HUMANITIESSEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1993 VOLUME 14/NUMBER 5

Dorothea Lange D o c u m e n t i n g t h e D e p r e s s i o n EDITOR'S NOTE

America in the Thirties

Okies buffeted by the Dust Bowl.. .field hands despairing of drought.. .potato camp squatters waiting for work.. .The faces of the Great Depression haunt us still. They were called by photographer Edward Steichen "the most remarkable human documents that were ever rendered in pictures." The times brought a fusing of talents: novelist Erskine Caldwell and photographer Margaret Bourke-White; James Agee and Walker Evans. In the outpouring of images, one was to become an icon: a photograph of a wom-to-the-bone woman and her young children. The photogra­ Dorothea Lange, 1934 pher was Dorothea Lange. — Photo by Paul S. Taylor. Courtesy of the Dorothea Lange Collection, The Oakland Museum. Gift of Paul S. Taylor. In this issue, Therese Thau Heyman writes about the work of Lange, who left her photographic studio in San Francisco for the open road. Traveling with her was labor economist Paul Taylor, her collaborator and eventually her husband. "March 1936," reads a Lange note from the field. "Migrant agricultural worker's family. Seven hungry children. Mother age 32. Father is native Cali­ fornian. Destitute in pea pickers' camp, Nipomo, California, because of the failure of the early pea crop. These people had just sold their tires in order to buy food." Humanities A bimonthly review published by the Taylor describes how he and Lange coped: "Very early we got a sta­ National Endowment for the Humanities. tion wagon.. .We saw that we could put Dorothea's equipment, a ladder and everything and she could climb up on top. When she was on top of Chairman: Sheldon Hackney the car, she just stood up.. .You see, she wasn't very tall, and if she took photographs down here, that's a pretty low level.. .But with the ladder, she could climb up several steps and photograph above her head level." Editor: Mary Lou Beatty Conditions, by all accounts, were difficult. Lange was on the road for Assistant Editors: Constance Burr Susan Q. Jaffe six to eight weeks at a time as a "photographer-investigator" for the Ellen Marsh federal government earning $191.66 a month. Getting film to final print Editorial Assistants: Amy Lifson was daunting; Lange was swamped, and for a time her negatives were Nadine Ekrek developed by a not-yet-famous Ansel Adams. "She sent the film packs to me in Yosemite," Adams recalls. "They'd still come smelling of Editorial Board: Marjorie Berlincourt, mildew. You have no idea of the heat. August in the South on the farms George F. Farr, Jr., Guinevere Griest, Donald Gibson, James Herbert, Thomas and all that damp. You opened the packet, smelled the marshes and Kingston, Jerry Martin, Carole Watson whew! Even then some of them were damaged by the humidity." Between 1935 and 1939, Lange and her colleagues documented the hard times in 270,000 photographs. They were not alone. In New York Marketing Director: Joy Evans City, nearly three hundred writers were working for the Federal Writ­ ers' Project, producing histories and guidebooks of peoples and places. Design: Crabtree & Jemison, Inc. Novelists Richard Wright and Ralph Ellison contributed to The Negro in New York; John Cheever was an editor on the New York City Guide. The opinions and conclusions expressed in Humanities are those of the authors and do As for Lange, by 1939 she had put together enough material for a not necessarily reflect Endowment policy. book, An American Exodus. But by that time attention was turning from Material appearing in this publication, except economic hard times to the far-off rumblings of war. Few copies were for that already copyrighted, may be freely reproduced. Please notify the editor in sold, Heyman tells us, and the book was remaindered. advance so that appropriate credit can be Today 23,000 of Lange's prints reside in the Oakland Museum, given. Humanities (ISSN 0018-7526) is published bimonthly for $13 per year by the together with private letters and memorabilia given by her husband National Endowment for the Humanities, Paul. "Documentary photography," she writes, "records the social 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, scene of our time. It mirrors the present and documents for the future. D.C. 20506. Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C., and additional mailing Its focus is man in his relation to mankind. It records his customs at offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to work, at war, at play, or his round of activities through twenty-four Humanities, 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20506. Annual subscription hours of the day, the cycle of the seasons, or the span of a life." rate: $13.00 domestic, $16.25 foreign. Two —Mary Lou Beatty years: $26.00, $32.50.

Telephone: 202/606-8435. Fax: 202/606-8240.

2 SEPTEMBER / OCTOBER 1993 HUMANITIES THE MAGAZINE OF THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES

Page 4 Page 6 Page 24

The New NEH Chairman Other Features

4 Sheldon Hackney 6 American Icons: Images of 19 Humanities Online Dorothea Lange By Jane Rosenberg By Therese Thau Heyman Electronic formats broaden Exhibitions Haunting portraits recall a humanities projects. desperate time. 30 In Focus 21 City on the Edge 11 Hard Times in New York Thomas McClanahan By Ellen Marsh By Kenneth R. Cobb Atlanta without its myths. WPA writers captured 31 Noteworthy Manhattan's pace and attitude 24 The Herndons: in the thirties. "Oh Yeah?" 32 Calendar The Black Upper Class at the Turn of the Century 16 From a Filmmaker's Perspective By Maggie Riechers Humanities Guide Leadership and privilege among By Laura Randall a new class of entrepreneurs. Henry Hampton recreates the era of Joe Louis and 34 Current NEH-Supported Marian Anderson. 28 The Age of Rubens Fellowships and Seminars By Janis Johnson 18 State Projects The first major survey of Flemish 46 Deadlines Baroque art in the United States. Chronicling the American experience from New Deal murals to oral histories.

HUMANITIES 3 NIVERSITIES EXIST to T he E ndow m ent' s create new knowledge and to preserve and N ew C h airm an: communicate knowl­ Uedge. The NEH, as a sojt of university without walls, through its research, education, and public programs, is engaged in the same effort. I am dedi­ cated to the proposition that we can improve the human condition through knowledge and that our hope for tomorrow in this troubled world depends on the sort of understanding that can come through learning. I have great respect for the NEH. It is the single most important institution in American life promoting the humanities, and it has a long record of accomplishment. I believe there are things that can be done to extend and broaden the impact of the NEH as it fulfills its statutory task of stimulating the humanities. I like to think of the humanities as human beings recording and thinking about human experience and the human condition, preserving the best of the past and deriving new insights Sh eld o n H a c k n ey in the present. One of the things that the NEH can do is to conduct a national conversation around the big

s a scholar, author, teacher and university adminis­ joining the faculty in 1965 and serving as provost from A trator, Sheldon Hackney has compiled a distin­ 1972 to 1975. guished record during a career that has spanned more An award-winning author on the history of the South, than three decades. Hackney regularly taught undergraduate courses at Hackney, who becomes the sixth chairman of the Penn. He is the author of Populism to Progressivism in National Endowment for the Humanities, has been Alabama (1969), which won the year's Albert J. Beveridge president of the University of Pennsylvania for the past prize for the best book on American history and the twelve years. Before joining Penn, Hackney had been Southern Historical Association's 1970 Charles Sydnor president of Tulane University for five years. Hackney award. He also wrote Populism: The Critical Issues (1971), began his academic career at Princeton University, co-authored Understanding the American Experience:

4 SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1993 questions: what is the meaning of life, What holds us together as a nation and external circumstances of those lives, what is a just society, what is the what do citizens owe to each other? but in their internal meaning. nature of duty, and so on. In this big What is the relationship of the individ­ Every human experience is enhanced conversation, it is not the function of ual to the group in a society whose by higher levels of knowledge. When I the NEH to provide answers but to political order is based upon individual listen to a piece of music, I may like it insure a discussion, to create a forum rights and in which group membership and think it beautiful, but the person in which all voices can be heard. is still a powerful social influence? who knows the historical context of its Because they are not just for the composition understands what the few but for everyone, no single T h e c o u n t r y h a s n e v e r composer was trying to accomplish approach to the NEH mandate is technically and can compare the adequate. There is a need for bal­ NEEDED THE HUMANITIES MORE. composition and the performance to ance among research aimed at cre­ others will get infinitely more out of W e NOT ONLY FACE THE CHAL­ ating new knowledge, educational the experience than I will. That is programs to insure that the why I enjoy talking about common LENGES OF A NEW GEOPOLITICAL humanities are creatively and experiences with people who will invitingly represented in the cur­ SITUATION AND THE PROBLEMS see it through a lens different from ricula of our schools and colleges, mine. The task of the NEH is to and public programs to draw OF ADJUSTING TO ECONOMIC enrich the conversation and bring everyone into the big conversation. more people to it. COMPETITION IN A NEW GLOBAL Those three activities should be The premise of my approach to the related to each other and should be tasks of the National Endowment for MARKETPLACE, BUT WE FACE A mutually supportive. the Humanities is simple but pro­

The country has never needed the CRISIS OF VALUES AT HOME. found. The more you know, the humanities more. We not only face more you hear and see and feel. The the challenges of a new geopolitical more you know, the more you can situation and the problems of adjust­ Even more importantly, the humani­ know. The more you know, the more ing to economic competition in a new ties have the capacity to deepen and meaningful life is. Such can be the gift global marketplace, but we face a crisis extend to new dimensions the mean­ of the NEH to the American people. □ of values at home. What is happening ing of life for each and every one of us. to family and community? Who are we They have the capacity to transform Taken from Sheldon Hackney's statement at as a nation and where are we going? individual lives, not necessarily in the his Senate confirmation hearing, June 25.

Recent Interpretations (1973), and co-edited Partners in the Born in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1933, Hackney Research Enterprise: University-Corporate Relations in earned his B.A. degree at Vanderbilt University and his Science and Technology (1983). M.A. and Ph.D. degrees at Yale University. He served in He has served on several boards, among them the the U.S. Navy from 1956 to 1961, spending three years at American Council on Education, the Carnegie Founda­ sea and two years teaching at the U.S. Naval Academy. tion for the Advancement of Teaching, and the Educa­ Sheldon Hackney is married to Lucy Durr Hackney, tional Testing Service. From 1986 to 1988, Dr. Hackney an attorney. She is founder and president of Pennsylva­ chaired the board of the Consortium on Financing nia Partnerships for Children, an independent advocacy Higher Education, and from 1991 to 1992, the Council of research and resource center. The Hackneys have three Ivy Group Presidents. grown children: Virginia, Fain, and Elizabeth. □

HUMANITIES 5 AMERICAN ICONS: Im ages o f Dorothea Lange

BY THERESE THAU HEYMAN

HOTOGRAPHY HAS BEEN an instrument of historical record and visual memory in this country since the Civil War. But broadly speaking, it is a man named Roy Stryker, his staff, and his men and women in the field with their cameras who can claim the achievement of deploying the power of photography to implementP social policy. In 1935 Roy Stryker headed the Farm Security Administration (FSA), a federal program that was part of Franklin Roosevelt's plan to revitalize the nation's econ­ omy and to communicate its human and social dimensions. Stryker's task was to assemble nothing less than a "pictorial encyclopedia of American agriculture." That effort resulted in 270,000 photographs by Dorothea Lange and others of the farmers and migrant workers who were a large portion of America's "one third poor" during the Great Depression. The FSA workers had to make visible these struggling, uprooted farm workers to arouse public compassion and support for programs to alleviate their plight. Today many of the FSA images are familiar, even iconic, a part of our history, if not our first-hand experi­ ence. They remain a legacy of the era without parallel. Dorothea Lange (1895-1965) was perhaps the most notable of these photographers. Her finest images are of people who appear indomitable, White Angel unvanquished by their reverses. Born Breadline in Hoboken, New Jersey, she was a San Francisco child of the working class. Abandoned by Lange's father, her mother sup­ ported the family as a librarian and a social worker, a career which exposed Lange to the tenements and poverty of New York's immigrant population and to social reform. Growing up on the Lower East Side prepared her for street photography. Lange said she became a photographer simply because the work would offer her "a way to main­ tain myself on the planet." She learned commercial studio photography by working in portrait salons in New York. Seasoned by her work in portraiture and in the street photography she had pursued and exhibited, in 1918, at the age of twenty-two, Lange left New York to travel westward. Her previous experi- — All photos courtesy of the Dorothea Lange Collection, The Oakland Museum. Gift of Paul S. Taylor. A

6 SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1993 Migrant Mother Nipomo, California, 1936

ence as a darkroom assistant enabled Lange married the artist Maynard take photos of people living with loss her to find a job shortly after reaching Dixon in 1920. Throughout the mar­ and deprivation. San Francisco. Remarkably, within riage Lange's small but successful Lange's first showing of Depression- months of her arrival, she received business sustained the family, which era photographs was organized in two offers to underwrite her own por­ included their two sons and Dixon's 1934 in Oakland. It included her early trait business, one of which she daughter. By the 1930s the location of street pictures and photographs of San accepted. Her Sutter Street studio was her studio required her to walk past Francisco's General Strike in May in a fashionable building, her clients breadlines and strikers, so she took 1934. The show received mixed sup­ were "the cream of the trade. I was the her camera out of the studio and into port, but drew the attention of Univer­ person to whom you went if you the streets. In 1933, her photograph sity of California labor economist Paul could afford it," she said. In that loca­ "White Angel Breadline" depicted San Taylor, a social reformer who recog­ tion for about six years, she saw her­ Francisco's Depression victims, when nized the worth and power of these self then not as an artist but as a nearly 20 percent of California's popu­ images. Taylor had used photographs "tradesman" who "tried with every lation was on state or county relief to document his work on farm labor, person I photographed to reveal them programs. Even before she worked for and Lange was looking for a use for as closely as I could." the FSA, Lange was well equipped to her new work. Their collaboration

HUMANITIES 7 began in 1934 with outdoor field trips fornia Rural Rehabilitation Adminis­ as a temporary aberration calling for that employed social science tech­ tration and the FSA that documented compassion, solutions, and politics to niques, such as reports from the field American migrant workers' living alter life for the better. The power of and interviews. conditions for New Deal policy mak­ that photograph, which became the Her husband Dixon continued ers. The federal government sought to symbol of the photographic file of painting, and according to Lange, inform people about the effects of the over 200,000 photos, endures today. never realized his potential, while Depression without causing so much Documentary work, Lange and Tay­ Taylor, on the other hand, brought public outrage that the evidence lor explained in 1939, "rested upon a political savvy to Lange's photogra­ would be denied. Lange understood tripod of photographs, captions, and phy. Financial instability apparently this balance. text," the single intention of which played a role in the breakup of In her most memorable photographs, was to let the subjects, the living par­ Lange's marriage and in October 1935, the image accords with conditions of ticipants of a social reality, "speak to after a then-unusual double divorce, poverty that prompted political you face to face." Lange and Taylor were married. response. "Migrant Mother" (March The documentary book, using A team from the start, they pro­ 1936), portrays a sense of the innocent words and pictures to describe a duced a series of reports for the Cali­ victim, of perseverance, of destitution social condition, was a natural genre

8 SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1993 Melon Fields Nipomo, California, 1935

(opposite page) Oklahoma Drought Refugees, 1935

for Lange and Taylor, whose narra­ simple. Lange's people communi­ the migration of Dust Bowl farm tive accompanied Lange's FSA pho­ cate an emotional complexity that workers into California. tographs. Together they produced breaks stereotypes and makes us Since the description of the Depres­ An American Exodus, which was look again. sion was still forming in the cameras published in 1939. A sense of her The pictures in An American Exodus, of the FSA, however, the images did subjects' despair is heightened by like so many photographic studies by not reveal what they could not report: the captions, which quote the Lange, were made over time with that most of the migrants were migrants, forming a powerful syn­ many purposes—for a book, for the doomed to economic failure until the thesis of image and voice. The book government on a part-time, per-nega- war effort succeeded in making shows Dust Bowl migrants traveling tive basis, and "for my file." But they employment available on a large scale. through agricultural counties, find­ represent a point of view that con­ Lange thought about her images as ing work where they could and liv­ veyed a clear message to the people having "not exactly a style, but a ing in fields without adequate who had to take action. Taken from tonality that I recognize as my own." shelter, water, or sanitation. The 1935 to 1940 during a period of almost She considered that she had a talent pictures' subjects suggest character, constant travel and hardship, these for pictures "of people wandering." nearly all are handsome, but few are pictures became the accepted vision of Describing her working method, she

HUMANITIES 9 said, "I have this gray coat that I put In 1945 she covered the birth of the life. It portrays his institutions— on, and I just disappear and don't United Nations in San Francisco. By family, church, government, politi­ even look anybody in the eye, and am then years of high-pressured work cal organizations, social clubs, labor just concerned with the camera and and family strains led to Lange's col­ unions. It shows not merely their not with the people and they let me go lapse with a serious case of stomach facades, but seeks to reveal the man­ ahead and I do what I want." ulcers. Too ill to do field work for the ner in which they function, absorb Lange's manner of approaching her next eight years, she channelled her the life, hold the loyalty, and influ­ subjects on their own terms pervades drive into rearranging her work, sort­ ence the behavior of human beings. the commentary of people who knew ing, sifting, and evolving her view of It is concerned with the methods of her and discerned her "special way of photography as a language. work and the dependence of work­ watching people." According to docu­ In 1954 and 1955 Lange was back in men on each other and on their mentary filmmaker Pare Lorentz: the field. She completed two essays for employer. It is pre-eminently suited Life magazine: "Utah: Three Mormon to build a record of change.... It was new, never been done before, Towns" with Ansel Adams, and going out to get human beings in "Irish Country People" with her son The year after Lange's death, Tay­ their own habitat.. ..The idea of going Dan. At this time she also made hun­ lor donated her extensive personal to people where they were actually dreds of exposures for her series on the collection of negatives, papers, and living and working took great craft— criminal courts in Alameda County, her library to the Oakland Museum. Dorothea had it above all. California, from the perspective of The Lange Collection includes 23,000 the poor—those represented by the images, both negatives and prints, Her FSA work in the autumn and public defender. ranging from studio through docu­ winter of 1939 led her across the From 1959 to 1962 she accompanied mentary work, field notes, and man­ country. Hours and conditions were Taylor on trips to Asia, Venezuela, uscripts. Until recently, public access arduous, and family arrangements Ecuador, and Egypt. The photos she to the Lange Collection has been were complicated by the need to find took abroad focus on commanding largely through examining binders homes and camps for her children. compositions, her love of gesture, and and contact prints, a cumbersome Government orders often arrived her feeling for exotic details. and time-consuming process. An late and pay was slow, but Lange Photography was not then the aca­ NEH grant has enabled the Oakland persevered in developing and plac­ demic attraction it is today. Although Museum to link the archive to the ing pictorial information where she Lange did some teaching at San ARGUS database. This computerized thought it would be most effective. Francisco Art Institute and partici­ collections management system Her insistent concern for bringing pated in an Aspen Conference, her could make these materials available her negatives under her control, the most effective teaching was probably to the public and to scholars any­ standard in photography today, Was the individual training she gave to her where in the country where there is finally the cause of her release frim many assistants. an ARGUS terminal. The program FSA work in 1939. She learned she had terminal cancer includes subject indexing of the pho­ By 1940 public interest was turning in 1964. With characteristic courage tographs and a videodisc image of to war and mobilization. The shift in and Taylor's support, she accepted the each photograph. national policy affected Lange's plan condition as yet one more challenge, Although the Oakland Museum staff for a Guggenheim grant she received time enough to put together an exhibi­ is still engaged in completing this pro­ in 1941 to study cooperative societies tion, participate in a film, and edit ject, a number of breakthroughs have —Amana, Hutterites, and Shakers. In interviews. She died in Berkeley in already occurred. For example, one 1942 Lange and Taylor were among October 1965. aspect of searching the collection is the the first to speak out on behalf of the The value of Lange's photographs ability to follow Lange's photographic relocated Japanese-Americans in Cali­ as documents for social history is path in the order that she exposed her fornia, and the United States War Relo­ enhanced by her technical and artistic film. Moving rapidly through a series cation Agency hired her to photograph mastery of the medium. Her well- of images on the screen allows us to internment and prison-like conditions. composed, sharp-focus images reveal perceive her work in a way that has Lange's strong political protest, visible a wealth of information about her not been possible before. □ in her pictures, limited public access to subjects and show historical evidence her work, for many of her images were that would scarcely be known but for marked for censorship. her camera. She defined her view in This article was adapted from the exhibi­ She photographed the mass recruit­ these words: tion catalogue, Celebrating a Collection: ment of black workers from the South The Work of Dorothea Lange, by to work in shipyards as well as an Documentary photography records Therese Thau Heyman, the Oakland altered wartime society that employed the social scene of our time. It mir­ Museum, 1978. women in jobs outside the home. In rors the present and documents for 1943 the Office of War Information the future. Its focus is man in his To support this project, the Oakland hired her to record American diversity relation to mankind. It records his Museum received a grant of $40,858 from for illustrations in overseas reports. customs at work, at war, at play, or the Division of Preservation and Access. Called "Signs of the Times," they his round of activities through appeared in Victory magazine, but twenty-four hours of the day, the Therese Thau Heyman is senior curator of there her work was not attributed. cycle of the seasons, or the span of a art at the Oakland Museum.

