Balsam Saleh Abood ARCHAISM AS A STYLISTIC MARKER IN SELECTED POEMS BY EDGAR ALLAN POE
ARCHAISM AS A STYLISTIC MARKER IN SELECTED POEMS BY EDGAR ALLAN POE
BY BALSAM SALEH ABOOD UNIVERSITY OF AL-QADISIYA
ABSTRACT Stylistics deals with the study of linguistic features in a certain chosen text .The present paper is an attempt to apply the stylistic modal of Crystal and Davy (1969) on a number of selected poems by the American poet Edgar Allan Poe. The stylistically significant feature, which is traced here, is archaism. The level of analysis dealt with is morphology and reference is going to be made to other levels when necessary. The statement of frequency used is the continuum of frequency. Archaism is used to refer to any term used in relation to any field of language structure for an old word or phrase or structure no longer in use whether spoken or written. There are different stages for archaisms .The use of these stages is very much clear in Poe's poems. Each of these stages draws an effect on the work that is not available when it is absent. In addition to these archaic words, Poe uses historical references to ancient mythological figures or objects. The poems chose for investigation are: The Raven, To Helen, The Coliseum, To Science, and Lenore.
INTRODUCTION MEANINGS OF ARCHAISM Todd and Hancock (1986:446) define Archaism refers to any term in stylistics as the branch of linguistics that relation to any field of ”language structure studies the use of language in certain context for an old word or phrase or structure no and “attempts to account for the regularities longer in use whether spoken or written”. that mark language use by individuals and Archaic words can be found in poetry, groups”. The present paper is an attempt to nursery rhymes, historical novels, biblical apply a stylistic modal on a number of translations, and place names (Crystal, selected poems by the American poet Edgar 2003:31). Archaism is of different types. The Allan Poe. The modal is from Crystal and first type is divided by Galperine (1971:67) Davy (1969), and the stylistically significant into three different stages. The first stage is feature traced is archaism. The level of called obsolescent .It is the beginning of the analysis is vocabulary only and reference is aging process when the word became made to the grammatical level when scarcely used. They are in the stage of necessary. The statement of frequency used gradually passing out of general use .To this is the continuum of frequency. stage words that have morphological forms
69(١-٢)(٧)٢٠٠٨ Balsam Saleh Abood ARCHAISM AS A STYLISTIC MARKER IN SELECTED POEMS BY EDGAR ALLAN POE
that belong to earlier stages of the language study- a text- and discussing it in terms of a might be included. These include pronouns number of interrelated levels of description. like (thou) and its form (thee, thy, and These levels can be distinguished as thine); the verbal endings -est, the verb phonetic, phonological, lexical or form: art, will (art thou, thou wilt); the morphological, grammatical, and semantic ending-e(th) instead of -(e)s (he maketh) and levels. The analysis of the levels is a device to the pronoun (ye).Crystal (2003:185)add to help in understanding the aspects of these the vocative construction beginning language used in a text. It is in this way we with (O). refer to a selection of language habits or the occasional linguistic idiosyncrasies, which The second stage is called obsolete: characterize an individual’s uniqueness. these are the words that have already gone According to the modal the analysis completely out of use but are still recognized might involve the discussion of one level or by the English speaking community: e.g. more than one if necessary. Sometimes two methinks= (it seems to me); nay = (no). The levels are involved in the understanding of a third stage is called archaic proper. These certain feature, but ultimately one of them is are words that are no longer recognizable in dominant. For example the morphological modern English. They were used in Old (or lexical) level and the grammatical one English and which have either stopped to be might be traced but the morphological level used in language entirely or have changed in is the pervasive one as it is the case with this their appearance so much that they have study. When a text is analyzed the become unrecognizable, e.g. troth (=faith); a descriptive statement is made in terms of losel (= a