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Boletim 2019 P2 Boletim de Resumos do 22º Seminário do Programa de Pós-graduação em Geologia UFPR 25 a 29 de Junho de 2019 Lara F. Neves Comissão organizadora Bruno Henrique de Moura Merss Carolina Danielski Aquino Francisco José Fonseca Ferreira Hérlon da Silva Costa Saulo Pomponet Oliveira Sérgio Eduardo Pereira Jaensch 22º Seminário do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geologia Departamento de Geologia - Universidade Federal do Paraná 24 a 28 de junho de 2019 Curitiba - PR Quimioestratigrafia dos Carbonatos Lacustres Aptianos da Porção Sudeste da Bacia de Santos Joana Caroline de Freitas Rosin [email protected] Orientador(a): Profª. Drª.Anelize Bahniuk Rumbelsperger (Departamento de Geologia/UFPR) Palavras-chave: estratigrafia química, carbonatos continentais, pré-sal Introdução Com diversas descobertas de hidrocarbonetos na última década e produzindo bilhões de barris por dia, o play petrolífero denominado “pré-sal”, é um dos mais importantes do mundo. A sequência corresponde a uma acumulação de até 4000m de sedimentos, equivalente a fase rift e sag/transicional na Bacia de Santos. Localizada na região sudeste da margem continental brasileira, entre os paralelos 23° e 28° Sul, a bacia ocupa cerca de 352.000 km2 e foi gerada a partir de processos de rifteamento durante a separação do paleocontinente Gondwana, no Mesozóico. Contendo espessuras superiores a 10km nos principais depocentros, a acumulação dos sedimentos ocorreu inicialmente em condições flúvio-lacustres, passando para estágio de bacia evaporítica e até o desenvolvimento de bacia de margem passiva (CHANG et al., 2008). O rifte Sul-Atlântico propagou-se de sul para norte, com estruturas de direção aproximada ENE– WSW na Bacia de Santos, uma margem oblíqua (Buckley et al., 2015). Durante o desenvolvimento da fase rift a crosta sofreu afinamento, provocando falhas crustais e geração de um extensivo sistema de half-grabens (Thompson et al., 2015). Esses altos vulcânicos gerados pelas falhas condicionaram a expressiva sedimentação evaporítica e a deposição dos reservatórios carbonáticos, duas das mais importantes litologias dos sistemas petrolíferos da bacia (CHANG et al., 2008 E BUCKLEY et al., 2015). Segundo Moreira et al. (2007) o cretáceo inferior da Bacia de Santos corresponde as unidades do Grupo Guaratiba (fig. 1) com três formações na fase rift e duas na transicional/sag. Além do embasamento crustal correspondente a Província Mantiqueira, sotopostos a todo preenchimento sedimentar da bacia, estão os basaltos da Fm. Camboriú, em discordância aos sedimentos rudáceos da Fm. Piçarras e os calcirruditos e folhelhos escuros da Fm. Itapema. Depositada sobre a inconformidade Alagoas, a Fm. Barra Velha corresponde a acumulação de calcários microbiais, estromatólitos, grainstone e packstones compostos por fragmentos dos estromatólitos e bioclastos (ostracodes) além de laminitos nas porções proximais e folhelhos nas porções distais. Os evaporitos da Fm. Ariri marcam o final da supersequência pós-rifte. A origem dos reservatórios carbonáticos na bacia tem sido intensamente debatida, devido à falta ou raridade de unidades aflorantes ou modelos análogos recentes com características de suficientes equivalências, tornando difícil a caracterização precisa do ambiente de deposição (Farias, 2018). Muitos autores discutem a gênesis desses depósitos, especialmente a origem microbial ou abiótica e a influência vulcânica na precipitação do carbonato, além das condições de evaporação nesse ambiente lacustre e o impacto dessas variáveis na diagênese. Alguns artigos salientam o controle biológico na precipitação (MUNIZ & BOSENCE, 2015; SALLER et al., 2016) outros propõem um modelo abiótico (WRIGHT & BARNETT, 2015; TOSCA & WRIGHT, 2018). Farias et al. (2019) enfatizam a importância dos processos de evaporação nos lagos, segundo os autores os carbonatos do pré-sal da Bacia de Santos exibiriam um comportamento químico similar à da sedimentação evaporítica, precipitando como um evaporito de carbonato de cálcio. Figura 1- Detalhe da carta estratigráfica da Bacia de Santos correspondente as sequências do Cretáceo Inferior. Fonte: Ramirez 2015 modificado de Moreira et al., 2007. Segundo Wright (2012) carbonatos lacustres são pouco discutidos na comunidade científica, como consequência os modelos de fácies estão em um estágio muito inicial de seu desenvolvimento e não apresentam elementos específicos. A definição do ambiente de sedimentação é fundamental para predizer a distribuição de fácies, porosidade, geometria, estimar o fluxo e a correta intepretação das fases diagenéticas. Ferramentas não convencionais, como a quimioestratigrafia em amostras de calha, podem ser utilizadas em apoio à exploração de petróleo. Aquisição de amostras de calha é muito mais acessível e economicamente