10 SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1993 "Give a man a dole," Harry L. Hopkins asserted in 1935, "and you save his body and destroy his spirit. Give him a job and pay him an assured wage, and you save both the body and the spirit." Hopkins was to become director of one of the boldest of President Franklin Roosevelt's initiatives, the Works Progress Administration (WPA), which was designed to alleviate the massive Depression, unemployment that had HARD overwhelmed the resources of private charities and state and local governments alike. Before it was dis­ banded in 1943, the WPA had found employment for 8.5 million persons and had spent $11 billion in the in New York BY KENNETH R. COBB construction and improvement of thousands of public facilities throughout the United States. In New York City alone, more than 700,000 people were employed, making the city's WPA program, by TIMES 1943, the largest undertaking of the sort in recorded history.

—All photos courtesy of the WPA Federal Writers' Project Collection, New York City Municipal Archives.

Bootblacks in Brownsville, 1938.

HUMANITIES 11 Federal Project One H YEAH? gust, anger, love, The WPA did not just build play­ In the case OH YEAH? philosophy, politics grounds and improve airport run­ of the uni­ or unqualified with­ ways. A portion of the funding was versal oh drawal. In his routine Oyeah? we have an chatter, the New set aside to preserve the skills of white-collar professionals in the arts. expression wherein the logical Yorker cannot get along without his As Harry Hopkins pointed out, "They content is no less powerful for being oh yeah? It is his most valuable have to eat like other people." It was somewhat subtle. It reflects an buffer, knout, pacifier, and bubble- called Federal Project One and encom­ attitude toward the city's life- pipe, a necessary protective lubricant passed art, theater, music, and writing processes—the good-humored cyni­ in the daily wear and tear. programs. Artists were put to work cal reproach, the brief signal of frank —New York Panorama, 1938, creating murals and paintings for disbelief, the useful beats of stalling in the rhythm of a situation, the pro­ The Guilds Committee for the United States government buildings at Federal Writers' Publications, Inc. home and abroad. Musicians and jection of the speaker's hope, dis- vocalists performed in concerts, operas, and radio broadcasts and took part in teaching programs for Ameri­ cans of all ages. The Federal Theater program staged plays, dance perfor­ mances, vaudeville and puppet shows, and circuses. Out-of-work writers, journalists, and historians in like manner, were employed to write about America. The WPA organized the Federal Writers' Project (FWP) in the autumn of 1935. It was the only one of the arts projects which operated in every state, the ter­ ritories of Alaska and Hawai'i, as well as the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and New York City. At its peak in 1936, the FWP employed about 6,000 people. Under the direction of Henry Alsberg, FWP writers were put to work accu­ mulating research materials on mat­ ters of local, historical, artistic, and scientific interest in the United States Times Square, 1938. for preparation of American Guide and other "special studies." histories available. The guides explored ing from the established author to the The Survey of State and Local what was special about every town and fledgling aspirant, wrote for the Pro­ Archives, more commonly known as village in the country and, as historian ject. Among the prominent literary fig­ the Historical Records Survey, was William Leuchtenburg wrote, they ures who worked on the Project were one of the special projects. The survey "reflected the fascination of the thirties novelists Richard Wright and Ralph was an attempt to inventory state and with the rediscovery of regional lore." Ellison, who contributed to The Negro local government records as well as The Project writers, as author and par­ in New York, translator Ralph the records of schools, churches, and ticipant Jerre Mangione concluded, Manheim, who wrote for the New York similar institutions. It operated under "simply told their countrymen what City Guide and Natural History of the the Writers' Project for one year until their country was like." The result was United States, and novelist and poet 1936, when it became an independent, fifty-one state and territorial guides, Max Bodenheim, who wrote for the nationwide unit administered as part some thirty city guides, twenty regional Almanac. John Cheever's career was of Federal Project One. New Deal his­ ones, numerous special studies, 150 vol­ given a boost with his work as an edi­ torian George Wolfskill observed that umes in the Life in America, and a tor on the New York City Guide. Indi­ the survey, though not completed, notable set of ethnic studies, all done in vidual authors were not, however, "has become an indispensable tool of lucid prose that reads well today. credited to particular works; the the historian and researcher." The New York City Unit of the Fed­ "author" was always simply the Fed­ Without question, the most perma­ eral Writers' Project began operating eral Writers' Project. nent achievement of the Federal Writ­ in September 1935. With nearly three The New York City Unit was pro­ ers' Project was the publication of hundred people on its payroll, it was lific. It produced the New York City numerous state and local guides. The the largest in the country and reflected Guide, New York Panorama, Almanac for guides have long been acknowledged the heterogeneity of the city's popula­ New Yorkers, and assorted studies as imaginatively written, highly literate, tion. Men and women of different including: American Wild Life, Birds of and in some instances, still the best local races, cultures, and nationalities, rang­ the World, The Italians of New York (in

12 SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1993 both Italian and English versions), The Trotskyites, and between the adminis­ Project and branded both the Theater Film Index: A Bibliography, The Jewish trators and the writers mirrored the and Writers' programs as "rife with Landsmanschaften of New York, (in Yid­ turbulence of the thirties. It was, Red activists." By accusing New dish), Jewish Families and Family Circles indeed, "a maelstrom of conflicting York's staff of Communist infiltration, of New York, (in Yiddish), A Maritime personalities and ideologies which Texas Congressman Martin Dies and History of New York, New York Learns, often got out of hand," according to his newly formed House Committee Reptiles and Amphibians: An Illustrated Jerre Mangione. Sit-ins, protests, on Un-American Activities were able Natural History, and Who's Who in the union grievances, and hunger strikes to reap sensational front-page head­ Zoo. The New York City Guide and New were commonplace throughout the lines across the country. York Panorama proved so durable and Unit's existence and gave it a reputa­ Long-standing congressional opposi­ popular that they were republished in tion as a hotbed of Communists. tion to Roosevelt's New Deal legislation 1982 and 1984. The dissension in the New York City spurred the Committee's investigation. The New York City Unit's output Unit influenced the entire WPA arts Using tactics that would be copied a was not achieved without problems program. Beginning in 1938, congres­ decade later by Senator Joseph and staff controversy. Continuing sional opponents of the New Deal McCarthy, the Dies Committee con­ strife between union and nonunion pointed to the disruptive activities of ducted the hearings to attack the WPA employees, between Stalinists and leftist radicals on the city's Writers' in general and the arts program in par-

8idewalk markets on Bleecker Street in Lower Manhattan, 1937.

HUMANITIES 13 ticular. Disaffected former Project books. Initially this worked quite satis­ Counter to the portrayal fostered by employees who had been Communist factorily when the state and local the Dies Committee, the Federal Writ­ Party members testified and claimed guide books were published. After ers became deeply involved in the job that the Writers' Projects, both in New 1940, publishers began to refuse books of recording the America around York City and throughout the nation, that did not have broadly appealing them. They left behind a vast amount were dominated by Communists. Per­ subjects. Much of the unpublished of unpublished source material and sonally subjected to criticism for radical material in the New York City Unit, for manuscripts, much of it of potential sympathies, FWP Director Alsberg example, dealt with consumer advo­ value to scholars. In 1940 the Wash­ resigned in 1939. cacy and access to information about ington editorial staff foresaw the need Federal Project One finally suc­ social issues such as health care and to preserve whatever was not in pub­ cumbed to the attacks in 1939 when education. The administrative records lished form. Two copies of all notes, Congress eliminated the Federal The­ of the New York City Writers' Project interviews, records, charts, and ater Project and allowed the others to reveal that proposed books such as unpublished materials were to be sent continue only if they found local spon­ Feeding the City and Let the Buyer to them, but the sheer bulk of the files sors who would bear 25 percent of the Beware were repeatedly rejected as kept material of chiefly local interest cost. The Writers' Projects, to the sur­ being unmarketable by the commercial in state depositories. prise of critics and supporters alike, houses, at least without a subsidy. The manuscript and research materi­ continued because every state chose to Sponsors were solicited in some of als created by the New York City Unit sponsor its own Writers' Project. these instances to provide subsidies, of the Federal Writers' Project were Even after federal funding was as in the case of The Negro in New York. transferred to the City's Municipal reduced in 1939, the FWP faced contin­ A tentative commitment was achieved Reference Library in 1943. When the uing charges that it was wasteful of for subsidy but not in time to see the Municipal Archives were established government funds and slow to publish. publication through. No less a figure in 1952, the WPA records became one Projects such as America Eats, a culinary than H. L. Mencken endorsed for pub­ of its first major accessions. The collec­ history of the United States, was pillo­ lication a proposed book entitled The tion comprises the files assembled by ried in the press as a "boondoggle." A Foreign Language Press. This compre­ Writers' Project staff for sixty books redirection of WPA efforts, including hensive survey would have been the and other writing projects, only some those of the Writers' Projects, towards first book of its kind on the subject of which ever reached publication. national defense preparedness in 1940 ever published. But it too went unpub­ Material in the collection includes arti­ helped allay this criticism. When the lished due to its monographic content. cles, bibliographies, notes, reports, United States entered the war in 1941, Its value for World War II intelligence pamphlets, newsclippings, maps, all publications not related to defense work saw limited circulation in charts, interview transcripts, and mag­ were drastically cut back. mimeograph form within the federal azine articles and photographs. The The more persistent charge was that government. Drastic revisions were writers' draft manuscripts, galleys, the Federal Writers' Project was slow recommended and undertaken for and book mock-ups can be found also. to publish. According to national WPA some manuscripts to make them more The files are accompanied by an elabo­ policy, Writers' Project local adminis­ marketable, but publication was rate index card system which identi­ trators were compelled to seek private ended by reorganization of the project fies where information can be found publishers for all their proposed towards defense work in 1941-42. on specific topics. The cards were pre-

aravan Theater, Manhattan, ca. 1937.

14 SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1993 The Town the Depression Missed

N OCTOBER 23, 1929, when reason of all: the rackets. Gambling investors on the New York and prostitution had always thrived, Stock Exchange were but the event that jump-started losing $50 mil- Galveston's econ­ lion a minute omy and kept it at and jumping full throttle for years from tall buildings, was Prohibition. In nothing extraordinary its fifteen-year run, occurred in Galveston. from 1919 to 1933, What became known to Prohibition altered the rest of the world as the city's power the Great Depression structure and wasO scarcely more than changed its charac­ a dip in the road ter. Galveston was to Islanders. There like Chicago in that were no food riots in there was already a Galveston, no massive good supply of demonstrations. Not a gangsters. Prohibi­ single bank closed. tion was a jackpot Quite the contrary. waiting to pay up. n advertisement for W. L. Moody & Co. Because of the demand for cotton in Europe, millions of dollars from banks Adapted from Galveston: A History of the Island, by Gary in Switzerland, Germany, England, France, and other Cartwright. Reprinted by permission. (Atheneum, copyright © 1991). European countries flowed to Galveston. There was one other reason, however, that the Great Gary Cartwright, senior editor for Texas Monthly, spoke at a series Depression went almost unnoticed, and it was the biggest funded by the Texas Committee for the Humanities.

pared partly as a service to the writers quality of the paper that comprises guide will be available in the Archives' and also to help project staff avoid much of this collection presented a facility in the landmark Surrogate's duplication of effort. more serious threat to its availability Court in Manhattan or via interlibrary The photograph files assembled by for research. loan or purchase. the New York City Unit staff to illus­ Despite these limitations, the mass The mass of data gathered by the trate their publications also survived of data gathered by the Writers' Pro­ Writers' Project was an example of an intact. Most of the photographs were ject staff has been an important unprecedented effort to document the taken by staff photographers on the research source for a number of areas American experience, probably never Writers' Project. Others were obtained of scholarship. The collection has to be repeated. From Jerre Mangione's from the Federal Art Project and some proved especially notable in ethnic perspective in 1972, this "storehouse were acquired from private sources. studies, which arose from the particu­ of facts" had not been organized The Archives have maintained their lar interest the FWP staff had in the enough to be available to scholars, stu­ original arrangement scheme accord­ diverse immigrant populations in dents, and the general public and con­ ing to subject areas such as "People," New York. Significant reference infor­ stituted a "shocking waste of a "Street Scenes," "Industry and Trade," mation is also found concerning colo­ precious national resource." The com­ and "Waterfront." Totaling approxi­ nial history, journalism, education, pletion of this project will preserve at mately 5,000 images, the photographs crime, sports, zoology, and architec­ least a portion of these matchless were microfilmed in 1985 to facilitate tural history as well as more esoteric records for future generations. □ research and preserve the originals. subjects such as food distribution sys­ New prints can be purchased at a tems and psychic phenomena. nominal cost. Recognizing its importance for Kenneth R. Cobb is director of the New As the collective product of a large research, the National Endowment for York City Department of Records and number of individuals who were com­ the Humanities, Division of Preserva­ Information Services. mitted to a variety of conflicting ide­ tion and Access, approved a grant ologies, the records provide valuable request from the Municipal Archives The New York City Department of insight into the political, economic, to preserve on microfilm a portion of Records and Information Services received and social history of the era. Unfortu­ this collection. Totaling some 335,000 a grant of $47,851 from the Division of nately, an incomplete finding aid images on 312 rolls of microfilm, the Preservation and Access to support micro­ hampered scholarly use of the mater­ project is expected to be completed in filming the New York City Unit of the ial, and as the years passed, the poor 1994. The microfilm and a new finding WPA Federal Writers' Project.

HUMANITIES 15 Henry Hampton

"The common perception when you hear someone talking about the Depression is grainy black-and-white footage and people standing in breadlines," says producer Dante James. "Our series is so much more. It's stories and characters. It7s how this country came together to create a new America." From a Other events that the series explores include the election of Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1932 and his subsequent New Deal legislation, the labor strikes of 1935 and the pas­ sage of labor rights laws, and the arts movement in Amer­ ica, which continued to thrive despite hard times. The seventh segment, "Promises to Keep," completes the series with a look at the individual hardships of minorities and the Film m ak er’s country's reluctant entry into World War II. "One of the great wins is to have a parent sit down with his child after watching the series and talk about the notion of nonviolence in history," he says. Hampton regards his young audiences as important as adult audiences. "Chil­ dren are subject to gunfights and gangs every day on televi­ P erspective sion," he says. Through Blackside's live footage and storytelling "they can also see that a marvelous morality BY LAURA RANDALL does and did exist in this country," he says. Challenges are nothing new to Blackside, which in its SOMETHING EXTRAORDINARY happened in the twenty-five years has tackled topics such as the aftermath of rural South in the 1930s. Poor black and white ten­ the school-busing crisis in Boston, the role of Malcolm X in ant farmers in Arkansas joined together to form an the civil rights movement, and teenage pregnancy. interracial union to fight for economic justice. The "As Americans, we just don't know our past at all. Southern Tenant Farmers' Union never triumphed Blackside has a willingness to take on subject matter that is over the landowners against whom they were extra difficult to do on film," says filmmaker Ken Burns, struggling, but the fact that the farmers bypassed director of the award-winning Civil War series aired in the traditional rules of segregation to work toward a com­ 1990 on PBS. He praises Henry Hampton and Blackside for mon goal was a breakthrough in itself. "producing with a conscience." "They fought and struggled and lost, but just the idea of "Blackside has a real mission to constantly challenge our them coming together and fighting with dignity: That's stereotypes about history," says Terry Rockefeller, senior what freedom is all about," the daughter of one of these producer of the Great Depression series. farmers said in a segment of Blackside, Inc.'s upcoming Invaluable to Blackside's research techniques are the his­ television documentary series on the Great Depression. torians recruited to provide background and insight on the The independent production company's seven-part series on topic—and the way these historians are used. the Depression, which was funded in part by NEH and will air "We never interview historians on tape. Blackside inter­ on PBS this fall, interweaves archival footage, live interviews, views people who either lived through the events or are narration, and music to help viewers rediscover an era largely direct descendants of people who lived through them," relegated to textbooks and economic analysis. Rockefeller says. "That's Blackside's choice—to do this "What we're trying to say with the Depression series is through the voices of the witnesses." that race has been a continued and troubling thing since long The witnesses-only standard is "one of our operating before the sixties and the civil rights movement," says Black- rules," affirms Hampton. "You can believe a witness who side's founder and president Henry Hampton, producer of was there more than a 'Let-me-tell-you-how-it-went' the Emmy-winning series, Eyes on the Prize. "You are skew­ historian," he says. ing history if you don't show what happened prior to that." Indeed, the famous appearance of Marian Anderson at the The Great Depression takes viewers from "Perilous Jour­ Lincoln Memorial is described by actor Ossie Davis, an ney," the first segment, which examines the problems that undergraduate student at Howard University at the time. led to the 1929 stock market crash and the reasons for the "I remember standing there," recalls Davis, who was one of elevation of automobile magnate Henry Ford to the status 75,000 people there to hear Anderson sing after she was not of American hero, to "To Be Somebody." This episode allowed to perform at Constitution Hall because she was weaves together the struggles of heavyweight champion Joe black. "She was reminding the country This is who you Louis and opera diva Marian Anderson with the plight of truly are, and what has happened to me is a measure of Europe's Jewish refugees and America's unsuccessful effort how far you've strayed from that. But this moment has the to pass a federal anti-lynch law. impact of who you truly are—America.'"

