DOCSLIB.ORG

Party Problems and Factionalism in Soviet Uzbekistan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Party Problems and Factionalism in Soviet Uzbekistan Party Problems and Factionalism in Soviet Uzbekistan Evidence from the Communist Party Archives Nicklas Norling Party Problems and Factionalism in Soviet Uzbekistan: Evidence from the Communist Party Archives Nicklas Norling © Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program – A Joint Transatlantic Research and Policy Center American Foreign Policy Council, 509 C St NE, Washington D.C. Institute for Security and Development Policy, V. Finnbodavägen 2, Stockholm-Nacka, Sweden www.silkroadstudies.org ”Party Problems and Factionalism in Uzbekistan: Evidence from the Communist Party Archives” is a Silk Road Paper published by the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and Silk Road Studies Program, Joint Center. The Silk Road Papers Series is the Occasional Paper series of the Joint Center, and addresses topical and timely subjects. The Joint Center is a transatlantic independent and non-profit research and policy center. It has offices in Washington and Stockholm and is affiliated with the American Foreign Policy Council and the Institute for Security and Development Policy. It is the first institution of its kind in Europe and North America, and is firmly established as a leading research and policy center, serving a large and diverse community of analysts, scholars, policy-watchers, business leaders, and journalists. The Joint Center is at the forefront of research on issues of conflict, security, and development in the region. Through its applied research, publications, research cooperation, public lectures, and seminars, it functions as a focal point for academic, policy, and public discussion regarding the region. The opinions and conclusions expressed in this study are those of the authors only, and do not necessarily reflect those of the Joint Center or its sponsors. The opinions and conclusions expressed in this study are those of the authors only, and do not necessarily reflect those of the Joint Center or its sponsors. Cover pictures: (Left to right) Uzbek Soviet Socilist Republic Coat of Arms Wikimedia Commons, Usman Yusupov courtesy of the Uzbek Soviet Encyclopedia (Tashkent) and photo of archival document by Nicklas Norling. © Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and Silk Road Studies Program, 2017 ISBN: 978-91-88551-00-9 Printed in Lithuania Distributed in North America by: Central Asia-Caucasus Institute American Foreign Policy Council 509 C St NE, Washington DC 20002 E-mail: [email protected] Distributed in Europe by: The Silk Road Studies Program Institute for Security and Development Policy Västra Finnbodavägen 2, SE-13130 Stockholm-Nacka E-mail: [email protected] Editorial correspondence should be addressed to Frank Esparraga, Editor, at the European offices of the Joint Center (preferably by e-mail.) Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... 5 Foreword .............................................................................................................................. 6 Executive Summary ........................................................................................................... 9 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 14 Soviet “Affirmative Action” and Uzbekistan’s New National Elite ..................... 21 Pre-Soviet Central Asia ................................................................................................................... 21 Soviet Nationality Policy and the National Delimitation .......................................................... 24 Conflicts and Solidarities in the New National Elite .................................................................. 27 “Empowering” the New Nationally and Career-Oriented Elite ............................................... 33 End of the “Honeymoon”: The Power Transfer from Bukhara to Tashkent and Ferghana .. 38 Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces ............................................................................................... 42 Usman Yusupov: Stalin’s Strong Leader ..................................................................... 44 The Party Hierarchy: A Primer ...................................................................................................... 44 The Nomenklatura System: A Skein, Not a Hierarchy .............................................................. 46 The Post-Purge Leadership Constellation: Tashkent and Ferghana Unscathed ..................... 48 Nationality Frictions and Power Usurpation in the Central Committee Bureau ................... 50 Yusupov’s “Family Circle” ............................................................................................................ 