German Immigrant Abolitionists Fighting for a Free

Saint Louis University Deutschheim State Historic Site Center for Global Citizenship St. Louis, Missouri February 12 – May 16, 2016  Deutschheim State Historic Site Hermann, Missouri September 17, 2016 – February 28, 2017

DEUTSCHHEIM State Historic Site  introduction A collaborative effort shares the work of Missouri’s German abolitionists with a contemporary audience.

r. Sydney Norton and I first met when she was preparing a paper on German immigrant abolitionists for presentation at the Society of German American Scholars conference in DSt. Louis in 2015. A visit to Deutschheim State Historic Site revealed new insights into the significance of the press and its fight against slavery. From that beginning this exhibit took form and has traveled from the Center for Global Citizenship at Saint Louis University to Deutschheim State Historic Site in Hermann. This catalog enriches the exhibition experience, providing a deeper understanding of the significant contributions made by Missouri German immigrants, many of whom dedicated their lives to fighting for emancipation and social justice.

This exhibition would not have been possible without the support of our sponsoring organizations: The Department of Languages and Literatures, Center for Global Citizenship, and Center for International Studies at Saint Louis University, Missouri State Parks, the Deutschheim Verein, and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.

We are grateful to the many institutional and individual lenders and scholars who loaned generously from their collections and shared their knowledge: Historic Hermann Museum, Gasconade County Historical Society, Lincoln University Archives, St. Louis Mercantile Library, Missouri History Museum, State Historical Society of Missouri, Washington Historical Society, Frank Aufmuth, Jr., Dorris Keeven-Franke, Marilyn Merritt, Betty and Chuck Hartbauer, Lois Puchta, Dr. Silvana Siddali, Mark Breckenridge, Mark Schleer, and Dr. Steven Rowan. We are also indebted to Gabriel Shapiro, Emily Jaycox, Dr. Julie Dunn-Morton, Pat and Randy Baehr, Jim Morton, and the St. Louis German-American Heritage Society for their encouragement and support.

Special thanks go to Dr. Annie Smart, Dr. David Borgmeyer, and Annie Rosencranz, who enthusiastically supported the project from its inception, and to members of the Saint Louis University staff who were involved in various stages of its development: Kathy Michael, Lori Corzine, David Brinker, Dan Nickolai, Tim Wilhelm, and Trent Goeckner. We are grateful to Dr. Evelyn Meyer for her creation and gift of a splendid 1848 revolutionary flag, Manuela Engstler, M.A., and Heather Schier for superb research and curatorial assistance, and to Elaine Marschick, Jonathan Grimm, and David Stoddard from Saint Louis University’s Instructional Media Center. We are also thankful to Sandy Watts of the Wein Press for her outstanding catalog design and to Paul Schwarzkopf for his powerful interpretation of Eduard Mühl at the opening event in Hermann.

Special recognition is owed Dr. Sydney Norton for her research on this important topic and her highly successful efforts to bring it to the attention of a contemporary audience.

Cynthia Browne Deutschheim State Historic Site

3 Panorama of (Sweeping out the Radicals), 1849. Lithograph by Ferdinand Schröder (1818-1859), Düsseldorf Monatsheft, Issue 2, 1849 (cat 58)  German Immigrant Abolitionists: Fighting for a Free Missouri

Sydney Norton

German Immigrant by the fact that slavery was a legal Abolitionism: and accepted practice in Missouri and the Southern states. The Origins Several activist immigrants who arrived in Missouri during he passionate anti-slavery the 1830s—Friedrich Münch, Carl beliefs of many German Strehly, Eduard Mühl, and Arnold Timmigrants in Missouri Krekel—together with members of originated in large part from their the younger generation of Forty- experiences as young and idealistic Eighters—, Emil revolutionaries in the Confederated Preetorius, , and Carl States of Germany. Having fought Schurz—were editors of and/or for freedom from Napoleonic rule contributors to notable German- and later unsuccessfully against the language newspapers in Missouri. despotism of the German princes Their articles and commentaries who had reneged on their promises against slavery and later in support of civil liberty, these young men of the newly formed Republican came to Missouri and other areas of party were crucial in mobilizing Gottfried Duden (1789-1853). Report on a the to escape the op- German immigrants into Union Journey to the Western States of North America, pression that prevented them from and a Stay of Several Years along the Missouri. volunteer units requested by Presi- Elberfeld, Germany: 1829. (cat 1) achieving their full potential as citi- dent Lincoln. A sophisticated level Courtesy Dorris Keeven-Franke zens in their homeland: excessive of writing and clarity of mission in taxation, prohibition of free speech, these publications attest to the high that drew thousands of German im- no voting rights, and lack of oppor- level of scholarship among these migrants in search of freedom and tunities for land ownership. These immigrants. Cream of the intellec- greater opportunity to Missouri. revolutionaries were well-educated tual crop back in their homeland, Duden was a wealthy lawyer who and outspoken, and their ideals many of these young men greatly had travelled to Missouri in 1824, developed out of a rich tradition of enriched the cultural fabric of the just three years after Missouri en- political theory, debate, and activ- United States, serving as an ideo- tered the Union as a slave state. He ism in their homeland. The United logical foil to the Anglo-American had a farm house built on 270 acres States appealed to these Germans pro-slavery perspective in Missouri of prime farmland just outside of over other regions because of and other slave states, and strongly Dutzow, Missouri, where he resided Americans’ victory against their influencing more politically passive until 1827. Upon his return to Ger- colonial rulers during the Revolu- members of the Missouri German many, he self-published Report on tionary War. Possessing strong ideals immigrant population into fighting a Journey to the Western States of about the significance of American for the Union cause. North America (Bericht über eine freedom and democracy, many of It was Gottfried Duden’s roman- Reise nach den westlichen Staaten these immigrants were distraught tic representations of rural Missouri Nordamerikas), in which he de-

5 scribed Missouri’s idyllic conditions is true: the land is affordable and wished to sell their establishments for German farmers, and encour- labor exorbitant due to the scarcity in order to move to a state where aged his countrymen to settle there: of inhabitants.2 Theoretically op- one could keep slaves.4 Duden’s “There is still room for millions of posed to slavery as an institution, line of thinking regarding slave fine farms along the Missouri River, Duden still rationalizes the prac- ownership spread to a few of the not to mention the other rivers,” tice of it, writing that in Missouri prosperous early German settlers Duden wrote. “The great fertility of the lot of the slave with regard to who succumbed to purchasing the soil, its immense area, the mild care of the body, protection against slaves despite their avowed disap- climate, the splendid river connec- diseases, and the amount of work proval of slavery. This handful of tions…all these must be considered expected is much to be preferred immigrants who arrived in the as the real foundations for the fortu- to that of the domestic servants and 1830s, while opposed to slavery in nate situation of Americans.”1 day laborers in Germany. He states general, acclimated to the practices In his book Duden also pon- that because of the scarcity of free of the southern-American landhold- dered the phenomenon of Ameri- laborers, it would be impossible for ing gentry. can slavery, expounding upon the any landowner who does not wish Among the numerous Germans reasons for its existence, its effects to engage in intense physical labor inspired by Duden’s book was on American society, and its signifi- to get along without slaves, due to Friedrich Münch (1799–1881), a cance for the German immigrants, a lack of white laborers who would former Lutheran minister from Nie- all of whom, he emphasized, were willingly be hired and remain with der-Gemünden, who arrived in the repelled by the notion of human a family for that purpose.3 He also bondage. He points out that in notes that because of the high 1 Gottfried Duden, Report on a Journey to the Western Germany property is expensive due cost of domestic servants, German States of North America. Transl. James W. Goodrich. to the shortage of land and high families of means in the free state (Columbia and London: The State Historical Society of Missouri and the University of Missouri Press, 1980), 176. property taxes, but labor is cheap, of Ohio did all of the domestic 2 Duden, 8. while in the areas west of the work themselves and that the only 3 Duden, 115. Allegheny Mountains the reverse topic of conversation was that they 4 Duden, 48.

A German Farm in Missouri, published in Friedrich Münch’s Der Staate Missouri (Emigration Guide to Missouri), published in Germany, c. 1859. This etching is probably the work of Theodore Bruere, who lived with Münch on his farm after he emigrated. (cat 3) Courtesy Dorris Keeven-Franke

6 United Stated as part of the Giessen Emigration Society in August, 1834. He settled in the German-populated town of Dutzow in Warren County, Missouri, not far from Duden’s farm. After tremendous hardship during his travels to America and upon arrival in Missouri, Münch became a highly successful producer of wines, farmer, writer and politician. A fierce opponent of slavery, he campaigned with the German revo- lutionary and was elected to Missouri’s legislature, where he served during the Ameri- can Civil War.5 Münch’s youngest son Berthold was among the first Photograph of Friedrich Münch, 1859. (cat 7) Courtesy Missouri History Museum. Berthold volunteers in the Civil War. He died Münch (1843-1861) died at the Battle of Wilson’s Creek just two months shy of his 18th birthday. at age 17 in the Battle of Wilson’s (cat 12) Courtesy Dorris Keeven-Franke and shared from the family archives of descendant Carol Creek under the command of Franz Muench Sigel, the most celebrated general of forever untouched? We assume at permitted new slave states into German-speaking Union troops.6 the outset that every maladjust- the Union almost without protest Münch wrote prolifically on ment arising from human error or allowed them to be carved out diverse topics ranging from reli- is capable of a human solution, of federal territory, and after it gion, rationalism, farming, Missouri, however difficult it might be; to approved the second round of declare the failing to be beyond fugitive slave laws much harsher and politics. His editorials during recovery is moral cowardice, and than the first, now suddenly there the 1850s and 1860s against slav- often nothing more than mean stands a unified, powerful party ery and in support of the Union and hypocritical self-indul- competing for supreme power were successful in mobilizing many gence.”7 in the Union whose platform of his fellow German immigrants proclaims slavery to be an evil no In addition to articulating nu- to political action. Under the pen longer to be tolerated, an insult anced theoretical arguments about to the entire republic, and which name Far West, Münch contributed the progress of rationalism in his declares it to be its principle that regularly to German-American articles, many of which developed not one foot more shall be con- newspapers in Missouri, including 8 out of Hegel’s revolutionary essays ceded to the slave owners. , the Westli- on social progress, Münch provided che Post, Hermanner Wochenblatt, readers with concrete and discon- 5 Friedrich Hecker was one of the most popular speakers and and the St. Charles Demokrat. In certing facts about ever-worsening agitators of the 1848 revolution. Educated in law at the University an article dated January 29, 1862, of Heidelberg, he immigrated to Illinois in October of 1848, was north-south relations and the an active abolitionist and served as brigade commander for the Münch articulates his view that it convoluted politics of slavery in Union during the Civil War. is the course of Enlightenment to 6 Missouri. On February 1, 1860 his In a note to the readers of Anzeiger des Westens Münch sheds make progressive change that will light on the survival difficulties encountered by pioneer families opinion piece was published stat- of the 19th-century in Missouri in the face of war and epidemics: ultimately end slavery: ing why Northerners’ appeasement “I did lose one of my sons at the battle of Wilson’s Creek, two others were almost lost to typhus (the elder only recovered after Is the slavery question really politics were to blame for the fact several months in bed), and I lost my eldest grandson on New insoluble? Must the growth of en- that the institution of slavery was Year’s Day. He was a splendid boy of twelve.” Anzeiger des West- ens, 29 January 1862. Transl. Stephen Rowan in Germans for a lightenment, which has changed so deeply embedded in the Ameri- Free Missouri: Translations from the St. Louis Radical Press, and improved everything and can culture. He wrote: 1857-1862 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press), 304. overcome one after another of the 7 Anzeiger des Westens, 29 Jan. 1862. As translated in Rowan, perverted institutions of human- After the North tolerated the 302. ity, cease its work at the institu- importation of slaves until 1808 8 Mississippi Blätter 1. Feb 1860 (Sunday edition of ). As translated in Rowan, 95. tion of black slavery and leave it and held it to be legal, after it