16 SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1993 The preference for an eyewitness to a historian on the videotape by no means signifies the exclusion of scholars from behind-the-scenes research. Advisers are carefully sought out and brought in before production has begun. "They hold the secret to the success of the film," Hampton says. Before embarking on the production of the Great Depres­ sion, the Blackside staff of producers, editors, researchers, production assistants, and the "presenters"—scholars, histo­ rians, journalists, and people who lived through the time— were brought together to spend up to a dozen hours a day examining the history, issues, personalities and archives of the events of the Depression that the programs would depict. Dubbed "school" by Blackside, these two intensive weeks built upon a similar model of preparation used to produce Eyes on the Prize. "School is an intense process. It gives us a broad overview and understanding of the era," says Dante James, who has worked as a producer for Blackside since the fall of 1991. "You form relationships with academics and scholars and journalists that you'll continue to draw from throughout the entire production." Prepared story ideas for the series are introduced, while other ideas evolve out of the discussions and arguments, Hampton says. "It's a chance to create a base line," he explains. "Everything is laid out on the table. People argue." Once "school" is finished, the production team has a month or so to ponder everything that was discussed and embark on any additional research deemed necessary. "Then we hit the ground running," Hampton says. For the Depression series, the producers sorted through millions of feet of stock footage, choosing and discarding countless story ideas, and following the tiniest of leads to track down witnesses. Finding the witnesses, however, does not mean they will immediately agree to appear in front of a camera to talk about a time that was often far from happy for them. Producers of the Great Depression, however, used a reason­ ing that convinced more than a few camera-shy people to tell their stories to Blackside. "We pointed out that this might be the final chance to retell that history through the eyes of witnesses," says James. "We're losing that genera­ tion who lived through the Depression." The films that Blackside makes reflect a variety of visions and experiences from all staff members, Hampton says. But he himself describes the prevailing theme as an unabashed patriotism. "I am a believer in the idea of America—the idea, not the model we have chosen to put forth—because I think that idea has the power to create a nation—diverse, multi-histo- ried, rich in its accomplishment and humanity, ready with a true world vision," he has written. The power of this vision has remained with Hampton since — Moorland-Spingam Research Center, Howard University Blackside, Inc., opened its doors in Boston in 1968. Focusing on Marian Anderson singing at the Lincoln Memorial Concert on pre-med and English literature, Hampton received a degree Easter Sunday, 1939. from Washington University in St. Louis, then worked in

HUMANITIES 17 Boston as an editor for the Unitarian Universalist Association. DuPont-Columbia Gold Baton and Peabody awards for It was there that he made his first foray into filmmaking, when excellence in broadcast journalism, two Emmys, and an he taught himself to use a movie camera and produced an Academy Award nomination for best documentary. Hamp­ hour-long documentary on several liberal churches in the ton himself has won numerous awards for his achievements South and their role in desegregation. in filmmaking. In 1990 NEH named Hampton as one of five Following the assassinations of Martin Luther King, Jr., Americans who have made outstanding contributions to the and Robert F. Kennedy and the burgeoning black civil humanities by awarding him the Charles Frankel Prize. In rights movement, Hampton decided to start his own com­ 1992, he received the Tribute to a Black American award pany. "I wanted to be on the edge of it," he says, tracing his from the National Conference of Black Mayors. And this inspiration to his participation in King's march to Selma, year, he received the Massachusetts Cultural Council's Alabama, in 1968. Commonwealth Award in the Humanist category. "In retrospect, I was probably crazy to do it," says Hamp­ In addition to the Great Depression series, Blackside's ton of his filmmaking venture. "But I found a couple of kin­ future projects include a two-hour special on Malcolm X dred spirits. We decided the critical point of Blackside was for PBS and a six-hour series titled America's War on to reflect the black perspective on issues. As we grew, we Poverty. The production company is also developing edu­ established a reputation for sensitivity." cational programs to accompany the Great Depression and The company's first film was for Harvard Business America's War on Poverty. Through teacher training and School and treated racial problems in Cleveland. But the user's guides, Blackside aims to help teachers understand film that would garner Blackside national attention was an how they can use documentary films to make history examination of the recruitment of minorities into health come alive and to help students seek out ways to bring professions in 1972, a film funded by the National Insti­ together racial and ethnic groups. tutes of Health. Code Blue won several awards and led to a "The film is an extraordinary way of delivering emotion, string of government-funded projects for Blackside, includ­ but books provide a marvelous other side of information," ing the production of all educational and media materials Hampton says of the accompanying guides, whose release for the 1980 U.S. Census. will coincide with the series's broadcasts. "It's an important "We did an awful lot of films but, as we entered the eight­ kind of support." ies, we realized not many of them were our own," says Hampton told a recent meeting of PBS producers and film­ Hampton. His memories of Selma, Alabama, and the civil makers, "We must help rebuild the public trust. By that I rights movement stayed with him. "Once I began to think mean the faith that most Americans have always had in their about it, it was inevitable," he said. future and their ability to share in the American dream. In 1978, Hampton was approached by Capital Cities Com­ munications to produce a film about the civil rights move­ To support this documentary film series, Civil Rights Project, Inc., ment. Nine laborious years of gathering ideas, materials,and received a total of $1,474,910 from the Humanities Projects in Media money culminated in the successful debut of Eyes on the program of the Division of Public Programs. Prize, which for six weeks in the winter of 1987 drew nearly twenty million viewers. The series won the prestigious Laura Randall is a free-lance writer in Washington, D.C.

State Projects on the Great Depression

rom forgotten faces to changing occupations, many NEH State projects have dealt 1920s and 30s with modern footage with the devastating effects of the Depression that scarred the economy and the of the same locales in the 80s, film­ morale of the American people. Here is a sampling: makers Lawrence Benaquist and F David Leinster document the stag­ D.C. Community Humanities Massachusetts Foundation for the gering effect of the Depression on Council: The Labor Heritage Humanities: Two thirty-minute rural economy and autonomy and Foundation is sponsoring an hour- radio documentaries delineating the changes in population, educa­ long documentary film on the the African-American experience in tion, transportation, and leisure history, iconography, and legacy the Depression through folk song over the years. of the New Deal mural programs and story. and the events and issues sur­ South Dakota Committee on the rounding them. Nebraska Humanities Council: Humanities: A thirteen-part public Photographer Bill Ganzel provides radio series entitled "In the Oral Tra­ Iowa Humanities Board: "Henry A. the stories behind the photographs dition: South Dakota and the Depres­ Wallace and Price vs. Parity," an of forgotten Nebraskans who sur­ sion Years" reveals the cultural, exhibition chronicling Wallace's life­ vived the Depression. historic, and ethnic backgrounds of long work in botany and plant farmers, ranchers, bankers, and genetics, explains his influence on New Hampshire Humanities urban dwellers enduring the hard­ the farming practices and New Deal Council: By juxtaposing southwest­ ships of the Depression. □ price support. ern New Hampshire during the late

18 SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1993 HUMANITIES o n lin e by JANE A. ROSENBERG

OR A LONG TIME—at least twenty language publications from the beginning of years—the Endowment has sup­ printing to 1801, including the names of ported projects that include com­ libraries that have the volumes. puter use. However, most early Projects for dictionaries and grammars, from F computer users turned their word- the Dictionary of American Regional English to processed manuscripts into printed books. Chadic, Maya, Tamil, Newari, Albanian, and When the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae project Sanskrit employ computers for information stor­ (TLG), received a grant to plan a machine-read­ age, composition, and editing. There are large able corpus of ancient Greek texts in 1972, textbases of the works of authors such as Dante scholars were a bit skeptical. Some welcomed and Faulkner. Projects such as the Domesday the idea of electronic texts, but thought the ven­ Book data base, the Historical Atlas of County ture risky. Others frankly wondered whether Boundaries, CANTUS: A Data Base of Gregorian such a corpus would ever be used. Chant, the Historical Statistics of Puerto Rico, Last year, the NEH awarded its eighth grant to and the Biographical Data Base for the Soviet the TLG—this time, a Challenge Grant. Now Bureaucracy, 1917-1941, illustrate the range and considering the TLG's computerized Greek and variety of computerized reference works. Byzantine texts as "indispensable"and "a trea­ The development of microcomputers made sure," classicists want to make sure that the the floppy disk a medium of data exchange for completed textbase has an endowment to sup­ computer owners, but floppies are too fragile port future updating and maintenance. They are for long-term storage. Although not yet a per­ also eagerly awaiting another NEH-funded elec­ manent storage medium, the compact disc (CD tronic product: a compact disc version of ROM) can hold large bodies of text. In response LAnnee Philologique, the annual bibliography to the appearance of CD-ROM and other new for classical studies, archaeology, ancient his­ publication formats, the Research Division's tory, and art history. Subventions program has expanded its focus to The Endowment does not award grants on the include electronic publications. The Papers of basis of computer use: Applications are evalu­ Henry Laurens project at the University of ated primarily on the value of a project for South Carolina is considering an electronic advancing knowledge and appreciation of the component after printed volumes are produced, humanities. Anyone may propose the use of a and the Correspondence of Robert and Eliza­ computer in a project, but no NEH program beth Browning project will issue material in requires applicants to use them. However, as both print and electronic formats. By using an successful projects reveal the benefits of elec­ electronic version, scholars can search text tronic tools, researchers are proposing more down to individual words and phrases. The computerized products. Sometimes grant results project staff can select material for print publi­ appear in both printed and electronic formats. cation, with the complete papers available in In the Division of Research Programs, the Ref­ electronic format. erence Materials programs accept proposals to BjAdding visual material to text has produced create databases, textbases, compact or laser some of the most exciting humanities comput­ discs, hypertext or hypermedia tools, and other ing projects to date. The Division of Education computerized products. One of the largest cur­ Programs has funded projects from the Athena rent projects is the Women Writers project at Language Learning project at the Massachusetts Brown University, which is developing a Institute of Technology. "No Recuerdo," set in textbase of women's works written in English Bogota, Colombia, is a videodisc on Spanish from the fourteenth through the early nineteenth and Hispanic culture in story form for teaching centuries. Similarly, at the University of intermediate classes in college Spanish. Stu­ Chicago, the American and French Research on dents listen to native speakers, write in the Treasury of the French Language (ARTFL) Spanish, and read historical and cultural mater­ project staff is working to make available texts of ial while viewing local scenes. The disc is French works from the seventeenth century for­ "interactive": Students respond to programmed ward. The English Short-Title Catalogue at the questions and their answers determine the out­ University of California, Riverside, lists English come of the plot.

HUMANITIES Moving images as well as still photos can be is being adapted to different needs: The College captured as electronic products. The Research Art Association is working on a system for describ­ and Education Divisions both support MIT's ing art objects that will both fulfill humanities project for a Shakespeare Demonstration research needs and allow electronic communica­ Archive, which will allow users to read refer­ tion. At the Minnesota Historical Society, the staff ence material, interpretive essays, and the texts is using NEH funds to test data interchange for of different editions of Shakespeare's works and records of historical artifacts. On the preservation view actual performances. Beginning with sev­ front, technology has matured sufficiently that eral filmed performances of Hamlet and NEH's Division of Preservation and Access is Romeo and Juliet, the staff has juxtaposed text ready to accept applications for work that and film to enable users to compare the choices will explore and resolve issues relating to the use directors make when abridging texts and staging of electronic technologies for actually preserving performances. materials for future generations. At the University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee an Another important area of development is soft­ electronic archive is being made of North Ameri­ ware. Scholars in most humanities disciplines can Indian and Inuit maps. The originals are scat­ work with texts, but the development of software tered among many institutions, but the electronic for text transmission and analysis has been slow. tool will unite the images with related material: Several years ago, the Division of Research Pro­ modern maps for comparison, drawings, pho­ grams funded the Text Encoding Initiative, an tographs, and descriptive information. international project in which computer scientists Museums too are recording their treasures in and the makers of electronic dictionaries, formats that combine visuals with print, and textbases, concordances, and other language- many feature screens that respond at a touch of based tools are designing a method for coding an exhibit-goer's finger. Supported by NEH's Pub­ computerized texts. Codes are assigned to ele­ lic Programs, the Oakland Museum has produced ments of text—for example, to identify subhead­ an interactive videodisc featuring its important ings and divisions between paragraphs—to California history collection. "California, A Place, facilitate the exchange of textual material among A People, A Dream," combines the "voices" of computer systems. The resuJting system is the people who are connected with individual expected to serve as a standard for textual artifacts, and conversations with scholars who markup both in the U.S. and abroad. relate the artifacts to important issues in California With so many humanities computing projects history. With funds from the Division of Preserva­ ongoing, keeping up with new developments tion and Access, the George Eastman House and poses a real challenge. However, two national the Ransom Humanities Research Center at the efforts to address the use of technology are University of Texas are collaborating on a data under way. First, the NEH-supported Center for base that will describe their extensive photogra­ Electronic Texts in the Humanities, a joint ven­ phy collections, with accompanying images on ture of Princeton and Rutgers Universities, has videodisc. And at the American Museum of Nat­ assumed a coordinating role in humanities com­ ural History, the project staff is constructing an puting. Current activities include cataloguing all image data base of artifacts from the museum's electronic texts so researchers can learn of their extensive northwest coast Indian and Eskimo existence, preparing texts for dissemination over ethnographic collections. nationwide computer networks, and developing Academic and public libraries pioneered the summer institutes to train humanities faculty and use of computers in the 1970s as a substitute for researchers in computer methods. Second, the the card catalogue. Today, many library cata­ Division of State Programs supports the Texas logues can be consulted by using communica­ Committee for the Humanities' initiative to eval­ tion networks such as Internet. A computer user uate the use of new media for local and regional needs a modem and only a modicum of training humanities programming. The merits of laser to tap these resources. To further the electronic discs, compact discs, cable television, and video recording of library holdings, the Division of teleconferencing for serving various audiences Preservation and Access is supporting projects will be assessed. such as the Latin American retrospective conver­ Each year is likely to bring new projects to sion project administered by Stanford University. broaden the focus of humanities computing and Librarians there are recording item by item the the uses of electronic technologies to create, pre­ rich collections of Hispanic materials in major serve, and provide intellectual access to humani­ research libraries throughout the United States in ties resources. We face an exciting future: electronic format. Floppies, compact discs, laserdiscs, and online The Latin American project owes its success to services are well established, but no one knows the availability of an agreed-on method of record­ what new formats for electronic information will ing library holdings electronically. In other areas ol appear tomorrow, next month, or next year. D humanities computing, methods to ensure unifor­ mity and compatibility with different computer systems are just being developed. The idea of a Jane A. Rosenberg is assistant director of Reference standard format for describing books, for example, Materials in the Division of Research Programs.

20 SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1993 CITY ON THE EDGE Photos courtesy of Atlanta History Center. History Atlanta of courtesy Photos

BY ELLEN MARSH

l t h o u g h a t l a n t a was less than collections at the history center, says that twenty years old when General William Atlantans have little grounding in their own ATecumseh Sherman's troops stopped on their history. She recently conducted a series of march through Georgia to lay siege to the classes on local history in various cities around town, it was already an important transporta­ the state, and discovered that of all the partici­ tion center. Atlanta was a creation of the pants, Atlantans had the least sense of the story Industrial Revolution—more specifically, the of their city. "It was not surprising; probably Iron Horse. That recent invention, the steam two-thirds of the metropolitan area population locomotive, provided a much-needed link is not native to Atlanta," Roth remarks. "Not between the seacoast towns of Savannah and that they are all Yankees," she is quick to add. Charleston and the Mississippi, Tennessee, and "Many come from other parts of the state and Ohio River valleys. By a happenstance of geog­ from all over the United States." raphy, the engineers who were laying out the The Western and Atlantic Railroad origi­ Western and Atlantic Railroad from Chat­ nally gave the site at the end of its line the tanooga chose a terminus in the wilderness, on utilitarian name Terminus, which then was land that had only recently been taken by the changed, only slightly less prosaically, to state from its native inhabitants. The practice of Marthasville, in honor of Martha Lumpkin, the time was to lay railroad tracks along ridges; daughter of the governor who sponsored the here in the high piedmont of northwest Geor­ railroad survey. Apparently this designation, gia two ridges met, seven miles east of the too, was less than satisfactory, because in 1845 Chattahoochee River. Construction of the rail­ the town became Atlanta. Roth says there are road began in 1838. By 1846 the Georgia Rail­ two explanations for the origin of the name. road and the Macon and Western Railroad "The story I prefer is that it was suggested by joined the W&A at the terminus, and a thriving, the name of the railroad, 'Western and if somewhat rough-and-ready, town was bom. Atlantic/ and was chosen by the superinten­ As a prelude to the 1996 Olympics, which dent of the railroad. The apocryphal story will be held in Atlanta, the Atlanta History says that Martha Lumpkin's middle name, Center opens a permanent exhibition this Octo­ Atalanta, was the source of the name." ber that portrays a city that few of its residents The exhibition begins with a display of the know. Darlene Roth, director of programs and current population statistics of the metropoli-

HUMANITIES 21 tan region; the time, day, date, and tempera­ Atlanta's rural roots have never been far ture readings; and Atlanta business statistics from the surface, but they bear no resem­ and stock prices. Television monitors will be blance to white-columned Tara in Gone With tuned to Atlanta-based CNN and its affiliated the Wind. On the grounds of the Atlanta His­ stations. Atlantans tend to be concerned with tory Center, visitors can see a gray clapboard the here and now, with business and progress: farmhouse, ca. 1840, with its outbuildings, This room takes them from contemporary moved there from DeKalb County. "The Tullie Atlanta to various galleries that reveal the past. Smith Farm is the reality, disillusioning as it In its early years, Atlanta was more redo­ may be," Roth says. lent of the Wild West than the stately plan­ After the destruction of the city's com­ tation houses and magnolias of a mercial and transportation center during romanticized Old South. Antebellum the Civil War, Atlantans, always go-getters, Atlanta council minutes describe a rough rebuilt their city. In 1867 the city became frontier environment, preoccupied, as Roth the state capital, the population grew, and tells it, with "incidents of disorderly con­ cultural opportunities increased. Railroads duct; the presence of 'lewd' houses inside continued to dominate the city's life—by the city limits; pigs roaming free on 1890 Atlanta had twelve railroad lines, and muddy, unpaved, and largely unsanitary by 1910, forty. Every day 150 passenger streets; insufficient local services, espe­ trains passed through town; the passenger cially the overworked marshal; and the terminal, which was in the exact center of conduct and trading of slaves." Like other the city, was the bustling locus for hotels, frontier towns, the female to male ratio banks, restaurants, livery stables, and the was low. One historian, Roth says, de­ first retail district. scribed the local amusements as "drinking, Although the days of railroad dominance wenching, and gambling—spiced by dog­ are long past, at least one Atlanta product of fights, cockfights, and fistfights." Eventu­ the late nineteenth century has retained its ally, in the 1850s, a city government began popularity and commercial eminence—Coca to enforce law and order. Cola, invented in 1886 as a headache remedy.

^\i j>Qljh a cos Clfr OlfpfORY MAP

Atlanta City Street Guide, 1888.

