Appendix A The USTA Anti-Doping Program

The USTA is committed to ensuring fair and drug-free competition. Individual athletes bear the ultimate responsibility to choose for themselves to compete fairly and drug-free. Participation in USTA tournaments constitutes consent to be tested for drugs. Use of banned substances and doping methods is cheating and may result in penal- ties, including suspension and permanent disqualification. The USTA has developed a program of education, testing, research, penalties, and rehabilitation to maintain the integrity of tennis and protect the health and rights of all tennis players. The USTA Board of Directors has adopted and supports the USTA Anti-Doping Program. Information about the program may be obtained from the USA Tennis Sport Science Department and your local USTA section. It can also be viewed on the USTA Web site at www.usta.com under USA Tennis/USA Tennis Player Development. Further information can be obtained by calling 888-354-8782.

DEFINITIONS* alcohol—a drug that depresses the central nervous system and af- fects coordination and fine hand-eye movements. Nevertheless, breath or blood alcohol levels may be determined at the request of the

*Some of these definitions were adapted with permission from the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA), Colorado Springs, Colorado.

58 The USTA Anti-Doping Program

responsible authorities (i.e., WADA, IOC, NOC, USOC, IF, and/or NGB), and positive tests may lead to sanctions. Alcohol is the most widely abused drug in the country, yet it does not generally improve sports performance. anabolic agents—a prohibited class of agents made up of the male hormone testosterone and its synthetic derivatives. Natural testosterone regulates, promotes, and maintains physical and sexual development. Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) medications—the most commonly prescribed medications (e.g., Ritalin and Cylert) to treat ADD and ADHD that contain prohibited stimulants. Athletes who are pre- scribed these medications should consult their physician and National Governing Body as soon as possible. The USTA rule allows for a Request for Medical Exemption to be filed by the player’s physician; if granted, the athlete is allowed to use the prohibited substance. blood doping—the administration of blood, red blood cells, and re- lated blood products to an athlete, which may be preceded by with- drawal of blood from the athlete, who continues to train in such a blood-depleted state. caffeine—a central nervous system stimulant that is found in coffee, tea, chocolate, and soft drinks. Many cough and cold supple- ments and pain reliever combinations also contain caffeine. A concen- tration greater than 12 micrograms of caffeine per milliliter (12 mcg/ml) in the urine is considered doping. A few cups of typical, American-brewed coffee should not result in a urinary concentration greater than 12 mcg/ml. cannabinoids—substances constituted of marijuana, hashish, or cannabis that contain mind-altering ingredients. Possession and/or use of these substances are illegal and may subject a person to arrest and criminal prosecution. The International Olympic Committee at the Olympic Games and many International Federations include cannabinoids on their list of prohibited substances. In those cases, a concentration in the urine of carboxy-THC greater than 15 nanograms per milliliter constitutes doping. The body absorbs THC, which is the mind-altering ingredient in cannabinoids, and transforms it into metabolites, which can be detected in the urine for weeks after use.

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The metabolites can be detected in urine 4 to 10 days after smoking a single joint, and up to several weeks or months following chronic use. At the Olympic Games, tests are conducted for cannabinoids. creatine—a natural compound that is an important part of the body’s energy storage system. Energy is stored in the cells as creatine phosphate. Creatine is obtained primarily from meat in the diet. The long-term effects of taking supplemental creatine have not yet been established, but there appears to be a greater incidence of dehydra- tion, nausea, stomach cramps, diarrhea, muscle cramping, pulled muscles, and muscle tightness, according to a survey of creatine users. There are also two published reports of individuals with pre-existing liver and kidney problems having further complications while using creatine. diuretics—drugs that help the body to eliminate fluids (water and salts) by increasing the rate of urine formation. EPO (Erythropoietin)—a hormone produced by the kidneys to cause the production of new red blood cells in the bone marrow. Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues, so high levels of EPO can increase the number of red blood cells, which can increase the amount of oxygen available to the tissues. growth hormone (hGH, Somatotropin)—a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that exerts many effects on the human body. It plays an important role in a child’s development as well as in adapting to the stress of resistance training. Its use is dangerous and may result in various adverse effects: allergic reactions, diabetes, and acromegaly. Contamination of some growth hormone preparations of human origin can cause Creutzfeldt Jacob Disease, a fatal neurological condition. The hormone hGH is produced by the body to increase muscle, bone, and other tissue size. It is most active during growth spurts in teenagers. After a person stops growing, it aids in maintaining muscle mass. In high doses after growth cessation, it has harmful effects on internal tissues such as the liver. narcotics—a class of medications with effects of pain reduction and tendencies for psychological and physiological addiction. stimulant—any substance that temporarily increases body func- tions or activities.