7 Placeholder for caption.

A Busch family celebration, c. 1870s. The young slave about whom Pauline wrote in her letter to Germany remained with the Busch family after the Civil War. She is standing in the lower right corner of the picture. Her name is unknown. (cat 16) Inset: Pauline Münch Busch, c. 1870s. Photograph: F. Winckelmann (cat 13) Courtesy Marilyn H. Merritt Much of the discussion that who have committed no crime, Münch exposes the compro- surrounded the slavery debate and who have indeed worked for mising and hypocritical stance had to do with what would hap- the common good of their neigh- of the North towards slavery as pen to blacks if they were, indeed, bors.”10 Backing up his ethical rea- an institution, one that over time emancipated. Münch critiques soning with pragmatic arguments enabled the slave owners to gain the proposed solutions for eman- he states that “the United States so much power and that resulted cipated blacks discussed by both possesses excessive land suitable in the institution becoming deeply northerners and southerners, un- for internal colonization and that and comfortably entrenched in derscoring the extreme xenopho- it would be utter madness to send the American social fabric: “If one bia and racism that permeated 19th away by force the labor power of simply recalls the horrors that go century Anglo-American society. four million people.” While Münch along with the damned institution, Even Lincoln and Republican Party opposed the notion of external it takes no great rhetorical gift to founder Francis P. Blair pushed for colonization of the black popula- paint it as black as one pleases; external colonization in order for tion, his proposed solution of set- but even more infamous than the blacks and whites to be “spatially ting up a separate African American treatment of a recalcitrant slave is separated.” Voicing his objections territory in Florida reflects the com- the fact that Northerners outfit God to black colonization outside of the monly held 19th-century belief that knows how many slave ships every United States, Münch rejects this whites and blacks could not, and by year; by no means are all the moral option first and foremost on ethical grounds: “We have no right to send 9 Ibid. offenses suffered by the Union 10 Anzeiger des Westens, 29 Jan. 1862. As translated in Rowan, committed by the South.”9 away people who were born here, 303.

8 implication, should not attempt to form an integrated society, wherein both races could live and flourish together.11 Despite the passionate and convincing polemics articulated by the first generation of progressive German settlers against the institu- tion of slavery, a few of the more prosperous ones succumbed to purchasing slaves. The United States Slave Schedule for 1850 in Warren County shows, for example, that a young black slave female was living on the Friedrich Münch’s property. He had apparently purchased the Portraits of Eduard Mühl, left, and Carl Strehly, right. (cat 18) Oil on canvas. slave to help his wife Louise, who Courtesy Deutschheim State Historic Site had the previous year given birth to 12 her twelfth child. At around the Pauline’s words shed light on mann, Missouri. This town was from same time, the Münch family lost the ethical predicament that more its inception the earliest center for the help from their eldest daughter, prosperous Missouri Germans ex- anti-slavery activity in the state, an 21-year-old Pauline, who left home perienced as pioneers in a sparsely unusual phenomenon since Mis- to marry Gordian Busch, a horse- inhabited state, in which there souri had entered into the Union breeder and vintner from the area. were few wage laborers available, as a slave state and there was little The Slave Schedule shows that but ample opportunities to pur- vocal opposition among the Anglo- Busch had also a purchased a slave chase slaves. Letters and diary en- American population during these for his new household. Pauline tries by Pauline and other women early years.14 expresses her ethical quandary re- settlers in Missouri are particularly Brothers-in-law Carl Strehly garding slave ownership in a letter valuable, in that they give voice and Eduard Mühl arrived in Her- to her aunt in Germany. to the reflections and opinions of mann from Cincinnati with the It has been 2 years now since my immigrant women living in a slave Philadelphia Settlement Society, in husband bought a negro Maid state. Since few of these women hopes of establishing a community of 13 years for 800 and 20… were in a position to express their that would preserve the language, because you…can’t get any help opinions in a public forum, their here, I was reluctant for so long personal reflections are that much as I can’t stand the thought that 11 While the Germans were staunch supporters of the civil I would own a slave, because more significant. liberties that they believed went hand in hand with democracy, I have always been disgusted many were still held captive by 19th century colonialist, racist by this trade, yet what can you ideology that whites should not mix with Africans. An article by Hermann’s an unnamed contributor in the Sunday edition of the otherwise do? When you live in a country liberal Westliche Post argued that slavery must be stopped in the where such a thing is allowed, Progressive non-slave states, in order to prevent the importation of black and you can’t help yourself in Newspapers slaves, which would ultimately result in racial mixing. The writer any other way. One…such a was profoundly afraid that the American population would turn into a population of mulattoes. “The Ultimate Destiny of the creature of good deed, if one hile Münch struggled White and Black Races in America.” Mississippi Blätter, 9 Oct does as we have, buying her 1859. As translated in Rowan, 85-86. from a hardened sir and then… during the 1830s and 12 U.S. National Archives, 1850 U.S. Federal Census, Warren treated humanely, as good as our 1840s to establish a County, Missouri, Slave Schedule, as quoted in Dorris Keeven- W Franke “Missouri—where the sun of freedom shines” in Travel- own child, she has regular meals productive farm for his family in ing Summer Republic and City Archives of Giessen (ed.), Utopia: and clothing, is handled benevo- Warren County, members of the Revisiting a German State in America (Bremen: Edition lently, and of course her freedom Philadelphia Settlement Society Falkenberg, 2013), 206. is absent but in its stead she has 13 were hard at work developing the Ibid. not worries.13 14 Erin McCawley Renn, Missouri Germans and Slavery (Her- small German settlement of Her- mann, Mo: Missouri Department of Natural Resources), 4.

9 Front page of Hermanner Wochenblatt, which features one of the 26 installments of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s anti-slavery novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin. July 29, 1853. (cat 23) Courtesy Historic Hermann Museum. Inset: An original copy of Uncle Tom’s Cabin in German (cat 24)

10 culture and traditions of Germany. man immigrants, that slavery would Strehly and Mühl’s stories re- They were the founders and coedi- gradually cease to exist due to both garding slavery express moral out- tors of Licht-Freund, a rationalist the moral bankruptcy of the institu- rage similar to writings by Münch, newspaper based in Hermann, tion and economic unsustainabil- citing past battles for freedom in which later became known as the ity. They were initially convinced their homeland as the catalyst for Hermanner Wochenblatt. While that abolitionist “extremes” were their moral activism in their new Anzeiger des Westens was the first improper steps to take because country. “We hold ourselves as free German paper in Missouri to take a if all slaves were forcibly freed, men,” Mühl declared in the Herman- stand against slavery, the Hermann no provisions could be made for ner Wochenblatt on October 29, weekly spoke out most passion- recompensing slave owners for 1852, “who did not escape slavery ately as an advocate of freedom. In their financial losses.16 But with in our old home lands to support fact, Mühl’s editorials were often the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1850, a it here in America.” In March of reprinted in the Anzeiger, thus controversial bill that reversed the exposing German-speaking readers Missouri Compromise of 1820 by 15 Renn, 5. throughout Missouri and beyond to allowing citizens residing in states 16 Ibid. antislavery perspectives.15 West and North of Missouri to de- 17 After 1820 the opening of new territories west of Alabama to plantation culture, the expansion of the textile industry in Old Strehly and Mühl wrote fre- cide for themselves whether or not and New England, and the general adoption of the cotton gin quently against the institution of to allow slavery, Mühl and Strehly fixed the institution of slavery more firmly in the economic life slavery as early as the 1840s before became disillusioned by the lack of of the South. As the demand for slaves increased, their value rose, and the emancipation of the over four million blacks who were the antislavery movement had progress, and began to take a much working in the Southern fields became less and less likely. See become a popular cause. But until more activist stance in opposing Oscar Handlin, “The American Scene,” in A. E. Zucker, The Forty- eighters. (: Columbia University Press, 1950): 36. 1850 they believed, like most Ger- slavery in their writing.17

The Strehly House, home of Hermanner Wochenblatt, built in 1842 and now part of Deutschheim State Historic Site. (cat 19)

11 1853 Mühl initiated the serialized furnished and prepared for battle. Germans were isolated and in the publication of abolitionist Har- In the rural districts, by contrast, minority. The St. Charles Demokrat, riet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s the situation is deplorable. Exile of published by yet another early im- peaceful citizens who are sympa- Cabin, published just a year earlier, thetic to the Union cause is almost migrant Arnold Krekel, described as a front page feature that ran for a daily occurrence. Secessionist the conditions under which Union- 26 weeks. Angered by the reversed emblems are displayed in almost ists in Warren County were liv- legislation of the Kansas-Nebraska all towns along the Missouri River, ing as a “reign of terror,” in which Act, Mühl also loathed the 1850 and it was even rumored that a Germans were run out by mob Fugitive Slave Law, a ruling requir- band of vagabonds had attempted action. Numerous articles published to burn the bridge across the ing that all fugitive slaves be re- Gasconade River. The peaceful, between the mid-1850s and 1865 turned to their owners, even if they orderly citizens, even where they attest to the fact that isolated Ger- had escaped to a free state. Mühl are in the majority, no longer risk man communities were in constant described the law as “the disgrace- expressing their opinions openly, danger of violence in the form of ful shame to our Union” stating that and the lowest rabble, good-for- murder, arson, and robbery from “slavery is nothing other in our nothings, and cutthroats of the pro-Confederate guerrillas.21 most irresponsible sort, now have Republic but the representation the last word.”19 of the privileged aristocracy and Arnold Krekel: Graf, Mühl, and Münch were mi- tyranny, comparable to the actions Emancipator, Educator of the princes in Germany.”18 Mühl norities in their antislavery views. also shared graphic content about They had settled in the Missouri and Self-Made Man slave sales, the separation of fami- River Valley, where most of their rogressive and politically lies, lynchings, and beatings that neighbors either possessed slaves active German immigrants shocked his readers. He lamented or aspired to become slave owners. like Münch, Mühl, and Strehly that Missouri was gaining a reputa- Nativists regarded these Germans P had belonged to the educated tion as an area where slaves were as troublemaking, arrogant foreign- bourgeoisie back in their home- being bred and raised for market ers who, because of their support land and had traveled to the New like livestock. for a free labor, free soil system, World finely educated and with Eduard Mühl’s life was cut short functioned as a very real threat means. Arnold Krekel, a 17-year- when he died during a cholera to slavery. As animosity between old immigrant who, 33 years after epidemic in 1854. Fellow abolition- pro-Union Missourians and seces- his arrival would be appointed by ist and Hermann resident Jacob sionists intensified in the 1850s, as U.S. Western Graf purchased the Hermanner nativists threatened their German District Judge, was an exception. Wochenblatt and changed the neighbors with guerrilla violence. Krekel grew up in a farming family name to Hermanner Volksblatt. Münch describes such threats in his in the small town of Berghausen, This publication contains lucid and memoirs in the days just after the and at the age of 15 he ap- informative reports on the danger outbreak of the Civil War: prenticed in a spice shop, where and hostility that German emanci- I myself was the most hated man in our region. In a meeting held he cleaned, kept books and filed. pationists experienced. The follow- not far from my home it was Two years later, in 1832, he and his ing article from 1861 describes the decided to kill me, to burn down family voyaged from Bremen to unfortunate situation of Hermann my home, and to expel my family New York. The Krekels had been inhabitants: by force. Some of my nearby and more distant friends offered me “In St. Louis almost all the militia 18 Renn, 6. protection, but I had no desire companies have been dissolved, 19 Hermanner Volksblatt, 27 April, 1861. Transl. Elmer Dalumer either to flee from my threatened “Damn’d Dutch!” for the Union with the exception of the Minute in (Hermann, MO: Gasconade farm nor to become a burden to County Historical Society), 11. Men, while numerous volunteer others, and thus I remained in 20 As quoted in Hildegard Binder Johnson “Adjustment to the companies, which offer their ser- United States,” in Zucker, 66. my home.20 vices to the Federal Government, 21 Walter Kamphoefner, “Missouri Germans and the Cause of are being organized. More than Intimidation of and violence Union and Freedom” in Missouri Historical Review 106, no. 3 three thousand volunteers have al- (April 2012), 123-124; See also Anita M. Mallinckrodt, A His- against Germans was, in fact, wide- tory of Augusta, Missouri and its Area, Vol. 1. (Augusta, MO: ready marched to the arsenal, and Mallinckrodt Communications and Research, 1998). soon four regiments will be fully spread in small communities where

