvantages of Co, 19732; pp 62-65. Artificial Grass-hints and tips and lesser known facts. XI. “BMO Field: new renovations accommodate TFC, Argos-CBC- III. “Custom Golf Greer”, Artificial Sports”, Lawn, Synthetic grass Installation http://www.cbc.ca/sports/soccer/b Fresno, SKY Lawn Central CA. mo-field-tfc-argonauts- 1.35522032. IV. Cleat (Shoes), Wikipedia. XII. “England to play on synthetic turf”, V. “Sports Surfaces”, Artificial & http:news.bbc Synthetic grass Supplies in co.uk/sports/hi/football/internation Australia. al/629220.stn,BBC News.11 July 2007. VI. ”Tiger Turf”, Artificial Grass For Sports, landscaping & Leisure- XIII. “Desso Grass Master Hybrid Tiger Turf, UK. Grass>reinforced natural grass, desso sports systems”, VII. ”Artificial turf terms Debunked”, http:www.dessosports.com.hybrid- Artificial Turf terms Debunked- grass, dessosports.com easy Turf-artificial Turf. XIV. ”FIFA Quality Concept-Handbook VIII. “Synthetic turf and artificial of Test Methods for Football Turf”, grass”-SKY Lawn Seattle-about U https://www.fifa.com/mm/docume S. nt/ofdeleloping/pitch&equipment/6 8/52/24...... IX. “Gluing Artificial Grass”, Gluing Artificial grass-W. I. Polymers Ltd. XV. ”FIFA: The World Cup Should be Played on Natural Grass”, X. Dave Brady, “It’s All So Artificial: https://www.coworker.org/pentitio The Unknown Ground”, Petersen’s ns/fifa-the-world-cup-should-be- 12th pro Football Annual 1972.

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played-on-natural-grass, coworker.org. XIX. Phillips, Thomas D, 92012), Touching All the Bases: Baseball XVI. ”Microplastic Pollution from in 101 Facinating Stories, Lanham Artificial grass-a Field Guide”, MD: Scarecrow press, P http://www.kimointernational.org/n 6ISBN0810885522. ews/microplastuc-pollution-from- artificial-grass-a-field- XX. “The History of Track Spikes”, guide/kimo.27.february2017. https://www.freelapusa.com/the - history-of-track-spikes, Freeslap XVII. David R. Brown, Sc. D (2007), USA.2014-02-15, Retrieved 2017- “Artificial Turf”, o5-09. http://www.ehhi.org/reports/turf/tur

f-report 07.pdf, Environment & Cite this Article As Human Health. Prof (Dr) Nemailal Tarafder (2019). “Artificial Turf or Synthetic Grass on XVIII. “The History of The FA”, Play Grounds -A Challenge” Journal of Research in Applied Chemistry, 2(1), 48- http://www.thefa.com/about- 60 football-association/history, The http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3241681 Football Association Retrieve 28

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