22 SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1993 It is Atlanta's best-known manu­ trict, now clustered on Auburn factured product. Avenue (where the family home In the late nineteenth century, of Martin Luther King, Jr., is Henry Grady, the editor of the located), and residential areas Atlanta Constitution and indefati­ became more racially separate. gable booster of the city, popu­ The 1895 exposition, like the larized the concept of the "New Chicago exposition, had a Wo­ South." Grady was involved in men's Building. Just as women in many projects to aggrandize other parts of the country were Atlanta and the South—the doing in that era, Atlanta women Southern Baseball League, the founded kindergartens, charities, Georgia Institute of Technology, and libraries, and engaged in the Cotton Expositions of 1881 other good works, including and 1887, the Southern Chau­ advocating votes for women. But tauqua, Grady Hospital (now Booker T. Washington Georgia was a conservative state. the largest in the state), and The legislature did not ratify the more. Roth says that Grady, an accom­ Nineteenth Amendment, granting women suf­ plished orator as well as a newspaperman, frage, until 1970. Atlanta, however, was some­ was persuasive in his insistence that "the what more progressive and passed a measure South was coming up again." in the summer of 1920, just before the Nine­ Grady's Cotton Expositions were the precur­ teenth Amendment took effect (without Geor­ sors of the 1895 Cotton States and Interna­ gia's approval), that permitted women to vote tional Exposition, which was intended to rival in municipal elections. the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in In the 1920s the railroad terminal in the Chicago. Just as Chicago was "The Gate City heart of downtown Atlanta was moved to the of the West," Atlanta called itself "The Gate city's western edge, and trolley cars and City of the South." Atlantans wanted the automobiles took over the city. Lacking a dis­ world to know that there were progressive tinctive geographical boundary—no rivers, and financially appealing possibilities in the mountains, canyons, or large bodies of water South, and that Southerners could put on just define its borders—Atlanta and its suburbs as good a show as Yankees. The fair organiz­ spread into the countryside. The current cen­ ers asked Frederick Law Olmsted, who did sus tract for the Atlanta metropolitan region the landscape design for Chicago, to advise encompasses eighteen counties, with five them on creating an imitation of the counties comprising the most densely popu­ Columbian Exposition. "When Olmsted told lated portion, making Atlanta a case study of them they should do something different," the suburbanization of American cities. says Roth, "they let him go." World War II irrevocably altered the city's The 1895 exposition did have something physical and social fabric. Federal presence new and important—a Negro Building, increased, and immediately after the war, which assured federal funding for the fair. A black voter participation rose "quickly and national Negro committee, including Booker powerfully," Roth notes. Since the early 1970s, T. Washington and local black businessmen, black politicians have governed the city. worked with the fair committee on this pro­ Atlanta is more complex than its popular ject. It was in the Negro Building that Booker image blending Gone with the Wind, Coca T. Washington delivered his famous Atlanta Cola, and CNN would suggest. "Metropoli­ Compromise speech, in which he acquiesced tan Frontiers," the title of the exhibition, con­ in the policies of segregation. veys the idea of a progressive, bustling city Race relations were deteriorating, however. always on the cutting edge—of transporta­ W. E. B. DuBois, who was teaching at Atlanta tion, of business, of social change, of geo­ University, disagreed with Booker T. Wash­ graphical expansion. Yet paradoxically, "the ington on the best course for African Ameri­ frontier for Atlanta is rural Georgia," Roth cans to follow, while U.S. Representative Tom says. "The experience of an agrarian culture Watson and Governor Hoke Smith tried to is right under the surface. disenfranchise blacks. In 1906 Atlanta had a race riot in which twelve people were killed. The Atlanta Historical Society, which operates the "The causes were not clear," Roth remarks, Atlanta History Center, received a grant from the "but there was a lot of hatemongering in the Museums and Historical Organizations program newspapers." She continues, "Whites attacked of the Division of Public Programs for $250,000 in blacks. In the aftermath, a lot of black people outright funds and $75,000 in matching funds to left Atlanta, although it continued to attract support "Metropolitan Frontiers: Atlanta, 1835- rural blacks. The black population retrenched, 2000," publications, and public programs on the separating themselves entirely from the white history of Atlanta. population." Black businesses, which had been scattered throughout the business dis­ Ellen Marsh is an assistant editor of Humanities.

HUMANITIES 23 THE HERNDO

Alonzo and Adrienne Herndon with their son Norris in 1910. —Photos courtesy of the Herndon Home.

24 SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1993 THE BLACK UPPER CLASS NS AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY P JL orty years after the abolition of slavery Alonzo Franklin Herndon,

himself horn a slave, founded the Atlanta Life Insurance Company becom­

ing the wealthiest and foremost black businessman in Atlanta. The

story of his rise from slave to leader of the

black upper class in the early part of the gainst a backdrop of a defeated South and the Aspawning of Jim Crow laws, a small but significant twentieth century reflects both the struggles group of black entrepreneurs developed into an elite class. Such was the case of Alonzo Herndon, whose business and achievements of African Americans savvy brought him wealth and status. "The general public has usually perceived the black com­ munity as an undifferentiated social mass," says Carole within their own community and the city of Merritt, director of the Herndon Home, the fifteen-room Beaux Arts mansion Herndon built in 1910 as his home, and which is now operated as a museum. Atlanta in the years following the Civil War. "Most people assume that the history of blacks as a deprived community captures the full essence of black experience," says Merritt. "The black upper class, however, represents important aspects of the community's self-suffi- ciency and key elements of its leadership." To highlight the role of the black upper class and its impact in Atlanta, the Herndon Home, with support from NEH, has organized an exhibition titled, "The Herndons: Style and Substance of the Black Upper Class in Atlanta, 1880-1930," which will be featured at the Atlanta History Center from October 1993 through December 1994. The exhibition will focus on the Herndons, the city's wealthiest black family at the time, to trace the evolution of the black elite during this period, to assess the Herndons' role within the African-American community, and to interpret the family's significance within the broad patterns of the city's development. "An exhibition of the upper class can begin to explore more fully the range of opportunity, talent, and achieve­ ment that shaped black life during Atlanta's early develop­ BY MAGGIE RIECHERS ment," says Merritt.

HUMANITIES 25 Alonzo Herndon's story begins with Herndon Barbershop at 66 his birth in 1858 in Social Circle, Geor­ Peachtree Street, ca. 1920. gia. His father was a white slave owner who never publicly recognized his son or his son's mother, a field slave. When emancipation came, seven-year-old Alonzo, his mother, and brother were thrown off the plantation, but allowed marble walls and floors, by their former master to live in a one- beveled mirrors, and room log cabin with four other fami­ twenty-five porcelain bar­ lies. Herndon stayed in Social Circle ber chairs. Over the until his twenties, working as a farm course of his career Hern­ laborer and sharecropper. But he real­ don owned a total of nine ized he was not going to advance barbershops in Atlanta, beyond these jobs. Taking the small but the Peachtree Street amount of money he had saved, he left shop was the centerpiece Social Circle and made his way to of his enterprise. In 1933, Jonesboro, Georgia, where he stayed six years after Herndon's for five years and learned to cut hair. death, his heirs gave the "I had in mind going into business Peachtree Street shop to for myself, so I went to Jonesboro and its employees. hired myself to a barber for six dollars Barbering and other a month and learned the barber's black service trades in the trade," Herndon wrote in an article he white community prepared for the book, Century of declined as segregation Progress, published in 1910. became the law of the Herndon arrived in Atlanta in 1882 land in the South. From and worked as a journeyman for a 1890 to 1910 the propor­ prominent black barber, Dougherty tion of black barbers in Hutchins. By 1890, Herndon owned Atlanta dropped from 92 his own five-chair barbershop in the percent to 48 percent. Atlanta hotel, Markham House, and As Jim Crow laws was on his way to financial success. increased in the South, The route Herndon took to escape Herndon and other black entrepre­ company in the nation, operating poverty—using his skills in a service neurs saw a new field of opportu­ in fifteen states. trade catering to a white market— nity in their own community and At the same time, Herndon ventured was the way freed blacks could earn turned their business ventures to into real estate, buying property in economic freedom in post-Civil serving African Americans cut off Atlanta and Florida. He built the War Atlanta. from white Atlanta. Herndon's first Herndon building on Auburn Avenue "Anybody who had skills was more expansion outside the barber trade in Atlanta, an office building for black highly valued," says Merritt. "Skills was in 1905 when for $140 he pur­ businesses and professionals. generated money. The early black elite chased a small burial association. At He was the consummate entrepre­ was comprised largely of barbers like that time burial associations, oper­ neur, whose success was rooted in Alonzo Herndon, draymen, grocers, ated by churches or private civic the old-fashioned American values blacksmiths, shoemakers, and other groups, provided a form of life insur­ of hard work and taking advantage small entrepreneurs who generally ance to cover members' needs of opportunities. had little education, but who managed in cases of death or illness. A new In a speech he gave in 1924 at an to accumulate a little capital for inde­ state regulation required these asso­ Atlanta Life Insurance Company pendent business ventures. ciations to have a minimum endow­ conference, Herndon told his audi­ "Most of these late-nineteenth- ment of $5000. ence, "Some of us sit around and century businesses catered to a Herndon saw an opportunity and wait for opportunity, when it is white market," says Merritt. "As soon bought other mutual aid asso­ always with us. Nothing can keep a part of the slave legacy, black ciations that could not fund them­ man down if he is fair to himself wealth and status derived generally selves under the new law. He and others." from the opportunity to profession­ organized them into the Atlanta His wealth afforded him and his alize and capitalize on personal ser­ Mutual Insurance Association, family an upper class lifestyle. In vices and labor considered too which later became the Atlanta Life 1893 Herndon had married Adri­ menial for whites." Insurance Company. Atlanta Life enne McNeil of Savannah, a gradu­ By 1910, when Herndon built his provided insurance primarily to ate of Atlanta University Normal mansion, he was the wealthiest black low-income black families and School and director of the college's man in Atlanta. His barbershop at 66 mortgages to blacks who were drama and speech department from Peachtree Street was considered one of often refused financing by banks. 1895 until her death in 1910. She the most elegant in the country. The Today, the company is the second directed Shakespearean productions shop contained crystal chandeliers, largest black-owned insurance and oratorical programs at Atlanta

26 SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1993 the second panel, recalling And it was the upper-class philan­ his slave origin, depicts thropic efforts which funded social Herndon as a boy with his services for low-income families. mother cutting wood in The DuBois versus Washington front of a log house; the debate, says Merritt, was really no third panel shows him as a debate at all. Most upper-class blacks young man laboring in a supported both DuBois's political field; and the fourth panel, activism and Washington's accommo- recognizing his wealth dationist stance seeking economic and success, is a simple improvement. Herndon attended the rendering of the mansion. founding meeting of DuBois's Niagara The same year the house Movement and also supported Wash­ was completed Adrienne ington's Tuskegee Institute and its Herndon died of Addi­ education program, giving an address son's disease. Before her there in 1913. death she noted to her In less than two decades after the husband, "We have only Civil War, Atlanta had six black col­ just got ready to live and leges: Atlanta University, Clark Uni­ now I must die." Two versity, Gammon Theological years later, Herndon mar­ Seminary, Morehouse College, Mor­ ried Jessie Gillespie, of a ris Brown College, and Spelman Col­ prominent black family in lege. Although they were all Milwaukee, Wisconsin. founded and supported by mission She became vice president societies or religious denominations, of Atlanta Life following they served and were supported by the death of her husband. the black upper class. Herndon's stature within The leadership of the black upper the black community was class extended to social causes. The undisputed, but if he Herndons, like other members of their crossed the line into class, were at the forefront of black white Atlanta neither philanthropy, helping to organize and wealth, education, profes­ fund programs in childcare, health, sion, nor social status and education. University and wrote several plays. could transcend race. But the overriding issue for all The Herndons had one son, Norris, "Although Alonzo Herndon had African Americans was racial equality, who became president of Atlanta far more than most whites in the city, and that struggle crossed class lines. Life in 1928 following the death of he was subordinate to them because "The black elite, unlike the white his father and remained in that posi­ of the racial hierarchy of the city," aristocracy, shared with the lower tion until 1973. says Merritt. classes of its community the burden of Together Alonzo and Adrienne As such, Merritt notes, he could only race," notes Merritt. "To improve the Herndon designed their mansion on build his mansion in a black neighbor­ condition of blacks became the entire land Alonzo had purchased on the hood, he owned and operated barber­ community's guiding purpose. The edge of the Atlanta University cam­ shops where by law and custom no black upper class assumed the institu­ pus. They drew up the plans without one of his race, including himself, tional leadership of this effort." the aid of an architect and hired Afri­ could have gotten a haircut, and if Alonzo Herndon was at the fore­ can-American craftsmen to build it. seriously ill, he would have been sent front of this effort, not in the political The Herndons's many trips abroad to a deteriorated building reserved for arena, but in the business world. As he and, particularly, their trip to the blacks at Grady Municipal Hospital. told his colleagues at Atlanta Life in Columbia Exposition of 1893 in These racial distinctions shaped virtu­ 1924, "I know what it takes to make Chicago, seems to have influenced ally every aspect of black life and forced one succeed in business because I their design of the exterior of the Herndon and those of his social class to started right down with the under house in the Beaux Arts style. identify with the black struggle. The man and have worked with him all The interior of the 6,000-square-foot upper class of educators, ministers, doc­ the way up to where I am now." □ home is a mix of styles popular among tors, lawyers, and businessmen took the the upper class of the period, including role of community leaders in intellec­ Renaissance, French Rococo, and the tual and cultural matters, philanthropy, To support this exhibition and educational American Arts and Crafts movement. politics, and education. programs, the Herndon Home received A noteworthy piece of art is a It was in the living rooms of families $247,250 in outright and matching funds painted frieze consisting of ten panels such as the Herndons that African from the Humanities Projects in Museums hung near the ceiling of the living Americans debated Booker T. Wash­ and Historical Organizations program of room. Four of the panels depict Hern­ ington's and W. E. B. Du Bois's ideas the Division of Public Programs. don's own life: the first shows the on black advancement. It was the Sphinx and Pyramids of Giza, upper class who supported the black Maggie Riechers is a free-lance writer acknowledging his African ancestry; educational institutions in the city. based in the Washington, D.C. area.

HUMANITIES 27 The Age of E WAS ONE OF THE MOST accom­ plished masters in the history of art—rich, worldly, erudite—and the best-known painter of the Flemish Baroque style of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth cen­ turies. But it has taken more than 350 years for Peter Paul Rubens to have his own major exhibition in the United States. The Age of Rubens Rubens opens September 22 at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and travels to the Toledo Museum of Art in February. According to the museum curator, Peter C. Sutton, Rubens B y Ja n is Jo h n s o n (1577-1640) "dominated, indeed epitomized the age." But why such longstanding neglect of the man once eulogized as "the most learned painter in the world"? Even in Europe, it has been forty years since the subject of Flemish Baroque painting was addressed by an English-speaking institution, the Royal Academy in London. The answer, Sutton suggests, lies in the content of Flemish Baroque art, which he calls "the most militantly religious art in Europe," and in more contemporary attitudes of art audi­ ences. "Most of the history of art has been establishment art, but we pride ourselves on our populism," Sutton says. "Rubens worked for noble, elite, grand patrons and believed in what he was doing—the right of kings, the church. He was a devout man, deferential, a man of his time who real­

ized the foibles of the monarchs he worked for, but never­ —Rubens Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. Courtesy of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. theless believed in the system of the establishment." Perhaps even more fundamental, Sutton adds in the pref­ ace to the catalogue, "is the skepticism and unease felt by viewers in our highly secularized, egalitarian age when pre­ sented with devout and hieratic art, spiritually informed and proselytizing painting, art at the service of organized "The official spiritual charge to Rubens and his colleagues religion and the state." was to fashion a new art that would at once edify, convert, As the first major survey of Flemish Baroque art ever in and arouse ever greater religious fervor," writes Sutton. the United States, The Age of Rubens (1577-1640) is, accor­ Rubens and his colleagues created new Counter-Reforma- ding to Sutton, dedicated to making this rhetorical language tion iconography of great drama illustrating such Roman "intelligible once more." The show presents thirty works by Catholic doctrines as the Passion, the Immaculate Concep­ Rubens as well as paintings by approximately forty other tion, and the Assumption of the Virgin. artists, including Anthony van Dyck, Jacob Jordaens, and Rubens's father was a Protestant who fled from Antwerp Jan Brueghel the Elder. More than fifty museums and pri­ to Cologne to escape Spanish prosecution, but in Germany vate collectors from around the world have loaned works he converted to Catholicism. After his death, the family for the exhibition, whose monumental scale required a returned to Antwerp and Peter Paul grew up a devout major reinstallation of the MFA's galleries. Catholic who also was trained by local artists. In 1600 he set The exhibition features such masterpieces as Queen off for Italy and found employment easily at the court of Vin­ Tomyris with the Head of Cyrus (MFA, Boston), Prometheus cenzo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua. Young Rubens made the Bound (Philadelphia Museum of Art), and The Garden of most of his Italian adventure and traveled widely. He made Love, which is traveling for the first time from the Prado in meticulous copies of famous antique sculpture, absorbed the Madrid. Additional galleries are devoted to specialities of art of the past, and began supplying royal commissions. By the Flemish painters, such as hunt scenes featuring animals, 1605, at the age of 28, Rubens was well established and fully still lifes, and scenes of everyday life. Because of the sheer competitive with the best Italian painters around. size of the paintings, many of the best-known Flemish Rubens left for Antwerp in 1608 to visit his dying mother, works could not be moved and are treated in an audiovisual intending to return to Italy. But in Antwerp he was presentation instead. appointed court painter. He painted the portraits of Arch­ Together, these paintings explore diverse artistic, social, and dukes Albert and Isabella and became their confidant. He political issues, including painting's role in the Counter-Refor­ married, bought a large house, which he redecorated in clas­ mation in the southern Netherlands (now Belgium) and its sical and Renaissance tastes, added an Italianate studio, and relation to religion and the humanist and classical traditions. poured his energy into his work.

28 SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1993 — Suermondt-Ludwig Museum, Aachen. Courtesy of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

(Opposite page) Head of Medusa By Peter Paul Rubens

(Above) The Bird Trap By Frans Snyders and Jan Wildens

(Left) Portrait of Marchesa Brigida Spinola Doria, 1612. By Peter Paul Rubens

— The National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

There was plenty to do. During the Reformation, the Following Archduke Albert's death in 1623, Rubens rise of Protestantism, the Iconoclastic riots across North­ increased his diplomatic activities around Europe. The ern Europe, and the revolt of the Netherlands against catalogue recounts how, on one of his sojourns, he met Spain in 1566, thousands of art works of every descrip­ the Duke of Buckingham, who was serving as an escort tion had been lost in the sacking of institutions. In 1585 for Maria de Medici's daughter Henrietta Maria, soon to the southern provinces were regained for the Spanish marry King Charles I of England. Buckingham became a crown, and within twenty years the greatest phase in patron. The sale of a large number of antiques, paintings, Antwerp painting was fully under way. "An immense and other art works to Buckingham provided money program of ecclesiastical building and rebuilding enough for Rubens to buy seven houses back home. His began," writes David Freedberg of Columbia University. standing in Britain, as elsewhere, continued to soar. In As many as three hundred new churches were built 1630 he was knighted by Charles I. and decorated. "It is a testament to Rubens's fame," says the cata­ In part to accommodate the demand, in part following the logue, "that both the Kings of Spain and England cooperative fashion of the day, Rubens employed a large requested bulletins on his health when he retired to his group of artists in his studio. Virtually all of the major Flem­ death bed, finally expiring on 27 May 1640." Soon after, ish painters of the day, including Brueghel, Jordaens, van Flemish painters, like their Dutch counterparts, were Dyck, and Frans Snyders, collaborated with or were taught assimilated by or succumbed to foreign influences. The by Rubens. Rubens, with the assistance of his studio, great age of Flemish painting was ending. □ painted more than sixty altar pieces. To this circle of artists, the classical tradition was also an "immediate, living presence," says Sutton. "He To support this exhibition, the Museum of Fine Arts, painted subjects from mythology and Roman history Boston, received $250,000 from the Humanities Projects in almost as often as religious themes." Rubens's collection Museums and Historical Organizations program of the of antique sculpture grew to be "the most extensive and Division of Public Programs. renowned in Northern Europe"; his library, including Latin and Greek classics, was vast. Janis Johnson is a free-lance writer in Alexandria, Virginia.