12 relatively prosperous in Prussia, Eduard Mühl.24 Despite Arnold’s but they had no fortune to speak skepticism about organized reli- of once they arrived in Missouri. It gion, he was an unfailing supporter was a grueling voyage and Arnold’s of his family and community’s re- mother died of cholera en route to ligious beliefs, helping to fund the Missouri. The rest of the family— Catholic Church of St. Charles and Arnold, his father Francis, and his by donating four acres of land in six siblings—travelled on to War- O’Fallon, Missouri for the erection ren County, eventually settling in of Assumption Catholic Church in St. Charles where his father rented O’Fallon, Missouri, where his young- a farm. All of the Krekels earned er brother Nicholas established a money by clearing and cultivating parish.25 land between Augusta and Dutzow, The German community to and eventually they were able to which Krekel belonged in St. buy land of their own.22 Charles also encountered antago- Krekel worked menial jobs to nism from Anglo-Americans who finance his education. He cleared were challenged by these immi- land for land owners, worked as a grants’ foreign tongue and culture, farm hand and a rail splitter. At 22 their anti-slavery stance, and their Arnold Krekel, publisher of the St. Charles he traveled to Cincinnati where he loyalty to the Union. During the Demokrat. (cat 30) Courtesty Missouri History Museum labored in a silk-dye works by day 1850s, the nativist Know-Nothing and studied English at night. With party in Missouri developed an his wages he bought vegetables, ap- anti-immigrant platform stating that ples, and cider, and sold them on a “Americans should rule America” boat heading towards New Orleans and that only American-born non- for profit. Returning to Cincinnati, Catholic citizens should be allowed he purchased more goods, this time to hold office. They also sought turning his profit back home in St. legislation for a naturalization law Charles. Krekel’s industriousness that would require immigrants to and entrepreneurialism enabled wait 21 years before citizenship as him to attend St. Charles College, opposed to the current 5-year wait, where he studied surveying and thereby preventing Irish Catholics law. At 30 he married Ida Krug and and Germans from voting.26 In established a home in St. Charles. response to both physical and The couple had six children, two of political threats by nativists, Krekel whom died at birth. founded the St. Charles Demokrat Many of the German emanci- in 1852, a liberal newspaper that pationists in Missouri, including promoted a sense of community Münch, Mühl, Strehly, and Krekel, were freethinkers, proponents of 22 Joan M Juern, More Than the Sum of His Parts: Arnold rational approaches to religion who Krekel (Augusta, Mo.: Mallinckrodt Communications Research, 1999), 3-5. believed strongly in the separation 23 German immigrants remembered the injustices they left between church and state.23 Al- behind in the German states that were largely due to an overpow- though the Krekels were practicing ering alliance between the Catholic Church and aristocracy. As a result of the difficulties that ensued, some Forty-Eighters became Catholics, Arnold distanced himself rabidly anti-clerical, as was the case with Henry Boernstein. from organized religion as he got 24 Juern, 7. older. In 1843, he co-founded the 25 Ibid. Friends of Religious Enlightenment 26 Kristen Layne Anderson. Abolitionizing Missouri: German Immigrants and Racial Ideology in Nineteenth-Century with fellow progressives Friedrich America. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2016), Münch, Julius Mallinckrodt, and 174.

13 and solidarity among Germans. The blacks had the vote, they would of the 15th amendment on Febru- publication was well respected favor a nativist candidate, and ary 4, 1870. Women, both black and and helped Germans organize in a immigrants could lose their stand- white, were excluded from voting timely fashion against pro-southern ing as Americans citizens. 28 These until 1920. guerrilla attacks. Later, it supported conservative Republicans, who the new Republican Party, and remained loyal to the Union and Antebellum St. Louis: served as an important mouthpiece favored emancipation during the Growth, Social war, distanced themselves from the for Republican and antislavery per- Volatility and spectives in the slave state. Republican ideals of equality for all, When the Civil War broke out, and chose not to support suffrage Political Unrest Krekel sided with Union forces for African Americans. Instead, they and organized a protection force aligned white immigrants’ rights hen the Forty-Eighters— known as the St. Charles Home with those of white Americans, the second generation of Guards, who became known as thereby reinforcing the deeply WGerman immigrants—ar- “Krekel’s Dutch.” According to the entrenched racial hierarchy of 19th- rived in St. Louis, the city was in a O’Fallon Sentinel, “Krekel’s men century America. state of monumental flux in terms stood a dreaded menace to the Despite the general shift in of both commerce and social rela- active Southern element in all this German interest away from a truly tions. The city had surged in popu- part of the country and gave loyal color-blind society, Krekel, Münch, lation and had gained prominence men the assurance of protection and other German radical Repub- as an emerging cultural, economic, and encouragement. It was com- licans joined African Americans in and military hub. As early as 1837 monly recognized that Judge Arnold their ongoing struggle for political the young military engineer Robert Krekel’s prompt action and activi- rights. It was, in fact, Judge Krekel, E. Lee sketched a map of the St. ties, during the Civil War, had saved who presided over the Missouri Louis harbor, emphasizing its strate- all this region of the State north of Constitutional Convention of Janu- gic military and commercial impor- the Missouri for the Union.”27 ary 11, 1865, signing into law the tance. The city’s growing prosperity Friedrich Münch and Arnold Ordinance of Emancipation, and as a manufacturing port city gave Krekel were members of the early freeing all slaves in Missouri with way to progressive social transfor- generation of German immigrants no compensation to slave owners. mation, the dynamism of which has who embraced the radical wing As president of the convention, been captured in numerous nine- of the newly founded Republican Krekel was one of a small minority teenth century drawings and prints. party. They were truly democratic of “radicals” who supported color- Many of these idyllic urban scenes in their beliefs, fighting not only blind political equality among all were published in Europe, making for immediate and uncompensated men. These men petitioned to have immigration to the St. Louis area emancipation of the slaves, but also the word “white” struck from the particularly appealing. for voting rights and equal access sections of the constitution that But urban growth also gave to education. Germans were by no established suffrage and office- way to new anxieties about social means of one voice concerning holding requirements. Krekel also disorder and decay. Many St. Louis these issues and many conservative presented a petition submitted by natives resented the rapid influx of German supporters of the Repub- the 56th U.S. Colored Infantry, as- the Irish and Germans, able-bodied lican party regarded emancipation serting that blacks had the right to laborers who threatened the slave and African American suffrage as full political citizenship.29 Despite labor system by being willing to two unrelated issues. Many of these his and others’ dedication to prin- work for low wages. Antagonistic Germans were insecure about their ciples of racial and social equality, toward the Irish because of their own position as legal citizens in too few delegates supported these Catholicism, they also despised the American society, and believed that measures, and the convention as a Germans who persisted in speaking conflating immigrant suffrage with whole remained strongly in favor of a foreign tongue, honored German African American suffrage would suffrage for white men only. African holidays, were outspoken politically, put their own ethnic group at a American men in Missouri didn’t re- and drank beer and entertained disadvantage. Some feared that if ceive the vote until the ratification on Sundays. In addition to the vast

14 “View of Front Street,” 1840. Lithograph: John Caspar Wild. The image depicts the bustling crowded space that the St. Louis levee had become. (cat 44) Courtesy Missouri History Museum number of Europeans pouring in, at the east entrance to the St. Louis the city attracted northern and courthouse. Slave pens, where southern settlers, who were ideo- slaves were shackled and held logically, if not yet socially at odds overnight before transit, existed in with one another. For the South, buildings nearby.31 While many ar- St. Louis became a place to which gued that slave life in Missouri was the eastern centers of colonial more benevolent than on the south- slavery could send surplus labor, ern plantations, former Missouri and thereby increase the monetary slave William Wells Brown thought value of slaves. At the same time otherwise. Brown, who had to wit- Northern farmers and artisans, ness his own mother being beaten mostly antislavery, were moving in the fields, escaped to Cleveland west from New England, New York, and later moved to Buffalo, where and to take advan- he became an active abolitionist. In tage of the economic growth and his autobiography he describes the territorial expansion. By the 1850s, the political and social interactions 27 Juern, 13, as quoted in O’Fallon Centennial 49. between these two groups became 28 Anderson, 172-173. increasingly volatile.30 29 Anderson, 174. 30 Louis S. Gerteis, Civil War St. Louis (Lawrence: University Press Despite the city’s growing of Kansas, 2001), 6-7. William Wells Brown (c. 1816-1884). number of northern and immigrant 31 Lorenzo Greene, Gary R. Kremer, and Antonio E. Holland. Engraving by R. Andrews, published voices opposed to slavery, St. Louis Missouri’s Black Heritage. Rev. ed. (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1993). During the 1840s numerous slave pens in Narrative of William Wells Brown, A was the largest slave market in the existed throughout St. Louis. By the 1850s, however, this number Fugitive Slave. Boston: 1847. (cat 51) state. Slaves were sold on the steps decreased to one. Courtesy Missouri History Museum

