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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Part III Part III ! ! ! !!!! ! ! !!!! ! ! !!!I!!nteractioIn toefr aP ch!toi!o t! no! !nos!f ! w!P!iht!ho ! t !Mo!n!ast tweirth Matter

#! # 0! 3-*//!/88/#&+!(*/!$46)*&(%&9! (a) Carbon ( Z = 6) (a) Carbon ( Z = 6) 1 Mb − experimental σ 1 Mb − experimental σ tot tot • "#$%&$''(&)*+• EHD C)-'/%+&)88!A'/$#-&B

Part III Iatom) nteraction of with Matter / atom) σ Part III / σ Interactionp.e. of Photons with Matter Part III p.e. • ,-)&)/88/#&9I•!!!!!!nt!e!:!(&)4!ract"io!/n;!:!(&)4! of :P"hotons with Matter • • ,-)&)./&/#&)*+ E1D1 kb 1 kb #! 0! 3-*//!/88/#&+!(*/!$46)*&(%&9!5 5 (a) Carbon ( σ Z = 6) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Z Z σ coherent coherent # $ ------3-*//!/88/#&+!(*/!$46)*&(%&9! 1 Mb − experimental σ tot #! # $ ------0!Ph ••"#$%&$''(&)*+0-/*/%1)2!./&/#&)*+!• EHD (a) CarbonPh ( Z3.5 = 6) E3.5

Cross section (barns E Cross section (barns C)-'/%+&)88!A'/$#-&B 1 Mb − experimental σ tot 1 b 1 b EHD • atom) !!!!ED "#$%&$''(&)*+ / σ p.e. ; : •κ N ,-)&)/88/#&9!!!!!!C)-'/%+&)88!A'/$#-&B!!:!(&)4!"!/ !:!(&)4 • κ N • σ σ nuc atom) • 3*(%+$&$)%!*(.$(&$)%!./&/#&)*+ σ σ incoh / κ ,-)&)./&/#&)*+ E1D1 kb incoh nuc κ e e σ p.e. ; : 10 mb 10 mb ; : • ,-)&)/88/#&9 !!!!!!!!:!(&)4!"!/ !:!(&)4 EF4D • • 5 !" ! • ,-)&)./&/#&)*+ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!0)46&)%/88/#&9Z!!!!:!(&)4!" ! :!/ !:!(&)4 σ coherent E1D1 kb # $ ------••0-/*/%1)2!./&/#&)*+!0(')*$4/&/*+• (b) Lead ( Z = 82) ,D(b) Lead ( Z = 82) Ph 3.5 − experimental σ E 5 Cross section (barns experimental tot 1 Mb − σ tot lnE lnE Z 1 Mb σ p.e. σ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ------Z !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! - +-)5/*!./2/')64/%&- !!!!ED1 b σ p.e. coherent # $ ------#% Z $ % # $ ------@'/$!A+#-5/*B Compton E Compton E Ph 3.5 • 0-/*/%1)2!./&/#&)*+! κ N E atom) Cross section (barns atom) • 3*(%+$&$)%!*(.$(&$)%!./&/#&)*+- σ / σ - /'/#&*)4(7%/&$#!#(')*$4/&/*+ / incoh nuc κ e 4$%$4<4 1 b 10 mb σ !!!!ED ; : - -(.*)%$#!#(')*$4/&/*+- EF4D σ coherent coherent • 0)46&)%/88/#&9!!!!:!(&)4!" ! :!/ !:!(&)4 1 kb 1 kb κ N • 3*(%+$&$)%!*(.$(&$)%!./&/#&)*+ (b) Lead ( Z = 82) ,D σ σ : > • 0(')*$4/&/*+ • ,($*6*).<#&$)%9incoh • !!!!:!%<#'=!nuc "κ e/ !:!/!!!:!%<#'=" − experimental σ tot 10 mb lnE ; : 1 Mb κ N!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! σ p.e. σ σ incoh κ N EF4D # $ ------% Z • 0)46&)%/88/#&9!!!!:!(&)4!" ! :!/ !:!(&)4 - +-)5/*!./2/')64/%& incoh @'/$!A+#-5/*B Compton E Cross section (barns Cross section (barns 1 b 2 ,D 2 2 2 atom) 1 b (b) Lead ( Z 82) # $ Z E » 2m c - /'/#&*)4(7%/&$#!#(')*$4/&/*+ / Z = • 0(')*$4/&/*+ κ κ e !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!# $ !!8?*!!EPai»r 2mec ! e 4$%$4<4 e Pai−r experimental σ ! σ σ nuc tot !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! lnE - -(.*)%$#!#(')*$4/&/*+ σ coherent nuc 1 Mb σ - +-)5/*!./2/')64/%& 1 kb p.e. # $ ------% Z 10 mb 10 mb @'/$!A+#-5/*B : > Compton E 10 eV 1 keV 101 MeVeV 1 keV 1 GeV 1001 MeV GeV J! 1 GeV• 100 GeV ! Energy ,($*6*).<#&$)%9!!!!:!%<#'=!" / !:!/ !!:!%<#'= Photon Energy atom)

- /'/#&*)4(7%/&$#!#(')*$4/&/*+ / κ N EF/Gσ incohE1/G EH/G EI/G EFFI/G 4$%$4<4 - -(.*)%$#!#(')*$4/&/*+ Cross section (barns σ coherent 2 2 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 1 b c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 kb !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!# 2$ Z !!8?*!!E » 2m c P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e κ e 2 Pair ! Pea r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 : > σ nuc • ,($*6*).<#&$)%9!!!!:!%<#'=!" / !:!/ !!:!%<#'=

10 mb κ N 10 eV 1 keV 1 MeV 1 GeV 100 GeV J! σ incoh Photon Energy Cross section (barns EF/G E1/G EH/G EI/G EFFI/G 1 b !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!# $ Z2 !!8?*!!E » 2m c2 κ e Pair ! e σ c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e !1!! ! !!! P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 2 nuc P a r t i c l e! !D!e t e c t o r s 3 10 mb Detectors for : 3 1 [email protected] Detectors for Particle Physics: 3 2 10 eV 1 keV 1 MeV 1 GeVcarsten.niebuhr@desy100 GeV J! .de Photon Energy EF/G E1/G EH/G EI/G EFFI/G c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 2 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 Intensi t y!Intensity!!I A!n !!tt! etnesniutayt iAAttenuationonttenuation PhotonPhoton AbsorptionAbPshoortpotni oAn bLLengthseonrgpthio n- Len g t!!!h -

N 1 1 N A % # A % # T/8$%$&$)%!)8!4(++!(D+)*6&$)%!#)/88$#$/%&9!- = ------!N7!#4- =>UO!!!------5$&------!!µ = ------------- µ = ------(µ ⁄ .) (µ ⁄ .) A A • K%&/%+$&L!(&&/%<(&$)%9!• I(x) = I % exp(I–(xµ)x)=M! I % exp(–µx) Intensity A0ttenuatio0n Photon Absorpt5ion Length - !!! ! !!! Z5 Z lnE lnE 2 !!! N ------# #$ ------$ ------#% Z $ ------#-- % Z $ Z2 # $ Z N A % # A % # #Ph $ Ph Com3.5pton E Compton E Pair Pair 5$&-!4(++!(D+)*6&$)%!#)/88$#$/%&!!µ = ------!!!N#4µ >E=O!!------ E3.5 E A A 1 N A % # T/8$%$&$)%!)8!4(++!(D+)*6&$)%!#)/88$#$/%&9!- = ------!N7!#4>UO!!!5$&-!!µ = ------+&*)%7'L!/%/*7L!./6/%./%& 100 100 (µ ⁄ .) A • K%&/%+$&L!(&&/%<(&$)%9!I(x) = I0 % exp(–µx)M! Z5 lnE 2 10 10------# $ ------% Z # $ Z • N A % # #Ph $ Compton E Pair •5$&-!4(++!(D+)*6&$)%!#)/88$#$/%&!!#)%%/#&$)%!D/&5//%!*(.$(&$)%!'/%7&-!(%.!-$7-!/%/*7L!'$4$&!8)*!6($*!µ = ------I!!!N#4nte>EnO!!sity E3.5 Photon Absorption Length -

) Sn ) Sn

A 2 6*).<#&$)%9 2 1 1 Fe Pb cm Fe Pb +&*)%7'L!/%/*7L!./6/%./%& 100cm 7 183 7 A 1 / 7 183 2 72 A 1 / Si Si 2 2 g !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!# = --#4'r Z ln----=------4 '(r e Z -- ln% ------%------(!! -- % ------% ------ g 1 N A % # E »e 1 GeV 1 3 ( >U E » 1 GeV 1 ⁄ 39 ⁄ 9 N X ( 0.1 0.1 9 9 N X λ Z ZA 0 A 0 λ 10 T/8$%$&$)%!)8!4(++!(D+)*6&$)%!#)/88$#$/%&9!- = ------!N7!#4 O!!!5$&-!!µ = ------• #)%%/#&$)%!D/&5//%!*(.$(&$)%!'/%7&-!(%.!-$7-!/%/*7L!'$4$&!8)*!6($*! H C H C (µ ⁄ .) A • K%&/%+$&L!(&&/%<(&$)%9!I(x) = I % exp(–µx)M! 0.01 0 ) 0.01 Sn 6*).<#&$)%9 2 1 Z5 lnE Fe Pb ------Z 2 N % # cm # $ ------# $ % # $ Z 7 2 2 183 7 A 1 A / Si Ph Compton E Pair 7 x 7 x >E g 0.001 3.5 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!# + = --45$&-!4(++!(D+)*6&$)%!#)/88$#$/%&!!', re Z ln+------,( -- % ------% ------!! µ = ------!!!N#4 O!! 0.001 E &!!I(x) = IE »%1&exp GeVI(–x -)-9--=---- I!6*)D(D$'$&L!8)*!6($*!6*).<#&$)%!(8&/*0 % exp –1 -⁄-3------9 N X ( 0.1 0 ) * A 0 λ ) 9X0* Z 9X0 A Absorption length – 4 Absorption length – 4 C +&*)%7'L!/%/*7L!./6/%./%& 10 H10 100 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!&*(2/*+$%7!)%/!PF!$+!!!!QRS= ! 0.01 – 5 10 – 5 10 7 x 0.001 10 &!!I(x) = I % exp+– ------•--, !6*)D(D$'$&L!8)*!6($*!6*).<#&$)%!(8&/* 0 ) * #)%%/#&$)%!D/&5//%!*(.$(&$)%!'/%7&-!(%.!-$7-!/%/*7L!'$4$&!8)*!6($*! – 6 – 6 9X0 10 10 ) Absorption length – 4 Sn 6*).<#&$)%9 10 10 eV 100 eV 101 keV eV 10010 keV eV 1001 keV keV 1012 MeV keV 1 10010 MeV keV 1001 MeV MeV 101 GeVMeV 10010 GeVMeV 1001 GeV GeV 10 GeV 100 GeV !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!&*(2/*+$%7!)%/!PF!$+!!!!QRS= Photon energy Photon energy Fe Pb cm J! ! 7 2 2 183 7 A 1 – 5 / Si = --4 r Z ln------10 g c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!# 3 ' e ( % P a r t i c%l e D e !!t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 4 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 E » 1 GeV 9 P1a⁄r 3t i c l e D e t e c t9o r s 3N X c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 4 ( 0.1 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 Z A 0 λ Detectors for Particle Physics: 3 [email protected] Detectors for Particle Physics: 3 [email protected] 3 10 – 6 4 H C 10 eV 100 eV 1 keV 10 keV 100 keV 1 MeV 0.0110 MeV 100 MeV 1 GeV 10 GeV 100 GeV Photon energy J! c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 + 7 x , P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 4 0.001 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 &!!I(x) = I0 % exp – ------!6*)D(D$'$&L!8)*!6($*!6*).<#&$)%!(8&/* ) 9X0* Absorption length 10 – 4 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!&*(2/*+$%7!)%/!PF!$+!!!!QRS= 10 – 5

10 – 6 10 eV 100 eV 1 keV 10 keV 100 keV 1 MeV 10 MeV 100 MeV 1 GeV 10 GeV 100 GeV Photon energy J!