52 Party Violations in Yusupov’s Uzbekistan .................................................................................. 55 Regionalism Reversed .................................................................................................................... 58 Party Violations in Niyazov’s Uzbekistan ................................................................................... 60 Leninabad Hegemony in Tajikistan .............................................................................................. 62 Sharaf Rashidov’s National Orientation ..................................................................... 66 Uzbekistan’s Post-Stalin Leadership ............................................................................................ 66 Samarkand Plunges Back into Power ........................................................................................... 71 Crackdown on Zemlyachestvo and Party Problems in Central Asia and Elsewhere ............ 73 The Khrushchev-Brezhnev Leadership Transition ..................................................................... 79 Sharaf Rashidov: A Biographical Sketch ...................................................................................... 82 Rashidov’s Unrelated Relatives: The Tashkent Party Conference ............................................ 85 The Primacy of Career-Based Loyalties ....................................................................................... 88 Nicklas Norling 4 The Twilight of Rashidov’s Rule ................................................................................................... 92 Zemlyachestvo in Rashidov’s Uzbekistan: The Party Control Commission’s Scoresheet in 1982 .................................................................................................................................................... 93 The Rashidov Era: An Evaluation ................................................................................................. 95 Misreading and Mythmaking: The Cotton Affair ..................................................... 98 The Cotton Affair Unfolds ............................................................................................................. 98 Usmankhodzhaev and Rashidov’s “Local Favoritism” ........................................................... 100 “Tribalizing” Central Asia ........................................................................................................... 104 Gorbachev’s Misreading of the Situation ................................................................................... 107 Usmankhodzhaev’s Credibility Questioned ............................................................................. 110 Uzbekistan’s Silent Rehabilitation .............................................................................................. 111 The Politics of Rehabilitation ....................................................................................................... 115 “Clans” and Mythmaking ............................................................................................................ 118 Whither the Clan/Region Hypothesis? ...................................................................... 123 Authors’ Bio .................................................................................................................... 130 Acknowledgements This monograph builds on my doctoral dissertation, Myth and Reality: Politics in Soviet Uzbekistan (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University, 2014). I should like to express my gratitude to my faculty advisor, Bruce Parrott, as well as S. Frederick Starr, Svante E. Cornell, Brenda Shaffer and Stephen Blank. I am also grateful for the generous financial assistance that was made available to me through the SAIS Ph.D. Fellowship and the Zartman Fellowship. Lastly, I would like to thank Frank Esparraga for his valuable editorial remarks. Any errors or shortcomings are, needless to say, my own. Foreword Central Asian history did not begin anew with the demise of the USSR. All those who built the newly sovereign states were born, educated, and formed as professionals under the ancient regime. When the Soviet system collapsed, some citizens strove to identify and master the techniques and habits that the new circumstances required. Most, however, like people everywhere, dealt with change by applying what they already knew to the transformed world around them. The history of the first quarter century of independence in Central Asia is the story of the interaction of these two approaches, e.g., of the interplay between continuity and change. Those seeking to understand the new states of Central Asia have focused on the new laws, political and economic
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Status of Russian Ethnic Minority in Independent Tajikistan