15 Lynch’s slave pen at 104 Locust in St. Louis, c. 1852. Thomas M. Easterly Daguerrotype Collection. (cat 49) Courtesy of Missouri History Museum barbarity of Missouri slavery: “… Fourteen years later the Dred Scott in New England. With innovations Slavery is thought by some to be case, in which the Missouri slave of the plow it became conceiv- mild in Missouri, when compared Dred Scott sued for his freedom, able that plantation owners could with the cotton, sugar and rice won, and then lost it in an appeal, expand their cotton and hemp- growing states, yet no part of our made national headlines, again growing empires to territories west slave-holding country is more noted drawing notice to the controversial of Missouri. 33 Consequently, power- for the barbarity of its inhabitants issue of slavery in St. Louis. ful slaveholding interests applied than St. Louis.”32 In the 1850s, political maneu- pressure to Congress to leave the As early as the 1830s Missouri vers on the federal level further decision of slavery in the hands of had shown itself as a locus of racial exacerbated the antagonism be- the settlers of these territories. Con- hostility and political unrest. Vio- tween advocates and opponents gress thus reversed the Missouri lence occurred regularly against of slavery in Missouri. The Missouri Compromise, replacing it with free and enslaved blacks, as well as Compromise of 1820 had prohibit- the Kansas/Nebraska Act of 1854, vocal opponents to slavery. Two ed slavery in all territories north of which allowed slavery to expand notorious murders were the public Missouri’s southern border, leading into the areas previously deemed as lynching of Francis L. McIntosh, a both northerners and southerners free territories. free mulatto boatman, and the re- to believe that slavery would gradu- This Kansas-Nebraska Bill lated murder in Alton, Illinois of the ally die out. But with the boom of inflamed the already tense relation- antislavery newspaper editor Elijah cotton production that resulted P. Lovejoy. These and other brutal from widespread use of the cotton 32 Brown, William Wells. Narrative of William Wells Brown, A acts were covered by the national gin, southern plantations were able Fugitive Slave. (Boston: Antislavery Office, 1847), 27. press, attracting widespread atten- to supply the flourishing textile 33 Parke Pierson, “Seeds of Conflict” in America’s Civil War 22, no. 4:25; Jeremy Smith “Making Cotton King” in World Trade, tion to the region and angering slav- industry’s huge appetite for cot- 22 (7): 82; “Cotton: A History,” in New Internationalist 399:18-19 ery’s adversaries across the country. ton, both throughout Europe and 2007.

16 ship between pro- and anti-slavery had scarcely traveled beyond the groups, eliciting years of guerrilla German villages where they were violence in both Kansas and Mis- born. Politically inexperienced vot- souri and setting the stage for Civil ers, referred to by their more politi- War. Abolitionist writer and politi- cally active counterparts as Stim- cian Frederick Douglass recognized mvieh, or voting cattle, their voting that the Kansas/Nebraska Act clear- interests rarely extended beyond ly hindered the progress made in the immediate issues of Sabbath abolishing slavery: “Fellow citizens,” and temperance. he wrote on October 30, 1854, “the The Forty-Eighters were, in con- proposition to repeal the Missouri trast, highly educated political ideal- Compromise was a stunning one. ists—cosmopolitan free thinkers It fell across the nation like a bolt who as young exiles had lived and from a cloudless sky. The thing was worked in , Geneva or London too stunning for belief, and you before arriving in the United States. knew that the repeal of the Mis- An essay published in 1950 by souri Compromise was a breach of Hildegard Binder Johnson describes Heinrich (Henry) Boernstein (1805-1892), 1861. honor.”34 Missouri German radicals the appearance of the typical Forty- Engraving from a photograph by Charles living in St. Louis also expressed Eighter as he would have stepped Brown. Courtesy Missouri History Museum (cat 65) outrage that President Pierce and off the boat onto American soil: his administration would reverse legislation designed to limit slav- A composite picture would show him a relatively young man freedom, Freiligath or Herwegh, ery’s expansion in order to support of good physique developed by rather than an old family Bible. a small minority of powerful slave- gymnastics. He affected student (. . .) Friends came to the pier to holders. The St. Louis German press costume or imitated the style of meet him or he had the address gave regular accounts of the bill’s the romantic hero of the Revolu- of comrades who had par- damaging consequences. “We are tion, Friedrich Hecker, by wear- ticipated with him in the great on the eve of a civil war,” reported ing a broad-brimmed hat, a shirt movement. He had read about opened at the neck, and a loosely the United States, whose Declara- the Anzeiger. “This is the fruits of tied scarf. He had long, wavy tion of Independence had often the Nebraska Bill, that curse-worthy hair and, in particular contrast been quoted whenever a free measure that has concocted a hunt- to the American fashion of clean- and united Germany was being er for a conscienceless presidency, shaven faces, a moustache or planned. He was not afraid. [and] has pushed through a miser- even a full beard. He was set off On the contrary, he had great able administration which we are from the mass of immigrants, the expectations and felt that he had peasants and craftsmen, by deli- a mission.37 supposed to recognize as holy and cate hands that showed no signs unalterable, simply because it has of physical labor (. . .) Aside from a few Latin farmers been written into the statute book He stepped on land eagerly with who had idealized farming as an albeit through lying and fraud.”35 no family trailing behind him to occupation and chose to inhabit It was amidst this political and slow his pace or much luggage rural land, most Missouri-bound social turmoil centered about the to detain him at the custom’s in- spection. His departure from his question of slavery that the Forty- 34 Frederick Douglass, “The Kansas-Nebraska Bill,” speech given homeland had not been carefully Eighters arrived in St. Louis.36 This in Chicago on October 30, 1854. Frederick Douglass Project Writ- planned. He had no household ings (University of Rochester website, http://rbscp.lib.rochester. revolutionary group differed sub- goods nor much wearing appar- edu/4400 , accessed Sept. 3, 2016). stantially from the first generation el, but generally just one satchel 35 Anzeiger des Westens, 6 May, 1855. My translation. of Germans arriving in Missouri. bulging with books and papers. 36 By 1850, St. Louis boasted a population of 77,000, of whom There were manuscript sheets of over 23,000 were German-born. 4,054 were African-American, of Most of the “grays” had immigrated whom 1,398 were free and 2656 slaves. Statistics calculated from a diary (. . .) and perhaps the be- in the 1830s as landless farmers Anderson, 14, as cited from Seventh Census of the United States: ginnings of a political essay. By 1850, Statistics of Missouri. (Washington, DC: Robert Armstrong in search of religious freedom and way of books he was apt to have public printer, 1853). cheap, fertile farmland. Prior to the revolutionary poets who had 37 Hildegard Binder Johnson, “Adjustment to the United States,” their voyage to the New World, they inspired him to risk his life for in Zucker, 43-44.

17 Forty-Eighters settled in St. Louis, as foreign correspondent for German it possessed the greater opportuni- newspapers in New York. During ties for employment, a more vibrant the 1848 rebellions he organized cultural community, and a well- a revolutionary military unit in established social network. Baden. When the uprisings failed he returned to Paris briefly, but Radical German decided to emigrate when Louis- Journalists in St. Napoleon was elected president of France’s Second Republic. On Louis: Henry and February 4, 1849 he boarded the Es- Augustus Boernstein pindola for New Orleans, and from there took the steamboat Sarah up mong the most influential the to St. Louis. of the St. Louis Forty-Eight- Boernstein settled briefly with his Aers was Henry (Heinrich) wife and sons in Highland, Illinois, Boernstein, a 44-year-old political where he established homeopathic exile whose influence on Missouri medical practice. A year later, on politics and the ultimate fate of the March 8, 1850, the family moved to state was dramatic. A man of many St. Louis, where Boernstein became talents and occupations—doctor, the editor of the Anzeiger des journalist, political activist, novelist, Westens. soldier, actor, stage manager, and In his memoirs Boernstein consul—Boernstein is best known describes the political climate in for his work from 1850 to 1861 Missouri, stating that when he ac- as publisher of the St. Louis-based cepted the editorship, the only two Anzeiger des Westens, the oldest political parties were Democrats German newspaper west of the and the Whigs—and that the vast Mississippi River. Born in majority of the 25,000 Germans and raised in Lemberg, Austria, in St. Louis were members of the Boernstein served in the Austrian Democratic Party. The Anzeiger was army for five years, briefly studied thus a Democratic paper and had to medicine in before turning remain so in order for the publisher to journalism and the theater. He to retain his readership. But as later became a successful actor and the ideological battles concerning director in both Europe and Mis- souri. 38 In his introduction to the English translation of Boernstein’s Boernstein had radical politi- Memoirs of a Nobody Steven Rowan notes that Boernstein was not as radical as people in Missouri believed. While considered cal views that in 1852 brought him subversive in his hostility to organized religion and in his to Paris, where he published the dedication to ending slavery, which he perceived as a barrier to the flourishing of free labor, Boernstein remained an advocate political journal Vorwärts! Pariser of gradualist policies regarding emancipation and middle of the Deutsche Zeitschrift.38 Initially road policies on other national questions. See Steven Rowan, “Introducing Henry Boernstein, a.k.a. Heinrich Börnstein” in a liberal publication, the journal Henry Boernstein Memoirs of Nobody: The Missouri Years of would soon become the chief an Austrian Radical. Steven Rowan, transl. (St. Louis: Missouri mouthpiece of and other Historical Society Press), 7. 39 Carl L. Bernays (1815-June 22, 1879) was born in Mainz, revolutionaries of the time, includ- studied law in Munich, Goettingen, and Heidelberg. Engaged in ing , poet Heinrich liberal journalism, he was forced to leave Germany in 1842, when Republican ticket with Arnold Krekel and he joined Boernstein in Paris and wrote for Vorwärts. Because Friedrich Münch running for office. October Heine, and journalist Carl Ber- of his involvement in the Revolution in the 1848 revolution in 23, 1862. (cat 71) nays.39 French authorities shut the Vienna, he fled to the United States and edited the Anzeiger des Courtesy Missouri History Museum Westens with Boernstein in St. Louis and is considered by many paper down in 1845 but Boernstein to be one of the best journalists among the Forty-Eighters. Zucker, remained in Paris, working as a 278.

18 Camp Jackson. Color lithograph by E. Robyn, c. 1862. (cat 75) Courtesy Missouri History Museum.

Inset: United States Volunteers Attacked by the Mob from the Steps of the Second Presbyterian Church, Corner of Fifth and Walnut Street, on May 11, 1861. Wood engraving after Mat Hastings, 1861. (cat 76) Courtesy Missouri History Museum

Left: Missouri Volunteer Militia Uniform 1st Regiment. Worn by pro-southern militia men under General Daniel M. Frost when they were captured at Camp Jackson (cat 78). Loaned to Saint Louis University and Deutschheim State Historic Site by Frank Aufmuth, Jr. Right: Brown Sack Coat . Worn by the mostly German United States Volunteers under Capt. when they occupied Camp Jackson. They did not have U.S. Army uniforms. (cat 79) Loaned to Saint Louis University and Deutschheim State Historic Site by Frank Aufmuth, Jr.