60 The USTA Anti-Doping Program

For further information, obtain the USADA (United States Anti- Doping Agency) Guide to Prohibited Classes of Substances and Prohibited Methods of Doping. To contact the United States Anti- Doping Agency (USADA), call 1-866-601-2632, or visit their Web site at www.usantidoping.org. Further information can be obtained by calling Managed Athletic Testing Services (MATS) at 1-800-994-4504 or 1-561- 367-9484. You can also contact the USTA Sport Science Department at 1-888-354-8782 for the latest rulings on these substances.

61 Appendix B Resource Guide

USTA OFFICES USTA, 70 West Red Oak Lane, White Plains, NY 10604. Tel: (914) 696-7000; Fax: (914) 696-7167 USTA Bookstore: Tel: (888) 832-8291

USA Tennis Player Development, 7310 Crandon Blvd., Key Biscayne, FL 33149. Tel: (305) 365-USTA (8782); Fax: (305) 365-8700 Coaching Education, Tel: (305) 365-8702 Junior Competition, Tel: (305) 365-8716 Sport Science, Tel: (305) 365-8707, (888) 354-8782 USTA Anti-Doping Program, Tel: (888) 354-8782; E-mail: [email protected]

USTA National Tennis Center, Flushing Meadows Corona Park, Flushing, NY 11368. Tel: (718) 760-6200; Fax: (718) 592-9488

RELATED ORGANIZATIONS American Sport Education Program (ASEP), P. O. Box 5076, Champaign, IL 61825. Tel: (800) 747-5698; Fax: (217) 351-2674

62 Resource Guide

ATP, 200 ATP Boulevard, Ponte Vedra Beach, FL 32082. Tel: (904) 285-8000; Fax: (904) 285-5966 Europe, Monte Carlo Sun, 74 Boulevard D’ Italie, 98000 Monaco. Tel: 377-97970404; Fax: 377-97970400 International Group, Level 6, 20 Alfred Street, Milsons Point, Sydney, New South Wales 2061. Tel: 612-9964-9900; Fax: 612-9964-9977 Human Kinetics, P. O. Box 5076, Champaign, IL 61825. Tel: (217) 351-5076, (800) 747-4457; Fax: (217) 351-2674 International Tennis Federation (ITF), Bank Lane, Roehampton, London, SW15 5XZ, England. Tel: 44 2088786464; Fax: 44 2088787799 ITF Anti-Doping Information, Tel: 44 2088786464; Fax: 44 2088787799; E-mail: [email protected] ITF Development Department, Fax: 44 2083924742; E-mail: [email protected] ITF Juniors Department, Fax: 44 2083924735; E-mail: [email protected] LGE Performance Systems, Inc., 9757 Lake Nona Road, Orlando, FL 32827. Tel: (407) 438-9911; Fax: (407) 438-6667 Managed Athletic Testing Services (MATS), 4800 North Federal Highway, Suite 205-B, Boca Raton, FL 33431. Tel: (561) 367-9484, (800) 994-4504; Fax: (561) 367-8186 National Youth Sports Safety Foundation, 333 Longwood Avenue, Suite 202, Boston, MA 02115. Tel: (617) 277-1171; Fax: (617) 277-2278; E-mail: [email protected] Northeastern University, Center for the Study of Sport in Society, 360 Huntington Avenue, Suite 161CP, Boston, MA 02115-5000. Tel: (617) 373-4025; Fax: (617) 373-4566; c/o Disney’s Sports and Recreation, P.O. Box 10,000, Lake Buena Vista, FL 32830. Tel: (407) 397-6359; Fax: (407) 397-6400; E-mail: [email protected] Professional Tennis Registry (PTR), P. O. Box 4739, Hilton Head, SC 29938. Tel: (800) 421-6289 or (843) 785-7244; Fax: (843) 686-2033 United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA), 1265 Lake Plaza Drive, Colorado Springs, CO 80906. Tel: (719) 785-2000; Fax: (719) 785-2001 63 USA Tennis Parents’ Guide