c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 4 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Scintillation Detectors ! ! ! ! ! Inorganic Crystals Scintillation Detectors ! ! ! ! ! Inorganic Crystals 34.'9-$@!=&>+6'DE&>+>$! 34.'9-$@!=&>+6'DE&>+>$! "#$%&'$%&%!&(!)*+%,+--.,+&%!/%&0%!)+%*$!-&%12!34,$%)+5$!6)$!&%-7!.(,$8!+%5$%,+&%!&(!! • *&%>6*,+&%!A.%> "#$%&'$%&%!&(!)*+%,+--.,+&%!/%&0%!)+%*$!-&%12!34,$%)+5$!6)$!&%-7!.(,$8!+%5$%,+&%!&(!! B.E!+%)6-.,&8!0+,#!A.%>1.9!&(!F$G 9#&,&'6-,+9-+$8!+%!:;<<2!=+%*$!,#$%!)+1%+(+*.%,!>$5$-&9'$%,!&(!,#+)!,$*#%&-&172ScintillationScintillation DDetectorsetectors • B.E!+%)6-.,&8!0+,#!A.%>1.9!&(!F$GInorganicIno rCrystalsganic Crystals*&%>6*,+&%!A.%> 9#&,&'6-,+9-+$8!+%!:;<<2Scint!=+%*$!,#$%!)+1%+(+*.%,!>$5$-&9'$%,!&(!,#+)!,$*#%&-&172illation Detectors Inorganic Cryst$4*+,&%!A.%>als $-$*,8&% ?>5.%,.1$!(&8!>$,$*,+&%!&(!9.8,+*-$)!.%>!9#&,&%)@ • 8$9-.*$!"!H2:I!&(!)&>+6'!.,&')!0+,#!)&D $4*+,&%!A.%> -+1#,!16+>$ 34.'9-$@!=&>+6'DE&>+>$! $-$*,8&% ?>5.%,.1$!(&8!>$,$*,+&%!&(!9.8,+*-$)!.%>!9#&,&%)@ *.--$>!.*,+5.,&8)@!• 8$9-.*$!,#.--+6'!.,&')"!H2:I!&(!)&>+6'!.,&')!0+,#!)&D!"! .*,+5.,&8 • )+'9-+*+,7!.%>!8&A6),%$))"#$%&'$%&%!&(!)*+%,+--.,+&%!/%&0%!)+%*$!-&%12!34,$%)+5$!6)$!&%-7!.(,$8!+%5$%,+&%!&(!!-+1#,!16+>$ 34.'9-$@!=&>+6'DE&>+>$! • )+'9-+*+,7!.%>!8&A6),%$)) • B.E!+%)6-.,&8!0+,#!A.%>1.9!&(!F$G*.--$>!.*,+5.,&8)@!,#.--+6'!.,&')!"! *&%>6*,+&%!A.%>.*,+5.,&8 • "#$%&'$%&%!&(!)*+%,+--.,+&%!/%&0%!)+%*$!-&%12!34,$%)+5$!6)$!&%-7!.(,$8!+%5$%,+&%!&(!!9#&,&'6-,+9-+$8!+%!:;<<2!=+%*$!,#$%!)+1%+(+*.%,!>$5$-&9'$%,!&(!,#+)!,$*#%&-&172 - )#+(,!&(!-+1#,!$%$817!+%,&!5+)+A-$!8$1+'$@! ),.,$) )+1%.-!)9$$> • B.E!+%)6-.,&8!0+,#!A.%>1.9!&(!F$G- )#+(,!&(!-+1#,!$%$817!+%,&!5+)+A-$!8$1+'$@! *&%>6*,+&%!A.%> ),.,$) • )+1%.-!)9$$> J.>5.%,.1$&6)!(&8!>$,$*,+&%!5+.!9#&,&!*.,#&>$K !F$G 9#&,&'6-,+9-+$8!+%!:;<<2!=+%*$!,#$%!)+1%+(+*.%,!>$5$-&9'$%,!&(!,#+)!,$*#%&-&172 $4*+,&%!A.%>" $-$*,8&%!,8.9)$-$*,8&% • #+1#!>$%)+,7! !-.81$!)+1%.-) J.>5.%,.1$&6)!(&8!>$,$*,+&%!5+.!9#&,&!*.,#&>$K !F$G ! "!L$G $4*+,&%

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- )#+(,!&(!-+1#,!$%$817!+%,&!5+)+A-$!8$1+'$@!J.>5.%,.1$&6)!(&8!>$,$*,+&%!5+.!9#&,&!*.,#&>$K 5.-$%*$!A.%>),.,$) #&-$ !F$G B&0!.-)&!)*+%,+--.,+%1!(+A8$)!.5.+-.A-$!• )+1%.-!)9$$>• #+1#!>$%)+,7! !-.81$!)+1%.-)"! • $4*+,&%!*8$.,+&%!!A7!*#.81$>!9.8,+*-$) 5.-$%*$!A.%> " $-$*,8&%!,8.9) ! "!L$G $4*+,&% #&-$ !F$G B&0!.-)&!)*+%,+--.,+%1!(+A8$)!.5.+-.A-$!"! J.>5.%,.1$&6)!(&8!>$,$*,+&%!5+.!9#&,&!*.,#&>$K•- $4*+,&%!*8$.,+&%!!A7!*#.81$>!9.8,+*-$)$%#.%*$>!-+1#,!7+$-> $%$817 • 9&)+,+&%!8$)&-6,+&%!.)!0$--• #+1#!>$%)+,7!"!1&&>!,+'$!.%>!$%$817!'$.)68$'$%,!-.81$!)+1%.-) " $-$*,8&%!,8.9) ! "!L$G $4*+,&% • 9&)+,+&%!8$)&-6,+&%!.)!0$-- 9#&,&!>$,$*,&8 - $%#.%*$>!-+1#,!7+$->- 8$>6*$>!8$D.A)&89,+&%! $%$817 "!1&&>!,+'$!.%>!$%$817!'$.)68$'$%, )*+%,+--.,&8 • $4*+,&%)!'&5$!+%!*87),.-!6%,+-!,#$7!8$.*#!.*,+5.,&8 9#&,&!>$,$*,&8 - 8$>6*$>!8$D.A)&89,+&%!• $4*+,&%)!'&5$!+%!*87),.-!6%,+-!,#$7!8$.*#!.*,+5.,&8 )*+%,+--.,&8 C#$8$!.8$!>+(($8$%,!'$*#.%+)')!+%@B&0!.-)&!)*+%,+--.,+%1!(+A8$)!.5.+-.A-$!"! • $4*+,&%!*8$.,+&%!!A7!*#.81$>!9.8,+*-$) 5.-$%*$!A.%> #&-$ C#$8$!.8$!>+(($8$%,!'$*#.%+)')!+%@ • $%$817!8$-$.)$!A7!9#&,&%!$'+))+&%!!JL$G!"!!# "! #&-$ • .%&81.%+*B&0!.-)&!)*+%,+--.,+%1!(+A8$)!.5.+-.A-$!!*87),.-)• 9&)+,+&%!8$)&-6,+&%!.)!0$--"! • $4*+,&%!*8$.,+&%!!A7!*#.81$>!9.8,+*-$)• $%$817!8$-$.)$!A7!9#&,&%!$'+))+&%!!JL$G!"!!# "!+(($8$%,!'$*#.%+)')!+%@ • $4*+,&%)!'&5$!+%!*87),.-!6%,+-!,#$7!8$.*#!.*,+5.,&8• (&8!,#+)!0.5$-$%1,#!,#$!'.,$8+.-!+)!,8.%)9.8$%, • $%$817!8$-$.)$!A7!9#&,&%!$'+))+&%!!JL$G!"!!# "!+(($8$%,!'$*#.%+)')!+%@• .%&81.%+*!*87),.-) • >$*.7!,+'$!!$!"!MLH!%)! • $%$817!8$-$.)$!A7!• 9#&,&%!$'+))+&%!!JL$G!"!!# "!$*.7!,+'$!!$!"!MLH!%)! .%&81.%+*!*87),.-)• &81.%+*!)6A),.%*$) • (&8!,#+)!0.5$-$%1,#!,#$!'.,$8+.-!+)!,8.%)9.8$%, c a r s t•e n .&81.%+*n i e b u h r @ !)6A),.%*$)d e s y . d e 5 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 6 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 5 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 • (&8!,#+)!0.5$-$%1,#!,#$!'.,$8+.-!+)!,8.%)9.8$%,c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 6 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 • >$*.7!,+'$!!$!"!MLH!%)! • >$*.7!,+'$!!$!"!MLH!%)! c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 5 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 6 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3

c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 5 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 6 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 Detectors for Particle Physics: 3 5 [email protected] Detectors for Particle Physics: 3 6 [email protected]

Organic OrganicSOcirngtailnliac t ScintillatorsoSrcsintillators CoOrganicmparisCoon m versusOpargraisnoin cInorganic Ovsr gIannoircg vas n ScintillatorsiIcn Sorcginatniilcla Stocrinstillators

N$*#.%+)' N$*#.%+)' Organic Scintillators Comparison Organic vs Inorganic Scintillators • 34*+,$>!5+A8.,+&%.-!'&>$)!&(!• 34*+,$>!5+A8.,+&%.-!'&>$)!&(! '&-$*6-$)!>$D$4*+,$!'&-$*6-$)!A7!$'+))+&%!>$D$4*+,$!O&(!rgOG!A7!an$'+))+&%!ic Sci&(!ntOG!illators Comparison Organic vs Inorganic Scintillators -+1#,2! N$*#.%+)' Inorganic -+1#,2! E%&81.%+* E%&81.%+* • 34*+,$>!5+A8.,+&%.-!'&>$)!&(! • C#+)!N$*#.%+)'OG!-+1#,!•+)!C#+)!,#$%!OG!,8.%)(&8'$>!-+1#,!+)!,#$%!+%,&!,8.%)(&8'$>!+%,&! '&-$*6-$)!>$D$4*+,$!A7!$'+))+&%!&(!OG! 5+)+A-$!-+1#,!A7!)&!*.--$>!0.5$!-$%1,#!• 34*+,$>!5+A8.,+&%.-!'&>$)!&(!5+)+A-$!-+1#,!A7!)&!*.--$>!0.5$!-$%1,#! )#+(,$8)!,#.,!.8$!.>>$>!,&!,#$!-+1#,2! E%&81.%+* '&-$*6-$)!>$D$4*+,$!)#+(,$8)!,#.,!.8$!.>>$>!,&!,#$!A7!$'+))+&%!&(!OG! W81.%+*Organic W81.%+* '.,$8+.-2-+1#,2! • '.,$8+.-2C#+)!OG!-+1#,!+)!,#$%!,8.%)(&8'$>!+%,&! 5+)+A-$!-+1#,!A7!)&!*.--$>!0.5$!-$%1,#! E%&81.%+* • C#+)!OG!-+1#,!+)!,#$%!,8.%)(&8'$>!+%,&! )#+(,$8)!,#.,!.8$!.>>$>!,&!,#$! W81.%+* N&%&!*87),.-)5+)+A-$!-+1#,!A7!)&!*.--$>!0.5$!-$%1,#!N&%&!*87),.-)'.,$8+.-2 )#+(,$8)!,#.,!.8$!.>>$>!,&!,#$! - !B.9,#.-$%!JP:H-Q !B.9,#.-$%!JPRK Q K W81.%+* '.,$8+.-2 :H R E%&81.%+*!*87),.-)E%&81.%+*!*87),.-) - !?%,#8.S$%!JPN&%&!*87),.-):H- Q!?%,#8.S$%!:HK JP:HQ:HK • 0$--!)6+,$>!•(&8!0$--!*.-&8+'$,8+*!)6+,$>!(&8!.99-+*.,+&%)!*.-&8+'$,8+*!J#+1#!.99-+*.,+&%)!-+1#,!7+$->!J#+1#!.%>!-+1#,!)'.--!7+$->!8.>+.,+&%!.%>!)'.--!-$%1,#K!8.>+.,+&%!-$%1,#K! - !9DC$89#$%7-!JP- !B.9,#.-$%!JPQ K :HQRK N&%&!*87),.-)- TR!9DC$89#$%7-!:< JPTRQ:D!.%>!9-.),+*D!)*+%,+--.,&8)U+V6+>D!.%>!9-.),+*D!)*+%,+--.,&8):H R "-.),+*!)*+%,+--.,&8)• 0$--!)6+,$>!(&8!*.-&8+'$,8+*!.99-+*.,+&%)!J#+1#!-+1#,!7+$->!.%>!)'.--!8.>+.,+&%!-$%1,#K! - !9DC$89#$%7-!JP Q K "-.),+*!)*+%,+--.,&8) • - !?%,#8.S$%!JP Q K TR :< E%&81.%+*!*87),.-) *&%)+),!&(!&81.%+*!)6A),.%*$!• *&%)+),!&(!&81.%+*!)6A),.%*$!:H :H • (.),!9.8,+*-$!8$1+),8.,+&%!J,8+11$8K• (.),!9.8,+*-$!8$1+),8.,+&%!J,8+11$8K J9&-7),78&-K!9-6)!J9&-7),78&-K!)*+%,2!'&-$*6-$)!9-6)!)*+%,2!J":IK!'&-$*6-$)!J":IK! • 0$--!)6+,$>!(&8!*.-&8+'$,8+*!.99-+*.,+&%)!J#+1#!-+1#,!7+$->!.%>!)'.--!8.>+.,+&%!-$%1,#K! - !9DC$89#$%7-!U+V6+>D!.%>!9-.),+*D!)*+%,+--.,&8)JPTRQ:>+,+&%@!)$*&%>.87!(-6&8!• +%!.>>+,+&%@!)$*&%>.87!(-6&8! • *&%)+),!&(!&81.%+*!)6A),.%*$! • (.),!9.8,+*-$!8$1+),8.,+&%!J,8+11$8K *&'9&6%>)!.)!0.5$-$%1,#!)#+(,$8)U+V6+>D!.%>!9-.),+*D!)*+%,+--.,&8)*&'9&6%>)!.)!0.5$-$%1,#!)#+(,$8)J9&-7),78&-K!9-6)!)*+%,2!'&-$*6-$)!J":IK! "-.),+*!)*+%,+--.,&8) • *&%)+),!&(!&81.%+*!)6A),.%*$!• +%!.>>+,+&%@!)$*&%>.87!(-6&8! • (.),!9.8,+*-$!8$1+),8.,+&%!J,8+11$8K c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e scya. dr set e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 7 7 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ dcea sr sy .t de en . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 8 8 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o rPs a 3r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 J9&-7),78&-K!9-6)!*&'9&6%>)!.)!0.5$-$%1,#!)#+(,$8))*+%,2!'&-$*6-$)!J":IK! • +%!.>>+,+&%@!)$*&%>.87!(-6&8!Detectors for Particle Physics: 3 7 [email protected] Detectors for Particle Physics: 3 8 [email protected] *&'9&6%>)!.)!0.5$-$%1,#!)#+(,$8)c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 7 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 8 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3

c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 7 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 8 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 ! ! ! ! !