HUMANITIES 29 In Focus

and curators work together on the pro­ ject help increase contacts and cooper­ Thomas McClanahan ation between those institutions. "The hands-on quality of local his­ tory is important, especially for young Bringing Idaho History to the People students, not only because it brings history closer to home and shows how their community fits into the history of BY MICHAEL GILL the country, but also because it involves them directly in the methods of historical research." The exhibition includes meeting local historians, vis­ iting historical sites, and seeing docu­ flight from Boise to Washington, D.C. ments and artifacts up close. Funding to sustain that kind of educa­ Teaching the history of Idaho isn't tional outreach is simply not available an end in itself. McClanahan main­ from local sources. tains that "a student's understanding The Idaho Humanities Council's of the town's or the state's history are solution is a many-faceted project. fundamental to understanding his or Awarded by the Endowment, the pro­ her connection to the country." ject is centered on a nine-part, travel­ Not only has much of Idaho's history ing exhibition which spans the state's proven to be significant to the nation history, from prehistoric times through as a whole, but many themes and his­ the twentieth century. Themes include torical events can be viewed as micro­ cosms of broader regional, national, or Thomas McClanahan the native American experience, Euro­ pean migration and settlement, indus­ even international experience. The work of the Belgian missionary Pierre BOUT 80 PERCENT OF try, agriculture, government, family De Smet in the Bitterroot Valley, for Idaho's people live in towns culture, and Idaho history in literature example, provides an excellent narra­ like Bonner's Ferry—a com­ and art. Sent in huge boxes via UPS, tive thread for studying the broader munity of 2,193 residents on the the exhibition is designed for ease of patterns of migration, native American Kootenai River, twenty-five miles mobility as a whole, but also to ensure contact with Europeans, and European south of Canada. Three-fourths of the that its components can travel sepa­ settlement. Similarly, a student cannot state's schools have student bodies rately—thereby accommodating muse­ understand the significance of Lewis numbering fewer than four hundred. ums that lack space or funds to host and Clark's explorations in Idaho To this setting Thomas McClanahan the entire exhibition at once. without knowledge of the Louisiana came nine years ago to spread the "The Idaho History Project," Purchase and the interaction of the humanities across the state. His partic­ McClanahan says, "ties the educational United States with foreign powers. ular emphasis has been history. needs of the schools to the interests of But even the link between Idaho and Improving the teaching of history in the state's many local museums and United States history is not an end in a state with limited resources and one historical societies. The abundance of itself for McClanahan. "Studying his­ of the smallest populations spread these cultural institutions shows that tory," he says, "or any humanities sub­ over one of the largest geographical despite limited funds, Idaho invests ject, goes beyond the facts retained. areas has been Thomas McClanahan's considerable enthusiasm and scholarly Interdisciplinary learning helps people greatest professional challenge to date. effort in its regional history. Much of create networks that build mental As executive director of the Idaho the activity, however, goes on outside strength—much like exercise builds Humanities Council and administra­ the school community. One of the pro­ physical strength—strength that is tor of the Idaho History Project, his ject's goals is to bring the schools and valuable no matter what career the work led Idaho to win one of the nine­ museums closer together through person pursues." teen State Humanities Exemplary teacher institutes, lectures, and semi­ Born in Lafayette, Indiana, Awards granted in 1992. nars." The museums benefit by broad­ McClanahan lived in several states McClanahan recognized that the ening their audience as the schools take while he was growing up, moving design of the Idaho History Project advantage of the concrete, multimedia across the country with his father's would have to serve the residents of the resources in their own backyards. Marine Corps assignments. He has state's vast areas and provide a means The project, which takes place over a studied broadly and has master's of reaching its population economically. thirty-month period that began in degrees in philosophy and English and Travel to such remote areas is March 1993, is aimed at fourteen rural a doctorate in American literature from expensive. Bringing a scholar or museums and historical societies as the University of South Carolina. □ museum exhibit from Boise, the capi­ well as 140 teachers of history. All his­ tal, to Bonner's Ferry, for example, tory teachers in the state receive the means flying hundreds of miles over curriculum guide. The relationships Michael Gill is a free-lance writer in mountains and can cost as much as a that are formed as teachers, scholars, Olmsted, Ohio.

30 SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1993 Photo by Alex Jones in Largo, Maryland, comprises four­ comprises Maryland, Largo, in College Community George's Prince impact of the the blues. of impact cultural and evolution the to cated dedi­ lecture/demonstrations teen at November through continues and It On." Pass find­ are scholars and musicians blues entertains, and heals that music With s" ew N Good Is Blues "The families and it's bringing the commu­ the bringing it's and families News... Good Is Blues "The slogan the heralding program month-long eight- ambitious an in harmony ing the vice president for instruction. for president vice the to assistant academic and codirector project Engleberg, Isa said to us," nity JeffTiton and John Jackson playing the blues at Prince George's Community College inMaryland. College Community George's Prince at blues the playing Jackson John and JeffTiton The program, which began in April April in began which program, The "It's reaching three-generation three-generation reaching "It's by a lecture at the end of the month on month the of end the at lecture a by poetry and the blues. the and poetry followed workshops, and food, music, with complete Festival, Blues Annual is who ethnomusicologist an have You led by local radio personalities about about personalities radio local led by discussions Two the blues. and women on focusing alecture conduct will Harrison Duval Daphne author while art forms, other on of the blues ence incredible rapport." incredible this develop them of two the and man, blues Delta a with down sitting Brown at department music the of head the musicians. and scholars of mix the the blues will also be held this fall.this held also be will the blues People The Blues In October, Amira Baraka, author of of author Baraka, Amira October, In September kicks off with the First First the with off kicks September "What's also nice," she added, "is "is added, she nice," also "What's Y H T R O W E T O N , will explain the influ­ the explain , will BY NADINE EKREK NADINE BY D evil's Advocate evil's D nobody, so far as I've seen, has talked talked has seen, I've as far so nobody, background literary and cultural the explored have scholars many Satan, of origins the studying When ness. Dark­ of Prince the Lucifer, Beelzebub, correspond with with correspond texts Christian early and Jewish late in warfare cosmic of and devil the of forms mythological various how tigate ton University and author of of author and University ton Prince­ at religion of professor Pagels, Elaine said develop," people mology cos­ of kind the with correlates Satan of history social the how is about "What figure. enigmatic this of their enemies—a enemies—a their as regarded they whom tothose in relationselves them­ saw tians Chris­ first-century articulate how to forms which ment, move­ Christian conflict. social of instances specific Eve, and the Serpent. the and Eve, logical ones." logical political conse­ social and enormous fact that has had came of war cosmic andof Satan image "the said Pagels, research," of my focus the primary quences, to say nothing of the psycho­ of tosay nothing quences, then split off from these people, who these people, split off from then They the asMessiah. Christ rejected had of community their majority the believed who Testament the New allied with the powers of darkness.of powers the allied with somehow were to came believe they the New Testament gospels are writ­ gospels Testament the New of which out of awar, in time painful ten," said Pagels. "Satan, then, becomes then, becomes "Satan, saidPagels. ten," a vehicle for talking about hostility." about talking for avehicle and acute particularly becomes "This which they were forged. If one takes takes one If forged. were they which the language that polarizes people. people. polarizes that language the understand and examine to try must we that noted, Pagels culture, human to endemic so tradition ais evil could be used for very different and different very for used be could they context, historical of out them in time the with connected deeply sometimes pernicious purposes." □ purposes." pernicious sometimes "The New Testament writings are writings Testament New "The Pagels is taking a sabbatical to inves­ to sabbatical a taking is Pagels Pagels cited the dissident Jews from the dissident citedJews Pagels "Within theearly "Within Pitting the forces of good against against good of forces the Pitting engraving by John Milton by John engraving an detail from Lucifer, in Paradise Lost, Lost, Paradise HUMANITIES HUMANITIES Adam,

1688. 31

Calendar SEPTEMBER ♦ OCTOBER BY AMY LIFSON

♦ "Jubilation! African-American Cele­ brations in the Southeast," at the McKissick Museum of the University of South Carolina from September 12 through May 1,1994, examines the role of celebration in shaping African- American community and culture. A school curriculum guide, workshops, film series, and symposium accom­ pany the exhibition.

♦ "Face of the Gods: Art and Altars of Africa and the African Americas" explores four African visual tradi­ tions—Yoruba, Fon, Ejagham, and Kongo—and their influence on African- American art, from September 24 through January 7,1994, at the Museum for African Art in New York City.

This drawing by Erich Kettelhut for Fritz Lang's film Metropolis ♦ A conference on causal structures in appears in the exhibition "Expressionist Utopias: Paradise, Metropolis the social sciences will be held October and Fantasy in German Art and Architecture, 1905-30," at the Los 15 through 17, at the University of Angeles County Museum of Art, October 24 through January 2,1994. Notre Dame, in Indiana.

This brass inkwell was given to James B. Eads on the completion of the Eads Bridge in 1874. The bridge represents St. Louis's transformation into an industrial giant after the civil war through the 1890s The history of the bridge is featured in "St. Louis in the Gilded Age," a five-year exhibition opening in October at the "The Arts and Crafts Movement in Missouri Historical Society California: Living the Good Life," that examines the urban organized by the Oakland Museum, origins of St. Louis. appears at the Renwick Gallery of the — Missouri Historical Society National Museum of American Art, in Washington, D.C., October 8 through January 9,1994. The exhibi­ tion examines California's contribu­ tions to the arts and crafts movement at the turn of the century, which stemmed from the state's particular landscape and natural resources.

32 SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1993 ENDOWMENT EXHIBITIONS

Thieves of time— tomb robbers—led archaeologists in Sipan, Peru, to what has been called the richest tombs excavated in the western hemisphere. Moche artifacts from 'The Royal Tombs of Sipan" are at An exhibition at the Portland Art the Fowler Museum of Cultural Museum looks at the culture that sur­ History at UCLA from Septem­ rounded the ukiyo-e movement in ber 12 through January 2,1994. Japan, 1781-1801. "The Floating World —Photo by Christopher Donnan Revisited" appears from October 26 through December 30,1993.

"Korean Arts of the Eighteenth Cen­

tury: Splendor and Simplicity" — Philadelphia Museum of Art opens at the Asia Society in New York City on October 3. The exhibi­ tion looks at a period of national awakening in Korea, and runs through January 2,1994.

The Flemish masterpiece by Rogier van der Weyden, Crucifixion with the Virgin and St. John, occupies a cathedral-like space in the newly reinstalled medieval and Renaissance collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art. This first of four phases of reinstalla­ tion opens October 14.

HUMANITIES 33 Ardal K. Powell: Independent Scholar, The Keyed Flute: Technology and Musical Style in the Late 18th Century Eloise Quinones-Keber: CUNY Research Archaeology Foundation/Bernard Baruch College, New York, & Anthropology Current NEH New York, The Conquest of Mexico in 16th-Cen­ tury Illustrations COLLEGE TEACHERS AND Nancy B. N. Rash: Connecticut College, New INDEPENDENT SCHOLARS London, The Image of the Black in Popular Cul­ Brian S. Bauer: Independent Scholar, The ture in 19th-Century America Cuzco Ceque System: A Study of Shrines in the W. Jackson Rushing: University of Missouri, Inca Empire Fellowships Saint Louis, Transformations in Native American David B. Edwards: Williams College, Williams- Art Since 1960 town, Massachusetts, Afghan Jihad: Political Leadership and Religious Authority in a Tribal Steven E. Saunders, Colby College, Waterville, Society, 1897-1992 Maine, Music and Culture in 17th-Century Vienna Stuart A. Marks: Independent Scholar, Cultural Marie C. Tanner: Independent Scholar, Titian and Environmental Conflicts in Zambia 's and Mythological Art: The Poesie for Philip II Luangwa Valley, 1890-1990 Mary E. Wolinski: University of Rhode Island, & Kingston, The Origin and Music of the Medieval Mark S. Mosko: Hartwick College, Oneonta, New York, The Implications of Hierarchical Manuscript Relationships and Thought for Melanesian Structural History DISSERTATION GRANTS Ellen A. Christensen: Northwestern University, Seminars Evanston, Illinois, Government Architecture and DISSERTATION GRANTS Margaret J. McLagan: New York University, British Imperialism: Patronage and Imperial Pol­ New York, Constructing a Transnational icy in London, Pretoria, and New Delhi Tibetan Identity Dirk W. Eitzen: University of Iowa, Iowa City, Gabrielle Vail: Tulane University of Louisiana, E. Webb Keane: University of Pennsylvania, Documentary as History New Orleans, Understanding the Pre-Columbian Philadelphia, A Study of Poetic Speech Perfor­ Wendy B. Heller: Brandeis University, Waltham, Maya: The Gods in the Madrid Codex mance and Material Culture in Eastern Indonesia Massachusetts, Representation of Women in the Edward L. Schieffelin: University College of Opera of 17th-Century Venice STUDY GRANTS London, United Kingdom, An Ethnographic Erika Naginski: University of California, Berkeley, Catherine L. Leone: University of Wisconsin Cen­ Study of the Spirit World in a New Guinea Tribe Sculpture, Memory, and the French Revolution ters, Manitowoc, Native American Autobiography Ann L. Stoler: University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Lynne E. Spriggs: Columbia University, New SUMMER SEMINARS FOR COLLEGE TEACHERS Bourgeois Civility and the Cultures of Whiteness York , New York, Images of the Blackfeet: Visual Geoffrey M. White: East-West Center, Hono­ Statements of Identity and Power YOUNGER SCHOLARS lulu, Hawaii, The Politics of Culture and Identity: Mary-Ann Winkelmes: Harvard University, Pacific Island Perspectives Loreen J. Myerson: Cleveland State University, Ohio, Stereotypes and Perceptions in Literature of Cambridge, Massachusetts, Habitual Orders: Disabled Women: An Anthropological Perspective How Benedictine Monks and Nuns Influenced the SUMMER SEMINARS FOR SCHOOL TEACHERS Stylistic Development of Religious Architecture Robert B. Cochran: University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Brer Rabbit and His Brothers: STUDY GRANTS Southern Folktale Traditions and the Stories of Marlene C. Browne: United States Naval Acad­ Joel Chandler Harris emy, Annapolis, Maryland, The History and Fea­ John W. Connor: California State University, Arts—History & Criticism tures of the Baroque in Literature, Art, and Music Sacramento Foundation, Four Texts and Japan­ Ann M. Fey: Rockland Community College, Suf- ese Culture COLLEGE TEACHERS AND fern, New York, Background Music in American INDEPENDENT SCHOLARS Narrative Film SUMMER STIPENDS James J. Boyce: Felician College, Lodi, New V. Louise Katainen: Auburn University, Alabama, Stanley H. Brandes: University of California, Jersey, The Medieval Liturgy of Salamanca: Postwar Italian Culture as Seen through Film Berkeley, The History and Symbolism of Mex­ Sources, Saints, and History ico's Day of the Dead Lana H. Landon: Bethany College, West Virginia, Petra T. Chu: Seton Hall University, South Reading Paintings John S. Burdick: Syracuse University, New Orange, New Jersey, Gustave Courbet and the York, Religion and Black Ethnic Identity in Brazil Heroism of Modern Life James E. Morrison: North Carolina State University, Raleigh, Formalism and Film Theory James A. Higginbotham: Georgetown College, Peter M. Engel: Independent Scholar, The Ver­ Washington, D.C., Cross-Cultural Contact and nacular Architecture of India Stephen J. Town: Northwest Missouri State Urban Development at Paestum, Southern Italy University, Maryville, The Changing Concept of Lynn Garafola: Independent Scholar, Biography Musical Form Maria A. Lepowsky: University of Wisconsin, of Theatrical Producer/Performer Ida Rubinstein Madison, The H.M.S. Rattlesnake, Islanders, Rebecca L. Gerber: Colby College, Waterville, and Europeans on the Coral Sea Frontier SUMMER SEMINARS FOR COLLEGE TEACHERS Maine, The Music Manuscript Trent, Castello Del Robert G. Calkins: Cornell University, Ithaca, Kathleen M. Stokker: Luther College, Decorah, Buon Consiglio, MS 1375 (olim 88): An Edition New York, Narrative and Synthesis in Medieval Iowa, Norwegian Anti-Nazi Humor Jeffrey F. Hamburger: Oberlin College, Ohio, Book Illumination Barbara Tsakirgis: Vanderbilt University, The Art and Architecture of Female Monasticism Jonathan D. Kramer: Columbia University, New Nashville, Tennessee, Ancient Houses around in Germany, 1200-1525 York, New York, The Temporal Art of Music the Athenian Agora, 3000 B.C.- A.D. 700 Joan G. Hart: Independent Scholar, Erwin Lewis Lockwood: Harvard University, Cambridge, Gary Urton: Colgate University, Hamilton, New Panofsky: Essays on a 20th-Century Humanist Massachusetts, The Beethoven String Quartets York, Deciphering the Quipus: Museum and Paul H. Kaplan: SUNY Research Foundation/ Archival Studies of Inca Recording Devices Stephen Murray: Columbia University, New College at Purchase, New York, The Paintings of York, New York, Gothic in the Ile-de-France Giorgione: Political Content and Political Context UNIVERSITY TEACHERS Susan F. Harding: University of California, Santa Scott M. MacDonald: Utica College of Syra­ SUMMER SEMINARS FOR SCHOOL TEACHERS Cruz, An Anthropological Study of an American cuse University, New York, A Critical Cinema: David F. Tatham: Syracuse University, New Religious Community Interviews with Independent Filmmakers York, Major Paintings of Winslow Homer Judith T. Irvine: Brandeis University, Waltham, Michelle I. Marcus: Metropolitan Museum of Art, Alan L. Woods: Ohio State University, Main Massachusetts, The Discourse and Politics of New York, New York, Ancient Culture and Soci­ Campus, Columbus, Major American Theater Language Study in 19th-Century Africa ety among the Hasanlu Elite of Northwestern Iran Texts on Page and Stage