19 beaten bloody, and all the signs of having suffered mistreatment. Although they were unarmed and dressed in civilian clothing, they had been recognized as Ger- mans and volunteers, and they were insulted and mistreated by half-drunken gangs. Two of them never returned and they were never heard of again. It is proba- ble that they were beaten to death and thrown into the river.42 Despite the civilian casualties that resulted from the Camp Jack- son Affair, the successful occupa- tion of the militia encampment was Letter from Augustus Boernstein to Duncan, dated October 4 1864. (cat 103) a pivotal event in Civil War history, Courtesy Library of Congress as it ultimately thwarted Missouri’s secession from the Union. Germans slavery intensified, Boernstein be- prised largely of German volunteers were proud of the central role they came active in Republican politics, who had been called by President played, and the Anzeiger promoted convincing his readers that the new Lincoln to defend the Union in the event’s success by underscor- anti-slavery Republican party was Missouri. When Jackson balked at ing German immigrants’ patriotic their best choice. Boernstein was, in complying with Lincoln’s call for devotion: “Even the most bullhead- fact, largely responsible for getting volunteers, Boernstein responded ed native cannot deny the fact that the Republican Party on the ballot instantly and with great enthusiasm at the time of the President’s first in a mostly pro-Southern Missouri. by recruiting German-speaking vol- call for volunteers the Germans Indeed, his name appears on the unteers through his newspaper. He of the United States were the best first statewide ticket of the Missouri was named commander of the 2nd Americans, the most sincere Union- Republican Party (1860) as candi- Volunteer Regiment, while German ists, the truest patriots and the men date for Superintendent of Schools. General Franz Sigel commanded the most ready for battle.”43 Arnold Krekel’s name appears on 3rd Regiment. After his brief stint as a Civil the same ticket as candidate for At- Once captured, 669 militiamen War soldier, Boernstein was ap- torney General.40 were taken prisoner and marched pointed Consul to Bremen. He On May 10, 1861, Union forces through the streets of St. Louis. passed the newspaper’s editorship under the command of Captain Southern-sympathizing residents to his eldest son Augustus Sigis- Nathanial Lyon marched into St. were incensed and mob action mund, who was politically more Louis’s western outskirts, surround- against the volunteers ensued. radical than he. Augustus favored ing and capturing the Missouri There were civilian casualties, immediate emancipation of slaves Volunteer Militia who were drilling including women and children, as and publicly criticized what he at Camp Jackson. The encampment well as numerous acts of revenge believed to be Lincoln’s hesitant was located on what is currently against the Germans. Boernstein de- policy regarding this issue. Augustus the campus of Saint Louis Univer- scribes the impact in his memoirs: also publicly opposed Republican sity, just east of Grand Boulevard. It colonization plans for former slaves. was believed that this pro-Confed- Not suspecting the state of af- Shifting the tenor of the Anzeiger fairs, I granted several men of erate militia, led by General Daniel my regiment leave on the morn- 40 Boernstein, 124. Frost and supported by Missouri’s ing of 11 May in order to take 41 William C. Winter. Civil War in St. Louis: A Guided Tour. (St. secessionist governor Claiborne care of their businesses or to Louis: Missouri Historical Society Press, 1994) Jackson, was aiming to take over visit parents. Many of them did 42 Boernstein, 303. 43 Anzeiger des Westens 41 not return (. . .) until it grew , 6 Oct. 1862, translated in Martin W. the federal Arsenal at St. Louis. Öfele, German-Speaking Officers in the U.S. Colored Troops, Lyon’s 6,000 soldiers were com- dark, with clothing torn, faces 1863–1867 (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2004), 15.

20 to reflect these ideals, the paper experienced a rapid decline in read- ership, and in 1863 Augustus sold it in order to join the U.S. Colored Troops.44 He served as a Major in the 4th and 6th Regiments, fight- ing valiantly with his troops in the battles of Chaffin’s Farm and New Market Heights, in Virginia. Henry Boernstein mourned the manner in which his son rashly closed down the paper to pursue a military career, yet Augustus’s courage and dedication to his troops is evident in a four-page letter that he wrote from the front to his wounded superior, Colonel Samuel Duncan. In this letter young Boernstein expresses the great respect he had for his troops and profound sad- ness about the massive casualties Company E of the 4th U.S. Colored Infantry, 1865. Photograph. in his Company: “There are but (cat 105) Courtesy Library of Congress. Right: Christian Abraham Fleetwood (1840-1914), c. 1900. Photograph. Received Medal few left of us, but they deserve the of Honor for bravery at Chaffin’s Farm as recommended by names of Veterans, and I will fight Augustus Boernstein in his letter to Colonel Duncan (cat 107) Hell and the Rebels with them.” He Courtesy Library of Congress also describes the valiant actions of one soldier, Christian Abraham Fleetwood, whom he recommends permitted to enlist, the “United The German for a Medal of Honor: “[Fleetwood] States Colored Troops” included an Immigrant as Soldier: picked up the national colors… estimated 160 to 170 regiments of Franz Sigel, Peter infantry, cavalry, heavy artillery, and We lost 200 men but our honor is Osterhaus and the untarnished.” Closing his letter with light artillery. Most regiments con- an emotional, dramatic flourish, sisted of up to 1,000 soldiers. The Turners “Yours until death,” Augustus Boern- total number of African American stein conveys his passion for and soldiers is thought to have been ne of the most celebrated dedication to the ideals of freedom between 176,000 and 200,000.46 German supporters of the and equality. While there is limited existing evi- OUnion was the soldier and Augustus Boernstein was one dence of substantial social interac- journalist Franz Sigel (1824–1902), of many German-Americans to tion between Germans and African a leading figure in the failed Ger- be commissioned as officers for Americans in the city of St. Louis, man revolution of 1848 and a soon regiments in the USCT. The well- the USCT proved to be a realm in to be cult-like celebrity among organized German-American com- which German officers and black German immigrant volunteers. Born munity of Missouri supplied 43 soldiers encountered each other in Sinsheim, Baden, Sigel graduated USCT officers, second only to New and in some cases developed social from the military academy in Karl- York. At least 31 of these officers bonds. sruhe and served as lieutenant in lived in St. Louis at the outbreak of the Baden army until his politically the war.45 African American sol- 44 Öfele, 45-46. motivated resignation. A leading diers were not officially allowed 45 Öfele, 59. military commander in both rebel- 46 Missouri State Archives: United States Colored Troops in Mis- lions against the government, he to fight in the until souri. www.s1.sos.mo.gov/archives/education/usct/usct_missouri August, 1862. But once they were (accessed 10/17/2015). was forced into exile. He spent two

21 Sigel fought in several Civil War ambitions demonstrated by his two battles, but despite celebrity status countrymen and fellow generals, Si- among his troops, he enjoyed few gel and . Possessing little military successes. He shared in the political clout, he was promoted up defeat at Wilson’s Creek, losing most the ranks based on his military ac- of his men on the retreat to Spring- complishments alone, and from the field. While he partially regained his beginning of his military service he reputation with the Union victory at showed tremendous ability as a sol- Pea Ridge, Arkansas, a decisive Union dier and leader. In May 1861, Oster- victory which helped Missouri haus was singled out and promoted remain the Union, he was defeated on his first day of volunteer service in numerous other important battles, in Boernstein’s 2nd Regiment, and in and was eventually relieved of his less than a year Osterhaus rose to military duties.48 Despite his military the rank of brigadier general, being failures, Sigel is memorialized, both placed in charge of commanding in , St. Louis and Riverside his own regiment. As commander of Park, , for his loyalty to Ulysses Grant’s only “ethnic” regi- the Union and his successful mobili- ment, he contributed notably to zation of German immigrants for the the Union victory in Vicksburg in cause. 1863. In 1864 he commanded the Sigel’s compatriot and fellow largest of the four Federal battalions Forty-Eighter, Peter Osterhaus making Sherman’s march through 50 Franz Sigel (1824-1902), General, U.S. Army, (1823-1917), was one of three Ger- Georgia to the sea. After the war 1863. Photograph by Emil Boehl (cat 81) man immigrants who would also Osterhaus was appointed as Con- Courtesy Missouri History Museum attain the rank of general in the sul in Lyons, France, and eventually Union Army. Osterhaus lacked the settled in Duisberg, Germany. His years in England before immigrat- prestigious military training that military contributions are memo- ing to New York in 1852, where Sigel acquired back in Germany. He rialized with a bronze bust at the he became active in the German had received only one year of oblig- Vicksburg National Military Park in community. He taught math, history, atory officer’s training in the Prus- Mississippi. and languages at his father-in-law’s sian army, and served for just a few While influential leaders like German-American institute, wrote months as a reserve in the Prussian Boernstein, Sigel, and Osterhaus for the New Yorker Staatszeitung, Army before moving to played the crucial role of mobiliz- and was active in the city’s Turner to start his own business. There, at ing their compatriots for the Union Society. In 1857 Sigel responded the age of 26, he was swept up in cause, the military successes of Ger- to a call for a professorship at the the republican rebellions against mans in the Civil War must be at- German-American Institute in St. the government and found himself tributed to the soldiers themselves, Louis, and would soon be promoted commander of revolutionaries in the vast majority of whom were to director of city schools. His Baden fighting against the Prussian liberal-minded Forty-Eighters and relocation and involvement with army. When the rebellions failed,

St. Louis Germans placed him in a Osterhaus fled from Europe with 47 Stephen D. Engle, Yankee Dutchman: The Life of Franz Sigel valuable position when the Civil his wife and infant son to avoid (Fayetteville: The University of Arkansas Press, 1993). War broke out.47 being prosecuted for treason. He 48 Zucker, 187. Because Sigel had from early on 49 The third German immigrant to become a commissioned settled first as a merchant in Bel- officer was Republican politician Carl Schurz, whose friendship espoused the Union cause and was leville, Illinois, and relocated to St. with Lincoln combined with his political influence on the voting one of the only Forty-Eighters who Louis several years later to work as decisions of German American immigrants resulted in his ap- pointment as Brigadier General and one year later Major General. had substantial officer’s training, Lin- a book keeper.49 For a discussion of Osterhaus’s career as a Union Army general, coln called upon him to command Osterhaus was a devoted sup- see Mary Bobbitt Townsend, “The Promotions of General Peter J. Osterhaus and the Two-Edged Sword of German Ethnicity,” Mis- rd the 3 Regiment of German volun- porter of Lincoln and the Union, souri Historical Review 106, no. 3 (April 2012), 137-152. teers at Camp Jackson. Subsequently, but harbored none of the political 50 Townshend, 4

22 Cigar box with illustration of Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778-1852), whose followers knew him as “Turnvater Jahn,” father of gymnastics. (cat 86) Inset: Turner Society logo, Courtesy Washington Historical Society members of Turnvereine, or Turner New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, hero book of history of our new Societies. The Turners were an or- Cincinnati, and Chicago. The first fatherland. . . Thus the life of the ganization of gymnasts devoted to Turner Society in St. Louis was orga- young society flowed along—at physical culture, health in body and nized in 1850, followed in 1859 and times serious, at times cheerful— mind, and self-defense. 1860 by societies in Washington until the clouds of the Civil War Back in the Germans states and Hermann. Members of Turner emerged on the political horizon. Turnervereine had been estab- Societies were overwhelmingly pro- The hand that had swung the Turn- lished by the gymnast and educator, Union and antislavery. ers’ wand seized the sword, risking affectionately known as “Turnvater On the eve of the Civil War, St. lives and property for the preserva- Jahn,” the father of gymnastics. Hav- Louis Turner halls were transformed tion of the Union and the abolition ing taught his gymnasts to regard into military drills sites for German- of slavery51 themselves as members of a kind American volunteers, who, under of guild for the emancipation of the leadership of Boernstein and Concluding Remarks: their fatherland, these young men Sigel, successfully captured Camp Missouri Germans Jackson. The Turners were proud were regarded as a serious threat and Reconstruction to the government. Their combined of their military capabilities and of characteristics of physical strength, their patriotism. A written history n January 1, 1863, Presi- nationalism, and shared dedication of the Missouri Turners declared: dent Lincoln’s Emancipa- to republican ideals were regarded On July 6, 1862 an interregnum of tion Proclamation came as subversive, organized, and dan- the Turner Society took place, and O into effect, freeing slaves in all Con- gerous. Having participated in the the Washington Turners became federate-held territory. But Lincoln’s ’48 uprisings, thousands of Turners Union volunteer soldiers. What our decree did not extend to Missouri, immigrated to the United States, Turners, at least a large number of them, accomplished during the and Turner Societies sprouted 51 History of the Washington Turner Society. Transl. William G. up in numerous cities including years of the war is recorded in the Bek. (Washington, Mo.: Washington Historical Society, 1900).