ScintillationScintillation DDetectorsetectors Light ICollectionnorganic Crystals

34.'9-$@!=&>+6'DE&>+>$! "#$%&'$%&%!&(!)*+%,+--.,+&%!/%&0%!)+%*$!-&%12!34,$%)+5$!6)$!&%-7!.(,$8!+%5$%,+&%!&(!! • B.E!+%)6-.,&8!0+,#!A.%>1.9!&(!F$G *&%>6*,+&%!A.%> 9#&,&'6-,+9-+$8!+%!:;<<2!=+%*$!,#$%!)+1%+(+*.%,!>$5$-&9'$%,!&(!,#+)!,$*#%&-&172 $4*+,&%!A.%> $-$*,8&% ?>5.%,.1$!(&8!>$,$*,+&%!&(!9.8,+*-$)!.%>!9#&,&%)@ • 8$9-.*$!"!H2:I!&(!)&>+6'!.,&')!0+,#!)&D -+1#,!16+>$ • )+'9-+*+,7!.%>!8&A6),%$)) *.--$>!.*,+5.,&8)@!,#.--+6'!.,&')!"! .*,+5.,&8 • )+1%.-!)9$$> - )#+(,!&(!-+1#,!$%$817!+%,&!5+)+A-$!8$1+'$@! ),.,$)

J.>5.%,.1$&6)!(&8!>$,$*,+&%!5+.!9#&,&!*.,#&>$K !F$G • #+1#!>$%)+,7! !-.81$!)+1%.-) " $-$*,8&%!,8.9) ! "!L$G $4*+,&%

- $%#.%*$>!-+1#,!7+$-> $%$817 "!1&&>!,+'$!.%>!$%$817!'$.)68$'$%, 9#&,&!>$,$*,&8 - 8$>6*$>!8$D.A)&89,+&%! )*+%,+--.,&8 B&0!.-)&!)*+%,+--.,+%1!(+A8$)!.5.+-.A-$!"! • $4*+,&%!*8$.,+&%!!A7!*#.81$>!9.8,+*-$)wavelength shifter bars 5.-$%*$!A.%> #&-$ • 9&)+,+&%!8$)&-6,+&%!.)!0$-- • $4*+,&%)!'&5$!+%!*87),.-!6%,+-!,#$7!8$.*#!.*,+5.,&8 C#$8$!.8$!>+(($8$%,!'$*#.%+)')!+%@ • $%$817!8$-$.)$!A7!9#&,&%!$'+))+&%!!JL$G!"!!# "!

• >$*.7!,+'$!!$!"!MLH!%)!

c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 5 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 6 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3

! ! ! ! ! Detectors for Particle Physics: 3 9 [email protected] Detectors for Particle Physics: 3 10 [email protected]

LScintillationigShct inCtoilleacttioionn DDetectorsetectors ConversionConversion ofof I ScintillationSnocringtainlliact iCorny sL tiLightaghlst

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J.>5.%,.1$&6)!(&8!>$,$*,+&%!5+.!9#&,&!*.,#&>$KE%&81.%+* !F$G • #+1#!>$%)+,7! !-.81$!)+1%.-) " $-$*,8&%!,8.9) • ! "!L$G $4*+,&% C#+)!OG!-+1#,!+)!,#$%!,8.%)(&8'$>!+%,&! • &'()3'(#-)(;(+#7(- $%#.%*$>!-+1#,!7+$-> $%$817 "5+)+A-$!-+1#,!A7!)&!*.--$>!0.5$!-$%1,#!!1&&>!,+'$!.%>!$%$817!'$.)68$'$%, Threshold for photo-emission of various materials 9#&,&!>$,$*,&8 - - 8$>6*$>!8$D.A)&89,+&%! G*/#(*."-)0./)!*.+.H#7%((%.2).0)5'/%.,()7'+#/%'"( )#+(,$8)!,#.,!.8$!.>>$>!,&!,#$! )*+%,+--.,&8 #8&8)9EDF)-#+#1+./( 4'5#"#2&+*)(*%0+#/)3'/( W81.%+* '.,$8+.-2 5.-$%*$!A.%> #&-$ B&0!.-)&!)*+%,+--.,+%1!(+A8$)!.5.+-.A-$!"! • 5'1,,7)3'(#-)(;(+#7(• $4*+,&%!*8$.,+&%!!A7!*#.81$>!9.8,+*-$) • 9&)+,+&%!8$)&-6,+&%!.)!0$-- - !*.+.7,"+%!"%#/ N&%&!*87),.-) • $4*+,&%)!'&5$!+%!*87),.-!6%,+-!,#$7!8$.*#!.*,+5.,&8 - !B.9,#.-$%!JP Q K C#$8$!.8$!>+(($8$%,!'$*#.%+)')!+%@:H R • (."%-)(+'+#)-#+#1+./( - !?%,#8.S$%!JP Q K +.+'")/#0"#1+%.2 - !*.+.-%.-#()#+18• $%$817!8$-$.)$!A7!E%&81.%+*!*87),.-)9#&,&%!$'+))+&%!!JL$G!"!!# "!!(&8!*.-&8+'$,8+*!.99-+*.,+&%)!J#+1#!-+1#,!7+$->!.%>!)'.--!8.>+.,+&%!-$%1,#K! - !9DC$89#$%7-!JPTRQ:D!.%>!9-.),+*D!)*+%,+--.,&8) "-.),+*!)*+%,+--.,&8) ! (nm) • • >$*.7!,+'$!! !"!MLH!%)! *&%)+),!&(!&81.%+*!)6A),.%*$! • (.),!9.8,+*-$!8$1+),8.,+&%!J,8+11$8K$ J9&-7),78&-K!9-6)!)*+%,2!'&-$*6-$)!J":IK! c a r s t e n . n i e b uch•arr@s +%!.>>+,+&%@!)$*&%>.87!(-6&8!tde en s. ny .i ed be u h r @ d e s y . d e 9 5 P a r t i c l e D e t e cPtao rrtsi c 3l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u char @r s tdeens. yn.ide eb u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 0 6 P a r t i c l e D e t e cPt oa r st i c3l e D e t e c t o r s 3 *&'9&6%>)!.)!0.5$-$%1,#!)#+(,$8)

Detectors for Particle Physics: 3 11 [email protected] Detectors for Particle Physics: 3 12 [email protected] c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 7 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 8 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3

PhoOtormgaunltiicp lSiecrintillators ComApvaarlaisnocnh eO rPghaontioc Dviso dIen oArgPaDnic Scintillators

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U+V6+>D!.%>!9-.),+*D!)*+%,+--.,&8) "-.),+*!)*+%,+--.,&8) • *&%)+),!&(!&81.%+*!)6A),.%*$! • (.),!9.8,+*-$!8$1+),8.,+&%!J,8+11$8K J9&-7),78&-K!9-6)!)*+%,2!'&-$*6-$)!J":IK! • +%!.>>+,+&%@!)$*&%>.87!(-6&8! *&'9&6%>)!.)!0.5$-$%1,#!)#+(,$8) c a r s t e n . n i e b ucharr@s tde en s. ny .i ed be u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 1 7 P a r t i c l e D e t e cPtao rrtsi c 3l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u char @r s tdeens. yn.ide eb u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 2 8 P a r t i c l e D e t e cPt oa r st i c3l e D e t e c t o r s 3 Light Collection Conversion of Scintillation Light

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PhoPhotomultipliertomultiplier AvalancheAvalanche PhotoPhoto DDiode:iode AP DAPD

1'+*.-# cathode0.1,((%2&focussing 5'1,,7)5#((#")I&"'((Jvacuum vessel (glass) " ! -;2.-( dynods '2.-# • "'/&#)/#5#/(#)3%'()5."+'&#) anode .0)MNNHONN)P

• *%&*)%2+#/2'")#"#1+/%1)0%#"-) "#'-()+.)'5'"'21*#) 0./7'+%.2 5."+'&#)-%5%-#/ HKL -U voltage divider • +;!%1'")&'%2)G % 100 – 1000 @$'7!"#>)MN)-;2.-#(<)#'1*)4%+*)&'%2)0'1+./)D g = 4 Example: 10 dynodes,N each with gain factor 10 6 #)+.+'")&'%2))M = $ gi = 4 % 10 " total gaini = 1 The Silicon Photo-Multiplier

Electron

Hole Typical sensor areaT h1x1e mmSil!i c !o nnew P developmentshoto-Mult i3x3,plie 5x5r mm!

Hole Typical sensor area 1x1 mm! ! new developments-small 3x3, depletion 5x5 mm region! ~ 2µm c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 1 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 2 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 -strong electric field (2-3)x105 V/cm -small-gain depletion ~ 106 region ~ 2µm 5 Detectors for Particle Physics: 3 13 [email protected] Detectors for Particle Physics: 3 -strong14-carrier electric drift fieldvelocity (2-3)x10 ~ 10 V/cm7 cm/[email protected] -gain ~ 106 -very short Geiger discharge -carrier drift velocity ~ 107 cm/s -verydevelopment short Geiger < discharge 500 ps HybridHybr iPhotod Phot oDiode: Diode H HPDPD Silicon PhotomultiplierChdevelopmenterenkov R< 500adi pastion

!"#$%&'(%"&)"*+ • H*),'6(%.10)801".%(D)%@)1'6706)(-'&)@,00/)"*)1%7-()SiPM properties: single pixel resolution %&)#0/%9#+ P("#%.)Q%,"10@ • ,-"(".'(-"/0 Electron - '@D##0(6%.),"1'6%@'(%"&)"*)#0/%9# - 1%20)%&)345 SiPM output is the analog sum of all pixel signals Hole - 0#%@@%"&)"*)!-060&2"8)1%7-( • '..0106'(%"&)607%"&)%&)8'.99# 1600 pixels/mm! Hamamatsu - !:);)<=)>)?=)2: • I,0&%&7)'&710)"*)0#%@@%"&)."&0+) • @%1%."&)/0(0.("6 (c ⁄ n) & !t 1 cos(%c) = ------= ------e!V 20keV 3 'c & !t ' & n - A'%&)G = ------= ------$ 5#10 W Si 3.6eV B'80)*6"&( - 3"%@@"&)@('(%@(%.@) 22 - 23 Nov. '06 7 B%(-))n = 5000 11%7-(;J.O&)!(1 1 22 - 23 Nov. '06 Array of Avalanche Photodiodes • (-60@-"1/)'())' 7 = -- )J%E0E)% * 0K Many differe% nt names / and different producthrts n C -2 ")0C(60#1D)7""/) 500 - 5000 mm Electron 1,'6(-;'.!( ,91@0)-0%7-() • #'C%#9#)",0&%&7)'&710+ 60@"19(%"&E)F%&710) MPPC from Hamamatsu, Jap-anoperates in Geiger*%&%(0 mode Hole high gain ! pixel signal visible(-%.2&0@@ on scope 1 ,-"("&)."9&(%&7E) 6 % = arccos---. )J*L6)' $ 1)K) - signal rise time! Gain < 1 !ns10 max +n, SiPM from MEPHI / PULSAR, Moskow - fast fall ~ 5-10 ns • - low operating voltage • ,-"("&)D%01/)@#'11)J()M==>N==&#K+) G'.2@.'((06%&7)*6"# recovery timeworks tunable in bymagnetic choice of field quenching R - dN dx = 500sin2 [cm–1] @%1%."&)@96*'.0) ! ~ RpixelCpixel ~ 20 – 500 ns ⁄ %C small dimensions c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 3 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s -y . d e 1 4 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 22 - 23 Nov. '06 Erika Garutti - DESY seminar AMPD tested in LNP JINR and PSI 10 Available on Hamamatsu - relatively cheap –> large quantities Detectors for Particle Physics: 3 15 [email protected] cataDetectorslogue for Particle Physics: 3 16 [email protected] Short disclaim: using the name SiPM I will refer to multi-pixel avalanche photo-diodes SiPM-CPTA from Photonique, Switzerland operated in Geiger mode SIPD Cherenkov Angle vs ' Photon Yield vs ' AMPD from Z. Sadygov, Moskow 1 mm sensitive area ) W%X9%/@)'&/)F"1%/@ A'@0@ U1L@@%720%(0&)9&/)U0@(@("**0W%X9%/@)'&/)F"1%/@ A'@0A'@0@ GMPD from INR/JIN400R, Moskow % θ 60 θ 3 120 &;

c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 5 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 6 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 Hybrid Photo Diode HPD Cherenkov Radiation Hybrid Photo Diode HPD Cherenkov Radiation !"#$%&'(%"&)"*+ • H*),'6(%.10)801".%(D)%@)1'6706)(-'&)@,00/)"*)1%7-() %&)#0/%9#+ • H*),'6(%.10)801".%(D)%@)1'6706)(-'&)@,00/)"*)1%7-() P("#%.)Q%,"10@ • ,-"(".'(-"/0!"#$%&'(%"&)"*+ - '@D##0(6%.),"1'6%@'(%"&)"*)#0/%9#%&)#0/%9#+ P("#%.)Q%,"10@ - 1%20)%&)345 • ,-"(".'(-"/0 HybrComparisonid Photo Dio dofe HPhotoPD Detectors - 0#%@@%"&)"*)!-060&2"8)1%7-(- '@D##0(6%.),"1'6%@'(%"&)"*)#0/%9#CherenkovCherenkov RRadiationadiation • - 1%20)%&)345 !"#$%&'(") *'+, "+,-& .-+-/+"& +0$-( '..0106'(%"&)607%"&)%&)8'.99# - 0#%@@%"&)"*)!-060&2"8)1%7-( - • '..0106'(%"&)607%"&)%&)8'.99# • H*),'6(%.10)801".%(D)%@)1'6706)(-'&)@,00/)"*)1%7-() !!"#$%&'(%"&)"*+:);)<=)>)?=)2: • I,0&%&7)'&710)"*)0#%@@%"&)."&0+) - !:);)<=)>)?=)2: PMT 12$,"+" #34+'$4'-& P("#%.)Q%,"10@ • @%1%."&)/0(0.("6• %&)#0/%9#+ • ,-"(".'(-"/0 +35-( (c ⁄ n) I,0&%&7)'&710)"*)0#%@@%"&)."&0+)& !t 1 • @%1%."&)/0(0.("6 cos- ('@D##0(6%.),"1'6%@'(%"&)"*)#0/%9#%c) = ------= ------1%20)%&)345e!V 20keV 3 'c & !t ' & n(c ⁄ n) & !t 1 - A'%&)G = ------= ------$ 5#10 - 0#%@@%"&)"*)!-060&2"8)1%7-(cos(%c) = ------= ------e!V 20keV 3 APD 1267%4%)/,- 'c & !t ' & n • '..0106'(%"&)607%"&W Si - A'%&)3.6eGV)%&)8'.99#= ------= ------$ 5#10 B'80)*6"&( - W 3.6eV $,"+".'".- B'80)*6"&( - 3"%@@"&)@('(%@(%.@)!:);)<=)>)?=)2: Si • I,0&%&7)'&710)"*)0#%@@%"&)."&0+) • @%1%."&)/0(0.("6- 3"%@@"&)@('(%@(%.@) HPD 12805&'.29':-42 B%(-))n = 5000 11%7-(;J.O&)!(1 (c ⁄ n) & !t 1 1 cos(%c) = ------= ------• (-60@-"1/)'())' = -- )J%E0E)% * 0K B%(-))e!V n =205000keV 3 .-+-/+"& % 'c11%7-(& !t;J.O&)'!(1& n thr C 1 - A'%&)G = ------= ------$ 5#10 • (-60@-"1/)'())n ' = -- )J%E0E)% * 0K % thr C ")0C(60#1D)7""/) W Si 3.6eV SiPM 12;'4'/")2 B'80)*6"&( n 1,'6(;'.!( ,91@0)-0%7-()- ")0C(60#1D)7""/) • 3"%@@"&)@('(%@(%.@) 9,"+"#34+'$4'-& 1,'6(;'.!( #'C%#9#)",0&%&7)'&710+ 60@"19(%"&E)F%&710),91@0)-0%7-() *%&%(0 • #'C%#9#)",0&%&7)'&710+ B%(-))n = 5000 11%7-(;J.O&)!(1 (-%.2&0@@ 1 1 ,-"("&)."9&(%&7E)60@"19(%"&E)F%&710) *%&%(0 • (-60@-"1/)'())% = arccos'---. )J*L6)= -- )J%E0E)' $ %1)K)* 0K % (-%.2&0@@ max +thnr, n C -1. ,-"("&)."9&(%&7E) %max = arccos -- )J*L6)' $ 1)K) ")0C(60#1D)7""/) +n, • 1,'6(;'.!( ,91@0)-0%7-() • finite • #'C%#9#)",0&%&7)'&710+,-"("&)D%01/)@#'11)J()M==>N==&#K+) G'.2@.'((06%&7)*6"#60@"19(%"&E)F%&710) thickness*%&%(0 (-%.2&0@@ •12,-"("&)D%01/)–1 @#'11)J()M==>N==&#K+) @%1%."&)@96*'.0),-"("&)."9&(%&7E)G'.2@.'((06%&7)*6"# %dN ⁄ d=xa=rc500cossin---. )J*L6)%C [cm' $ 1])K) max +n, 2 –1 @%1%."&)@96*'.0) dN ⁄ dx = 500sin %C [cm ] c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 3 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 4 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 3 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 • c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 4 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 G'.2@.'((06%&7)*6"# • ,-"("&)D%01/)@#'11)J()M==>N==&#K+) 2 –1 @%1%."&)@96*'.0) dN ⁄ dx = 500sin %C [cm ] c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 3 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 4 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3