worthless, lazy fellow). their stylistic importance .A chosen feature There is no clear-cut distinction between might be discovered to be found in a text group one and group two. In fact they twice but in another text might occur twenty interpenetrate. But the difference is times. Or a feature might be uniquely important when we are after the stylistic available in a variety as opposed to a feature effects served by their use. that is distributed throughout many or all The second type of archaism refers to varieties in different frequencies. historical words or mythological figures .In By adopting an approach of this kind, every society there are certain historical the statement of frequency may be explained events, characters, material objects which in one of the two ways, or both: First, the are no longer in use but they never statistical information. Second, the disappear from the language, e.g.thane, statement of frequency is expressed in more mace, etc. These are called historical words informal terms, by using such quantifiers, or terms. These terms refer to definite stages likely, rarely, commenly, often, and very in the development of society and cannot often. When the result of the chosen text is therefore be dispensed with, though the given, we will be in a position to make an things they refer to have long passed into overall stylistic picture of a text, prior to oblivion. There is a definite characteristic comparing it with others. for these words that they have no synonyms, whereas archaic words have been replaced ARCHAISM IN SELECTED POEMS: by modern synonyms, (Galperine, 1971:68). ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT THE STYLISTIC MODAL OF CRYSTAL There are a number of poems in which we can find archaism. The first one is AND DAVY (1969) The Raven, which is considered as the cause The modal of Crystal and Davy of Poe’s fame. The second one is To Helen, (1969:22) involves taking the object of while the Coliseum is the third. The fourth
70(١-٢)(٧)٢٠٠٨ Balsam Saleh Abood ARCHAISM AS A STYLISTIC MARKER IN SELECTED POEMS BY EDGAR ALLAN POE
one is To Science and the last one is Lenore. obsolete word (surcease) which means (to There are other poems in which we can find stop, end). The second use of obsolete words the feature in but they are out of the scope is the ” maiden”, (L 11). In line (34) the of the present work. obsolescent word “thereat” which stands for ”The Raven”: “at that time or at that place”, is used. In The Raven is a narrative poem, “noted for (L.41) the historical reference is used here its musicality, stylized language and with the use of the goddess of wisdom, Pallas supernatural atmosphere.” (Bolden, n.d: of Athens. The same reference to this n.p) It is about a lonely man who has lost his goddess is repeated in (line 104). Line (45) beloved Lenore. This distraught lover is includes three obsolescent words, the visited by the raven, which is known to be as pronouns thy, thou, and the verb art. The a bird of bad omen. The raven landed on the historical reference in addition to the bust of Pallas, above his chamber door. The pronoun ”thy” is available in L (47). man starts to ask the raven questions and Further the obsolete word ”quoth” that the bird surprisingly answers but with only means quote is ending the line. So in one line one word for all the questions, the answer is only we have three different types of ”nevermore”. The man knows that the bird archaism. The historical reference is to the does not speak from wisdom but the word ”Plutonian shore”, which was ruled by nevermore is all his ”stock and store”. It Pluto, a mythological god. This same seems to the man that the raven is taught by reference is used again in line (98). some unhappy master. Finally, after asking a number of questions and receiving the Though thy crest be shorn and shaven, thou”, same answer nevermore, the man concedes, I said ”art sure no craven realizing that to continue this dialogue Ghastly grim and ancient Raven wandering would be worthless. "His soul from out that from the Night shore Tell me what thy lordly shadow that the raven throws on the floor, name is on the Nights Plutonian Shore” shall be lifted nevermore" ,(Poedecoder, n. Quoth the Raven Nevermore. d: n. p). (Hollander, 1993:537) In The Raven Poe uses an ancient The obsolete word (methought), which language that seems to be appropriate for means I thought, is available in L (78). his subject, since the poem is about a man Wretch, I cried, thy God hath lent thee-by the spending most of his time with books of angels he hath sent thee ”forgotten lore“. The sort of language used Respite and respite nepenthe from the is a sophisticated abstract language, (Hugel, memories of Lenore. 