Drug Reference Line, Tel: (800) 233-0393 Toll Free Number, Tel: (866) 601-2632 United States Professional Tennis Association (USPTA), One USPTA Centre, 3535 Briarpark Drive, Suite One, Houston, TX 77042-5235. Tel: (713) 97-USPTA, (800) 877-8248; Fax: (713) 978-7780 World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), Avenue du Tribunal-Federal 34, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland. Tel: 41213510225; Fax: 41213291505

WTA Tour, 1266 East Main St., Fourth Floor, Stamford, CN 06902. Tel: (203) 978-1740; Fax: 203-978-1702 European Headquarters, Bank Lane, Roehampton, London, SW 15 5XZ, England. Tel: 44208392476; Fax: 442083924765 Worldwide OPS, 133 First Street N.E., St. Petersburg, FL. 33701. Tel: (727) 895-5000; Fax: (727) 894-1982

HELPFUL WEB SITES The Sport Science competency exams and information about the USTA Anti-Doping Program can be obtained from the USTA Web site (www.usta.com) under USA Tennis/USA Tennis Player Development/ Sport Science. Other helpful Web sites are: A-Game.com (www.a-game.com)—the Official Web Site of Smart Athletes, it helps you play your A-Game—not just in your sport, but also in the classroom—helps you take advantage of the opportuni- ties—and avoid the dangers—in sports, school, and life. American Sport Education Program (www.asep.com)—a program to help improve the sport experience for youth by providing quality instructional resources, workshops, and courses for coaches, administrators, and parents. Human Kinetics (www.humankinetics.com)—a company that pro- duces innovative, informative products in all areas of physical activity that help people worldwide lead healthier, more active lives. International Doping Tests and Management (www.idtm.com)—a company that provides testing at competitions and unannounced out-of-competition drug testing programs to international sports federations and national organizations, and provides the sports

64 Resource Guide

world with management services and educational services focused on doping controls. International Olympic Committee (www.nodoping.olympic.org)— the International Olympic Committee and its fight against doping. International Tennis Federation (www.itftennis.com) and (www.itfjuniors.com)—the Web site for the World Governing Body of tennis, and a related site for junior tennis. Junior Tennis (www.juniortennis.com)—a comprehensive Web site focusing on all aspects of junior tennis. LGE Performance Systems (www.corporateathlete.com)—a company dedicated to systematically identifying the factors that enhance and sustain high performance under stress, and to developing highly specific techniques to train these qualities. National Center for Drug Free Sport (www.drugfreesport.com)—an organization devoted to helping high schools, colleges, universities and other athletic organizations ensure drug free environments. National Collegiate Athletic Association (www.ncca.org)—an organi- zation through which the nation's colleges and universities speak and act on athletics matters at the national level. NCAA Initial-Eligibility Clearinghouse (www.act.org/ncaa)—pro- vides public access to lists of approved core courses at high schools and other related information. National Institute on Drug Abuse (www.drugabuse.gov)—a branch of the National Institutes of Health whose mission is to lead the nation in bringing the power of science to bear on drug abuse and addiction. National Youth Sports Safety Foundation (www.nyssf.org)—a na- tional non-profit, educational organization dedicated to reducing the number and severity of injuries youth sustain in sports and fit- ness activities. Northeastern University, Center for the Study of Sport in Society (www.sportinsociety.org)—a center dedicated to increase awareness of sport and its relation to society, and to develop programs that identify problems, offer solutions, and promote the benefits of sport. Online Newsmagazine for Pharmacists (www.drugtopics.com)—a twice-monthly news magazine that reports on all phases of pharmacy