23 Kentucky, Tennessee, and Maryland, all of which were slave states that Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865). had remained loyal to the Union. Photograph by Anthony Berger, 1864. (cat 69) Legal freedom for all African Ameri- Courtesy Library of Congress cans slaves in Missouri came by Unidentified African-American soldier in Union action of a state convention meet- uniform with a rifle and revolver at Benton ing in the Mercantile Library Hall in Barracks in Saint Louis, Missouri, St. Louis. The meeting convened on c. 1864. Photograph by Enoch Long. (cat 101) Courtesy Library of Congress January 6, 1865 with German immi- grant Judge Arnold Krekel serving as president. , many of whom were also German- Americans, comprised two-thirds of the convention seats. The vote on the “emancipation ordinance” passed overwhelmingly 60 to 4 on January 11, 1865, with no compen- sation to slave owners. A month later the convention adopted the 13th amendment to the U.S. Con- stitution, which abolished slavery throughout the country.52 The issue of slavery had been an ongoing and bitter battle in Mis- souri, and the Missouri Germans who fought for the Union played a crucial role in making Missouri a free state. Once the war was over, however, many Germans lost sight of their mission of freedom and equality for all, fearing that social and political equality for African Americans might threaten their own interests as an ethnic minority. The progressive featured in this essay, however, continued during the years of Reconstruction to work for legisla- tion that would ensure political and social equality for African Ameri- cans.53 Friedrich Münch focused largely on securing voting rights for blacks, convincing a large majority of his neighbors in the Missouri Riv- er Valley to vote “yes” on the black suffrage amendment of 1868.54 Judge Arnold Krekel, in addi- tion to working for black suffrage, played a significant role in ensuring that African Americans would have

24 Lincoln Institute, c. 1869. (cat 117) Courtesy Lincoln University Archives. access to quality education. Prior to the Civil War it had been illegal in Missouri and other slave states to educate African Americans, whether free or enslaved, out of fear that literacy would lead to rebellion. It wasn’t until blacks were permitted to enlist in the Union army, that many former slaves learned to read and write around the battlefield

52 Kremer, Gary. “Legal Freedom for Missouri’s slaves came 139 years ago today, on Jan. 11, 1865,” in News Tribune, Jefferson City, Missouri, Jan 11, 2004, 9. 53 Other progressive German immigrants in Missouri who were influential in their fight for color-blind political and social equal- ity included George Hussman, a vintner from Hermann; Emil Women’s dorm room in the Barnes-Krekel Hall at Lincoln University, constructed in honor of Preetorius, owner and editor of the liberal newspaper Westliche Howard Barnes, former slave and advocate for state funding, and benefactor Arnold Krekel. (cat 119) Post; Georg Thilenius, a St. Louis candlemaker; attorney Georg Hillgärtner; and Isidor Bush, an Austrian-Jewish viticulturalist Courtesy Lincoln University Archives and businessman from St. Louis. Anderson, 176-177. 54 In Warren County, where Münch resided, the vote for black cause. The 62nd USCT contributed suffrage in 1868 was 706 “no” to 400 “yes.” This was because the campfires. Near the end of the Civil majority of Münch’s neighbors were former slaveholders. How- War, members of the 62nd United a total of $5,000 and the 65th USCT, ever, the inhabitants of neighboring townships in close proximity also from Missouri, followed suit to Münch’s farm voted largely in favor of black suffrage. Also, in States Colored Infantry of Mis- St. Charles county, only two districts out of eleven that were in souri, a regiment stationed in Fort with $1,400. German immigrant closest proximity to Münch’s farm—Femme Osage (66 to 23) McIntosh, Texas, began to dream of Arnold Krekel helped establish the and Augusta (135-65) —voted “yes.” Anita M. Mallinckrodt, What They Thought (II): Missouri’s German Immigrants a school for blacks back home. 55 school by traveling to the east coast Assess Their World. (Augusta: Mallinckrodt Communications Receiving both moral and financial to secure funds from Northern & Research, 1995), 31. For a longer discussion on Germans in the Reconstruction period see Mallinkrodt’s From Knights to support from their commanding supporters, and Civil Rights activist Pioneers (Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, officer Lieutenant Richard Baxter and educator James Milton Turner 1994), 361-383. Foster, the soldiers of this regi- helped gain support for the school 55 Arnold Parks, Lincoln University History: 1920-1970. (Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2007), 7. ment contributed generously to the in Missouri.

25 Placeholder for caption

An Ordinance Abolishing Slavery in Missouri. Promotional Poster published in the Westliche Post, January, 1865. (cat 132) Courtesy Missouri History Museum

Owing to the dedication and named after Howard Barnes, a for-  collaboration of these men, Lincoln mer slave who became a business- he efforts of Krekel, Münch, Institute opened its doors on Sep- man and lobbied for the school to and other German Americans tember 19, 1866 in Jefferson City. receive state funds, and the school’s T who fought for and dedicated their The original mission of the Insti- benefactor, Arnold Krekel, who lives to advocating freedom and tute was to train African American enriched the school through teach- equality had a powerful and lasting teachers, but the school continued ing and fundraising. The structure, on influence on the Missouri and to thrive, receiving state funding in which housed a women’s dormi- the United States. While these hon- 1879 and becoming an accredited tory, cafeteria, and recreation room orable men were unable to erase university in 1921. Krekel contin- was demolished in the 1960s. In the negative societal effects caused ued to play an active role in the 1865, President Lincoln appointed by racism and slavery, they helped school’s success by teaching histo- Krekel as a U.S. Western District to create a more just and free soci- ry and law free of charge for many Judge, a position he would hold for ety, on which later generations have years and serving on the executive 23 years.56 committee of the Board of Trustees. built and continue to build. 56 “Arnold Krekel,” in Dictionary of Missouri. Eds. William In 1881, Barnes-Krekel Hall was Sydney Norton is assistant professor of Christensen, et al. (Columbia: University of Missouri Press: 1999), built on the Lincoln campus. It was 464. German at Saint Louis University.