2004:19) .In order to understand it fully one (Hollander, 1993:538) must go back to certain historical figures. The three pronouns, ”thy”, ”thee”, and Blair etal (1974:131) consider Poe as a poet "thee" and the verb ”hath”(mentioned of an unearthly beauty .He wrote poetry twice) which stands for has in modern that was in some ways unique. This was English are all considered as examples for partly due to his capability to imagine and obsolescent words. While the historical “portray scenes of dreamlands, fairylands, reference is clear in the use of the word cities in the sea, ghoul haunted woodlands ”nepenthe”, which is in classical mythology, and the like. These scenes are depicted ”a potion banishing sorrow as in the effectively”, (ibid). Odessey”, Bradley (1967:389) The balm in The stages of archaism are found in this Gilead is a soothing ointment made in poem as well as the reference to historical Gilead, a mountain region of Palestine east characters or historical items. In (line 9) the of the Jordan River, Hallqvist (2007:3). Poe
71(١-٢)(٧)٢٠٠٨ Balsam Saleh Abood ARCHAISM AS A STYLISTIC MARKER IN SELECTED POEMS BY EDGAR ALLAN POE
is using another word from the Arabic spellings, in (lines 2,11)(yore) and (yon) culture as well, like the word ”Aidenn” in respectively. line (93). This word stands for paradise. In The historical instances or the this line also we can find the pronoun thee mythological figures in the poem start from and in the following line another two the title of the poem with the reference to obsolescent words thy, and hath are the beautiful Helen of Troy. In (line 7) the mentioned. Finally, the beginning of every girl's hair resembles the clustered hair of response made by the raven is starting with the young (hyacinth) in classical mythology and the flower reserves the memory of the obsolete word (quoth), which stands for Apollo’s love for the dead young quote. (Hyacinths). The (classic face) in the Throughout the whole poem, one can following line is referring to the young lady, see the frequent use of obsolescent words by Bradley (1967:381). Poe. Few obsolete words are used, but many historical references are made. All these Thy hyacinth hair, thy classic face words that are related to the past draw the Thy Naiad airs have brought me home effect of the past on the reader of the poem. To the glory that was Greece Greek and Roman mythology, in addition to And the grandeur that was Rome Arabic references are all cultural references (Hollander, 1993:534) that add sophistication to the language of In (line 8) the nymphs were female the poem. Poe was able to use such sort of spirits of nature and the (Naiads) were language for two reasons. First, due to his nymphs of fresh water, Fisher (2007:1). education since, Poe “who lived in England Another historical reference is made both to during his youth, avidly read books and the (glory of Greek)(line 9) and the magazines from overseas”, and as a literary (grandeur of Rome) in the following line. man he was able to ”travel extensively in the (Psyche) is the reference to the soul in Old Old World”, Blair etal (1974:130). Second, Mythology. because of the society he was addressing his The poet makes all the above- poetry to. “America had a higher general mentioned references as if he deliberately level of education than was to be found wants the reader to think of the poem in elsewhere in the World”, Gelhman etal both times, present and past. Since the poem (1958:495). is written in a memory of a dead woman. ”TO HELEN” The often references to Greek and Roman The second poem to be discussed and mythology are enforced by the frequent use analyzed is ”To Helen”. Poe traced the of the pronouns used in Old English to inspiration of this lyric “to the first purely increase the spell of the past on the reader. ideal love of my soul“, Mrs. Jane Stith Stanard. ”The personal element is almost ”THE COLISEUM” wholly sublimated in the idealization of the The third poem is The Coliseum. The word tradition of pure beauty”, (Bradley, was also written as colosseum. The lexical 1967:381).The morphological level in this level is depicted clearly in this poem. As it is poem is expressed through the archaic the case with (To Helen), right from the lexical items with the different types name we have the reference to the antiquity. mentioned earlier. In the poem the instances The coliseum was a large building or of the obsolescent pronoun (thy) are stadium where the worriers of Rome used to available in (lines 1,7,8,13). The second fight and make competitions of strength, obsolescent example is the use of the old sport events and exhibitions, second person singular pronoun (thou) in (yourdictionary, n.d: n.p). The whole poem (line 12). The third one is the old form of the is talking about the past grandeur of Rome. possessive (your) but in two different