65 USA Tennis Parents’ Guide

for community and hospital pharmacists, HMO and consultant pharmacists, chain headquarters executives and buyers, mail-order pharmacists, wholesalers, academia, and others. Professional Tennis Registry (www.ptrtennis.com)—an interna- tional tennis teaching organization that provides education, inter- national certification, and service to tennis teaching professionals and coaches. Society for Tennis Medicine and Science (www.stms.nl)—a newsletter produced by the Society for Tennis Medicine and Science (an inter- national organization of sports medicine and science experts) in co- operation with the International Tennis Federation, the Sanex WTA Tour, and the ATP. Sports Coach (www.brianmac.demon.co.uk/drugs.htm)—a comprehen- sive Web site dedicated to providing information on a number of coaching and training topics. SportsDoctor (www.sportsdoctor.com)—a sports medicine service provider for athletes, doctors, and physical therapists. U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (www.usantidoping.org)—an independent anti-doping agency for Olympic sports in the United States that is dedicated to eliminating the practice of doping in sport, including U.S. Olympic, Pan American, and Paralympic athletes. U.S. Professional Tennis Association (www.uspta.com)—an associa- tion of tennis-teaching professionals that strives to raise the stan- dards of the tennis profession while promoting greater awareness of the sport. World Anti-Doping Agency (www.wada-ama.org)—an agency estab- lished to promote and coordinate the fight against doping in sports in all its forms at the international level.

FURTHER READING American Sport Education Program. Coaching Youth Tennis, 2nd ed. Champaign IL: Human Kinetics, 1998. ——. SportParent Orientation Kit. Champaign IL: Human Kinetics, 1994. ——. SportParent. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1994.

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Blundell, N. So You Want to Be a Tennis Pro? Victoria, Australia: Lothian, 1995. Cheung, Lilian W. Y., & J. B. Richmond. Children Health, Nutrition, and Physical Activity. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1995. Dent, P. “Long-Term Planning for a Tennis Player,” Coaching Excellence, 10:1, 1994. Engh, Fred. Why Johnny Hates Sports: Why Organized Youth Sports Are Failing Our Children and What We Can Do About It. New York: Penguin, 1999. Faigenbaum, A., and W. Westcott. Strength and Power for Young Athletes. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2000. Goldberg, A. Sports Slump Busting. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1998. Hinson, C. Fitness for Children. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1995. International Tennis Federation. Being a Better Tennis Parent. London: ITF, 1999. ——. ITF Advanced Coaches Manual. London: ITF, 1998. ——. Rules of Tennis. London: ITF, 2001. Isenberg, Marc, and Rick Rhoads. The Real Athletes Guide: How to Succeed in Sports, School, and Life. Los Angeles: Athlete Network Press, 1999. ——. The Student-Athlete Survival Guide. Camden, Maine: Ragged Mountain Press, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, 2000. Miley, D. “The Importance of Competition Planning,” ITF Coaches Review, 16, 1999. Ming Chan, K., and L. J. Micheli. Sports and Children. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1998. Murray, John F. Smart Tennis: How to Play and Win the Mental Game. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1999. Nideffer, Robert M. Psyched to Win. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1992. Petitpas, Al, Delight Champagne, Judy Chartrand, Steven Danish, and Shane Murphy. Athlete’s Guide to Career Planning. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1997. Ringhofer, Kevin and Martha Harding. Coaches Guide to Drugs and