34 SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1993 SUMMER STIPENDS Marian E. Smith: University of Oregon, Eugene, Olen Hsu: Boise High School, Idaho, Kahn and Poonam Arora: University of Michigan, Dearborn, Ballet and Opera in Paris Bartok: In Search of a Universal Perceptual Gender and Cultural Politics in Indian Cinema Mark D. Stansbury-O'Donnell: College of Saint Structure between Architecture and Music Elizabeth J. W. Barber: Occidental College, Thomas, St. Paul, Minnesota, Pictorial Narration Mark C. Jones: Princeton University, New Los Angeles, California, Costume Survivals of in Orientalizing and Archaic Periods of Greek Art Jersey, Anti-Urban Visionaries: Berlin Expres­ sionist Architects and Their Work, 1918-23 Ancient Slavic Wedding Rituals Amy K. Stillman: University of California, Santa Sarah J. Blackstone: Southern Illinois Univer­ Barbara, the Hula Ku’i: A Tradition in Hawaiian Demetrios V. Kapetanakos Bronx High School sity, Carbondale, Plays for the People: A History Music and Dance of Science, New York, The Horrors of War in of the Chicago Manuscript Company Goya's Third of May, 1808 and Picasso's Guernica JoAnn Taricani: University of Washington, M. Christine Boyer: Princeton University, New Seattle, The Library of a Renaissance Merchant: Austin T. Patty: University of Oregon, Eugene, Jersey, The City Plans of Modernism Musical Life in 16th-Century Augsburg Moravian Folk Music and Other Influences in Janacek’s Second String Quartet Robert L. Brown: University of California, Los Oscar E. Vazquez: SUNY Research Founda­ Angeles, Early Indian-Related Sculpture of tion/Binghamton, New York, Collections and Kristin A. Schwain: Valparaiso University, Indi­ Southeast Asia Cultural Identity in 19th-Century Spain ana, The Reception of German Art at the 1893 World Columbian Exposition Sherry A. Buckberrough: University of Hartford, Adam N. Versenyi: University of North Car­ West Hartford, Connecticut, Sonia Delaunay and olina, Chapel Hill, Theater under Dictatorship the Migration of Modem Design in the 1920s and After: Argentina, Chile, Uruguay Camilla Cai: Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, Carl E. Woideck: Lane Community College, Johannes Brahms's New Collected Works Edi­ Eugene, Oregon, Jazz Master Charlie Parker: tion: The Piano Works Final Style Period Willene B. Clark: Marlboro College, Vermont, C lassics Diane B. Wolfthal: Manhattanville College, The Manuscripts of the Latin Bestiary Purchase, New York, The “Heroic" Tradition of COLLEGE TEACHERS AND Maureen N. Costonis: Vanderbilt University, Ravishment and Its Alternatives INDEPENDENT SCHOLARS Nashville, Tennessee, The Emergence of the John D. Morgan: University of Delaware, Ballerina in the Time of Louis XIV Esther C. M. Yau: Occidental College, Los Newark, Literary Quarrels in Alexandria and Angeles, California, Chinese Women Film Direc­ Rome Involving Callimachus, Lucillius, Valerius Paul B. Crapo: University of Michigan, Dear­ tors and Western Feminisms born, Gustave Courbet's Artistic and Political Cato, and Horace Activities in 1870-71 UNIVERSITY TEACHERS Paul A. Rahe: University of Tulsa, Oklahoma, Barry V. Daniels: Kent State University Main H. Perry Chapman: University of Delaware, The Modern Concept of Virtue: An Intellectual Campus, Ohio, Study of Scene Design at the Newark, The Art and Life of Jan Steen History Comedie-Frangaise, 1800-48 Stephen A. Crist: Emory University, Atlanta, John T. Ramsey: University of Illinois, Chicago, Joan O. Epstein: Eckerd College, St. Peters­ Georgia, Aria Forms in the Vocal Works of A Commentary on Cicero's Philippics I and II burg, Florida, American Composer Carrie J. S. Bach Garth E. Tissol: Emory University .Atlanta, Jacobs Bond and Her World Bernadette L. Fort: Northwestern University, Georgia, Ovid's Metamorphoses: Narrative and Christine S. Getz: Baylor University, Waco, Evanston, Illinois, Charles-Nicolas Cochin and the Creation of the Cosmos Texas, Music, Patronage, and Politics in Milan Art Criticism in 18th-Century France during the Reign of Carlo V DISSERTATION GRANTS S. E. Gontarski: Florida State University, Magdalena Gilewicz: California State Univer­ Margaret R. Graver: Brown University, Provi­ Tallahassee, Samuel Beckett's Theatrical sity, Fresno Foundation, Anthology of Early Pol­ dence, Rhode Island, Therapeutic Reading and Notebooks and Revised Texts ish Plays in English Translation Seneca's Moral Epistles Thomas S. Grey: Stanford University, California, Alden R. Gordon: Trinity College, Hartford, Nancy B. Worman: Princeton University, Richard Wagner and the Aesthetics of 19th- Connecticut, Marquis de Marigny and Madame New Jersey, The Effect of Style on the Ethics Century Musical Form de Pompadour: Estate Inventories Compared of Persuasion John W. Hill: University of Illinois, Urbana, Anne D. Hedeman: University of Illinois, Urbana, STUDY GRANTS Champaign, Pierre Salmon's Reponses a Cardinal Montalto and Roman Monody Dora C. Pozzi: University of Houston, University Charles VI: Illuminated Texts in Medieval France Robert S. Nelson: University of Chicago, Illinois, Park, Texas, Marginality and the Construction of The Reception of Byzantine Art, 1750-1950 Andrew S. Horton: Loyola University, New Ethnicity in Ancient Greek Drama Orleans, Louisiana, The Cinema of Greek Direc­ Anthony A. Newcomb: University of tor Theo Angelopoulos California, Berkeley, Instrumental Music as SUMMER SEMINARS FOR SCHOOL TEACHERS Susan J. Koslow: CUNY Research Foundation/ Nonverbal Narrative Stewart G. Flory: Gustavus Adolphus College, Brooklyn College, New York, Seventeenth-Cen- Gerald L. O’Grady: SUNY Research Founda­ St. Peter, Minnesota, The Tragic Voice of tury Account Books in Antwerp: Art Patronage, tion/Buffalo Main Campus, New York, Films of Thucydides's History of the Peloponnesian War Commerce, and Taste the Civil Rights Movement with Historical and Hubert M. Martin, Jr.: University of Kentucky, Claudia S. Macdonald: Oberlin College, Ohio, Interpretive Commentary Lexington, Plutarch and Athens Robert Schumann and the Piano Concerto, Stephen K. Orgel: Stanford University, Califor­ Mark P. O. Morford: University of Virginia, 1810-53 nia, England's All-Male Public Theater Charlottesville, Tacitus: Historian of the Early Joseph P. Manca: Rice University, Houston, Sandra G. Shannon: Howard University, Silver Roman Emperors Texas, Cosme Tura, Court Painter of the Este Spring, Maryland, The Dramatic Vision of Matthew S. Santirocco: University of Pennsyl­ Roberta M. Marvin: Boston University, Massa­ August Wilson vania, Philadelphia, Virgil's Aeneid in Its Augus­ chusetts, Verdi the Student— Verdi the Teacher tan Context Michael S. Tenzer: Yale University, New Anita F. Moskowitz: SUNY Research Founda­ Haven, Connecticut, The History and Contem­ tion/Stony Brook Main Campus, New York, porary Cultural Interactions of Balinese Music SUMMER STIPENDS Italian Sculpture, ca. 1260-1400 Peter E. Knox: University of Colorado, Boulder, Gretchen A. Wheelock: University of Roches­ The Manuscripts of Ovid's Heroides Rena C. Mueller: New York University, New ter, New York, Eighteenth-Century Construc­ York, Liszt's Les Preludes: An Edition tions of the “Feminine" Minor Mode UNIVERSITY TEACHERS Linda Nochlin: New York University, New York, Andrew L. Ford: Princeton University, New Representation and Practices of Bathing in 19th- YOUNGER SCHOLARS Jersey, Origins of Literary Criticism in 5th- Century France Elizabeth K. Bergman: Columbia University, Century Greece Robert G. Ousterhout: University of Illinois, New York, New York, Aaron Copland and the Karl Galinsky: University of Texas at Austin, An Urbana, Champaign, Canli Kilise: A Church and Identity of American Music, 1920-30 Interpretive Study of the Augustan Age Monastery in Cappadocia Robert K. Brosnan: Clemson University, South Duane W. Roller: Ohio State University, Lima John S. Powell: University of Tulsa, Oklahoma, Carolina, The Influence of Henri Bergson on the Branch, The Building Program of Herod the Great Music in French Theater from Jodelle to Moliere Italian Futurists: Ideas of Consciousness in Motion Sally M. Promey: University of Maryland. Col­ Matthew S. Durington: University of Texas at YOUNGER SCHOLARS lege Park, John Singer Sargent's Boston Public Austin, Analysis of the Black Image in Indepen­ John C. Dewis: The Haverford School, Pennsyl­ Library Murals dent Black Cinema, 1930-50 vania, The Concept of Justice in Greek Tragedy

HUMANITIES 35 Chong-Min Hong: Harvard University, Cam­ DISSERTATION GRANTS Gregory L. Freeze: Brandeis University, bridge, Massachusetts, The Heroic Ideals in Peter M. Beattie: University of Miami, Coral Waltham, Massachusetts, Church and Society in Sophocles's Electra and the Evolution of the Gables, Florida, Penal Servitudes and Brazilian Modern Russia, 1860-1930 Hero Concept in Greek Civilization Army Service, 1870-1930 Joseph C. Harris: Harvard University, Cam­ Patricia L. Larash: William Allen High School, Mark P. Bradley: Harvard University, Cam­ bridge, Massachusetts, Beowulf and the Recep­ Allentown, Pennsylvania, “Dux femina facti”: The bridge, Massachusetts, Origins of the Cold War tion of Germanic Antiquity Portrayal of Strong Women in the Epic Poetry of in Vietnam: Vietnamese and American Views Tony R. Judt: New York University, New York, Homer and Virgil Barbara A. Ganson: University of Texas at Re-Thinking European History: 1945-89 Amanda T. Oberg: Williams College, Williams- Austin, Life after the Jesuits: Adaptation and Dale Kinney: American Academy in Rome, town, Massachusetts, Depreciated Speech: The Accommodations of the Guarani Mission Indians New York, New York, Spolia: Ancient Artifacts in Greek Lallworter in the Rio de la Plata, 1750-1800 Medieval Re-Use Brian D. Sebastian: Xavier University, Cincin­ Elizabeth J. Gubser: Washington University, James J. O’Donnell: Bryn Mawr College, Penn­ nati, Ohio, Platonic and Aristotelian Undertones St. Louis, Missouri, The Politics of Memory in sylvania, Augustine and His Influence in Cicero's Laelius: De Amicitia Restoration England Michael F. Stanislawski: Columbia University, Anne G. Hanley: Stanford University, California, New York, New York, History of Zionism, The Historical Role of Financial Institutions in the 1870-1948 Economic Development of Brazil David J. Weber: Southern Methodist University, Laura E. Hostetler: University of Pennsylvania, Dallas, Texas, Colonial North America: New Philadelphia, Chinese Ethnography in the 18th Approaches to Its Hispanic Past History—Non-U.S. Century: Miao Albums of Guizhou Province COLLEGE TEACHERS AND Shoshana E. Keller: Indiana University, Bloom­ SUMMER SEMINARS FOR SCHOOL TEACHERS Heather M. Arden: University of Cincinnati, INDEPENDENT SCHOLARS ington, The Struggle against Islam in Soviet Uzbe­ Ohio, The Romance of the Rose: Love, Reason, Mark C. Bartusis: Northern State University, kistan, 1925-41: Policy, Bureaucracy, and Reality and Nature in Medieval Literature Aberdeen, South Dakota, Pronoia: The History Jeremy R. N. King: Columbia University, New Michael J. Curley: University of Puget Sound, of a Byzantine Agrarian and Fiscal Institution, York, New York, From Empire to Nation-States: Tacoma, Washington, Arthurian Literature of the 1200-1500 Nationhood and Democracy in East Central Middle Ages Gayle K. Brunelle: California State University, Europe, 1848-1948 Thomas J. Heffernan: University of Tennessee, Fullerton Foundation, Commerce and Culture: Eve R. Sanders: University of California, Berke­ Knoxville, Representative Lives: Medieval Biog­ Spanish Merchant Communities in Rouen, ley, Reforming Selves: Gender and Censorship raphy and the Idea of the Self Nantes, and La Rochelle, 1480-1650 in Early Modern England Ronald B. Herzman: SUNY Research Founda­ Paul A. Cohen: Wellesley College, Massachu­ Suzanne J. Wolk: University of Rochester, New tion /College at Geneseo, Albany, New York, setts, The Uprising of the Boxers in China as York, The Forgotten Legacy of Mary Woll- Chaucer's Canterbury Tales History, Myth, and Experience stonecraft in Modem Feminism Gary S. De Krey: Saint Olaf College, Northfield, Hans J. Hillerbrand: Duke University, Durham, Minnesota, Rethinking Radical Ideas in the HBCU GRADUATE FELLOWSHIPS North Carolina, Martin Luther: Religion and Soci­ English Revolution, 1646-56 Philip R. Mueller: Xavier University of ety in the 16th Century Leslie C. Dunn: Vassar College, Poughkeep­ Louisiana, New Orleans, Ph.D. in History Gerard M. Koot: University of Massachusetts, sie, New York, Music, Gender, and Representa­ Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Historical Interpre­ tion in the English Renaissance STUDY GRANTS tation of the Industrial Revolution in England Douglas R. Bisson: Belmont College, Ronald G. Witt: Duke University, Durham, Daniel S. Goff man: Ball State University, Nashville, Tennessee, History of the Family Muncie, Indiana, Relations between the Ottoman North Carolina, The Humanist as Reformer: Empire and the Rest of Europe, 1389-1699 Lisa P. Crafton: West Georgia College, Carroll­ Petrarch, Machiavelli, and Erasmus ton, Cultural Contexts of Democracy in Britain Julie Hardwick: Gettysburg College, Pennsyl­ and America in the 18th and 19th Centuries SUMMER STIPENDS vania, The Practice of Patriarchy: Notaries and Jeffrey Abt: Wayne State University, Detroit, Their Families in Nantes, 1560-1660 Nona P. Fienberg: Keene State College, New Hampshire, Words and Music in the English Michigan, James H. Breasted and Chicago's Lyman L. Johnson: University of North Car­ Renaissance Oriental Institute, 1894-1935 olina, Charlotte, Wealth Distribution and Material Margaret L. Anderson: University of California, Culture in Buenos Aires Province, 1829-55 Steven W. Guerrier: James Madison Univer­ sity, Harrisonburg, Virginia, Writings on Soviet Berkeley, German Voters and Their Elections, Peter Krentz: Davidson College, North Car­ History from Stalin to the Present 1867-1914 olina, A Commentary on Xenophon, Hellenika Anthony P. Gythiel: Wichita State University, James A. Baer: Northern Virginia Community 11.3.11-IV.3 College, Annandale, Housing, Class Identity, Kansas, The Letters of Alcuin, Architect of the Anthony J. LaVopa: North Carolina State Uni­ Carolingian Renaissance and Populism in Argentina, 1870-1930 versity, Raleigh, A Biography of J. G. Fichte, Beth A. Baron: CUNY Research Foundation/ Irwin Halfond: McKendree College, Lebanon, 1762-1814 City College, New York, New York, Honor and Illinois, The Strength of the Democratic and Free Gender in Modern Egypt Jeffrey H. Lesser: Connecticut College, New Enterprise Oriented Reformist Tradition in London, Immigration and the Formation of Russia, 1815-1917 Elaine V. Beilin: Framingham State College, Brazilian National Identity, 1820-1950 Massachusetts, The Reading and Writing of His­ Dana P. Howell: Marlboro College, Vermont, tory in Anne Dowriche's French History Stella P. Revard: Southern Illinois University, Cultural Choices and National Identity in Con­ Edwardsville, The Tangles of Neaera's Hair: Mil­ temporary Russia Constance B. Bouchard: University of Akron, ton and Neo-Latin Poetry Main Campus, Ohio, Nobility, Knighthood, and Eugene W. Miller, Jr.: Pennsylvania State Uni­ Chivalry in Medieval France Paul M. Romney: Independent Scholar, The versity Hazleton Campus, The Role of Women Interplay of English-Canadian Political and His­ in the Western Tradition Barbara E. Clements: University of Akron, Main torical Consciousness: A Study in the History of Campus, Ohio, First Generation of Women in the Jeremiah J. Ring: Metropolitan State College, Political Thought Soviet Communist Party: Collective Biography Denver, Colorado, A Journalistic Interpretation Rosalie Schwartz: California State University, of British Reform in the 19th Century Theodore F. Cook, Jr.: William Paterson Col­ San Marcos Foundation, Manufactured Tradi­ lege, Wayne, New Jersey, The Common Soldier Larry J. Simon: Catholic University of America, tions: Cuban Tourism and Cultural Change in the Japanese Army and Society, 1920-45 Washington, D.C., Nationalism and Cultural Leonard V. Smith: Oberlin College, Ohio, War in Identity in the Catalan Grand Chronicles Clifton C. Crais: Kenyon College, Gambier, Time of Peace: The Book and the Construction of Ohio, Popular Justice in South Africa: A Histori­ Civilian Memory of World War I in France, 1915-40 SUMMER SEMINARS FOR COLLEGE TEACHERS cal Approach David E. Vassberg: University of Texas-Pan Alan Cameron: Columbia University, New Todd A. Diacon: University of Tennessee, American, Edinburg, The Rural Household in York, New York, Pagans and Christians in the Knoxville, Expansion of Central State Authority Early-Modern Castile Fourth Century in the Brazilian Countryside, 1889-1930 Peter G. Wallace: Hartwick College, Oneonta, Phillip D. Curtin: Johns Hopkins University, Helen Dunstan: Massachusetts Institute of Tech­ New York, Regional Identity and the Emerging Baltimore, Maryland, Social and Economic His­ nology, Cambridge, The Salt Industry of Xiezhou, Nation State in the Upper Rhine Valley, 1500-1800 tory of the Plantation Complex, 1450-1890 China, and its Environmental Impact, 1649-1900