Detectors for Particle Physics: 3 17 [email protected] Detectors for Particle Physics: 3 18 [email protected]

Cherenkov AnCherenkovgle vs ' Angle PhoPhotonton Yie Yieldld vs ' Cherenkov Angle vs ' Photon Yield vs ' ) W%X9%/@)'&/)F"1%/@) A'@0@ U1L@@%720%(0&)9&/)U0@(@("**0W%X9%/@)'&/)F"1%/@ A'@0A'@0@ W%X9%/@)'&/)F"1%/@Cherenkov Angle vs ' A'@0@ 400 U1L@@%720%(0&)9&/)U0@(@("**0W%X9%/@)'&/)F"1%/@Photon Yield vs ' A'@0A'@0@ % θ 60 θ 3 400 120 &;

0#%@@%"&)'&710) 310C%71'@T)G'U 60 30 1.5 (-'& 100 (-'& I W9*( !

c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 5 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 6 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 Ring Imaging Cherenkov Counter: RICH Transistion Radiation Example: Ring Imaging Cherenkov Counter RICH Transition Radiation K K 89"6&:"5-;&+<"&+<#"%<-5*&7-#&)<"#"6=-9>#3*43+4-6& .<-+-6%&,36&:"&"$4++"*&;<"6&,<3#?"*&.3#+4,5"%& ,#-%%&:-@6*3#4"%&:"+;""6&$"*43&;4+<&*477"#"6+& *4"5",+#4,&,-6%+36+%A& *4.-5*43+4-6

'3*43+"*&"6"#?B&."#&:-@6*3#BC 1 h ! e • W = --$------%p& ' & &D&4A"A&-65B&%4?6474,36+&7-#&<4?<5B& ! e 3 2! Hermes RICH detector !"#$"%&'()!&*"+",+-# #"53+494%+4,&.3#+4,5"%&&E"FG ! ! • H>#3B&.<-+-6%&3#"&"$4++"*&46&3&7-#;3#*&,-6"I&

&/#3*2 " ' 1 ⁄ & & particle" .3#+4,5" K 4*"6+474,3+4-6identificationK • #!+#36%4+4-6*43+4-6&-65B&-,,@#%&9"#B&,5-%"&+-& p p +<"&+#3,=

.&/0"12 p [GeV] c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 7 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 8 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 Detectors for Particle Physics: 3 21 [email protected] Detectors for Particle Physics: 3 22 [email protected]

Transition Radiation Detectors Use of Transition Radiation Detectors at LHC

ATLAS TRT ALICE TRD Transition Radiation Transition Radiation Detectors Use of Tra n s i tTrackerion Radiation Detectors at LHC

C-fiber shell QNUQV&N'NRadiator QU()8&N'W N#36%4+4-6&'3*43+4-6 <4?<&J&E"A?A&H"&JKLMG Straws &&&&&&&&&N#3,="# 30 GeV ! 30 GeV e TR C-fiber s Radiator

Tension platSetraws OP&0"1& OP&0"1&" ! with radiator N' TR hits characterised by: Application: large"RPPP&7-45% amplitude distinguish high energetic electrons Tension plate 5-;&J& from pions occur preferentially at start of the track Q..54,3+4-6C discrimination possible for momenta Electrons with radiat • *4%+46?@4%<&<4?<&"6"#?"+4,&"5",+#-6%&from about 1 GeV/c to ~100 GeV/c Electrons without radiator 7#-$&.4-6% N'&<4+%&,<3#3,+"#4%"*&:BC • *4%,#4$463+4-6&.-%%4:5"&7-#&$-$"6+3& • 53#?"&3$.54+@*"Detectors for Particle Physics: 3 7#-$&3:-@+&R&0"1S,&+-&&TRPP&0"1S,23 [email protected] Detectors for Particle Physics: 3 24 [email protected] • -,,@#&.#"7"#"6+4355B&3+&%+3#+&-7&+<"&+#3,= Electrons without radiator c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 9 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 2 0 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 Intermediate Summary Why do we need Calorimeters ? Intermediate Summary Why do we need Calorimeters ? !"#$%#&&'%()* !"#$%#&&'%()* Q<"'&&R,=(),%)'"N#$+,#$,?'+$<%#",=#<&@,F<,B'C< Q<"'&&R,=(),%)'"N#$+,#$,?'+$<%#",=#<&@,F<,B'C< • #$()+'$#",")-*%'&*,./'01,2*01,3451,678591,:::; • #$()+'$#",")-*%'&*,./'01,2*01,3451,678591,:::; IntermeIntermediatediate Summary Summary WhyWh ydo d owe we needneed CalorimetersCalorimeters ? ? %( pT ) pT %( pT ) pT Intermediate Summary - <$<)+-,&(**,7-,#($#*'%#($,!,%)'$*=<),%(,&>?#$#*"<$%,"<$%<)*,Why do we need! C,)'@#'%<,AB(%($*alorimeters ? • ------& ------, - <$<)+-,&(**,7-,#($#*'%#($,!,%)'$*=<),%(,&>?#$#*"<$%,"<$%<)*,!,)'@#'%<,AB(%($* • ------& ------, p 2 !"#$%#&&'%()* p 2 - B#+B,&#+B%,-#<&@1,*?'&&,)'@#'%#($,&<$+%B,! "'&()#?<%<)* T L - B#+B,&#+B%,-#<&@1,*?'&&,)'@#'%#($,&<$+%B,! "'&()#?<%<)* !"#$%#&&'%()*T L Q<"'&&R,=(),%)'"N#$+,#$,?'+$<%#",=#<&@,F<,B'C< • #$()+'$#",")-*%'&*,./'01,2*01,3451,6785 1,:::; • ()+'$#",.A(&-*%-)<$<1,A(&-C#$-&%(&><$<1,:::;Q<"'&&R,=(),%)'"N#$+,#$,?'+$<%#",=#<&@,F<,B'C< • ?(?<$%>?,.<$<)+-;,?<'*>)?,.<$<)+-;,?<'*>)<$<1,:::; 9 %WM %)'"N<) %( pT ) pT &#$<')&-,F#%B,#$")<'*#$+,<$<)+- - <$<)+-,&(**,7-,#($#*'%#($,&#$<')&-,F#%B,#$")<'*#$+,<$<)+-!,%)'$*=<),%(,&>?#$#*"<$%,"<$%<)*,!,)'@#'%<,AB(%($* • ------?(&<">&<*,+<%,()*,'"%,'*,F'C<&<$+%B,*B#=%<) - ?(&<">&<*,+<%,()*,'"%,'*,F'C<&<$+%B,*B#=%<) - <$<)+-,&(**,7-,#($#*'%#($,!,%)'$*=<),%(,&>?#$#*"<$%,"<$%<)*,!,)'@#'%<,AB(%($* p 2• ------& ------, - B#+B,&#+B%,-#<&@1,*?'&&,)'@#'%#($,&<$+%B,! "'&()#?<%<)* - &(F<),&#+B%,-#<&@1,7>%,='*%<),*#+$'&*,T L p 2 !,%)#++<),"(>$%<)* • *#S<,(=,@<%<"%(),L & E - &(F<),&#+B%,-#<&@1,7>%,='*%<),*#+$'&*,!,%)#++<),"(>$%<)* •- *#S<,(=,@<%<"%(),B#+B,&#+B%,-#<&@1,*?'&&,)'@#'%#($,&<$+%B,L & E ! "'&()#?<%<)* T L • ?(?<$%>?,.<$<)+-;,?<'*>)<$<1,:::; • ?(?<$%>?,.<$<)+-;,?<'*>)<$<1,:::;($&-,@<%<"%#($,(=,"B')+<@,A')%#"&<* &#$<')&-,F#%B,#$")<'*#$+,<$<)+- %WM WM tracker %)'"N<) - ?(&<">&<*,+<%,()*,'"%,'*,F'C<&<$+%B,*B#=%<) &#$<')&-,F#%B,#$")<'*#$+,<$<)+- !/E % - ?(&<">&<*,+<%,()*,'"%,'*,F'C<&<$+%B,*B#=%<) 2($C<)*#($,(=,!"#$%#&&'%#($,G#+B%, - 2($C<)*#($,(=,!"#$%#&&'%#($,G#+B%, &(F<),&#+B%,-#<&@1,7>%,='*%<),*#+$'&*,- !,%)#++<),"(>$%<)* • *#S<,(=,@<%<"%(),L & E 0$,"($%)'*%,.'*,F<,F#&&,*<<;,=(),"'&()#?<%<)*R 0$,"($%)'*%,.'*,F<,F#&&,*<<;,=(),"'&()#?<%<)*R&(F<),&#+B%,-#<&@1,7>%,='*%<),*#+$'&*,!,%)#++<),"(>$%<)* • AB(%(,?>&%#A&#<)• *#S<,(=,@<%<"%(),L & E <&?'+::,"'&(: • AB(%(,?>&%#A&#<) <&?'+::,"'&(: • ($&-,@<%<"%#($,(=,"B')+<@,A')%#"&<* %(E) 1 %(E) 1 • *(&#@H*%'%<,AB(%($,@<%<"%()*,.I6J1,K6J1,!#6L1,:::;• ($&-,@<%<"%#($,(=,"B')+<@,A')%#"&<* • ------& ------• *(&#@H*%'%<,AB(%($,@<%<"%()*,.I6J1,K6J1,!#6L1,:::; • ------& ------E 2($C<)*#($,(=,!"#$%#&&'%#($,G#+B%,E E E 2($C<)*#($,(=,!"#$%#&&'%#($,G#+B%, 0$,"($%)'*%,.'*,F<,F#&&,*<<;,=(),"'&()#?<%<)*R • AB(%(,?>&%#A&#<)• 0$,"($%)'*%,.'*,F<,F#&&,*<<;,=(),"'&()#?<%<)*R<&?'+::,"'&(: • @<%<"%#($,(=, M$<)+-,&(**,A)("<**<*,(%B<),%B'$,#($#*'%#($,.>*<@,=(),A')%#"&<,#@<$%#=#"'%#($; • AB(%(,?>&%#A&#<)@<%<"%#($,(=, M$<)+-,&(**,A)("<**<*,(%B<),%B'$,#($#*'%#($,.>*<@,=(),A')%#"&<,#@<$%#=#"'%#($;elmag.. calo. <&?'+::,"'&(: - M,T4%)'&,B'@)($* - $<>%)'&,B'@)($* E E –1 –1 - %B)<*B(&@,<==<"%," = n 1,#=,A')%#"&<,?(C<*,='*%<),%B'$,&#+B%,#$,?<@#>?O,7>%,*?'&&,&#+B%,-#<&@ - %B)<*B(&@,<==<"%,"thr = n 1,#=,A')%#"&<,?(C<*,='*%<),%B'$,&#+B%,#$,?<@#>?O,7>%,*?'&&,&#+B%,-#<&@ • @<%<"%#($,(=,• thr M$<)+-,&(**,A)("<**<*,(%B<),%B'$,#($#*'%#($,.>*<@,=(),A')%#"&<,#@<$%#=#"'%#($;M$<)+-,&(**,A)("<**<*,(%B<),%B'$,#($#*'%#($,.>*<@,=(),A')%#"&<,#@<$%#=#"'%#($; @<%<"%#($,(=, • -P)'$*#%#($,)'@#'%#($, AB(%($* and electrons M,T4%)'&,B'@)($* ,,,,,#$@#*A<$*'7&<,"(?A($<$%* - ='*%,A')%#"&<*,)'@#'%<,#=,%B<-,")(**,7(>$@')#<*,!,*<$*#%#C#%-,%(,#,O,7>%,*?'&&,&#+B%,-#<&@ - ='*%,A')%#"&<*,)'@#'%<,#=,%B<-,")(**,7(>$@')#<*,- $<>%)'&,B'@)($* !,*<$*#%#C#%-,%(,#,O,7>%,*?'&&,&#+B%,-#<&@ –1 –1 - %B)<*B(&@,<==<"%," = n 1,#=,A')%#"&<,?(C<*,='*%<),%B'$,&#+B%,#$,?<@#>?O,7>%,*?'&&,&#+B%,-#<&@ c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 2 1 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 2 2 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 2 1 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c-a r s%B)<*B(&@,<==<"%,t e n . ntiherb u h r @ d e s y . d e "thr = n 1,#=,A')%#"&<,?(C<*,='*%<),%B'$,&#+B%,#$,?<@#>?O,7>%,*?'&&,&#+B%,-#<&@2 2 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 $!=(),B#+B,<$<)+-,@<%<"%()*,"'&()#?<%<)*,')<, • P)'$*#%#($,)'@#'%#($,• P)'$*#%#($,)'@#'%#($, $!=(),B#+B,<$<)+-,@<%<"%()*,"'&()#?<%<)*,')<, ,,,,,#$@#*A<$*'7&<,"(?A($<$%*,,,,,#$@#*A<$*'7&<,"(?A($<$%* - ='*%,A')%#"&<*,)'@#'%<,#=,%B<-,")(**,7(>$@')#<*,- ='*%,A')%#"&<*,)'@#'%<,#=,%B<-,")(**,7(>$@')#<*,!,*<$*#%#C#%-,%(,!#,*<$*#%#C#%-,%(,,O,7>%,*?'&&,&#+B%,-#<&@#,O,7>%,*?'&&,&#+B%,-#<&@ c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 2 1 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 2 2 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 2 1 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 2 2 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3