    Status of Russian Ethnic Minority in Independent Tajikistan DISSERTATION Submitted to the University of Kashmir in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Philosophy (M. Phil) In History By Farooq Ahmad Rather Under the Supervision of Prof. Aijaz A. Bandey CENTRE OF CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES University of Kashmir, Srinagar- 190006 JAMMU AND KASHMIR, INDIA September, 2012 Centre of Central Asian Studies University of Kashmir, Srinagar “A” Grade NAAC Accredited CERTIFICATE Certified that the thesis entitled “Status of Russian Ethnic Minority in Independent Tajikistan” submitted by Farooq Ahmad Rather for the Degree of M. Phil in the discipline of History is an original piece of research work. This work has not been submitted fully or partially so far anywhere for the award of any degree. The scholar worked under my supervision on whole time basis for the period required under statues and has put in the required attendance in the Centre. Prof. Aijaz A. Bandey (Supervisor) Countersigned (Prof. G. R. Jan) Director Declaration I solemnly declare that the Dissertation entitled “Status of Russian Ethnic Minority in Independent Tajikistan” submitted by me in the discipline of History under the supervision of Prof. Aijaz A. Bandey embodies my own contribution. This work, which does not contain piracy, has not been submitted, so far, anywhere for the award of any degree. Dated Signature 5 October 2012 Farooq Ahmad Rather CCAS University of Kashmir, Srinagar CONTENTS Page No. Preface i Chapter-I Introduction 1
    [Show full text]
  • International Journal on Human Computing Studies
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON HUMAN COMPUTING STUDIES www.journalsresearchparks.org/index.php/IJHCS e-ISSN: 2615-8159|p-ISSN: 2615-1898 Volume: 02 Issue: 02 Jun-Jul 2020 SHAROF RASHIDOV'S IMMORTAL PLACE IN THE LITERATURE AND HISTORY OF UZBEKISTAN ENTHUSIASTIC '’°≤°° '¨§° 3°5° §°ß®•≤ Bukhara State University, Faculty of Philology and Language Teaching, Uzbek language, 2nd year student [email protected], +998919792319 Mukhtarov Sardorbek Saydullo son Student of the Faculty of History of Andijan State University +998944322880, [email protected] Mamajonova Gulmira Davlat daughter Andijan State University, Faculty of Philology, 2nd year student [email protected] ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Annotation - Sharof Rashidov, a famous statesman, writer, Editor of the Samarkand regional newspaper (1937- who ruled the country in very difficult and difficult years, 41,1943), Secretary of the Samarkand Regional selflessly served for the development of our country, made a Committee of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan ( significant contribution to the development of our national 1944-47), editor of the newspaper "Red Uzbekistan" literature and culture through his social and creative (1947-49), chairman of the Writers' Union of activities, is a great son of our people. , a clever and Uzbekistan (1949-50), chairman of the Presidium of patriotic leader, a thoughtful and wise leader who led our mother Uzbekistan in very difficult and difficult years. He the Supreme Soviet of Uzbekistan (1950-59). He has been subjected to many trials and tribulations of life served as First Secretary of the Central Committee of and destiny since childhood, and he has endured the the Communist Party of Uzbekistan (1959-83). hardships of life, both hot and cold.
    [Show full text]
  • 2 Trade and the Economy(Second Half Of
    ISBN 92-3-103985-7 Introduction 2 TRADE AND THE ECONOMY(SECOND HALF OF NINETEENTH CENTURY TO EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY)* C. Poujol and V. Fourniau Contents Introduction ....................................... 51 The agrarian question .................................. 56 Infrastructure ...................................... 61 Manufacturing and trade ................................ 68 Transforming societies ................................. 73 Conclusion ....................................... 76 Introduction Russian colonization in Central Asia may have been the last phase of an expansion of the Russian state that had begun centuries earlier. However, in terms of area, it represented the largest extent of non-Russian lands to fall under Russian control, and in a rather short period: between 1820 (the year of major political and administrative decisions aimed at the Little and Middle Kazakh Hordes, or Zhuzs) and 1885 (the year of the capture of Merv). The conquest of Central Asia also brought into the Russian empire the largest non-Russian population in an equally short time. The population of Central Asia (Steppe and Turkistan regions, including the territories that were to have protectorate status forced on them) was 9–10 million in the mid-nineteenth century. * See Map 1. 51 ISBN 92-3-103985-7 Introduction Although the motivations of the Russian empire in conquering these vast territories were essentially strategic and political, they quickly assumed a major economic dimension. They combined all the functions attributed by colonial powers