36 SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1993 Laird M. Easton: California State University- Herrick E. Chapman: Carnegie-Mellon Univer­ J. David Gunter II: Pittsford Sutherland H.S., Chico Foundation, Harry Graf Kessler and the sity, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Citizens and the New York, The Kaiser i/s. The Chancellor: Search for an Aesthetic State State after the Second World War Bismarck's Final Diplomatic Challenge Richard K. Emmerson: Western Washington Uni­ Susan M. Deeds: Northern Arizona University, David G. Gurley: Bard College, Annandale, versity, Bellingham, Medieval Literacies: Toward a Flagstaff, A Study of Indians under Spanish New York, Travel, Trade, and Progress in Theory of Reading Complex Medieval Texts Rule in Nueva Vizcaya Ancient Egypt and Phoenicia Alan W. Fisher: Michigan State University, Julia H. Gaisser: Bryn Mawr College, Pennsyl­ Sara B. Horowitz: Lawrence High School, East Lansing, Ottoman Sultan Suleyman I: vania, De Litteratorum Infelicitate by Pierio Vale- Cedarhurst, New York, Friends of Liberty: A Biography riano: An Edition and Translation English Views of the French Revolution Dale T. Graden: University of Idaho, Moscow, David H. Giassberg: University of Massachusetts, Jennifer S. Howard: University of Arkansas, From Slavery to Freedom in Bahia, Brazil, Amherst, Public History as a Field of Research Fayetteville, The Miracula of Hildegard von 1791-1900 Timothy Hampton: University of California, Bingen and Women’s Mystical Authority in 12th- Mack P. Holt: George Mason University, Fair­ Berkeley, Literature and Diplomacy in the Century Germany Renaissance fax, Virginia, Civil War, Culture, and Society in Kelly S. Jones: University of Illinois, Urbana, 16th-Century Burgundy Robert S. Haskett: University of Oregon, The Cultural Patronage of Anne, Countess James A. Jaffe: University of Wisconsin, White­ Eugene, Indigenous Society and the Silver of Warwick Mines of Taxco, 1534-1810 water, Industrial Relations and the Transforma­ Amanda A. Lin: Cornell University, Ithaca, tion of England Lynn A. Hunt: University of Pennsylvania, Phila­ New York, The Origins of Democracy in the Nancy S. Kollmann: Stanford University, delphia, The Novel and the French Revolution Philippines California, Honor, Nobility, and Social Stability in Peter Jelavich: University of Texas at Austin, Anthony M. Perron: University of Chicago, Early Modern Russia Consumerism, Media Culture, and Politics in Illinois, Caesar or King? Literary Portrayals of Sheryl T. Kroen: Pomona College, Claremont, Berlin, 1918-33 Charlemagne in Einhard and Alcuin California, The Evangelical Missions of the Ruth M. Karras: University of Pennsylvania, Jerry Pritsker: Benjamin N. Cardozo High Bourbon Restoration, 1815-30 Philadelphia, A History of Prostitution in Late School, Bayside, New York, Gorbachev’s Lead­ Medieval England Hsi-Huey Liang: Vassar College, Poughkeep­ ership Style and Abilities: A Virtuous Prophet or sie, New York, Twentieth-Century Prague: A Samuel C. Kinser: Northern Illinois University, a Messiah? Social History Dekalb, French Royal Entries in Transition, Robert M. Ripperger: United States Military 1450-1550 Richard Lim: Smith College, Northampton, Academy, West Point, New York, The Influence Massachusetts, Public Spectacles and the Asuncibn A. Lavrin: Howard University, Wash­ of the Dreyfus Affair on French Military Doctrine Moral Order in Late Antiquity ington, D.C., The Role of Nunneries in the Colo­ Abigail Schade: Hunter College High School, Mary Lindemann: Carnegie-Mellon University, nial Society of Mexico New York, New York, Paul Schiemann's Impact Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Medicine and Society Nelson N. Lichtenstein: University of Virginia, on Baltic-German Minority Politics, 1917-33 in Early Modern Europe Charlottesville, Walter Reuther, the U.A. W, and Jennifer S. Van Dijk: Hawken School, Gates Iona D. Man-Cheong: SUNY Research the Postwar Industrial Order Mills, Ohio, The Medieval View of Women as Foundation/Stony Brook Main Campus, New Ronald L. Martinez: University of Minnesota- Portrayed by the Authors Manuel, Chaucer, York, Education, Ideology, and Policy in Late Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Poetry and Anthropol­ and Boccaccio Imperial China ogy in Dante's Purgatorio Roberta T. Manning: Boston College, Robert G. Moeller: University of California, Molly R. Williams: Greenhill School, Dallas, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, A Case Study of Irvine, Everyday Lives and Political Identities in Texas, Playwright in Politics: The Rise and Fall Stalinist Terror the Adenauer Era of Vaclav Havel Stuart S. Miller: University of Connecticut, Thomas F. X. Noble: University of Virginia, Dale A. Zumbroski: Miss Porter’s School, Storrs, Roman Sepphoris: People and Society in Charlottesville, Images and The Carolingians Farmington, Connecticut, Courtly Women and Courtesans of the Italian and French Renais­ Imperial Galilee Karen M. Powers: Northern Arizona University, sance: Cultural Idealizations and Realities Xavier O. Monasterio: University of Dayton, Flagstaff, A Comparative Study of Indian Ohio, The 13th Century and the Eclipse of the Responses to Spanish Colonization Humanities Miriam R. Silverberg: University of California, John Monfasani: SUNY Research Foundation/ Los Angeles, A Cultural History of Pre-War Albany, New York, George of Trebizond's Japan, 1914-41 Neo-Aristotelian Comparatio and Protectio: Lynne Viola: University of Toronto, Canada, History—U.S. An Edition Peasant Rebels under Stalin Harold L. Smith: University of Houston, Victo­ Lori J. Walters: Florida State University, COLLEGE TEACHERS AND ria, Texas, The Equal Pay Issue in Great Britain Tallahassee, Gui de Mori’s Romance of the INDEPENDENT SCHOLARS since 1888 Rose: A Study of MS 101 Hal S. Barron: Harvey Mudd College, Clare­ Philip M. Soergel: Arizona State University, mont, California, The Second Great Transforma­ Tempe, Prodigies in Reformation Germany, YOUNGER SCHOLARS tion in the American Countryside: Society and 1520-1670 Erik Atlas: George W. Hewlett High School, the Rural North, 1880-1930 New York, The Icelandic Sagas: Chronicles of Ronald G. Suny: University of Michigan, Richard Butsch: Rider College, Lawrenceville, Viking Law Ann Arbor, Stalin and the Formation of the New Jersey, Popular Entertainment and Ameri­ Soviet Union Jason Carls: George W. Hewlett High School, can Audiences in the 19th and 20th Centuries New York, The Humanist as Teacher: Michael M. Swann: University of Kansas, Alan C. Dawley: Trenton State College, New Machiavelli's Lessons in Government Lawrence, New World Towns: Reconstructing Jersey, American Democracy and World Landscape Images from Historical Records Sewell Chan: Hunter College High School, New Affairs, 1917-21 York, New York, Early Anglo-Ottoman Diplo­ Richard F. Wetzell: University of Maryland, Julia M. Greene: University of Missouri, Kansas matic and Commercial Relations: An Analysis of College Park, Criminal Law Reform in City, The American Federation of Labor and William Harborne and the Levant Company Modem Germany Political Action, 1880-1925 Alene J. Conant: Whitman-Hanson Regional H. Thomas E. Wheatley: Hamilton College, Clin­ Paul A. Kens: Southwest Texas State Univer­ S., Massachusetts, The Golden Age of Moorish ton, New York, Rereading Medieval Fables’. The sity, San Marcos, Justice Stephen J. Field: Con­ Spain: A Model of Multicultural Achievement Fabulae of Walter of England stitutional Law and Social Order, 1863-97 Henry C. Constantine: Pittsford Sutherland Larry W. Yarak: Texas A&M University, Main High School, New York, The Specter of Ethnic Charles H. Martin: University of Texas, El Paso, Campus, College Station, Dutch Military Recruit­ Conflict: Events in Yugoslavian History The Integration of Southern College Sports ment in West Africa: Slavery and Cultural Joseph A. McCartin: SUNY Research Founda­ Change on the 19th-Century Gold Coast Jeffrey A. Engel: Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, The United States and France, Eco­ tion/College at Geneseo, New York, American UNIVERSITY TEACHERS nomic Blocs, and the Origins of the Cold War Workers, Unions, and the State, 1916-22 Richard M. Andrews: University of Oregon, Neal R. Enssle: Gustavus Adolphus College, Gail W. O’Brien: North Carolina State Univer­ Eugene, Criminal Justice in Old Regime St. Peter, Minnesota, The Ideal Parish Minister sity, Raleigh, Race, Conflict, and Power in the Paris, 1735-89 in 16th- and 17th-Century English Thought Post-World War II South: A Case Study

HUMANITIES 37 D. Michael Quinn: Independent Scholar, Salt Donald E. Worster: University of Kansas, YOUNGER SCHOLARS Lake City, Utah, History of Plural Marriage in the Lawrence, The American West: Environment Jeffrey B. Andrews: Trinity University, San American West and History Antonio, Texas, From Merchant to Banker: Kimberly C. Shankman: Ripon College, Wis­ Stephen Girard and the Making of the Modern consin, Compromise and the Constitution: The SUMMER SEMINARS FOR SCHOOL TEACHERS American Economy Kenneth T. Jackson: Columbia University, New Political Thought of Henry Clay Jakob B. Boritt: Gettysburg High School, Penn­ York, New York, Classic Studies in American sylvania, The Immediate Northern Reaction to Thomas M. Truxes: Independent Scholar, An Urban and Social History Irish-American Transatlantic Partnership: An Lincoln's Gettysburg Address Jack T. Kirby: Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, Edition of the Greg and Cunningham Letter- American Environmental History: Critical Texts Martin A. Carlson: Macalester College, St. book, 1756-57 Paul, Minnesota, Red Cloud and the Problem of Melton A. McLaurin: University of North Car­ Michael Wallace: CUNY Research Foundation/ Form in Native American Biography olina, Wilmington, Twentieth-Century Southern John Jay College, New York, New York, A His­ Autobiography Margaret K. Chalson: Lawrence High School, tory of New York City Cedarhurst, New York, A Park for the People of SUMMER STIPENDS Brooklyn: Class Conflict over Recreational DISSERTATION GRANTS Sally H. Clarke: University of Texas at Austin, Space in 19th-Century New York Robert K. Brigham: University of Kentucky, Industrial Research, Corporate Strategy, and the M. Erik Gilbert: University of Puget Sound, Lexington, The Foreign Relations of the National Consumer Durables Revolution Tacoma, Washington, Women and the Transcen- Liberation Front, (NLF), the Communist dentalist Utopian Community at Brook Farm Vietcong in the Vietnam War Michael H. Ebner Lake Forest College, Illinois, The Rapid Growth of “Edge Cities" Eric H. Haas: Bruton High School, Williams­ Sharia M. Fett: Rutgers University, New burg, Virginia, Boyhood in the Jamestown Brunswick, New Jersey, The Social Relations of Michael L. Goldberg: Independent Scholar, Colony: The Early Years African-American Healing on U.S. Southern Kansas Populism, the Women's Movement, and the Republican Party Plantations, 1800-65 Adam D. Herbsman: Lawrence High School, Elliott J. Gorn: Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, Cedarhurst, New York, His Majesty's Loyal Sub­ Kirsten Fischer: Duke University, Durham, Mother Jones: An American Life jects: Long Island’s Tories and the Division of North Carolina, Personal Property: Women, Hempstead Town Race, and Sexual Regulation in Colonial North Brian Greenberg: Monmouth College, New Jer­ Carolina, 1660-1760 sey, West Long Branch, The Shaker Vision of David E. Hilton: Pecos High School, Texas, an Industrial America Henry Flipper, West Point's First Black Graduate Steven W. Hackel: Cornell University, Ithaca, and the Army's First Black Officer New York, Indian and Spanish Interactions in Peter L. Hahn: Ohio State University, Main Alta California, 1769-1850 Campus, Columbus, United States Policy Alfred J. Jollon, Jr.: Columbia University, New toward the Arab-lsraeli Conflict, 1947-67 York, New York, Abolitionism in American Poli­ Alexandra Harmon: University of Washington, Seattle, The Creation of Puget Sound's Indian Alison D. Hirsch: Pennsylvania State Univer­ tics, 1832-60: The Buffalo Convention and the Tribes through 150 Years of Intercultural Dialogue sity Capitol Campus, Middletown, The World of Birth of the Free Soil Party Hannah Penn: The Social and Economic Life of Khalil S. Khan: San Diego High School, Califor­ Cynthia L. Lyerly: Rice University, Houston, 18th-Century Women Texas, Methodism and the Southern Mind, nia, States' Rights: Ideological Principle or Prag­ 1770-1810 Clayton R. Koppes: Oberlin College, Ohio, matic Justification of Slavery in the Confederacy A History of Movie Censorship in America Joseph Mosnier: University of North Carolina, Albert Ko: Benjamin N. Cardozo High School, Chapel Hill, An Integrated Southern Law Firm's Brendan J. McConville: SUNY Research Bayside, New York, The Impact of Soviet-Ameri- Foundation/Binghamton, New York, Material Campaign to Shape Civil Rights, 1964-75 can Relations on the Decision to Use the Atom Origins of Popular Political Radicalism in 18th- Bomb on Japan Marie J. Schwartz: University of Maryland, Century New Jersey College Park, Born in Bondage: A Comparative Catherine A. Krumme: Winchester High Roger P. Morris: Independent Scholar, Study of Slave Childhood School, Massachusetts, Elizabeth Cady Stan­ Discrepancies in the 1956 and 1960 ton: The Intellectual Force behind Suffrage David J. Vaught: University of California, Davis, Presidential Elections Contested Harvest: The Shaping of Agricultural Elizabeth L. Landen: Roanoke College, Salem, Simon P. Newman: Northern Illinois University, Labor Relations in California, 1900-1919 Virginia, The Role of the Freedmen’s Bureau in DeKalb, Parades, Festivals, and Politics of the the Reconstruction of Virginia Wendy L. Wall: Stanford University, California, Street in the Early American Republic Democracy and the Dilemma of Difference: The Janet E. Liebl: Southwest State University, Mar­ Donald G. Nieman: Clemson University, South Reformulation of American Nationalism, 1935-65 shall, Minnesota, Orphan Trains on the Prairie: Carolina, Black Political Power and Justice: The Southwestern Minnesota Experience Washington County. Texas, 1865-1900 HBCU GRADUATE FELLOWSHIPS Andrew Martin: Lawrence High School, Marianne J. Bumgarner-Davis: Johnson C. Barney J. Rickman, III: Valdosta State College, Cedarhurst, New York, "Where did you go to Smith University, Charlotte, North Carolina, Georgia, The Ideology of American Cooperation school, Great-Grandpa?”: Educational Options Ph.D. in History with Japan, 1922-52 for the 19th-Century Immigrant Sherry L. Smith: University of Texas, El Paso, Mark A. Micchio: Rutgers University, New Bruns­ Rethinking the American Indian, 1880-1934 STUDY GRANTS wick, New Jersey, Patriotism or Profit: Motivation Paul J. Devendittis: Nassau Community Christopher Waldrep: Eastern Illinois Univer­ for Enlistment during the American Revolution College, Garden City, New York, The Rise and sity, Charleston, Black Participation in Southern Benjamin A. Oldham: Casady School, Okla­ Growth of White Racial Nationalism in America Courts, 1800-85 homa City, Oklahoma, The History of an African- Thomas M. Gaskin: Everett Community Col­ John C. Willis: University of the South, Sewa- American Regiment in the American Civil War lege, Washington, Dual Biography and United nee, Tennessee, On the New South Frontier: Eli Rubin: Evanston Township High School, States History Life in the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta, 1865-1920 Illinois, Madman or Martyr: A Psychohistory of David E. Rison: Charleston Southern Univer­ John Brown sity, South Carolina, New Perspectives on the UNIVERSITY TEACHERS Civil Rights Movement William J. Bolster: University of New Hamp­ Julia A. Savacool: Mt. Greylock Regional High shire, Durham, A History of African-American School, Williamstown, Massachusetts, Assess­ SUMMER SEMINARS FOR COLLEGE TEACHERS Seamen, 1750-1860 ing the Validity of Four Controversial Theories of Don H. Doyle: Vanderbilt University, Lizabeth A. Cohen: Carnegie-Mellon Univer­ Voyages to America before Columbus Nashville, Tennessee, Southern History and sity, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, The Politics of Christopher M. Sclafani: Yale University, New Faulkner's Fiction Consumption in Postwar America Haven, Connecticut, The 1964 Democratic Con­ Thomas Kessner: CUNY Research Foundation/ Nancy F. Cott: Yale University, New Haven, vention: The Impact on the Party Coalition Graduate School & University Center, New York, Connecticut, A History of Marriage and U.S. Caroline R. Sherman: Lake Ridge Academy, New York. The Making of Modern America, Public Policy North Ridgeville, Ohio, Patriots and Loyalists: 1918-1941 Lawrence J. Friedman: Bowling Green State Rhetoric and Reality before the American Roger L. Nichols: University of Arizona, Tucson, University, Ohio, A Biography of Erik H. Erikson Revolution Current Issues in Native American History Robert B. Westbrook: University of Rochester, Jeremy A. Stern: Brandeis University, Walt­ Elizabeth Pleck: Wellesley College, Massachu­ New York, World War II and Political Obligation ham, Massachusetts, Ideas of Freedom in the setts, Women and American Politics, 1920-88 in the United States American Revolution, 1772-76