Detectors for Particle Physics: 3 25 [email protected] Detectors for Particle Physics: 3 26 [email protected]

Electromagnetic Shower Development EnergyEnerg yLoss Loss ofof ElectronsElectrons ElectromagneticElectromagnetic ShowerShower DDevelopmentevelopment Energy Loss of Electrons

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Z H FB#"B,')<,7(%B,"B')'"%<)#*<@,7-,,X0,:, • < < ,,)'@#'%<,AB(%($,'=%<),"X,X0 E # =Ee /2 #%,#*,>*<=>&,%(,#$%)(@>"<,)'@#'%#($,&<$+%B,X0 FB#"B,')<,7(%B,"B')'"%<)#*<@,7-,,X0,:, • < < ,,)'@#'%<,AB(%($,'=%<),"X,X0 E # =Ee /2 • #%,#*,>*<=>&,%(,#$%)(@>"<,)'@#'%#($,&<$+%B,X0 • A'#)A)(@>"%#($,,,,#,!!"<*,<$"<,&<'@*,%(,*B(F<), • A'#)A)(@>"%#($,,,,#,!!< < 0• F#%B#$,"X,X0,,,#,A)(@>"<*,< < ,A'#), J><,%(,%B<#),*?'&&,?'**,%B#*,<==<"%,#*,<*A<"#'&&-,A)(?#$<$%,=(),<&<"%)($*,.A(*#%)($*;RI&%<)$'%#$+,*<\><$"<,&<'@*,%(,*B(F<),J><,%(,%B<#),*?'&&,?'**,%B#*,<==<"%,#*,<*A<"#'&&-,A)(?#$<$%,=(),<&<"%)($*,.A(*#%)($*;R * –x+ –x FB#"B,*%(A*,#=,<$<)+-,(=,A')%#"&<*,,],M",: • <$<)+-,'%%<$>'%#($R,[ [ [ E =[ E exp• '**>?<,*-??<%)#",<$<)+-,*B')#$+,------E =E /2 FB#"B,*%(A*,#=,<$<)+-,(=,A')%#"&<*,,],M2 2 : • <$<)+-,'%%<$>'%#($R,E = E exp*------+ • $,$>?7<),(=,A')%#"&<*,'%,@$+,,• 3)$+,,< ,!,< ,# < ,!,< ,# 0 (X ) • '**>?<,*-??<%)#",<$<)+-,*B')#$+,e # Ee =E# /2 • – dE ⁄ dx & •Z –' dEE⁄ m⁄ dx & Z2 ' E ⁄ m2 ", • $,$>?7<),(=,A')%#"&<*,'%,@ Cu 0 (X0) MD'?A& Z H t – t FB#"B,')<,7(%B,"B')'"%<)#*<@,7-,,X ,:, • < < ,,)'@#'%<,AB(%($,'=%<),Z H "X,X E =E /2 • #%,#*,>*<=>&,%(,#$%)(@>"<• ,)'@#'%#($,&<$+%B,X X t – t N(t) = 2 F#%B,<$<)+- E(t) = E0 ' 2 FB#"B,')<,7(%B,"B')'"%<)#*<@,7-,,0716g cm–2 A X0,:, • < < ,,)'@#'%<,AB(%($,'=%<),0 # e" X,X0 E # =Ee /2 #%,#*,>*<=>&,%(,#$%)(@>"<,)'@#'%#($,&<$+%B0 N(t) =, 20 F#%B,<$<)+- E(t) = E ' 2 –2 • 'AA)(D:R,,X = ------0 716g cm A I&%<)$'%#$+,*<\><$"<,&<'@*,%(,*B(F<),I&%<)$'%#$+,*<\><$"<,&<'@*,%(,*B(F<),0 • 'AA)(D:R,,X0 = ------Z(Z + 1) ln(287 ⁄ Z) * –x+ –x FB#"B,*%(A*,#=,<$<)+-,(=,A')%#"&<*,,],MFB#"B,*%(A*,#=,<$<)+-,(=,A')%#"&<*,,],M: : • <$<)+-,'%%<$>'%#($R,• E = E exp ---E--- = E exp*------+ Z(Z + 1) ln(287 ⁄ Z) • ?>&%#A&#"'%#($,"($%#$><*,>$%#&,<$<)+-,='&&*, ", • $,$>?7<),", (=,• $A')%#"&<*,,$>?7<),'%,(=,@'%#($R,0 (X ) 0 0 0 0 (X•0)?>&%#A&#"'%#($,"($%#$><*,>$%#&,<$<)+-,='&&*,MD'?A&MD'?A& – t t – t MAX • ")#%#"'&,<$<)+-,E R, t – t – tMAX 7<&(F,")#%#"'&,<$<)+-,R,,,Ec = E0 ' 2 c N(t) = 2 F#%B,<$<)+-N(t) = 2 EF#%B,<$<)+-(t) = E0 ' 2 E(t) = E ' 2 716g cm–2 A –2 7<&(F,")#%#"'&,<$<)+-,R,,,E = E ' 2 • ")#%#"'&,<$<)+-,Ec R, 0 • 'AA)(D:R,,X = ------716------g cm A c 0 dE dE •0 'AA)(D:R,,X0 = ------Brems collision ,&$M Z(Z + 1) ln(287Z(Z⁄ +Z1)) ln(287 ⁄ Z) dEBrems dEcollision ,,,,,,,,,,,,, ------= ------!lnE ,,,,,,,,,,,,, ------= ------,&$M • =)(?,%B<$,($,*B(F<),A')%#"&<*,')<,($&-, dx dx • ?>&%#A&#"'%#($,"($%#$><*,>$%#&,<$<)+-,='&&*,• ?>&%#A&#"'%#($,"($%#$><*,>$%#&,<$<)+-,='&&*, • =)(?,%B<$,($,*B(F<),A')%#"&<*,')<,($&-, dx dx '7*()7<@:,6(*#%#($,(=,*B(F<),?'D#?>?R, M– tMAX – t 610MeV " MAX • ")#%#"'&,<$<)+-,• E R, E '7*()7<@:,6(*#%#($,(=,*B(F<),?'D#?>?R, M • 'AA)(D#?'%<&-R,E = ------, 7<&(F,")#%#"'&,<$<)+-,R,,,7<&(F,")#%#"'&,<$<)+-,R,,,Ec = E0 ' 2Ec E = E ' 2 ")#%#"'&,<$<)+-,c c R, 610MeV " lnE0 ⁄ Ec c c 0 lnE E • 'AA)(D#?'%<&-R,E = ------, t = ------& lnE Z + 1.24 0 ⁄ c c Z + 1.24 MAX ln2 0 dEBrems dEdcEolBlirseimons dEcollision t = ------& lnE ,,,,,,,,,,,,, ------,,,,,,,,,,,,,------= ------= ------MAX ln2 0 ,&$M ,&$M • =)(?,%B<$,($,*B(F<),A')%#"&<*,')<,($&-,• =)(?,%B<$,($,*B(F<),A')%#"&<*,')<,($&-, dx ddxx dx '7*()7<@:,6(*#%#($,(=,*B(F<),?'D#?>?R,'7*()7<@:,6(*#%#($,(=,*B(F<),?'D#?>?R, M M c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 2 3 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 2 4 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 610MeV 610MeV " " lnE ⁄ E lnE E •c a r'AA)(D#?'%<&-R,s t e n . n i e b u h r @•d e 'AA)(D#?'%<&-R,s y . d Ee = ------E- , = ------, 2 3 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 2 4 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 0 c 0 ⁄ c c Z + 1.24 c Z + 1.24 tMAX = ------t--M---A&X ln= E---0------& lnE0 Detectors for Particle Physics: 3 27ln2 ln2 [email protected] Detectors for Particle Physics: 3 28 [email protected]

c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d ce as rys. dt een . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 2 3 2 3 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s P3a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ cd ae rssyt.edne. n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 2 4 2 4 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r Ps a3r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 Shower Depth vs Energy Example: µ-induced Shower Shower Depth vs Energy Example: µ-induced Shower

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c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 2 5 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 2 6 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 2 5 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 2 6 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3

Shower Depth vs Energy Example: µ-induced Shower

Shower Depth versus Energy Shower Development SShhoowweerr DDeevveeloloppmmeenntt StoScthoacshtiacs tFilcu cFtluuacttiuoantsions • M437,)!-.!$')"%&(,5!'"!50-8,)!3'E%343!%*&),'5,5!(%*,')(#!8%"0!%*%"%'(!,*,)+#:! 24("%$(,!5&'"",)%*+!-.!"0,!,66!&'45,5!'! • M437,)!-.!$')"%&(,5!'"!50-8,)!3'E%343!%*&),'5,5!(%*,')(#!8%"0!%*%"%'(!,*,)+#:! 24("%$(,!5&'"",)%*+!-.!"0,!, !&'45,5!'! dddNNN !!! ––"–"t"tt N = N(t ) = E ⁄ E !! 7)-'/,*%*+!-.!"0,!50-8,)!'(5-!%*!"0,! ------$t t #ee N MAXM=AXN(tMAX )M=AXE0 ⁄ Ec0!! c 7)-'/,*%*+!-.!"0,!50-8,)!'(5-!%*!"0,! -----d--t$$t ##e ")'*59,)5,!/%),&"%-*:")'*59,)5,!/%),&"%-*: ddtt • • N N = E E • &-*")%74"%-*!.)-3!,(,&")-*5!8%"0!&-*")%74"%-*!.)-3!,(,&")-*5!8%"0! • N-"'(!*437,)!-.!$')"%&(,5!%*!"0,!50-8,)!N-"'(!*437,)!-.!$')"%&(,5!%*!"0,!50-8,)!Ntot $ NtoMt A$X =MAEX0 ⁄ Ec 0 ⁄ c EE && Ecc !/-3%*'",5 •• %% "0,!50-8,)!8%/"0!&'*!7,!"0,!50-8,)!8%/"0!&'*!7,! • O.!),5$-*5,!-.!&'(-)%3,",)!%5!$)-$-)"%-*'(!"-!*437,)!-.!50-8,)!$')"%&(,5!%"!'&"5!'5!'!• O.!),5$-*5,!-.!&'(-)%3,",)!%5!$)-$-)"%-*'(!"-!*437,)!-.!50-8,)!$')"%&(,5!%"!'&"5!'5!'! &0')'&",)%;,/!7#!"0,!5-<&'((,/!&0')'&",)%;,/!7#!"0,!5-<&'((,/! (%*,')(%*,')!/,9%&,!.-)!,*,)+#!3,'54),3,*"5!/,9%&,!.-)!,*,)+#!3,'54),3,*"5 2121MMeeVV 2-(%,),<='/%452-(%,),<='/%45!!RM == ------XX00 EEcc • 19,*!.-)!'!$,).,&"!/,",&"-)!"0,),!'),!%*")%*5%&!5"'"%5"%&'(!(%3%"'"%-*5!.-)!"0,!,*,)+#!• 19,*!.-)!'!$,).,&"!/,",&"-)!"0,),!'),!%*")%*5%&!5"'"%5"%&'(!(%3%"'"%-*5!.-)!"0,!,*,)+#! ),5-(4"%-*:),5-(4"%-*: •• 3,'*%*+:!3,'*%*+:!>?@>ABC!-.!-.!50-8,)!50-8,)!,*,)+#,*,)+#!%5!!%5! &-*"'%*,/!%*!&#(%*/,)!8%"0!)'/%45!RR ! E0 E &-*"'%*,/!%*!&#(%*/,)!8%"0!)'/%45! MM! - "-"'(!")'&P!(,*+"0!! T $ N # X $ ----- # X 0!! - "-"'(!")'&P!(,*+"0!! Tto$t Nt0ot # X0 $ --0--- # X0 !! @D@DRRMB!')-4*/!"0,!50-8,)!'E%5B!')-4*/!"0,!50-8,)!'E%5 Ec E 0 5 10 15 20 25!! M c - /,",&"'7(,!")'&P!(,*+"0!T = F(') # T !8%"0!' = E ⁄ E !!!H'7-9,!,*,)+#!"0),50-(/!E I F0-8,)!G-*"'%*3,*":F0-8,)!G-*"'%*3,*": - /,",&"'7(,!")'&P!(,*+"0!det T det = F(') # T !8%"0!'cu=t Eccut ⁄ Ec !!!H'7-9,!,*,)+#!"0),50-(/!cut Ecut I "#$%&'(!)'*+,!-.!/,$"0!.-)!12!&'(-)%3,",) • ")'*59,)5,:!!!R = 2R • ")'*59,)5,:!!!R95% = 2RMM ((E) ((T de(t)(T )1 1 - 1E'3$(,!(,'/!+('55:!RM = 1.8X0 ¯ 3.6 cm % ˚R95% ¯ 7 cm - %!.-)!),('"%9,!,*,)+#!),5-(4"%-*!------(=(E---)------=de--t------$ 1------1 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 2 5 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 2 6 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 - 1E'3$(,!(,'/!+('55:!RM = 1.8X0 ¯ 3.6 cm % ˚R95% ¯ 7 cm - %!.-)!),('"%9,!,*,)+#!),5-(4"%-*!------= ------= ------$ ------0 5 10 15 20 25 E T det T E E T det det T E • (-*+%"4/%*'(:!!L95% = tMAX + 0.08 # Z + 9.6 [X0]!!!H8%"0!tMAX = ln(E0 ⁄ Ec) ⁄ (ln2)I det • (-*+%"4/%*'(:!!L95% = tMAX + 0.08 # Z + 9.6 [X0]!!!H8%"0!tMAX = ln(E0 ⁄ Ec) ⁄ (ln2)I - 1E'3$(,:!J??!K,L!,