26 Exhibition list 29. Nicholas Schwarzenbad’s enrollment form Pauline Münch Busch for Regiment of Missouri Militia, Gasconade 13. Pauline Münch Busch, c. 1870s. Photograph: F. County. Winckelmann. Loaned to Saint Louis University by Historic Hermann Museum Gottfried Duden and Early Courtesy Marilyn H. Merritt German Settlers in Missouri 14. Pauline Münch Busch, undated letter. Judge Arnold Krekel— 1. Gottfried Duden (1789-1853). Report on Courtesy Marilyn H. Merritt Educator, Emancipator, and a Journey to the Western States of North 15. Jewelry owned by Pauline Münch Busch. Self-made Man America, and a Stay of Several Years along Loaned to Saint Louis University and Deutschheim State Historic Site the Missouri. Elberfeld, Germany: 1829. by Marilyn H. Merritt 30. Arnold Krekel (1815-1888), c. 1856. Photo- Loaned to Saint Louis University by Dorris Keeven-Franke graph. 16. Photograph of Busch Family Farm, c. 1870s. Courtesy Missouri History Museum 2. Photograph of Duden’s Hill, located on the for- Courtesy Marilyn H. Merritt 31. Front page of St. Charles Demokrat, June 12, mer farm of Jacob Haun, a German American 17. Busch Family Celebration, c. 1870s. Photo- who purchased the farm in 1819, and provided graph. The young slave about whom Pauline 1962 a place for Duden to stay when he arrived in wrote in her letter to Germany remained with Courtesy Missouri History Museum 1824. Duden describes the Missouri hillside the Busch family after the Civil War. She is 32. St. Charles Demokrat article showing local Re- from where he writes, which was north of his standing in the lower right corner of the picture. publican ticket with Arnold Krekel and Friedrich own property, along Lake Creek, which flows Her name is unknown. Münch running for office. October 23, 1862. past Dutzow. It is located across the Missouri Courtesy Marilyn H. Merritt. Courtesy Missouri History Museum River from today’s Washington, about fifty miles 33. Cannonball used in Civil War found along Mis- from St. Louis. souri Pacific tracks outside of Hermann. Hermann’s Progressive Courtesy Dorris Keeven-Franke Loaned to Saint Louis University by Historic Hermann Museum Newspapers 3. A German Farm in Missouri, published in 34. Two G.A.R. (Grand Army of the Republic) hat Friedrich Münch’s Der Staate Missouri (Emigra- 18. Portraits of Eduard Mühl (1800-1854) and Carl emblems. The G.A.R. was a fraternal organiza- tion Guide to Missouri), published in Germany, Strehly (1810-1876). Oil on canvas. tion of Union Army veterans. c. 1859. This etching is probably the work of Courtesy Deutschheim State Historic Site Loaned to Saint Louis University by Historic Hermann Museum Theodore Bruere, who lived with Münch on his 19. The Strehly House, home of Hermanner farm after he emigrated. 35. Front page of Hermanner Volksblatt, April 27, Wochenblatt, built in 1842. Courtesy Dorris Keeven-Franke 1861 Courtesy Deutschheim State Historic Site Courtesy Gasconade Historical Society 20. Photograph of Eduard Mühl’s typebox, brought 36. Henriette “Jette” Bruns (1813-1899), c. 1863 Friedrich Münch from Cincinnati to Hermann in 1843. Photograph. Jette Bruns came to Missouri in 4. Friedrich and Luise Münch, c. 1832. Oil on Courtesy Deutschheim State Historic Site the 1830s. Her husband and son enlisted in canvas, painted in Nieder-Gemünden. 21. Front page of Licht-Freund, February 7, 1844. the Union army during the Civil War. After the Loaned to Saint Louis University by Marilyn H. Merritt Courtesy Hermann Historical Society death of her husband in 1864, Jette opened a boarding house in Jefferson City, which was 5. Call and Declaration of the Subject of Mass 22. The Hermanner Wochenblatt press. Photo- Emigration from Germany to the North graph. often frequented by German politicians. Due to American Free States, Giessen: 1833. Courtesy Deutschheim State Historic Site the fiery political debates among these Radical Republicans, Arnold Krekel named Jette’s house Courtesy Missouri History Museum 23. Hermanner Wochenblatt Front page of , which the “Radical Corner.” 6. Rolf Schmidt. The Great Move: From the Weser features one of the 26 installments of Harriet Courtesy The State Historical Society of Missouri to the Missouri. Isensee, Germany: 2013. An Beecher Stowe’s anti-slavery novel, Uncle Tom’s historical novel about the journey of the Münch Cabin. July 29, 1853. 37. The Bruns Residence, a.k.a. “The Radical Cor- family and members of the Giessen Emigration Courtesy Historic Hermann Museum ner,” 1859. Detail from a lithograph of Jefferson City by Th. Schrader. Society on the Ship Medora from Bremen to 24. Onkel Tom’s Hütte, a German edition of Harriet Courtesy Missouri History Museum Baltimore. Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Leipzig: Loaned to Saint Louis University by Marilyn H. Merritt 1853. 38. Bodice, c. 1840. Silk damask, trimmed with silk fringe and lace. Original owner unknown. This 7. Friedrich Münch (1799-1881), 1859. Photo- Private Collection hand-sewn bodice would have been worn with a graph. 25. Article from Hermanner Volksblatt, April 27, Courtesy Missouri History Museum matching skirt, most likely for formal occasions 1861, the anti-slavery newspaper that followed or church 8. Watercolor of barn on Friedrich Münch’s farm, Hermanner Wochenblatt after Mühl died from Loaned to Saint Louis University by Dr. Silvana Siddali 1873. cholera in 1854. Courtesy Missouri History Museum Courtesy Gasconade County Historical Society Archives 39. Bodice, c. 1840. Wool, hand-sewn and hand- printed with wood blocks. Original owner 9. Friedrich Münch’s former farm, c. 1930s. 26. “Damn’d Dutch!” for the Union. Newspaper unknown. This would have been worn with a Photograph. Accounts of the Civil War from the Hermanner matching skirt, most likely for less formal occa- Courtesy Library of Congress Volksblatt, 1860-1864. Hermann, Mo: Gascon- sions, such as visits or errands in town. 10. Friedrich Münch, 1859. Photograph. ade County Historical Society, 2014 Loaned to Saint Louis University by Dr. Silvana Siddali 27. Civil War-era powder horn from Gasconade Courtesy Dorris Keeven-Franke 40. Bodice, c. 1860. Printed silk. Original owner 11. St. Charles Demokrat article: June 12, 1862 County Loaned to Saint Louis University by Historic Hermann Museum unknown, though probably the same owner as 12. Berthold Münch (1843-1861). Photograph. the other bodices in the exhibit. This machine- Friedrich’s youngest son, Berthold, died at the 28. Sword and sheath owned by Nicholas Schwar- stitched bodice would have been worn with a Battle of Wilson’s Creek, just two months shy of zenbad, a Hermann resident. matching skirt, for very formal occasions such his 18th birthday. Loaned to Saint Louis University by Historic Hermann Museum as evening dinners, dances, or even ball. Courtesy Dorris Keeven-Franke and shared from the family archives of Loaned to Saint Louis University by Dr. Silvana Siddali descendant Carol Muench Antebellum St. Louis 54. Bob Wilkinson, c. 1860. Barber at the South- The German Press in St. ern Hotel, St. Louis, who is named in Cyprian Louis and Support for the 41. A Sketch of the St. Louis Riverfront in 1848. Clamorgan’s book, The Colored Aristocracy of Steel engraving by Henry Fisher. St. Louis, as one of the 43 free black aristocrats Republican Party: Heinrich Courtesy Missouri History Museum of St. Louis. Photograph. (Henry) Boernstein 42. St. Louis from the Mississippi River, c. 1870. Courtesy Missouri History Museum 64. Heinrich (Henry) Boernstein (1805-1892), 1861 Hand tinted lithograph, published in Harper’s 55. “Visit to Dred Scott: His Family, Incidents of Engraving from a photograph by Charles Weekly. his Life, Decision of the Supreme Court,” from Brown. Loaned to Saint Louis University by Marilyn H. Merritt Frank Leslie’s Illustrated, June 27, 1857. Courtesy Missouri History Museum 43. The Levee at St. Louis, c. 1850s. Lithograph. Courtesy Missouri History Museum 65. View of Broadway in St. Louis. Illustrated Loaned to Saint Louis University by Marilyn H. Merritt London News, May 1, 1858. 44. View of Front Street, 1840. Lithograph by John The Arrival of the Forty- Courtesy of St. Louis Mercantile Library Caspar Wild. The image depicts the bustling Eighters 66. Portraits of Heinrich and Maria Boernstein, crowded space that the St. Louis levee had Vienna, c. 1830s. Oil on canvas by Karl Ludwig become. 56. Map of Europe showing the centers of rebellion Philippot, court painter to Prince Schwarzen- Courtesy Missouri History Museum during the 1848 revolution. berg. 57. 1848 revolutionary flag. Made by Dr. Evelyn 45. View of the City of St. Louis, looking from the Private Collection Meyer.The origins of the German flag is un- East , 1850. Lithograph, published in Harper’s known and the colors’ symbolism varies from 67. “Révolution de Paris,” Paris: 1848. One of Weekly. source to source. Turnvater Jahn, nationalist numerous revolutionary pamphlets that Boern- Loaned to Saint Louis University by Marilyn H. Merritt and father of the Turnverein (gymnastics) stein collected in Paris, brought to St. Louis, and 46. H.E. Hayward and Slave Nurse Louisa, Mis- movement in Germany, explained them as “out gave to the St. Louis Mercantile Library. souri, c. 1858. of the black of night of slavery through bloody Courtesy Saint Louis Mercantile Library Courtesy Missouri History Museum strife to the golden dawn of freedom.” After the 68. Front page of Anzeiger des Westens, January 47. Map of territories under Missouri Compromise Napoleonic wars, the flag became the symbol 31, 1856 of 1821 and Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. A for German unity and therefore the flag for the Courtesy Missouri History Museum View of the Slave Population of the Several 1848 Revolution. Counties of Missouri, from Bird’s Eye Views 58. Panorama of Europe (Sweeping out the Radi- Abraham Lincoln and the of Slavery in Missouri. St. Louis: Woods et al., cals), 1849. Lithograph by Ferdinand Schröder Germans 1862. (1818-1859), Düsseldorf Monatsheft, Issue Courtesy St. Louis Mercantile Library 2, 1849. Caricature on the suppression of the 69. Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865), 1864. Photo- revolution by the reactionary forces. The revo- graph by Anthony Berger. Social Volatility and lutionaries are sent from Prussia to Switzerland Courtesy Library of Congress and are shipped to America by French President Political Unrest in Missouri 70. First statewide ticket of the Missouri Republican Napoleon III. In England trade is flourishing Party, 1860. 48. A woodcut illustration depicting a pro-slavery under the reign of Queen Victoria. In Courtesy Western Historical Manuscripts Collection, University of riot at the Alton newspaper press of Elijah the king is triumphant. In Austria-Hungary the Missouri-St. Louis, Freie Gemeinde Papers Lovejoy, where he was murdered, 1837. people revolt in vain against the feudal system. 71. Heinrich Boernstein, 1873. Carte de visite. Courtesy Missouri History Museum In Warsaw the lights go out. Courtesy Missouri History Museum 49. Lynch’s slave pen at 104 Locust in St. Louis, c. 1852. Thomas M. Easterly Daguerrotype Friedrich Hecker: The Camp Jackson Affair Collection. Revolutionary and Radical Courtesy Missouri History Museum Republican 72. Historic Old Camp Jackson. Camp Jackson, St. 50. William Wells Brown (c. 1816-1884). Narrative Louis, MO, with units of the pro-Southern Mis- of William Wells Brown, A Fugitive Slave. 59. Friedrich Hecker at the Battle of , April souri Militia drilling, May 1861. Photograph. Boston: 1847. 20, 1848. Engraving. Courtesy Missouri History Museum Courtesy Saint Louis Mercantile Library Courtesy Missouri History Museum 73. Camp Jackson, after Survey of Edward B. Sayers, 60. Colonel Friedrich Hecker, 1861. Photograph. Missouri Volunteer Militia. Courtesy Saint Louis Mercantile Library Slavery versus Freedom in Courtesy St. Louis Mercantile Library 61. Civil War-era powder horn used in Gasconade Missouri 74. Modern Location of Camp Jackson. Site now oc- County. cupied by Frost Campus of St. Louis University. 51. James Milton Turner (1839-1915). Born a slave Loaned to Saint Louis University by Historic Hermann Museum Map by Pat Baer, 1994. Published in William in Missouri and became the state’s most promi- 62. Letter from Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant C. Winter, The Civil War in St. Louis: A Guided nent post-Civil War black leader. to Colonel Friedrich Hecker, Ironton, Missouri, Tour. St. Louis: 1995. Courtesy Lincoln University Archives August 16, 1861. 