    [Show full text]
  • The University of Chicago Old Elites Under Communism: Soviet Rule in Leninobod a Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Di
    THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO OLD ELITES UNDER COMMUNISM: SOVIET RULE IN LENINOBOD A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY FLORA J. ROBERTS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS JUNE 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures .................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ vi A Note on Transliteration .................................................................................................. ix Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One. Noble Allies of the Revolution: Classroom to Battleground (1916-1922) . 43 Chapter Two. Class Warfare: the Old Boi Network Challenged (1925-1930) ............... 105 Chapter Three. The Culture of Cotton Farms (1930s-1960s) ......................................... 170 Chapter Four. Purging the Elite: Politics and Lineage (1933-38) .................................. 224 Chapter Five. City on Paper: Writing Tajik in Stalinobod (1930-38) ............................ 282 Chapter Six. Islam and the Asilzodagon: Wartime and Postwar Leninobod .................. 352 Chapter Seven. The
    [Show full text]
  • A Chronology Ofv. I. Lenin's Life (1870-1924)
    A Chronology ofV. I. Lenin's Life (1870-1924) 1870 April: V. I. Lenin (born Vladimir Illich Ulyanov) is born in 1870 in the town of Simbirsk on the Volga River 1887 June: Lenin graduates from gymnasium (high school) 1887 May: Lenin's brother Alexander is executed 1887 August: Lenin enters the University of Kazan 1887 December: Lenin is arrested for participating in student protests 1887 December: Lenin is expelled from the University and exiled to the village of Kokushkino near Kazan' for one year 1891 November: Lenin graduates from the University of St. Petersburg 1893 Autumn: Lenin joins a Marxist circle in St. Petersburg 1894 Nicholas II becomes tsar 1895 December: Lenin is arrested and spends 14 months in prison. 1897 February: Lenin is sentenced to three years exile in Eastern Siberia 1898 July: Lenin marries Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaia 1898- 1900 In exile, Lenin writes The Development of Capitalism in Russia 1900 July: On returning from exile, Lenin goes abroad to Switzerland and other countries 1901 Lenin, who has been known until this point as Ulyanov, adopts the name N. Lenin 1901- 1902 Lenin writes What Is to Be Done? and edits Iskra (The Spark) 1903 July-August: Lenin attends the Second Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party and helps to split the party into factions: Bolsheviks and Mensheviks 1904 February: Beginning of Russo-Japanese War 162 CHRONOLOGY 163 1904 December: Surrender of Port Arthur to Japanese 1905 january: The "Bloody Sunday" massacre; The First Russian Rev­ olution begins 1905 june-july.
    [Show full text]
  • Title of Thesis: ABSTRACT CLASSIFYING BIAS
    ABSTRACT Title of Thesis: CLASSIFYING BIAS IN LARGE MULTILINGUAL CORPORA VIA CROWDSOURCING AND TOPIC MODELING Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang Thesis Directed By: Dr. David Zajic, Ph.D. Our project extends previous algorithmic approaches to finding bias in large text corpora. We used multilingual topic modeling to examine language-specific bias in the English, Spanish, and Russian versions of Wikipedia. In particular, we placed Spanish articles discussing the Cold War on a Russian-English viewpoint spectrum based on similarity in topic distribution. We then crowdsourced human annotations of Spanish Wikipedia articles for comparison to the topic model. Our hypothesis was that human annotators and topic modeling algorithms would provide correlated results for bias. However, that was not the case. Our annotators indicated that humans were more perceptive of sentiment in article text than topic distribution, which suggests that our classifier provides a different perspective on a text’s bias. CLASSIFYING BIAS IN LARGE MULTILINGUAL CORPORA VIA CROWDSOURCING AND TOPIC MODELING by Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Gemstone Honors Program, University of Maryland, 2018 Advisory Committee: Dr. David Zajic, Chair Dr. Brian Butler Dr. Marine Carpuat Dr. Melanie Kill Dr. Philip Resnik Mr. Ed Summers © Copyright by Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang 2018 Acknowledgements We would like to express our sincerest gratitude to our mentor, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Central Asia: Confronting Independence
    THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY OF RICE UNIVERSITY UNLOCKING THE ASSETS: ENERGY AND THE FUTURE OF CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS CENTRAL ASIA: CONFRONTING INDEPENDENCE MARTHA BRILL OLCOTT SENIOR RESEARCH ASSOCIATE CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE PREPARED IN CONJUNCTION WITH AN ENERGY STUDY BY THE CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY AND THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY RICE UNIVERSITY – APRIL 1998 CENTRAL ASIA: CONFRONTING INDEPENDENCE Introduction After the euphoria of gaining independence settles down, the elites of each new sovereign country inevitably stumble upon the challenges of building a viable state. The inexperienced governments soon venture into unfamiliar territory when they have to formulate foreign policy or when they try to forge beneficial economic ties with foreign investors. What often proves especially difficult is the process of redefining the new country's relationship with its old colonial ruler or federation partners. In addition to these often-encountered hurdles, the newly independent states of Central Asia-- Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan-- have faced a host of particular challenges. Some of these emanate from the Soviet legacy, others--from the ethnic and social fabric of each individual polity. Yet another group stems from the peculiarities of intra- regional dynamics. Finally, the fledgling states have been struggling to step out of their traditional isolation and build relations with states outside of their neighborhood. This paper seeks to offer an overview of all the challenges that the Central Asian countries have confronted in the process of consolidating their sovereignty. The Soviet Legacy and the Ensuing Internal Challenges What best distinguishes the birth of the Central Asian states from that of any other sovereign country is the incredible weakness of pro-independence movements throughout the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Turkmen of Iraq
    Turkmen of Iraq By Mofak Salman Kerkuklu 1 Mofak Salman Kerkuklu Turkmen of Iraq Dublin –Ireland- 2007 2 The Author Mofak Salman Kerkuklu graduated in England with a BSc Honours in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from Oxford Brookes University and completed MSc’s in both Medical Electronic and Physics at London University and a MSc in Computing Science and Information Technology at South Bank University. He is also a qualified Charter Engineer from the Institution of Engineers of Ireland. Mr. Mofak Salman is an author of a book “ Brief History of Iraqi Turkmen”. He is the Turkmeneli Party representative for both Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom. He has written a large number of articles that were published in various newspapers. 3 Purpose and Scope This book was written with two clear objectives. Firstly, to make an assessment of the current position of Turkmen in Iraq, and secondly, to draw the world’s attention to the situation of the Turkmen. This book would not have been written without the support of Turkmen all over the world. I wish to reveal to the world the political situation and suffering of the Iraqi Turkmen under the Iraqi regime, and to expose Iraqi Kurdish bandits and reveal their premeditated plan to change the demography of the Turkmen-populated area. I would like to dedicate this book to every Turkmen who has been detained in Iraqi prisons; to Turkmen who died under torture in Iraqi prisons; to all Turkmen whose sons and daughters were executed by the Iraqi regime; to all Turkmen who fought and died without seeing a free Turkmen homeland; and to the Turkmen City of Kerkuk, which is a bastion of cultural and political life for the Turkmen resisting the Kurdish occupation.
    [Show full text]
  • Conspiracy of Peace: the Cold War, the International Peace Movement, and the Soviet Peace Campaign, 1946-1956
    The London School of Economics and Political Science Conspiracy of Peace: The Cold War, the International Peace Movement, and the Soviet Peace Campaign, 1946-1956 Vladimir Dobrenko A thesis submitted to the Department of International History of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, October 2015 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 90,957 words. Statement of conjoint work I can confirm that my thesis was copy edited for conventions of language, spelling and grammar by John Clifton of www.proofreading247.co.uk/ I have followed the Chicago Manual of Style, 16th edition, for referencing. 2 Abstract This thesis deals with the Soviet Union’s Peace Campaign during the first decade of the Cold War as it sought to establish the Iron Curtain. The thesis focuses on the primary institutions engaged in the Peace Campaign: the World Peace Council and the Soviet Peace Committee.