Stochastic Fluctuations Energy Resolution of Calorimeters Shower Development Stochastic Fluctuations Energy Resolution Calorimeter Types !"#$%"%&'(#)*%#%"%&$+#&%,-(.)/-"#-0#'#1'(-&/2%)%'"#3%#4'&'2%)&/,%5#',6###### 6 • M437,)!-.!$')"%&(,5!'"!50-8,)!3'E%343!%*&),'5,5!(%*,')(#!8%"0!%*%"%'(!,*,)+#:! #### 24("%$(,!5&'"",)%*+!-.!"0,!, !&'45,5!'! dN ! –"t N MAX = N(tMAX ) = E0 ⁄ Ec !! !(E) a c ?-2-$%"%-.,#1'(-&/2%)%&,6 7'24(/"$#1'(-&/2%)%&,6 7)-'/,*%*+!-.!"0,!50-8,)!'(5-!%*!"0,! ------$ t # e ##############################################------= ------" b " --- ")'*59,)5,!/%),&"%-*: dt E E E • 5%)%1)-&#@#'3,-&3%& • 5%)%1)-&,#'"5#'3,-&3%&#'&%#,%4'&')%5# • &-*")%74"%-*!.)-3!,(,&")-*5!8%"0! • N-"'(!*437,)!-.!$')"%&(,5!%*!"0,!50-8,)!N $ N = E ⁄ E tot MAX 0 c ##-"(+#0&'1)/-"#-0#)*%#%"%&$+#/,#,'24(%5 E & E !/-3%*'",5 c 7)-1*',)/1#8%&2 <-",)'")#8%&2 >-/,%#8%&2 • $--5#%"%&$+#&%,-(.)/-" • % "0,!50-8,)!8%/"0!&'*!7,! • O.!),5$-*5,!-.!&'(-)%3,",)!%5!$)-$-)"%-*'(!"-!*437,)!-.!50-8,)!$')"%&(,5!%"!'&"5!'5!'! • *%':+#'3,-&3%')%&/'(6#1-24'1)#5%,/$" (%*,')!/,9%&,!.-)!,*,)+#!3,'54),3,*"5 &0')'&",)%;,/!7#!"0,!5-<&'((,/! • ,)-1*',)/1#0(.1).')/-",#/"# • /"*-2-$%"%/)/%, • %(%1)&-"/1#"-/,% • (/2/)%5#,4')/'(#&%,-(.)/-"#A4'&)/1.('&(+# 21MeV ,*-9%%:%(-42%") 5%'5#2')%&/'( /"#(-"$/).5/"'(#5/&%1)/-"B • %"%&$+#&%,-(.)/-"#(/2/)%5#3+#,'24(/"$# 2-(%,),<='/%45!RM = ------X0 Ec • 19,*!.-)!'!$,).,&"!/,",&"-)!"0,),!'),!%*")%*5%&!5"'"%5"%&'(!(%3%"'"%-*5!.-)!"0,!,*,)+#! • &'5/-'1)/:/)+ 0(.1).')/-", ),5-(4"%-*: • ,'24(/"$#0(.1).')/-",#/"# • "-";(/"%'&/)/%, • 3,'*%*+:!>?@>ABC!-.!50-8,)!,*,)+#!%5! • -"(+#.,%5#0-&#%(%1)&-2'$"%)/1# 1',%#-0#,'24(/"$#1'(-&/; R E • 4/(%;.4 1'(-&/2%)&+ • $--5#,4')/'(#&%,-(.)/-"#5.%#)-# &-*"'%*,/!%*!&#(%*/,)!8%"0!)'/%45! M! 0 2%)%& - "-"'(!")'&P!(,*+"0!! T $ Ntot # X0 $ ----- # X0 !! • (%'='$% ,%$2%")')/-" @DRMB!')-4*/!"0,!50-8,)!'E%5 Ec • 4*-)-;%(%1)&-"#,)')/,)/1, F0-8,)!G-*"'%*3,*": - /,",&"'7(,!")'&P!(,*+"0!T det = F(') # T !8%"0!' = Ecut ⁄ Ec !!!H'7-9,!,*,)+#!"0),50-(/!Ecut I • /")%&;1'(/3&')/-"#3%)9%%"# • 1'"#3%#.,%5#0-&#%(%1)&-2'$"%)/1#'"5# /"5/:/5.'(#1%((, *'5&-"/1#1'(-&/2%)&+ • ")'*59,)5,:!!!R95% = 2RM ((E) ((T det) 1 1 - 1E'3$(,!(,'/!+('55:!RM = 1.8X0 ¯ 3.6 cm % ˚R95% ¯ 7 cm - %!.-)!),('"%9,!,*,)+#!),5-(4"%-*!------= ------= ------$ ------E T det T det E • (-*+%"4/%*'(:!!L95% = tMAX + 0.08 # Z + 9.6 [X0]!!!H8%"0!tMAX = ln(E0 ⁄ Ec) ⁄ (ln2)I

- 1E'3$(,:!J??!K,L!,

Detectors for Particle Physics: 3 [email protected] Detectors for Particle Physics: 3 [email protected] c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 2 7 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 312 8 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 32

Examples for Sampling Calorimeters Comparison of various Calorimeters (Electromagnetic)

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R,4'$*%))/R#1'(-&/2%)%& % 0.01/& % 0.01/' & C/J./5#ACG&K#CL%K#CM&B DPQ< 7)&%'2%.3%,

c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 1 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 2 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 Energy Resolution CalorimeterCalorimeter TTypesypes Examples of Sampling Calorimeters For sampling thickness d !"#$%"%&'(#)*%#%"%&$+#&%,-(.)/-"#-0#'#1'(-&/2%)%'"#3%#4'&'2%)&/,%5#',6###### Scintillator Light Detector #### there are additional !(E) a c ?-2-$%"%-.,#1'(-&/2%)%&,6 7'24(/"$#1'(-&/2%)%&,6 sampling fluctuations: ##############################################------= ------" b " --- E E !(E ) 1 d E Light Guide ------# ------" ------• • 5%)%1)-&,#'"5#'3,-&3%&#'&%#,%4'&')%5# 5%)%1)-&#@#'3,-&3%& E E X0 ##-"(+#0&'1)/-"#-0#)*%#%"%&$+#/,#,'24(%5 7)-1*',)/1#8%&2 <-",)'")#8%&2 >-/,%#8%&2 Wavelength • $--5#%"%&$+#&%,-(.)/-" Scintillating Fibres • *%':+#'3,-&3%')%&/'(6#1-24'1)#5%,/$" Shifter Lead Matrix • ,)-1*',)/1#0(.1).')/-",#/"# • /"*-2-$%"%/)/%, • %(%1)&-"/1#"-/,% • (/2/)%5#,4')/'(#&%,-(.)/-"#A4'&)/1.('&(+# ,*-9%%:%(-42%") 5%'5#2')%&/'( /"#(-"$/).5/"'(#5/&%1)/-"B • %"%&$+#&%,-(.)/-"#(/2/)%5#3+#,'24(/"$# Absorber • &'5/-'1)/:/)+ 0(.1).')/-", Charge sensitive • ,'24(/"$#0(.1).')/-",#/"# • "-";(/"%'&/)/%, • -"(+#.,%5#0-&#%(%1)&-2'$"%)/1# Amplifier 1',%#-0#,'24(/"$#1'(-&/; • 4/(%;.4 1'(-&/2%)&+ • $--5#,4')/'(#&%,-(.)/-"#5.%#)-# 2%)%& • (%'='$% ,%$2%")')/-" + HV • 4*-)-;%(%1)&-"#,)')/,)/1, • /")%&;1'(/3&')/-"#3%)9%%"# • 1'"#3%#.,%5#0-&#%(%1)&-2'$"%)/1#'"5# *'5&-"/1#1'(-&/2%)&+ /"5/:/5.'(#1%((, "spaghetti" calorimeter

Liquid (LAr, LXe, LKr) MWPC Streamer Tubes c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 2 9 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 0 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3

Detectors for Particle Physics: 3 33 [email protected] Detectors for Particle Physics: 3 34 [email protected]

ComparisonH ofad rvariouson Calor iElectromagneticmeters Calorimeters HadronicHadronic InteractionsInteractions

!"#$%&'&(#)%$*+(,'-% B,(%$"#$%&'&(#"&-%5$&%$*+(,'"7%7(,--%-&75",'%"- 3%D42E *.-,%+&/&.,0%-$,1&(-%"'% 200 > • "%7,'-5*'5%*-%@6'75",'%,@%&'&(#) ! 0 Examples for Sampling Calorimeters *'%*2-,(2&( Comparison of various Calorimeters (Electromagnetic) 100 • "%"'+&0&'+&'5%,@%$*+(,'%5)0& 50 0 1 π+p 3$,1&(%+&/&.,04&'5% & ' ⇓ total 3< F-&#,'24(/"$#)*/1="%,,#d# - & ' - 20 71/")/((')-& C/$*)#O%)%1)-& 467$%4,(&%7,40."7*5&+% &> ? & &$ %' ' 9*5&("*.%+&0&'+&'7&%,@%5,5*.%7(,--%-&75",'%"-%#"/&'% )*%&%#'&%#'55/)/-"'(# & -))$ %** - 8.&75(,4*#'&5"7 5$*'%"'%89%7*-& ) * 2 ⁄ 3 10 .) * / Cross section (mb) ,'24(/"$#0(.1).')/-",6# ? 2)=%%%%%%%3A = 3p ( A - $ % - :,40,'&'5 5 + & ) * π p :,40,'&'5-%"'%-$,1&( - - elastic C/$*)#N./5% !(E) 1 d &> $ % ------% ------$ ------+ , 2%:$*(*75&("C&%$*+(,'"7%"'5&(*75",'-%2)%$*+(,'"7% 2 , –1 2 3 E E X0 • $*+(,'"7 ! 10 1 10 10 10 ˜ A πp 1.2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 20 30 40 ' ? "'5&(*75",'%.&'#5$%"I = ------%%D74E% • &.&75(,4*#'&5"7 0 1 πd 2.1 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 20 30 40 50 60 ! & ' N # ( 3 Center of mass energy (GeV) P':%(%"$)* -&& '' - A A 71/")/((')/"$#F/3&%, , &$ %' !*+(,'"7% - 4*"'.)%+6&%5,%! % ? -))$ %** - ˜ 1 ⁄ 3 G 7*/0)%& C%'5#D')&/E " ! .)) ** / %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%D"'%5*2.&=%%"I = "I ( # 4 A %D#F74 E%%E • "'/"-"2.& A !&*/)%@(*#4&'5 :,40,'&'5 -)$ %* - 200 ' 10 3 - '67.&*(%&;7"5*5",' 8;7"5&+%'67.&"-$ % - pp 00 3< G3,-&3%& + , 100 (cm) - '&65(,'- 0 2 λ~ interaction lenght <*'&$%#,%",/)/:% 10 I 50 ⇓ total , X I G24(/0/%& - '&65("',- λ 20 <)0"7*.%.&'#5$%-7*.&% 10 Cross section (mb) 10 elastic #"/&'%2)%%'67.&*(% ! H#?I 2!$*+(,'"7%-$,1&(-%*(&%467$%.,'#&(%*'+%467$%1"+&(%! 0.01/ " 1 "'5&(*75",'%.&'#5$%" =% 5$*'%&.&75(,4*#'&5"7%-$,1&(- –1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 i X radiation length 10 1 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 ! 0.01/" -1 0 # 10 H 1.9 2 10 100 103 104 & ' % 0.01/& Center of mass energy (GeV) R,4'$*%))/R#1'(-&/2%)%& N(x) = N0 ( exp – ---- x 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 $ "I % c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 3 % 0.01/' & P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 4 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 DPQ< C/J./5#ACG&K#CL%K#CM&B Detectors for Particle Physics: 3 [email protected] Detectors for Particle Physics: 3 [email protected] 7)&%'2%.3%, 35 36 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 1 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 2 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3