72(١-٢)(٧)٢٠٠٨ Balsam Saleh Abood ARCHAISM AS A STYLISTIC MARKER IN SELECTED POEMS BY EDGAR ALLAN POE
The religious words as well as the antique word order, which enhances the atmosphere words are used excessively in this poem. The of the past. religious word (reliquary), which refers to ”TO SCIENCE” the container that something from the past, The title of this poem suggests that it is is put and it still exists till the present day. addressed to science. Thus the reader Obsolescent words are found in (lines expects the language of the poem to be of a 6,8,9,and 12). These are the old pronouns kind that is near to the scientific language (thee, thy, thy, ye, and ye) respectively. The but the opposite is true. Ironically, the poet diction in this poem strongly takes the here is using the old language which is not reader back to the (buried centuries of pomp and power), which is the time of suitable to science but to ”Old Time”. The antique Rome. As if the poet in these lines is lexical level is manifested by the ample lamenting the past times of (gloom) and archaic words that can be seen throughout (glory). The religious references (line 13,and the whole sonnet. The archaic words are 14) are to the Judean king and the gardens almost found in every verse starting from of Gethsemane. Lindemanes (1999:n.p) the first one. The obsolescent words are states that ( thou ) and ( art) (line1), (thy) in (line 2), Gethsemane was a small olive grove situated (thou) in (line 3), (thee) (twice) in (line4), on the Mount of Olives, just outside (thou) (line 9and 12). These are the Jerusalem .On the eve of his crucifixion, pronouns used in the poem. Jesus Christ withdrew here from his Science! true daughter of Old Times thou art disciples in agony over his betrayal by Judas Who alters all things with thy peering eyes Iscariot. Who preyest thou thus upon the poets heart, Chaldee in (line 15) is the fabled Vulture, whose wings are dull realities, astrologers of antiquity as Bradley (Hollander, 1993:530) (1967:383) clarifies. The eagle was carried The other type of obsolescent words by the Roman legions on a standard, (ibid, 384) In the last stanza of the poem the last used is the verbal endings of -e(st) in alterest historical figure is Memon.He is the slain (line 2) preyest (line 3)wouldst(line 6)hast son of the Dawn, or Aurora. “His statue on (line 9).Albeit (line 8) is an example of the Nile was said to respond with harp obsolete words. The historical figures are music at the first light of every dawn,” ibid. crystallized first by the references in (line 4) Lines (40-45) follow a different way of to the Andean Vulture, which is noted for archaism. It is the archaic word order. The courage and ruthlessness, (Bradley, verses here do not follow the ordinary 1967:376). The Roman goddess Diana whose arrangement of words in every day English. car was the moon is referred to in (line9). Not all our power is gone-not all our fame Diana was the goddess of hunt she was the Not all the magic of our high renown daughter of Jupiter and Latonia (Wikipedia, Not all the wonder that encircles us Not all the mysteries that in us lie n.d: n.p). She is also affected negatively by Not all the memories that hang upon science. The hamadryades (line 10) and the (Hollander, 1993:528) Naiad (line 12) are two types of nymphs. In this poem we have both the historical The first type is the tree- nymphs, while the references as well as the religious ones and second one is water nymphs. The Elfin in in both of these the archaic style is often (line 13) is the English word for the German used that’s why in this particular poem we word Elves. In Germanic mythology the have ample archaic words as well as so elfin were originally fertility gods, who are many historical figures and objects. In often portrayed as young men or women of addition to all these we have the archaic great beauty living in woods. An oriental