67 USA Tennis Parents’ Guide

Sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1996. Rowley, S. Help Yourself: Get the Most of Being a Tennis Parent. London: LTA Trust, 1994. Salikeu, Karl and Robert Trogolo. Focused for Tennis. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1998. Taylor, J. Make Parents Your Allies. USTA Tennis Teachers Conference, New York: 1995. ——. Prime Tennis: Triumph of the Mental Game. Lincoln, NE: Writers Club Press, an imprint of iUniverse.com, Inc., 2000. United States Tennis Association. Friend at Court: The USTA Handbook of Tennis Rules and Regulations. White Plains, NY: USTA, 2001. ——. Guide for Prospective College Tennis Players. White Plains, NY: USTA, 1998. ——. Illustrated Introduction to the Rules of Tennis. White Plains, NY: USTA, 2000. ——. Local Excellence Training Guidebook. White Plains, NY: USTA, 1992. ——. Rules of Tennis and The Code. White Plains, NY: USTA, 2001. ——. Ron Woods, Mike Hoctor, and Rebecca Desmond. Coaching Tennis Successfully. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1995. Van Aken, I. Parent-Player-Coach: Concrete Agreements for an Optimal Co-operation. European Coaches Association Symposium, Cyprus, 1998. Van Raalte, Judy L., and Carrie Silver-Bernstein. Sport Psychology Library: Tennis. Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology, Inc., 1999. Wardlaw, Paul. High Percentage Tennis. (video) Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2000. ——. Pressure Tennis. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2000. Williams, Scott and Randy Peterson. Serious Tennis. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2000. Yandell, John. Visual Tennis. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1999. Zlesak, F. Building up a Professional Attitude. ITF Coaches Review, 7, 1995.

68 Contributors

Dede Allen is Administrator of Junior Competition for USA Tennis Player Development and staff member of the USTA Youth Competition and Training Committee. She is also Tournament Director for the US Open Junior Championships. Bill Aronson, Ph.D., is Administrator of Sport Science for USA Tennis Player Development and staff member of the USTA Sport Science Committee. Todd S. Ellenbecker, M.S., is a physical therapist and certified strength and conditioning specialist with Physiotherapists Associates in Scottsdale, Arizona, and a member of the USTA Sport Science Committee. Chris Evert, the legendary tennis champion, is publisher of Tennis magazine and covers tennis on television for NBC Sports. Jack L. Groppel, Ph.D., is co-founder of LGE Performance Systems, Inc., in Orlando, Florida, and Chairman of the USTA Sport Science Committee. Tom Gullikson is Director of Coaching for USA Tennis Player Development and a former U.S. Davis Cup Captain. Jim E. Loehr, Ed.D., is co-founder and a sports psychologist at LGE Performance Systems, Inc., in Orlando, Florida, and a member of the USTA Sport Science Committee.

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Paul Lubbers, Ph.D., is Administrator of Coaching Education for USA Tennis Player Development and former Head Men’s and Women’s Tennis Coach at the University of North Carolina, Greensboro. Doug MacCurdy is Director of USA Tennis Player Development for the U.S. Tennis Association. E. Paul Roetert, Ph.D., is Executive Director of the American Sport Education Program in Champaign, Illinois, and Vice Chairman of the USTA Sport Science Committee. Lynne Rolley is Director of Program Development for USA Tennis Player Development. Nick Saviano is Director of Coaching Education for USA Tennis Player Development. Stan Smith is Special Advisor and National Coach to USA Tennis Player Development, a past US Open champion, and U.S. men’s coach at the 2000 Olympics. Ronald B. Woods, Ph.D., is Director of the Community Player Department and former Director of Player Development for the U.S. Tennis Association.

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