Compensation Examples for Calorimeters I(,2.&4 • 5$&%@(*75",'%,@%5$&%+"@@&(&'5%7,40,'&'5-%@.6756*5&%-"#'"@"7*'5.) Experiment Kind Absorber Active material Resolution Type • 5$&%-"#'*.%(&-0,'-&%,@%&.&75(,4*#'&5"7%*'+%$*+(,'"7%7,40,'&'5%*(&%"'%#&'&(*.%+"@@&(&'5%%%% ZEUS em Uranium Scintillator 18% / :E sampling "J&J%%%5em 6 5had • @,(%#,,+%0&(@,(4*'7&%,'&%'&&+-%5,%7,40&'-*5&%@,(%5$"-%&@@&75J%<1,%0,--"2"."5"&-= ZEUS had Uranium Scintillator 35% / :E sampling • $*(+1*(&%7,40&'-*5",' H1 em Pb LAr 12% / :E sampling - 7*(&@6.%7$,"7&%,@%*2-,(2&(%K%*75"/&%4*5&("*.%*'+%5$&"(%5$"7L'&-- H1 had Steel LAr 50% / :E sampling %%%?%"'7(&*-&%5had =%M(*'"64%D'&65(,'-%*'+%-,@5%7=%@"--",'E%,(%"'7(&*-&%'&65(,'%&@@J%1F%$)+(,#&',6-%7,40J %%%?%+&7(&*-&%5em =%(&+67&%-&'-"5"/"5)%5,%.,1?&'&(#)%7 2)%6-"'#%$"#$%H%*2-,(2&(%*'+%.,1%H%+&5&75,( H1 SpaCal em Pb Scintill. Fibre 7.5% / :E sampling - &;*40.&=%H8M3%7*.,("4&5&(=%M(*'"64%N+&0.&5&+O%F%-7"'5"..*5,(%DPJPFGJQ%44E NA48 em LKr LKr 3.5% / :E homogeneous • -,@51*(&%7,40&'-*5",' BaBar em CsI CsI 1/4 homogeneous - "@%(&*+,65%#(*'6.*("5)%,@%+&5&75,(%"-%-6@@"7"&'5.)%$"#$%,'&%7*'%+"-5"'#6"-$%2&51&&'% 2.3% / E &.&75(,4*#'&5"7%*'+%$*+(,'"7%7,40,'&'5%*'+%7,((&75%2)%-,@51*(&%1&"#$5"'# ATLAS em Pb (Cu) LAr 10% / :E sampling - &;*40.&=%!R%7*.,("4&5&(=%."S6"+%*(#,'%NTU(O%1"5$%-5&&.%%D8%VWXXX%7&..-E ATLAS had Iron (Cu) Scintillator 47% / :E sampling

• +6&%5,%5$&%.*(#&%"'5("'-"7%@.6756*5",'-%$*+(,'"7%7*.,("4&5&(-%"'%#&'&(*.%$*/&%1,(-&% CMS em PbWO4 PbWO4 4% / :E homogeneous (&-,.65",'%7,40*(&+%5,%&.&75(,4*#'&5"7%7*.,("4&5&(-%9!5)0"7*.%/*.6&-=%%%%%% CMS had Brass Scintillator 115% / :E sampling 3(E) 35 – 50 % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%------4 ------E E c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 5 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 6 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 Hadron Calorimeters Hadronic Interactions

!"#$%&'&(#)%$*+(,'-% B,(%$"#$%&'&(#"&-%5$&%$*+(,'"7%7(,--%-&75",'%"- 3%D42E *.-,%+&/&.,0%-$,1&(-%"'% 200 > • "%7,'-5*'5%*-%@6'75",'%,@%&'&(#) ! 0 *'%*2-,(2&( 100

• "%"'+&0&'+&'5%,@%$*+(,'%5)0& 50 0 1 π+p 3$,1&(%+&/&.,04&'5% & ' ⇓ total 3< - & ' - 20 467$%4,(&%7,40."7*5&+% &> ? & &$ %' ' 9*5&("*.%+&0&'+&'7&%,@%5,5*.%7(,--%-&75",'%"-%#"/&'% & -))$ %** - 8.&75(,4*#'&5"7 5$*'%"'%89%7*-& ) * 2 ⁄ 3 10 .) * / Cross section (mb) ? 2)=%%%%%%%3A = 3p ( A - $ % - :,40,'&'5 5 + & ) * π p :,40,'&'5-%"'%-$,1&( - - elastic &> $ % + , 2%:$*(*75&("C&%$*+(,'"7%"'5&(*75",'-%2)%$*+(,'"7% 2 , –1 2 3 • $*+(,'"7 ! 10 1 10 10 10 ˜ A πp 1.2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 20 30 40 ' ? "'5&(*75",'%.&'#5$%"I = ------%%D74E% • &.&75(,4*#'&5"7 0 1 πd 2.1 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 20 30 40 50 60 ! & ' N # ( 3 Center of mass energy (GeV) -&& '' - A A , &$ %' !*+(,'"7% - 4*"'.)%+6&%5,%! % ? -))$ %** - ˜ 1 ⁄ 3 G " ! .)) ** / %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%D"'%5*2.&=%%"I = "I ( # 4 A %D#F74 E%%E • "'/"-"2.& A !&*/)%@(*#4&'5 :,40,'&'5 -)$ %* - 200 ' 10 3 - '67.&*(%&;7"5*5",' 8;7"5&+%'67.&"-$ % - pp 00 3< + , 100 (cm) - '&65(,'- 0 2 λ~ interaction lenght 10 I 50 ⇓ total , X I

- '&65("',- λ 20 <)0"7*.%.&'#5$%-7*.&% 10 Cross section (mb) 10 #"/&'%2)%%'67.&*(% elastic 2!$*+(,'"7%-$,1&(-%*(&%467$%.,'#&(%*'+%467$%1"+&(% 1 "'5&(*75",'%.&'#5$%" =% 5$*'%&.&75(,4*#'&5"7%-$,1&(- –1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 i X radiation length 10 1 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 -1 0 10 H 1.9 2 10 100 103 104 & # ' Center of mass energy (GeV) N(x) = N0 ( exp – ---- x 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 $ "I % c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 3 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 4 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3

Hadron Calorimeters Hadronic Interactions

!"#$%&'&(#)%$*+(,'-% B,(%$"#$%&'&(#"&-%5$&%$*+(,'"7%7(,--%-&75",'%"- 3%D42E *.-,%+&/&.,0%-$,1&(-%"'% 200 > • "%7,'-5*'5%*-%@6'75",'%,@%&'&(#) ! 0 *'%*2-,(2&( Hadron Calorimeters100 Compensation • "%"'+&0&'+&'5%,@%$*+(,'%5)0& 50 Hadron Calorimeters + HCaodmrpoennics aItniotneractions Examples for Calorimeters 0 1 π p 3$,1&(%+&/&.,04&'5% & ' ⇓ total 3< - & ' - 20 467$%4,(&%7,40."7*5&+% &> ? & &$ %' ' 9*5&("*.%+&0&'+&'7&%,@%5,5*.%7(,--%-&75",'%"-%#"/&'% I(,2.&4 3%D42E & -))$ %** - 8.&75(,4*#'&5"7 !"#$%&'&(#)%$*+(,'-% B,(%$"#$%&'&(#"&-%5$&%$*+(,'"7%7(,--%-&75",'%"- 5$*'%"'%89%7*-& ) * *.-,%+&/&.,0%-$,1&(-%"'%2 ⁄ 3 10 200 > . / Cross section (mb) ? ) * 2)=%%%%%%%3 = 3 ( A • 5$&%@(*75",'%,@%5$&%+"@@&(&'5%7,40,'&'5-%@.6756*5&%-"#'"@"7*'5.) ! 0 :,40,'&'5 A p • "%7,'-5*'5%*-%@6'75",'%,@%&'&(#) 100 Experiment Kind Absorber Active material Resolution Type & -)$ %* - *'%*2-,(2&( 5 + π pelastic :,40,'&'5-%"'%-$,1&( > -$ % - • 5$&%-"#'*.%(&-0,'-&%,@%&.&75(,4*#'&5"7%*'+%$*+(,'"7%7,40,'&'5%*(&%"'%#&'&(*.%+"@@&(&'5%%%% & • "%"'+&0&'+&'5%,@%$*+(,'%5)0& 50 + , 2%:$*(*75&("C&%$*+(,'"7%"'5&(*75",'-%2)%$*+(,'"7% 2 0 1 + ZEUS em Uranium Scintillator 18% / :E sampling 3$,1&(%+&/&.,04&'5% –1 2 3 "J&J%%% 6 ⇓ π p total 3 • $*+(,'"7 , 10 & ' 1 10 10 10 5em 5had < ! - & ' - 20 A > πp & 1.2& ' '2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 20 30 40 9*5&("*.%+&0&'+&'7&%,@%5,5*.%7(,--%-&75",'%"-%#"/&'% ' 467$%4,(&%7,40."7*5&+%˜ = ------& &? - ) $ % * - ZEUS had Uranium Scintillator 35% / :E sampling ? 0 1 "'5&(*75",'%.&'#5$%"I %%D74E% πd )2.1 $ % *3 48.&75(,4*#'&5"75 6 7 8 910 20 30 40 50 60 • @,(%#,,+%0&(@,(4*'7&%,'&%'&&+-%5,%7,40&'-*5&%@,(%5$"-%&@@&75J%<1,%0,--"2"."5"&-= • &.&75(,4*#'&5"7 2 ⁄ 3 10 ! & ' 5$*'%"'%89%7*-& N # ( 3 ) * Center of mass energy (GeV) .) * / Cross section (mb) -&& '' - A A ? 2)=%%%%%%%3A = 3p ( A &$ %' :,40,'&'5 • + , !*+(,'"7% & -)$ %* - $*(+1*(&%7,40&'-*5",' 5 p H1 em Pb LAr 12% / :E sampling - 4*"'.)%+6&%5,%! % - ) * - 1 ⁄ 3 π elastic ? ) $ % * :,40,'&'5-%"'%-$,1&(%%%%%%%%%%%D"'%5*2.&=%%" = "˜ ( # 4 A %D#F74GE%%E -$ % - " ! .)) ** / %%%%%% I I &> - 7*(&@6.%7$,"7&%,@%*2-,(2&(%K%*75"/&%4*5&("*.%*'+%5$&"(%5$"7L'&-- A :,40,'&'5 + , 2%:$*(*75&("C&%$*+(,'"7%"'5&(*75",'-%2)%$*+(,'"7% 2 • "'/"-"2.& !&*/)%@(*#4&'5 , –1 2 3 H1 had Steel LAr 50% / E sampling -)$ %* - • $*+(,'"7 200 10 1 10 10 10 : 3 ! %%%?%"'7(&*-&%5had =%M(*'"64%D'&65(,'-%*'+%-,@5%7=%@"--",'E%,(%"'7(&*-&%'&65(,'%1.2 &@@J%1F%2 $)+(,#&',6-%3 4 5 6 7 8 910 7,40J20 30 40 ' 10 pp ˜ A πp - '67.&*(%&;7"5*5",' 8;7"5&+%'67.&"-$ % - ' ? 00 3< "'5&(*75",'%.&'#5$%"I = ------%%D74E% • &.&75(,4*#'&5"7 100 0 1 πd 2.1 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 20 30 40 50 60 + , ! & ' %%%?%+&7(&*-&%5em =%(&+67&%-&'-"5"/"5)%5,%.,1?&'&(#)%N # ( 3 7 2)%6-"'#%$"#$%H%*2-,(2&(%*'+%.,1%H%+&5&75,(Center of mass energy (GeV) H1 SpaCal em Pb Scintill. Fibre 7.5% / :E sampling (cm) - & ' - A A 0 ~ & ' - '&65(,'- 2 , λ interaction lenght &$ %' !*+(,'"7% - 104*"'.)%+6&%5,%! % I ? 50 -))$ ⇓ %** total- - &;*40.&=%H8M3%7*.,("4&5&(=%M(*'"64%N+&0.&5&+O%F%-7"'5"..*5,(%˜ 1 ⁄ 3 G DPJPFGJQ%44E , X %%%%%%%%%%%D"'%5*2.&=%%" = " ( # 4 A %D#F74 E%%E I ! . ) * / %%%%%% I I NA48 em LKr LKr 3.5% / :E homogeneous - '&65("',- λ " ) * • "'/"-"2.& A !&*/)%@(*#4&'5 :,40,'&'5 • -,@51*(&%7,40&'-*5",' 20 -)$ %* - 3 200

' Cross section (mb) 1/4 - 10 8;7"5&+%'67.&"-$ % - - 10 pp 00 3 BaBar em CsI CsI 2.3% / E homogeneous <)0"7*.%.&'#5$%-7*.&% '67.&*(%&;7"5*5",' "@%(&*+,65%#(*'6.*("5)%,@%+&5&75,(%"-%-6@@"7"&'5.)%$"#$%,'&%7*'%+"-5"'#6"-$%2&51&&'%100 < 10 + elastic, (cm)

&.&75(,4*#'&5"7%*'+%$*+(,'"7%7,40,'&'5%*'+%7,((&75%2)%-,@51*(&%1&"#$5"'#0 ~ #"/&'%2)%%'67.&*(% 2!$*+(,'"7%-$,1&(-%*(&%467$%.,'#&(%*'+%467$%1"+&(% - '&65(,'- 2 λI interaction lenght 1 10 50 ⇓ total ATLAS em Pb (Cu) LAr 10% / :E sampling , X

- I –1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 &;*40.&=%!R%7*.,("4&5&(=%."S6"+%*(#,'%NTU(O%1"5$%-5&&.%%D8%VWXXX%7&..-E "'5&(*75",'%.&'#5$%" =% 5$*'%&.&75(,4*#'&5"7%-$,1&(- - '&65("',- λ i X radiation length 10 1 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 -1 0 20 ATLAS had Iron (Cu) Scintillator 47% / :E sampling 10 H 1.9 2 10 100 103 104 10 Cross section (mb) & # ' <)0"7*.%.&'#5$%-7*.&% Center of mass energy (GeV) N(x) = N0 ( exp – ---- x 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 elastic $ " % #"/&'%2)%%'67.&*(% CMS em PbWO4 PbWO4 4% / :E homogeneous I 2!$*+(,'"7%-$,1&(-%*(&%467$%.,'#&(%*'+%467$%1"+&(% • +6&%5,%5$&%.*(#&%"'5("'-"7%@.6756*5",'-%$*+(,'"7%7*.,("4&5&(-%"'%#&'&(*.%$*/&%1,(-&%1 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 3 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 4 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 "'5&(*75",'%.&'#5$%" =% 5$*'%&.&75(,4*#'&5"7%-$,1&(- –1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 i (&-,.65",'%7,40*(&+%5,%&.&75(,4*#'&5"7%7*.,("4&5&(-%X radiation length 9!5)0"7*.%/*.6&-=%%%%%%10 1 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 -1 0 CMS had Brass Scintillator 115% / :E sampling # 10 3(E) 35 – 50 % H 1.9 2 10 100 103 104 & ' %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%------4 ------Center of mass energy (GeV) N(x) = N0 ( exp – ---- x 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 E 70 80 90 100 $ "I % E c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 3 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . nci ea rbsut he rn@. n di eebsuy h. dr e@ d e s y . d e 3 5 3 4 P a r t i c l e PDaer t ei ccl et o Dr se 3t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 6 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3