viável as empresas, todavia são amostras sujeitas a contaminação e problemas na amostragem. A hipótese da pesquisa é que a calha pode ser utilizada para o detalhamento estratigráfico desde que sejam adequadamente limpas. A área de estudo compreende dois poços locados no Alto Pão de Açúcar, leste da bacia (fig 2), sendo um dos poços mais externos perfurados no Pré-Sal até então (ANP 2019). O objetivo do trabalho é caracterização geoquímica das rochas carbonáticas Aptianas, para entender as condições ambientais de precipitação das mesmas. Os objetivos específicos são a validação do uso de amostras de calha para identificar proxies geoquímicos e estabelecer possíveis baselines - guias prospectivos quimicamente traçados para possíveis alvos no intervalo de interesse e assim estabelecer correlações geoquímicas no alto estrutural. Figura 2- Figura de localização dos poços Guarani Fundamentação teórica Comumente em estudos paleoclimáticos são utilizados técnicas que avaliam as mudanças estratigráficas nas composições de isótopos de oxigênio de carbonatos ou silicatos lacustres. A composição de precipitados minerais biogênicos ou autigênicos pode ser usada para inferir mudanças na temperatura ou na composição isotópica do oxigênio da água do lago. Estes podem ser um indicador geoquímico importante para mudanças climáticas, onde os isótopos refletem mudanças como a fonte de água para o lago a temperatura ou a taxa de precipitação / evaporação (LENG et al., 2006). A composição isotópica da água da chuva na área da bacia hidrográfica, a quanto precipita, a sazonalidade, a temperatura, a taxa de evaporação, a umidade relativa e da produtividade biológica são fatores que controlam assinatura isotópica deposicional (HOEFS et al., 2009). Em lagos, o reservatório de carbono dissolvido é frequentemente alterado pela produtividade biológica, principalmente pela absorção preferencial do isótopo de carbono leve pelos organismos fotossintetizantes. Durante os períodos de maior produtividade, ou em lagos com uma grande biomassa, o reservatório de carbono na água torna-se enriquecido em isótopos pesados de carbono e, consequentemente, tem carbono inorgânico total dissolvido mais alto. Alterações na fotossíntese e respiração da planta podem ser sazonais. A estratificação da coluna da água no verão e a resposta à fotossíntese e produção orgânica nas águas superficiais ocorre em muitos lagos e leva a diferenças significativas na composição do isótopo de carbono do carbono orgânico total dissolvido. Refletindo em variação na composição do isótopo de C, dos carbonatos precipitados em diferentes profundidades na coluna de água (LENG et al., 2006). O aumento de temperatura tende a modificar a assinatura isotópica, seja pelo soterramento ou processos hidrotermais associados ao magmatismo, os isótopos mais leves tentem a serem incorporados nos minerais carbonáticos formados nesses fenômenos (Farias, 2018). Segundo Talbot (1990) lagos de sistemas hidrologicamente abertos os isótopos de C e O tentem a ter um baixo índice de correlação, quando este é alto (r<0.7) indica um lago fechado pois em geral domina o balanço entre influxo e evaporação. Já a tendência de covariância é única em cada lago, a qual é uma função da morfologia, do clima e do ambiente geográfico. Os principais controles ambientais sobre a covariância são: 1) aumento no tempo de residência e na evaporação (valores mais positivos de 18O; 2) aumento da latitude ou da continentalidade (valores mais negativos de 18O); 3) residência de curta duração e a vegetação abundante (valores de 13C mais negativos); iv) lagos com bacia de captação seca tem tendência de covariância com valores mais positivos para 13C; (v) produção primária de matéria orgânica e escape do carbono para a atmosfera, devido ao aumento na taxa de evaporação no corpo d’agua (valores positivos de 13C). Material e Métodos Os poços selecionados para este trabalho, foram solicitados a ANP e já estão autorizados para publicação. Todo o material encontra-se no Laboratório de Minerais e Rochas (LAMIR). 3-ESSO-4-SPS - GUARANI-1ST e 3-ESSO-4A-SPS - GUARANI-1ST possuem profundidade medida de 5.429m e 5.049,8m respectivamente e uma lâmina d´água de até 2.238 m. Com aproximadamente 2.000 metros amostrados, compreendendo o intervalo estratigráfico correspondente ao topo do embasamento até a base do sal. Os poços possuem 394 amostras de calha com espaçamento médio de 3.0m, as quais são foco desse trabalho, e 83 amostras laterais. Dados geofísicos como resistividade, gama, sônico e a própria descrição dos poços serão utilizados para auxiliar na confecção dos perfis geoquímicos. Além de aproximadamente 150m de testemunho do poço 3-ESSO-4A-SPS e diversas lâminas delgadas. Com a considerável quantidade de amostras será necessária uma abordagem sistemática
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