73(١-٢)(٧)٢٠٠٨ Balsam Saleh Abood ARCHAISM AS A STYLISTIC MARKER IN SELECTED POEMS BY EDGAR ALLAN POE
reference is made to the tree of tamarind, obsolescent verbs are (hast) (line 3,15), which was known by the old Egyptians as (hath) and (doth) in (line24). well as the Greeks. In addition to the many occurrences of It seems that every figure in the poem is obsolescent words there are a number of affected negatively by science starting with mythological references. (Line2) refers to the Old Times, through the historical figures the Stygian River, which separates in and ending with the poet himself. He is classical mythology between the world of the suffering because science had torn ”the living and that of the dead as Bradley summer dream beneath the tamarind tree”. ( 1967:376 ) states . The poet ends the poem with Paean the god of healing “he was ”LENORE” regarded as the physician to the other gods. Poe in this poem ”recalls the poet’s A paean is also a hymn in honor of resentment at the marriage, which he Apollo“(Encyclopedia Mythica, n.d: n.p). ascribed to a cruel intrigue”, this marriage is of his sweet heart Miss Royster, to an Let the bell toll a saintly soul floats on the older man of wealth; and he also describes Stygian river his ”grief at the death of his foster mother And, Guy De Vere, hast thou no tear? Weep Mrs. Allan”, (Bradley, 1967:376). now or nevermore In this poem Poe is experimenting (Hollander, 1993: 533) archaism on two levels: the grammatical as Crystal (2003:183) states, ”Archaic well as the morphological level. The poet spellings and styles of writing immediately uses archaic word order right from the first add an extra layer of meaning to a text, line. The order of words is inverted in this whether it be a pub sign or a poem”. So, line for emphasis. The normal order for here Poe is using the lexical items as well as words in this line is (the golden bowel is the archaic word order in order to increase broken), but Poe is initializing the adjective the effect of the past and to help in depicting ”broken” thus the order becomes the meaning of the poem; the marriage of Adj+v+(Adj) s. This archaic order occurs the old man to the lost beloved and the again in (line 4) The verse reads (low lies thy longing for the dead mother .All these are love) instead of (thy love lies low). In (line connected with the past and they are part of 25) the verse reads (no dirge will I upraise) it. Thus, the uses of these words heighten the instead of (I will not upraise dirge). This is effect of the past on the reader. as far as the grammatical level is concerned. CONCLUSIONS Ah, broken is the golden bowl-the spirit flown Archaism - the stylistic feature traced forever! throughout the present paper- is used in ------different levels with different statements of See! On yon drear and rigid bier low lies thy frequency according to the statement of love, Lenore! frequency suggested by Crystal and Davy. ------Poe is using archaism on the morphological And I to night my heart is light : level as well as the grammatical level but the -no dirge will I upraise morphological level is used more. The (Hollander, 1993: 532) different stages vary in their occurrence in On the morphological level, there are a the selected Poems. The most common use of number of obsolescent words in the poem. archaism is verbal archaism or lexical These occur in (line 3) thou, (line 4) thy, archaism. The old fashioned words like (line 8,9) ye twice (line 16) thee and thy. The (avaunt), the old verbal endings (-st,-th) or the old pronouns (thee ,thou ,etc). Poe is
74(١-٢)(٧)٢٠٠٨ Balsam Saleh Abood ARCHAISM AS A STYLISTIC MARKER IN SELECTED POEMS BY EDGAR ALLAN POE
reflecting his own period by using the -Gehlemann, J.Bowman,M. R.Rademon, reference to the past as well as the present. C.Potell, H.Kinnic,B. (1958 Modern All the stages of archaism mentioned earlier American Literature: USA. Harcourt are used by the poet in the selected poems Brace. but with a difference in range. The most -Hollander, H(1993) American Poetry. frequent in use is the obsolescent words. The NewYork.Library Classics of the USA. obsolete words are also used but in a less -Todd,L and Hanccock, I. (1986) frequent way. The poet makes very rare International English Usage. London usage of the archaic proper. The case is :Groom Helm. different when we deal with