Detectors for Particle Physics: 3 37 [email protected] Detectors for Particle Physics: 3 38 [email protected]

Compensation ExamplesExample sof fo rCalorimeters Calorimeters LHC Calorimeters under Construction I(,2.&4 Compensation Examples for Calorimeters • 5$&%@(*75",'%,@%5$&%+"@@&(&'5%7,40,'&'5-%@.6756*5&%-"#'"@"7*'5.) Experiment Kind Absorber Active material Resolution Type • 5$&%-"#'*.%(&-0,'-&%,@%&.&75(,4*#'&5"7%*'+%$*+(,'"7%7,40,'&'5%*(&%"'%#&'&(*.%+"@@&(&'5%%%% I(,2.&4 CMS ECAL ZEUS em Uranium Scintillator 18% / :E sampling "J&J%%%5em 6 5had • 5$&%@(*75",'%,@%5$&%+"@@&(&'5%7,40,'&'5-%@.6756*5&%-"#'"@"7*'5.) Experiment Kind Absorber Active material Resolution Type • @,(%#,,+%0&(@,(4*'7&%,'&%'&&+-%5,%7,40&'-*5&%@,(%5$"-%&@@&75J%<1,%0,--"2"."5"&-= • 5$&%ZEUS-"#'*.%(&-0,'-&%had,@%&.&75(,4*#'&5"7%Uranium *'+%Scintillator$*+(,'"7%7,40,'&'5%35%*(&% / :"'%E#&'&(*.%sampling+"@@&(&'5%%%% ZEUS em Uranium Scintillator 18% / :E sampling "J&J%%%5em 6 5had • $*(+1*(&%7,40&'-*5",' H1 em Pb LAr 12% / :E sampling • @,(%#,,+%0&(@,(4*'7&%,'&%'&&+-%5,%7,40&'-*5&%@,(%5$"-%&@@&75J%<1,%0,--"2"."5"&-= ZEUS had Uranium Scintillator 35% / :E sampling - 7*(&@6.%7$,"7&%,@%*2-,(2&(%K%*75"/&%4*5&("*.%*'+%5$&"(%5$"7L'&-- ~75000 Crystals • H1 had Steel LAr 50% / :E sampling %%%?%"'7(&*-&%5had =%M(*'"64%D'&65(,'-%*'+%-,@5%7=%@"--",'E%,(%"'7(&*-&%'&65(,'%&@@J%1F%$)+(,#&',6-%7,40J $*(+1*(&%7,40&'-*5",' H1 em Pb LAr ~7500012% / :CrystalsE sampling - 7*(&@6.%7$,"7&%,@%*2-,(2&(%K%*75"/&%4*5&("*.%*'+%5$&"(%5$"7L'&-- %%%?%+&7(&*-&%5em =%(&+67&%-&'-"5"/"5)%5,%.,1?&'&(#)%7 2)%6-"'#%$"#$%H%*2-,(2&(%*'+%.,1%H%+&5&75,( H1 SpaCal em Pb Scintill. Fibre 7.5% / :E sampling H1 had Steel LAr 50% / :E sampling %%%?%"'7(&*-&%5 =%M(*'"64%D'&65(,'-%*'+%-,@5%7=%@"--",'E%,(%"'7(&*-&%'&65(,'%&@@J%1F%$)+(,#&',6-%7,40J - &;*40.&=%H8M3%7*.,("4&5&(=%M(*'"64%N+&0.&5&+O%F%-7"'5"..*5,(%DPJPFGJQ%44E had ATLAS ECAL %%%?%NA48+&7(&*-&%5em =%(&+67&%-&'-"5"/"5)%5,%.,1?&'&(#)%em LKr LKr7 2)%6-"'#%$"#$%H%*2-,(2&(%*'+%.,1%H%+&5&75,(3.5% / :E homogeneous H1 SpaCal em Pb Scintill. Fibre 7.5% / :E sampling • -,@51*(&%7,40&'-*5",' - &;*40.&=%H8M3%7*.,("4&5&(=%BaBar em CsIM(*'"64%N+&0.&5&+O%F%-7"'5"..*5,(%CsI DPJPFGJQ%44E1/4 homogeneous - "@%(&*+,65%#(*'6.*("5)%,@%+&5&75,(%"-%-6@@"7"&'5.)%$"#$%,'&%7*'%+"-5"'#6"-$%2&51&&'% 2.3% / E NA48 em LKr LKr 3.5% / :E homogeneous • -,@51*(&%7,40&'-*5",' &.&75(,4*#'&5"7%*'+%$*+(,'"7%7,40,'&'5%*'+%7,((&75%2)%-,@51*(&%1&"#$5"'# BaBar em CsI CsI 1/4 homogeneous - "@%(&*+,65%#(*'6.*("5)%,@%+&5&75,(%"-%-6@@"7"&'5.)%$"#$%,'&%7*'%+"-5"'#6"-$%2&51&&'%ATLAS em Pb (Cu) LAr 10% / :E sampling 2.3% / E - &;*40.&=%!R%7*.,("4&5&(=%."S6"+%*(#,'%NTU(O%1"5$%-5&&.%%D8%VWXXX%7&..-E &.&75(,4*#'&5"7%*'+%$*+(,'"7%7,40,'&'5%*'+%7,((&75%2)%-,@51*(&%1&"#$5"'# ATLAS had Iron (Cu) Scintillator 47% / E sampling ATLAS em Pb (Cu) LAr 10% / :E sampling - &;*40.&=%!R%7*.,("4&5&(=%."S6"+%*(#,'%NTU(O%1"5$%-5&&.%%D8%VWXXX%7&..-E : ATLAS had Iron (Cu) Scintillator 47% / :E sampling • +6&%5,%5$&%.*(#&%"'5("'-"7%@.6756*5",'-%$*+(,'"7%7*.,("4&5&(-%"'%#&'&(*.%$*/&%1,(-&% CMS em PbWO4 PbWO4 4% / :E homogeneous (&-,.65",'%7,40*(&+%5,%&.&75(,4*#'&5"7%7*.,("4&5&(-%9!5)0"7*.%/*.6&-=%%%%%% CMS em PbWO4 PbWO4 4% / :E homogeneous • +6&%5,%5$&%.*(#&%"'5("'-"7%@.6756*5",'-%$*+(,'"7%7*.,("4&5&(-%"'%#&'&(*.%$*/&%1,(-&%CMS had Brass Scintillator 115% / :E sampling ~120000 channels 3(E) 35 – 50 % (&-,.65",'%7,40*(&+%5,%&.&75(,4*#'&5"7%7*.,("4&5&(-%9!5)0"7*.%/*.6&-=%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%------4 ------CMS had Brass Scintillator 115% / :E sampling E 3(E) 35 – 50 % E %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%------4 ------c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 5 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e E 3 6E P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 Detectors for Particle Physics: 3 Detectors for Particle Physics: 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 5 39 P a r t i ccarsten.niebuhr@desyl e D e t e c t o r s 3 .de c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 40 3 6 carsten.niebuhr@desy P a r t i c l e D e t e c t.deo r s 3 LHC Calorimeters under Construction Calorimeter R&D for ILC @ DESY • -*%/978+'%&:,,9;8'%8<=85*%>97+,%)*+*8)%?9*6%68+@(%A:):7)B%CD%ED%F

• F+@8%*:%'85:7)*'G5*%*689'%6+;':795%;85+(%H:;8)%%!%HG,*9%I8*%8@87*) &20%1&-/ • &6+,,87J8B%788;%I8*%'8):,G*9:7%:>%K$L%M%!1

• 1<=85*%!N$L%:>%*:*+,%878'J(%97%56+'J8;%=+'*95,8)%O*'+5P8'Q%D%4$L%97% =6:*:7)%O1&-/QD%3$L%97%78G*'+,%6+;':7)%OF&-/Q%+7;%3$L%97%78G*'97:)% !"#$$$%&'()*+,) !"#$$$%&'()*+,) "%78?%5:758=*%:>%=+'*95,8%>,:?B - '85:7)*'G5*9:7%:>%97;9@9;G+,%=+'*95,8) -./-0%1&-/ - )8=+'+*9:7%:>%=+'*95,8)%O56+'J8;%+7;%78G*'+,Q

• R8*85*:'%'8SG9'8H87*)B - 8<58,,87*%*'+5P97JD%97%=+'*95G,+'%97%;87)8%I8*) - 8<58,,87*%J'+7G,+'9*(%97%*68%1&-/ - T7:U%H+*8'9+,%97%>':7*%:>%1&-/ - J::;%J'+7G,+'9*(%97%*68%F&-/ - 8<58,,87*%,97P97J%A8*?887%*'+5P8'%V%1&-/%V%F&-/ !34$$$$%56+778,) - 8<58,,87*%68'H8*959*( • W':*:*(=8%*8)*)%:7J:97J%+*%&1XY

c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 7 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 8 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3

Calorimeter R&D for ILC @DESY Summary on Calorimeters Summary on Calorimeters LHC Calorimeters under Construction Calorimeter R&D for ILC @ DESY F9J6%878'J(%=+'*95,8)%;8@8,:=%)6:?8')B • -*%/978+'%&:,,9;8'%8<=85*%>97+,%)*+*8)%?9*6%68+@(%A:):7)B%CD%ED%F • 8D%#%%!%8,85*':H+J8*95%)6:?8')D%'8,8@+7*%SG+7*9*98)B%Ec D%X0 • F+@8%*:%'85:7)*'G5*%*689'%6+;':795%;85+(%H:;8)%%%HG,*9%I8*%8@87*) )6:?8'%;8@8,:=H87*B &20%1&-/ - ,:7J9*G;97+,%%%tmax % logE % • &6+,,87J8B%788;%I8*%'8):,G*9:7%:>%K$L%M%!1 - *'+7)@8')8%%2:,98'8%X+;9G)

• 1<=85*%!N$L%:>%*:*+,%878'J(%97%56+'J8;%=+'*95,8)%O*'+5P8'Q%D%4$L%97% • 6+;':7)%O$D%7D%=D%ZZZQ%!%6+;':795%)6:?8')D%56+'+5*8'9)*95%SG+7*9*(B%&I =6:*:7)%O1&-/QD%3$L%97%78G*'+,%6+;':7)%OF&-/Q%+7;%3$L%97%78G*'97:)% !"#$$$%&'()*+,) - )6:?8'%;8@8,:=H87*%HG56%H:'8%5:H=,95+*8;%*6+7%97%8H%5+)8 !"#$$$%&'()*+,) %78?%5:758=*%:>%=+'*95,8%>,:?B - '85:7)*'G5*9:7%:>%97;9@9;G+,%=+'*95,8) - -./-0%1&-/ )8=+'+*9:7%:>%=+'*95,8)%O56+'J8;%+7;%78G*'+,Q 2+7(%8>>85*)%5:7*'9AG*8%*:%878'J(%'8):,G*9:7 ' 1 • R8*85*:'%'8SG9'8H87*)B • ;:H97+7*%;8=87;8758%>':H%)*:56+)*95%>,G5*G+*9:7)B%%%--- % ------8<58,,87*%*'+5P97JD%97%=+'*95G,+'%97%;87)8%I8*) E E - 8<58,,87*%J'+7G,+'9*(%97%*68%1&-/ • "%5+,:'9H8*8')%5:H=,8H87*+'(%*:%*'+5P97J%;8*85*:') - T7:U%H+*8'9+,%97%>':7*%:>%1&-/ - J::;%J'+7G,+'9*(%97%*68%F&-/ • *(=95+,%'8):,G*9:7) - 8<58,,87*%,97P97J%A8*?887%*'+5P8'%V%1&-/%V%F&-/ ' 4 – 10% ' 35 – 50% - 8<58,,87*%68'H8*959*( - 8,85*':H+J78*95B%%%%--- ( ------%%[%%%%%%%%%6+;':795B%%%--- ( ------!34$$$$%56+778,) E E E E • W':*:*(=8%*8)*)%:7J:97J%+*%&1XY c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 7 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 8 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 9 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3 Detectors for Particle Physics: 3 41 [email protected] Detectors for Particle Physics: 3 42 [email protected]

Example CMS

Summary on Calorimeters F9J6%878'J(%=+'*95,8)%;8@8,:=%)6:?8')B

• 8D%%%%8,85*':H+J8*95%)6:?8')D%'8,8@+7*%SG+7*9*98)B%Ec D%X0 )6:?8'%;8@8,:=H87*B

- ,:7J9*G;97+,%%%tmax logE % - *'+7)@8')8%%2:,98'8%X+;9G)

• 6+;':7)%OD%7D%=D%ZZZQ%%6+;':795%)6:?8')D%56+'+5*8'9)*95%SG+7*9*(B%I - )6:?8'%;8@8,:=H87*%HG56%H:'8%5:H=,95+*8;%*6+7%97%8H%5+)8

2+7(%8>>85*)%5:7*'9AG*8%*:%878'J(%'8):,G*9:7 1 • ;:H97+7*%;8=87;8758%>':H%)*:56+)*95%>,G5*G+*9:7)B%%%--- ------E E • %5+,:'9H8*8')%5:H=,8H87*+'(%*:%*'+5P97J%;8*85*:')

• *(=95+,%'8):,G*9:7) Interactive graphics at: 4 – 10% 35 – 50% http://cmsinfo.cern.ch/outreach/CMSdocuments/DetectorDrawings/Slice/CMS_Slice.swf - 8,85*':H+J78*95B%%%%--- ------%%[%%%%%%%%%6+;':795B%%%--- ------E E E E Detectors for Particle Physics: 3 43 [email protected] c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 9 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 3