    [Show full text]
  • Birth of Tajikistan : National Identity and the Origins of the Republic
    THE BIRTH OF TAJIKISTAN i THE BIRTH OF TAJIKISTAN ii THE BIRTH OF TAJIKISTAN For Suzanne Published in 2007 by I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd 6 Salem Road, London W2 4BU 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 www.ibtauris.com In the United States of America and Canada distributed by Palgrave Macmillan a division of St. Martin's Press, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 Copyright © Paul Bergne The right of Paul Bergne to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by the author in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. International Library of Central Asian Studies 1 ISBN: 978 1 84511 283 7 A full CIP record for this book is available from the British Library A full CIP record is available from the Library of Congress Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: available Printed and bound in India by Replika Press Pvt. Ltd From camera-ready copy edited and supplied by the author THE BIRTH OF TAJIKISTAN v CONTENTS Abbreviations vii Transliteration ix Acknowledgements xi Maps. Central Asia c 1929 xii Central Asia c 1919 xiv Introduction 1 1. Central Asian Identities before 1917 3 2. The Turkic Ascendancy 15 3. The Revolution and After 20 4. The Road to Soviet Power 28 5.
    [Show full text]
  • 05-2020-10.Pdf
    Teoretičeskaâ i prikladnaâ nauka Theoretical & Applied Science 05 (85) 2020 International Scientific Journal Theoretical & Applied Science Founder: International Academy of Theoretical & Applied Sciences Published since 2013 year. Issued Monthly. International scientific journal «Theoretical & Applied Science», registered in France, and indexed more than 45 international scientific bases. Editorial office: http://T-Science.org Phone: +777727-606-81 E-mail: [email protected] Editor-in Chief: Hirsch index: Alexandr Shevtsov h Index RISC = 1 (78) Editorial Board: 1 Prof. Vladimir Kestelman USA h Index Scopus = 3 (38) 2 Prof. Arne Jönsson Sweden h Index Scopus = 10 (33) 3 Prof. Sagat Zhunisbekov KZ - 4 Assistant of Prof. Boselin Prabhu India - 5 Lecturer Denis Chemezov Russia h Index RISC = 2 (61) 6 Senior specialist Elnur Hasanov Azerbaijan h Index Scopus = 7 (11) 7 Associate Prof. Christo Ananth India h Index Scopus = - (1) 8 Prof. Shafa Aliyev Azerbaijan h Index Scopus = - (1) 9 Associate Prof. Ramesh Kumar India h Index Scopus = - (2) 10 Associate Prof. S. Sathish India h Index Scopus = 2 (13) 11 Researcher Rohit Kumar Verma India - 12 Prof. Kerem Shixaliyev Azerbaijan - 13 Associate Prof. Ananeva Elena Pavlovna Russia h Index RISC = 1 (19) 14 Associate Prof. Muhammad Hussein Noure Elahi Iran - 15 Assistant of Prof. Tamar Shiukashvili Georgia - 16 Prof. Said Abdullaevich Salekhov Russia - 17 Prof. Vladimir Timofeevich Prokhorov Russia - 18 Researcher Bobir Ortikmirzayevich Tursunov Uzbekistan - 19 Associate Prof. Victor Aleksandrovich Melent'ev Russia - 20 Prof. Manuchar Shishinashvili Georgia - ISSN 2308-4944 0 5 © Сollective of Authors 9 7 7 2 3 0 8 4 9 4 2 0 1 © «Theoretical & Applied Science» International Scientific Journal Theoretical & Applied Science Editorial Board: Hirsch index: 21 Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Turkomans Between Two Empires
    TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPIRES: THE ORIGINS OF THE QIZILBASH IDENTITY IN ANATOLIA (1447-1514) A Ph.D. Dissertation by RIZA YILDIRIM Department of History Bilkent University Ankara February 2008 To Sufis of Lāhijan TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPIRES: THE ORIGINS OF THE QIZILBASH IDENTITY IN ANATOLIA (1447-1514) The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by RIZA YILDIRIM In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA February 2008 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. …………………….. Assist. Prof. Oktay Özel Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. …………………….. Prof. Dr. Halil Đnalcık Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. …………………….. Prof. Dr. Ahmet Yaşar Ocak Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. …………………….. Assist. Prof. Evgeni Radushev Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History.
    [Show full text]