historical or mythological figures and objects, we can see THE WORLD WIDE WEB SITES that these are used very much in all the -Hallqvist, C(2007) Edgar Allan Poe’s The poems. In addition to that the poet is Raven. WWW. referring to different cultures by referring -The Poe Decoder .Com. to Roman, Greek, German mythology as -Hugel, V (2004) Birdsin Anglo-American well as Arabic references. When the poet Poetry.http ://perso. Orange .fr/ ecole distributes archaic material throughout his -Lindemans, F.M (1999) The work the reader understands that the whole Encyclopedia. Mythica. of that work is meant to seemingly belong to -http//www.Pantheon.org. the time when such materials and figures -http://www.en.Wikipidia.org/wiki/diana were normally found. Through the use of /mythology. these archaic words, as if the text declares -Http://www.yourdictionary.com itself to belong to the past, because without a ﺍﳋﻼﺻﺔ: full understanding for these archaic ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﰲ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﳐﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺃﺩﻏﺎﺭ ﺃﻻﻥ ﺑﻮ: ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ references one cannot understand and ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺑﻴﻪ .appreciate the piece of work fully ﺘﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻌـﺽ ﺍﻟﺨـﻭﺍﺹ ﺃﻭ BIBLIOGRAPHY ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻭﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘـﺎﺭﺓ . ﻓـﻲ ﻫـﺫﻩ ,Blair, w., Theodore.T, J.E, Miller, Stewart- ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻨﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﺭﻴـﺴﺘﺎل ﻭ ﺩﺍﻓـﻲ J. R (1974) American Literature : A Brief History. Glenview: Scott, Foresman ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻡ ١٩٦٩) ﻭ ﻨﺤﺎﻭل ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﻪ ﻤﻨﺘﻘـﺎﺓ ﻤـﻥ .and Company ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﺩﻏﺎﺭ ﺃﻻﻥ ﺒﻭ .ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻠﻭﺒﻴﻪ Bradley, S.Beatty, R.C and Long.E.H- (1967) The American Tradition in ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻫﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻡ .ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﻫﻭ Literature. New York: Norton and ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺒﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ .Company ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻜﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﻟـﻡ ﺘﻌـﺩ Crystal,D.(2003)A Dictionary of Linguistics- and Phonetics.Oxford :Blacwell ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ .ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻓـﺎﻥ ﻤـﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴـل .Publishing ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﺘﺭﻜﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻓﻘـﻁ ﻤـﻊ ﺍﻹﺸـﺎﺭ ﺓ ﺇﻟـﻰ The Cambridge (2003)------Encyclopedia of The Written Language. ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭﻱ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ .ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ .Cambridge :CUP ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ . ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﺭﺍﺤـل and Davy, D (1969) Investigating ------English Style. London: Longman . ﻭﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻗـﺼﺎﺌﺩﻩ Cudden,J.A.(1979) A Dictionary of- ﻭﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫ ﻩ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺒﻲ . ﺒﺎﻻﻀﺎﻓﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ .Literary Terms Harmondsworth :Penguin Books. ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺒ ﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻭﺇﺸـﺎﺭﺍﺕ :Galperine, I.R.(1971) Stylistics. Moscow- ﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ . ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺙ .Higher School Publishing House
75(١-٢)(٧)٢٠٠٨ Balsam Saleh Abood ARCHAISM AS A STYLISTIC MARKER IN SELECTED POEMS BY EDGAR ALLAN POE
ﻫﻲ: ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺍﺏ ﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﻴﻠﻴﻥ ﻭﻟﻴﻨﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﻭﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺎﺩ .ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺒﻤﻠﺨﺹ ﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ.
76(١-٢)(٧)٢٠٠٨