75. Camp Jackson. Color lithograph by E. Robyn, 52. Reverend Moses Dickson (1824-1901) Promi- Courtesy Saint Louis Mercantile Library c. 1862. nent St. Louis minister and a co-organizer of 63. Pass issued to Private Friedrich Hecker as a Courtesy Missouri History Museum rd the Missouri Equal Rights League, 1865. member of the 3 Missouri Regiment, com- 76. United States Volunteers Attacked by the Mob Courtesy The State Historical Society of Missouri manded by Franz Sigel, May 25, 1861. from the Steps of the Second Presbyterian 53. Cyprian Clamorgan (1831-1906). The Colored Courtesy Saint Louis Mercantile Library Church, Corner of Fifth and Walnut Street, on Aristocracy of St. Louis. St. Louis: 1858. May 11, 1861. Wood engraving after Mat Hast- Courtesy Missouri History Museum ings, Harper’s Weekly, June 1, 1861, p. 349. Courtesy Missouri History Museum 77. Small contemporary map of Civil War battles in Missouri, c. 1865. Courtesy St. Louis Mercantile Library 78. Missouri Volunteer Militia Uniform 1st Regiment. In 1857 General Daniel M. Frost “modernized” his 1st Regiment in St. Louis by requiring each militia company to adopt dark blue frock coats with white cross belts. The uniform was described as a facsimile of the U.S. Army uniform. This is the uniform the 1st Regiment would have been wearing at the time of their capture by the mostly German United States volunteers at Camp Jackson. Loaned to Saint Louis University and Deutschheim State Historic Site by Frank Aufmuth, Jr. 79. Brown Sack Coat. With Capt. Nathaniel Lyon taking quick action to protect the United States Arsenal in St. Louis, there was little time for the newly raised, mostly German, United States Volunteers to acquire uniforms in time for the capture of Camp Jackson. Many reported to the Arsenal in civilian clothing to receive muskets, ten rounds of ammunition per man, and old white belts with “U.S.” belt plates found in the Arsenal but left over from the Mexican war. Loaned to Saint Louis University and Deutschheim State Historic Site Broadside advertising meeting at the St. Louis Courthouse for a rally in show of support for by Frank Aufmuth, Jr. Republicans, abolitionism, and the continuation of the Civil War, October 25, 1864. (cat 130) 80. The Gray Work Shirt. Following Camp Jackson, Courtesy Missouri History Museum the leadership of St. Louis’ U.S. Volunteers struggled to uniform the men. Lacking time and funds for proper uniforms, gray work shirts were 92. Dumbbells used by Hermann Turner Society, procured. Many of the U.S. volunteers in Mis- The Turner Societies c. 1860s souri appeared on the battlefields of Booneville, 86. Cigar box with illustration of Turnvater Jahn Loaned to Saint Louis University and Deutschheim State Historic Site Carthage, and Wilson’s Creek in gray shirts by Historic Hermann Museum similar to this one. (1778-1852). Friedrich Ludwig Jahn was a Loaned to Saint Louis University and Deutschheim State Historic Site gymnastics educator and gymnast. His followers 93. Turner Logo. “North American Gymnastics by Frank Aufmuth, Jr. knew him as “Turnvater Jahn” (father of gym- Union: frisch, frei, stark, und treu” (fresh, free, nastics). Jahn taught his gymnasts to regard strong, and loyal). themselves as members of a kind of guild for Courtesy Washington Historical Society The German Immigrant as the emancipation of their fatherland. The date 94. Turner Hall in Washington, Missouri, c. 1870s. Soldier: Franz Sigel of the drawing is unknown. Courtesy Washington Historical Society Courtesy Washington Historical Society 81. Franz Sigel (1824-1902), General, U.S. Army, 95. “Wieder ein Dementi für die Sudrechtshelden” 1863. Photograph by Emil Boehl. 87. St. Louis Turnverein, 1860. Lithograph by (Again a Denunciation of the Heroes of South- Courtesy Missouri History Museum Adolf Boettger featuring 99 men in the St. Louis ern Law). Anzeiger des Westens, December 8, 82. Pea Ridge March. Respectfully dedicated to Turnverein organization enjoying a picnic in a 1855. Written by the St. Louis Turners to the Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel, U.S.A., c. 1862. Music woodland setting. Charleston Turners, stating disapproval of the cover illustrated with a drawing of General Sigel Courtesy Missouri History Museum Society’s cowardice about speaking out against at the , Arkansas. Composed 88. St. Louis Turner Hall on 10th between Market slavery. They request that the Charleston organi- by Christian Bach; Lithograph by L. Kurz & Co., and Walnut, 1902. Photograph by Andrew J. O’ zation withdraw from the Turner league. Milwaukee. Reilly. Courtesy Missouri History Museum Courtesy Library of Congress Courtesy Missouri History Museum 96. Franz Wilhelmi (1827-1883), c. 1859. Photo- 83. Memorial dedicated to Franz Sigel and German- 89. Die Turnübungen des gemischten Sprunges graph. Franz Wilhelmi was a founder of the American troops who fought for Union in the (Diverse Gymnastics Exercises and Jumps), by Washington Turner Society. At the outbreak of Civil War, Forest Park. Photograph. J. C. Lion. Leipzig: 1866. The book features 295 the war he took a decided stance on behalf of Courtesy Washington Historical Society. woodcut illustrations of gymnastic exercises. the Union, and was instrumental in raising one Loaned to Saint Louis University and Deutschheim State Historic Site of the first companies that went from Franklin 84. Peter Osterhaus (1823-1917), General, U.S. by Washington Historical Society County. On September 25, 1861, he was com- Army, 1863. Lithograph by H. Spies. Courtesy Missouri History Museum 90. Images of gymnastic and stretching exercises missioned Captain of Co. “G.,” the 17th Mo. from Die Turnübungen des gemischten Infantry Vol. In July 11th, 1864, he was com- 85. Civil War-era Sword, c. 1860s. Sprunges. missioned Major of the regiment. Courtesy Washington Historical Society Courtesy Washington Historical Society Courtesy Washington Historical Society 91. Indian clubs used by Washington Turner 97. Family portrait of Franz (Francis) Wilhelmi, Society, c. 1870s. 1857. Photograph. Loaned to Saint Louis University and Deutschheim State Historic Site Courtesy Washington Historical Society by Washington Historical Society th 98. Company G, 17 MO Volunteer Infantry Poster. Reconstruction and Carl Schurz: A Celebrity Courtesy Washington Historical Society Education in Missouri: among German-Americans 99. Muster Role of Captain Wilhelmi’s Company of Lincoln University Volunteers, June 11, 1861. 123. Portrait of Carl Schurz (1829-1906), 1870. Steel Courtesy Washington Historical Society 111. Members of the 65th USCT, c. 1865. Photograph. Engraving by George E. Perine. 100. Turnvater Jahn Memorial in Forest Park. Courtesy Lincoln University Archives Courtesy Missouri History Museum Photograph. 112. Lieutenant Richard Baxter Foster (1826-1901), 124. Masthead for Mississippi Blätter (Mississippi Courtesy Washington Historical Society. Commanding Officer of the 62nd USCT. He Pages), the Sunday edition of Westliche Post worked with many of his soldiers to estab- and image of Editorial Room of the Westliche Post newspaper. Carl Schurz is seated lower left African American Soldiers in lish Lincoln Institute after the Civil War. He became the first principal of the school in 1866. next to the table, c. 1868. the Civil War Photograph. Courtesy Missouri History Museum 101. Unidentified African American soldier in Union Courtesy Lincoln University Archives 125. “Carl Schurz: Ovation in Honor of the Senator.” uniform with a rifle and revolver at Benton 113. Private Logan Bennett. Photograph. Logan Puck Magazine, No. 9, 1873. Barracks, Saint Louis, Missouri, c. 1864. Photo- Bennett was a former slave and one of the Courtesy Missouri History Museum graph by Enoch Long. last surviving members of the 65th USCT who 126. Puck Magazine cover image: Puck with Cham- Courtesy Library of Congress contributed funds to the founding of Lincoln pagne Glass, 1873. The German-American 102. Colored Volunteer Enlistment Form for John Institute. He was a life-long resident of Jefferson satirical magazine Puck was published in St. Humble, from Tipton, Missouri. February 29, City. His receipt for contribution of $10 is also Louis between 1871 and 1876 by Viennese im- 1864. shown here. migrant Joseph Ferdinand Keppler (1838-1894). Courtesy Missouri History Museum Courtesy Lincoln University Archives From 1876 until 1918 it was published in New 114. By the Campfire, 1940. Oil on canvas, painted York. Augustus Boernstein and the by Hiram Jackson. This painting depicts mem- Courtesy Missouri History Museum nd United States Colored Troops bers of the 62 Regiment, USCT, who were 127. “Triumphal Entrance of U.S. Grant in St. Louis stationed in Fort Bravos, Texas, discussing plans and Reception of Carl Schurz in St. Louis.” 103. Letter from Augustus Boernstein to Colonel to establish a school in Missouri for African- Puck Magazine, No. 9, 1873. The German- Duncan. October 4 1864. Americans following the U.S. Civil War. American satirical magazine Puck illustrates Courtesy Library of Congress Courtesy Lincoln University Archives. Carl Schurz’s celebrity status among the largely 104. Officers of the th4 U.S. Colored Infantry, District 115. Replica of the 62nd USCT Battle Flag. German population of St. Louis, compared with of Columbia, Fort Slocum, 1865. Photograph. Loaned to Saint Louis University by Lincoln University Archives Ulysses S. Grant’s meager reception. Courtesy Library of Congress 116. Charter of the Lincoln University Board of Trust- Courtesy Missouri History Museum 105. Company E of the 4th U.S. Colored Infantry, ees on which German immigrant Judge Arnold 128. “Carl Schurz as Don Quixote attacking the U.S. 1865.Photograph. Krekel, shown here, served for many years, 1866. Windmill.” Cartoon by Thomas Nast, published Courtesy Library of Congress Courtesy Lincoln University Archives in Harper’s Weekly, April 6, 1872. Nast draws 106. Chaffin’s Farm, where Augustus Boernstein led 117. Lincoln Institute, c. 1869. The photograph from Miguel de Cervantes’s Don Quixote to members of the 4th and 6th U.S. Colored Infantry shows a prominent view of the entrance gates parody liberal Republican senators Carl Schurz in battle. Photograph. that lead to the top of the hill where the main of Missouri (left) as the title character and Courtesy Library of Congress campus buildings of Lincoln Institute were Thomas Tipton of Nebraska (right) as his sidekick, Sancho Panza. The cartoonist depicts 107. Christian Abraham Fleetwood (1840-1914), c. located. the liberal Republicans’ effort to malign the 1900. Photograph. In his letter to Colonel Dun- Courtesy Lincoln University Archives administration of President Ulysses S. Grant can, Boernstein described Fleetwood’s gallant 118. Barnes-Krekel House, constructed 1881-82. Pho- by investigating alleged illegal arms sales to performance at the Battle of Chaffin’s Farm: tograph. The building was used as a women’s France as a quixotic (i.e., unrealistic) attack on “He picked up the national colors…We lost 200 dormitory, campus dining room, and recreation windmills, as in the novel. men but our honor is untarnished.” For this area. The structure was named for Howard Courtesy Missouri History Museum Fleetwood received a Medal of Honor. Barnes, a former slave who became a business- Courtesy Library of Congress man and lobbied for Lincoln Institute to receive 129. “Carl Schurz as Carpetbagger.” Political Car- state funds, and Arnold Krekel, who supported toon by Thomas Nast, Harper’s Weekly, 1872. In this cartoon Thomas Nast vilifies Schurz as Freedom for Missouri’s Slaves the school through fundraising. The building was demolished during the 1960s. a corrupt carpetbagger who moved south to 108. Judge Arnold Krekel, 1856. Courtesy Lincoln University Archives Missouri, using his personal power for political gain. Courtesy Missouri History Museum 119. Women’s dorm room and cafeteria in Barnes- Courtesy Missouri History Museum 109. An Ordinance Abolishing Slavery in Missouri, Krekel Hall.Photograph. handwritten and signed by Judge Arnold Krekel, Courtesy Lincoln University Archives 130. Broadside advertising meeting at the St. Louis Courthouse for a rally in show of support for president of the Missouri State Convention, 120. Foundational stone from Barnes-Krekel Hall. 1865. Republicans, abolitionism, and the continua- Photograph. tion of the Civil War, October 25, 1864. Courtesy Missouri State Archives Courtesy Lincoln University Archives Courtesy Missouri History Museum 110. An Ordinance Abolishing Slavery in Missouri, 121. Lincoln University with memorial to the soldiers 131. Replica of Union sack coat with kepi and signed January 11, 1865. and officers of the 62nd and 65th regiments, Courtesy Missouri History Museum equipage. 2015. Photograph. Loaned to Saint Louis University by Mark Breckenridge. Courtesy Lincoln University Archives 132. An Ordinance Abolishing Slavery in Missouri. 122. Lincoln University History: Arnold Parks. Promotional Poster published in the Westliche 1920-1970 . Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publish- Post, January, 1865. ing, 2007. Courtesy Missouri History Museum An Ordinance Abolishing Slavery in Missouri, handwritten and signed by Judge Arnold Krekel, president of the Missouri State Convention, 1865. (cat 109) Courtesy Missouri State Archives Slavery is nothing other in our republic but the representation of the privileged aristocracy and tyranny, comparable to the actions of the princes in Germany. — Eduard Mühl, editor of the Hermanner Wochenblatt

Publisher Eduard Mühl arrived in Hermann, Missouri, with this type box in 1843. The Hermanner Wochenblatt press pictured on the front cover and the type box are on display at Deutschheim State Historic Site.