38 SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1993 Seth Stern: George W. Hewlett High School, Jane P. Bowers: CUNY Research Foundation/ Richard H. Millington: Smith College, Northamp­ New York, “A World Apart”: An Examination of John Jay College, New York, New York, Read­ ton, Massachusetts, A Modern Family Emerges: the Philosophies of W. E. B. Du Bois and ings in Law and Literature Selections from the Hale Family Papers Booker T. Washington J. Gill Holland: Davidson College, North Car­ Laura C. Otis: Harvard University, Cambridge, Daniel C. Vitz: Regis High School, New York, olina, The Traditional Cultural Roots of Demon­ Massachusetts, Science, Literature, and Culture New York, The New York Draft Riots of 1863: strations in China in the Spring of 1989 in Late 19th-Century Spain A Confederate Conspiracy? Nathalia King: Reed College, Portland, Oregon, Christopher W. Phillips: Emporia State Univer­ Oral Tradition and the Epics of West Africa sity, Kansas, The African-American Community Joseph L. Klesner: Kenyon College, Gambier, of Baltimore, 1790-1860 Ohio, Europe Meets Asia and Africa: Imperial­ Donald K. Pollock: SUNY Research Founda­ ism in the Eyes of Participants and of Historians tion/Buffalo Main Campus, New York, A Social Darshan C. Perusek: University of Wisconsin- History of Medical Autobiography Interdisciplinary Stout, Menomonie, Native American Autobiogra­ Elliott P. Skinner: Columbia University, New phy and Oratory COLLEGE TEACHERS AND York, New York, Democracy and Political Tradi­ INDEPENDENT SCHOLARS George L. Scheper: Essex Community Col­ tion in Burkina Faso James M. Gallman: Loyola College in Balti­ lege, Baltimore County, Maryland, Navaho and more, Maryland, Receiving Erin's Children: The Pueblo Ceremonial Literature Xiao-Huang Yin: Occidental College, Los Response to Irish Immigrants in Philadelphia Angeles, California, Chinese-American Litera­ and Liverpool SUMMER SEMINARS FOR COLLEGE TEACHERS ture and its Socio-historical Context David G. Hackett: University of Florida, Gaines­ William L. Andrews: University of Kansas, Doris T. Zallen: Virginia Polytechnic Institute & ville, The Construction of Gender in 19th-Cen­ Lawrence, The Slave Narrative Tradition in State University, Blacksburg, Genetic Linkage tury American Religious Culture African-American Literature and Culture Testing: The New Ethical and Societal Issues Francis G. Hutchins: Independent Scholar, Jeffrey B. Russell: University of California, Heinrich von Staden: Yale University, New The Historical Interconnectedness of Native and Santa Barbara, Late Antique and Medieval Haven, Connecticut, A Comprehensive Study of Other Americans, 17th-19th Centuries Conceptions of Heaven the Hellenistic Scientist, Erasistratus Sergei Kan: Dartmouth College, Hanover, New George Saliba: Columbia University, New York, Hampshire, Tlingit Culture and Christianity: New York, Islam and the Scientific Tradition UNIVERSITY TEACHERS A Comparative Ethno-history of the Native/ Stephen Spector: SUNY Research Founda­ Robert A. Day: CUNY Research Foundation/ Missionary Encounter in Alaska tion/Stony Brook Main Campus, New York, Queens College, New York, New York, A Biog­ raphy of William Wotton, 1666-1727 John P. McWilliams, Jr.: Middlebury College, Absence and Presence: The Jew in Early Vermont, Historical Literature, 1800-60: New English Literature Peter R. Dear: Cornell University, Ithaca, New England's Changing Identity Henry A. Turner: Yale University, New Haven, York, Changing Approaches to Scientific Experi­ Penelope E. Niven: Independent Scholar, Dal­ Connecticut, The German Experience of Parti­ ence in the Seventeenth Century las, Texas, A Biography of Edward Steichen tion and Reunification Ann Douglas: Columbia University, New York, Bruce A. Ronda: Colorado State University, Fort New York, American Modernism in New York SUMMER SEMINARS FOR SCHOOL TEACHERS City, 1914-34 Collins, A Biography of Elizabeth Palmer Peabody Elizabeth H. Bellmer: Trinity College, District John D. Saillant: Bryant College, Smithfield, of Columbia, Washington, D.C., The Origin of David L. Gollaher: San Diego State University, Rhode Island, A Life of Lemuel Haynes: Race, the Species, The Victorian Milieu of Science California, Dorothea Lynde Dix and the Origins Religion, and Democratic Thought and Religion of the American Asylum Paul R. Spickard: Brigham Young University, Miles Orvell: Temple University, Philadelphia, Robert A. Gross: College of William and Mary, Hawaii, Laie, Black Los Angeles: The Worlds of Pennsylvania, The Documentary Movement of Williamsburg, Virginia, The Transcendentalists African-American Migrants, 1930-55 the 1930s: Lorentz, Wright, Evans, Agee, Dos and Their World Tamara P. Thornton: SUNY Research Founda­ Passos, and Steinbeck William H. Kenney: Kent State University Main tion/College at Fredonia, New York, A Cultural John Purdy: Western Washington University, Campus, Ohio, The Phonograph in America, History of Handwriting in America Bellingham, “Firsts": Four Native American Novels 1890-1930 Judith F. Zeitlin: Independent Scholar, Stow, Peter M. Rutkoff: Kenyon College, Gambier, Donald S. Lopez: University of Michigan, Ann Massachusetts, Cultural Resistance and Trans­ Ohio, American Studies: Texts of the Post-War Era Arbor, A Translation ofdGe ‘dun Chos ‘phel’s formation in Colonial Tehuantepec, Mexico Nagarjuna's Intention Adorned SUMMER STIPENDS DISSERTATION GRANTS Esther N. Chow: American University, Wash­ Naomi Oreskes: Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, The Rejection of Continental Drift Michael F. Frampton: University of Chicago, ington, D.C., A Social History of Washington, Illinois, The Biological Bases of Behavior from D.C.’s Chinatown Michael Scammell: Cornell University, Ithaca, Antiquity to the Scientific Revolution Caroline C. Crawford: Independent Scholar, New York, A Critical Biography of Arthur Koestler Laurie L. Hovell: Syracuse University, New Berkeley, California, Oakland Blues/Jazz Oral Judith L. Sensibar: Arizona State University, York, Horizons Lost and Found: Travel, Writing, History Project Tempe, Faulkner and Love: A Family Narrative, and Tibet in the Age of Imperialism James E. Force: University of Kentucky, Lex­ 1850-1936 Michael P. Kucher: University of Delaware, ington, Newton's God in Newton’s Science Barbara H. Tedlock: SUNY Research Founda­ Newark, Urban Infrastructure in Early Renais­ Rhonda K. Garelick: University of Colorado, tion/Buffalo Main Campus, New York, A Trans­ sance Siena Boulder, A Biography of Early Modernist Dancer lation and Interpretation of the Quiche Codex, Jeanne C. Lawrence: Yale University, New and Filmmaker Loie Fuller an 18th-Century Mayan Document Haven, Connecticut, Merchandising Class: The Robert S. Gregg: University of Pennsylvania, Phil­ Cynthia A. Ward: University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department Store and Urban Social Relations in adelphia, Post-1940 African-American Migration Honolulu, Vernacular Dynamics in Contemporary Turn-of-the-Century Chicago and Glasgow Sydney A. Halpern: University of Illinois at English-Language Novels Grantland S. Rice: Brandeis University, Chicago, Ethical Disputes in Experimental Medi­ Waltham, Massachusetts, The Transformation cine: The 1935 Polio Vaccine Controversy YOUNGER SCHOLARS of Authorship in Early America Joshua L. Anderson: Hillsborough High Joonok Huh: University of Northern Colorado, William W. Tammone: Indiana University, Greeley, Mothers and Daughters in Asian-Amer- School, Tampa, Florida, The Ideals of Jose Bloomington, Fermentation and Putrefaction in ican and Asian Women’s Literature Marti in the History of Cuba Early Modern Science and Medicine Richard A. Keiser: Carleton College, Northfield, Christine C. Barton: University of Texas at Minnesota, The African-American Struggle for Austin, Frontier Slavery in Microcosm: The HBCU GRADUATE FELLOWSHIPS Political Power in Atlanta Billingsley and Devereux Plantations in Texas Janet L. Sims-Wood: Howard University, Gail S. Bayarin: George W. Hewlett High School, Washington, D.C., Ph.D. in Women’s Studies Yung-Hee Kwon: Ohio State University, Main Campus, Columbus, Earliest Feminist Writers of New York, In the Struggle Lies the Joy: Reflec­ STUDY GRANTS Modern Korea tions of William H. Johnson and Langston Hughes Libby Bay: Rockland Community College, Suf- Lary L. May: University of Minnesota-Twin Daniel E. Bender: Yale University, New Haven, fern, New York, Female Friendship in Literature: Cities, Minneapolis, Hollywood and the Politics Connecticut, Social and Labor History of the Bonding and Betrayal of Popular Culture, 1930-55 Farmington Canal

HUMANITIES 39 Jessica E. Bloom: Central Bucks West High Rebecca L. Saunders: Strath Haven High STUDY GRANTS School, Doylestown, Pennsylvania, The Cultural School, Wallingford, Pennsylvania, An Explo­ Yung-0 Biq: San Francisco State University, Revolution in China: First-Person Narratives ration of the Influence of Men on the Writings of California, Linguistics and English/Mandarin Natalya Bolshun: Edward R. Murrow High Zora Neale Hurston Oral Interpretation School, Brooklyn, New York, The Role of Julie C. Suk: Hunter College High School, New Richard A. Courage: Westchester Community Women in Traditional and Revolutionary York, New York, Myth and Metaphor in Chinese- College, Valhalla, New York, One Literacy or Many Russian Societies American Literature Maria O. Marotti: University of California, Santa Matthew S. Bothner: Boston University, Mass­ Barbara, Italian Feminism achusetts, Charismatic Religion and Race Rela­ Molly A. Mayhead: Western Oregon State Col­ tions: The Azusa Street Pentacostal Revival lege, Monmouth, An Argument Analysis of Charu A. Chandrasekhar: Bellaire High Thurgood Marshall’s Supreme Court Opinions School, Houston, Texas, Influences of Victorian Jurisprudence and Dissents England and the Bloomsbury Group on the Mark H. Wright: Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Development of Virginia Woolf’s Feminism STUDY GRANTS University, Daytona Beach, Florida, Classical Brian M. Childs: Jersey Village High School, Robert C. Figueira: Lander College, Green­ Rhetorical Theory and Practice Houston, Texas, Lenin and the Bolsheviks, wood, South Carolina, The Foundations of the Robespierre and the Jacobins: The Legacy of Western Legal Tradition SUMMER SEMINARS FOR COLLEGE TEACHERS the French Revolution Russell A. Berman: Stanford University, Cali­ SUMMER SEMINARS FOR COLLEGE TEACHERS fornia, Inventing Germany: Cultural Symbols Josephine D. Coakley: Cranford High School, Donald P. Kommers: University of Notre and National Fictions New Jersey, A Feminine Voice in a Cavalier Age: Dame, Indiana, American Constitutionalism in A Study of the Prose and Poetry of Aphra Behn Lloyd F. Bitzer: University of Wisconsin, Comparative Perspective Madison, Invention in Classical and Modern Jessica A. Coughran: Texas A&M University, Theories of Rhetoric Main Campus, College Station, Albucasis: A SUMMER STIPENDS Study of the 11th-Century Arab Physician and Marianne Constable: University of California, Randolph D. Pope: Washington University, St. His Influence on Medicine in the Middle Ages Berkeley, The Rhetoric of Social Science in Louis, Missouri, Spanish Autobiography in the European Context Samuel L. David: Berkeley Carroll School, Legal Discourse Brooklyn, New York, Native American Traditions James B. Murphy: Dartmouth College, Han­ SUMMER SEMINARS FOR SCHOOL TEACHERS and Modern Fiction over, New Hampshire, Natural Law and the Edward J. Ahearn: Brown University, Provi­ Walter B. Davis: University of Kansas, Laws of Nature dence, Rhode Island, The Paris of Balzac, Lawrence, Mind and the Return in Parmenides: Baudelaire, and Flaubert A Prologue to Philosophy UNIVERSITY TEACHERS F. Russell Hittinger: Catholic University of Jenny E. Deller: Illinois Math & Science Acad­ SUMMER STIPENDS America, Washington, D.C., A Contemporary Susan Carlton: Pacific Lutheran University, emy, Aurora, A Continent Apart: Visions of Study of Thomas Aquinas's Treatise on Law Tacoma, Washington, Poetic, Rhetoric, and the Women in Post-World War II Britain and America Writing of History Kevin R. Dwarka: Columbia University, New YOUNGER SCHOLARS Cheryl Glenn: Oregon State University, Corval­ York, New York, Gay Community Development David W. Dumaresq: Saint Anselm College, lis, Women and the Rhetorical Tradition from in New York's West Village after the Stonewall Manchester, New Hampshire, Ronald Dworkin Antiquity through the Renaissance Riot of 1969 and the Founding Fathers on How Judges Should Decide Cases Karen M. Johnson-Weiner: Clarkson Univer­ Ricardo I. Flores: Santa Clara University, Cali­ sity, Potsdam, New York, Language Mainte­ fornia, Proposed Philosophical Framework for the Indraneel Sur: Hunter College High School, nance and Shift in Amish and Mennonite Search and Development of Artificial Intelligence New York, New York, Roman Law and Ger­ manic Law: A Study of Diffusion Communities Corinne E. Funk: The Bryn Mawr School, Balti­ Michael K. Launer: Florida State University, more, Maryland, Three 20th-Century Baltimore William S. Wimsatt: Oberlin College, Ohio, Tallahassee, Chernobyl, Rhetoric, and the How Should the Court Resolve Competing Con­ Writers: Edith Hamilton, H. L. Mencken, and Development of Civil Society in the Soviet Union Anne Tyler stitutional Values? Kathryn M. Olson: University of Wisconsin, Mary E. Hull: Brown University, Providence, Milwaukee, Collective Memory and Conserva­ Rhode Island, The Role of African-American tive Campaign Arguments Religion in the Politics of Civil Rights, 1954-68 Victoria Purcell-Gates: Harvard University, Rachel L. Johnson: San Francisco University Cambridge, Massachusetts, Functional Written High School, California, A Light in Our Path: The Discourse and Barriers to Full Literacy Harlem Renaissance Language & Linguistics COLLEGE TEACHERS AND Martha T. Roth: University of Chicago, Illinois, Denna Kahn: Lawrence High School, Cedar­ Mesopotamian Law Collections hurst, New York, My Family, My People: A Micro­ INDEPENDENT SCHOLARS Edward Schiappa: Purdue University, W. history of New York's Lower East Side Jews Mark H. Aronoff: SUNY Research Founda­ tion/Stony Brook Main Campus, New York, Lafayette, Indiana, A Predisciplinary Account of Shefali Kothari: George W. Hewlett High Form in Linguistic Morphology the Rhetoric and Philosophy of Gorgias School, New York, The Forgotten Voice: Annie Besant's Contributions to India Edwin L. Battistella: University of Alabama, UNIVERSITY TEACHERS Birmingham, The History of Markedness in Gen­ Gil B. Lahav: Harvard University, Cambridge, Edward Baker: University of Florida, Gaines­ erative Grammar Massachusetts, Black-Jewish Relations, 1984-92 ville, The Emergence of Literature and the Liter­ Joli K. Jensen: University of Tulsa, Oklahoma, ary Canon: Spain, 1780-1870 Pia L. Luedtke: Polytechnic School, Pasadena, Critiques of Cultural Democracy: A Historical California, Architect Julia Morgan: Blueprint for Christina Y. Bethin: SUNY Research Founda­ Analysis of American Debates Social Change tion/Stony Brook Main Campus, New York, Johanna H. Prins: Oberlin College, Ohio, The Form and Function of the Syllable in Rachel I. Massey: University of Chicago, Illi­ Greek Tragedy in 19th-Century England Slavic Languages nois, The Definition of a Refugee: Philosophical and Practical Implications Marc L. Greenberg: University of Kansas, DISSERTATION GRANTS Lawrence, A Phonological History of the Anitra A. Menning: Lawrence High School, Kan­ John F. Bailyn: Cornell University, Ithaca, Slovene Dialects sas, Andrei Sakharov and Russian Civil Society New York, “Free" Word Order in Russian: A Functional/Generative Account John E. Joseph: University of Maryland, Col­ Caela R. Miller: E. L. Vandermeulen High lege Park, Cognitive, Political, and Legal Dimen­ School, Port Jefferson, New York, Practicing Nelson J. Moe: Johns Hopkins University, Balti­ sions of Language Norms Science: A Comparison of Rosalind Franklin more, Maryland, The Representation of South­ and Barbara McClintock ern Italy and the Making of Modern Italy YOUNGER SCHOLARS Charles L. Sanders: University of Texas at David D. Testen: University of Chicago, Illinois, Ryan R. Hill: Klein High School, Spring, Texas, Austin, Unchained Melodies: A Multimedia Asseverative LA- in Arabic and Related Perspectives of the Black Press during Integra­ Approach to the Soviet Free Jazz Movement Semitic Particles tion in Houston, 1960-64

40 SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1993 Christie A. Routel: Vernon Township High DISSERTATION GRANTS Mark S. Sandona: Hood College, Frederick, School, New Jersey, The Influence of Dorothy Craig E. Bertolet: Pennsylvania State Univer­ Maryland, Euripidean Tragedy: Lexical and Criti­ Thompson's Journalism sity, Main Campus, University Park, The Rise of cal Investigations London Literature: Chaucer, Gower, Langland, Karen J. Shabetai: University of Washington, and the Poetics of the City in Late Medieval Seattle, Romantic Literature and Ethics English Poetry Benjamin L. Sloan: Shaw University,Raleigh, Barbara Comins: CUNY Research Founda­ North Carolina, The African-American Novel tion/Graduate School & University Center, New from 1853 to 1990 York, New York, Musical Orchestration in the Literature Talbot I. Spivak: Edison Community College, Poetry of Wallace Stevens COLLEGE TEACHERS AND Fort Myers, Florida, Justice and Responsibility in INDEPENDENT SCHOLARS Steven E. Gregg: Washington State University, the Plays of Aeschylus and Sophocles Pullman, A Critical History of 19th-Century Barbara M. Benedict: Trinity College, Hartford, Felicia Sturzer: University of Tennessee, Chat­ American Poetry Anthologies Connecticut, Reading for Pleasure: Politics and tanooga, Images of Women in 18th-Century Aesthetics in English Literary Miscellanies, Bridget M. Keegan: SUNY Research Founda­ French Fiction by Women tion/Buffalo Main Campus, New York, Sordid 1660-1800 Maria C. Urruela: University of Puget Sound, Jackson J. Benson: San Diego State Univer­ Melpomene: Poetry and Poverty in the Work of Tacoma, Washington, Four Spanish Women’s sity, California, A Biography of Wallace Stegner Wordsworth, Clare, Hugo, and Baudelaire Voices in the 19th Century: Literature, Education Susan Cherniack: Smith College, Northamp­ Sharon Marcus: Johns Hopkins University, and Freedom ton, Massachusetts, The Impact of Printing on Baltimore, Maryland, the City and the Home: Hari Hara Nath Vishwanadha: Santa Monica Domestic Architecture and 19th-Century French Textual Transmission in Song, China, 960-1279 College, California, Permanence of Change in and British Novels Thomas J. Colchie: Independent Scholar, 20th-Century Japanese Literature Abigail S. Rischin: Yale University, New Brooklyn, New York, A Biography of the Brazil­ Kathleen Walsh: Central Oregon Community Haven, Connecticut, The Representation of the ian Novelist Jorge Amado College, Bend, The 19th-Century Slave Narra­ Visual Arts in 19th-Century Literature tive: Its Artistry and Its Tradition Ralph A. DiFranco: University of Denver, Col­ orado, The Complete Poetic Works of Diego HBCU GRADUATE FELLOWSHIPS Beverly J. Whitten: University of Southwestern Hurtado de Mendoza, 1504-57: A Critical Edition Anthony R. Drago: CUNY Research Founda­ Louisiana, Lafayette, Understanding the Ameri­ cas through Literature Millicent G. Dillon: Independent Scholar, A tion/Manhattan Community College, New York, New York, Ph.D. in English Literature Biography of Paul Bowles SUMMER SEMINARS FOR COLLEGE TEACHERS Mary P. Donaldson-Evans: University of Timothy H. Flake: Wiley College, Marshall, Leslie Brisman: Yale University, New Haven, Delaware, Newark, Medical Presence in Late Texas, Ph.D. in British Literature Connecticut, The Bible as Literature: Theory 19th-Century French Narrative Prose Lorraine M. Henry: Howard University, and Practice Julia L. Epstein: Haverford College, Pennsylva­ Washington, D.C., Ph.D. in American and Leo Damrosch: Harvard University, Cam­ nia, Theories of History and Narrative: Case English Literature bridge, Massachusetts, Rousseau and Blake: History and Case Fiction Janice L. White: Selma University, Alabama, Inventing the Modern Self Richard A. Frasca: Independent Scholar, The Ph.D. in English Marcel M. 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Roche, Jr.: Princeton University, stead, New York, Donne, Augustine, and the New Jersey, Epic Romance: Virgil, Ariosto, ton, Idaho, Views of the Self in 18th-Century Baroque Crisis of Hope Tasso, Spenser British Philosophy and the Gothic Novel John E. Kleiner: Williams College, Williams- Daniel R. Schwarz: Cornell University, Ithaca, James P. Grove: Mount Mercy College,Cedar town, Massachusetts, The Treatment of Failure New York, Theoretical and Critical Perspectives Rapids, Iowa, The Midwestern Experience: in the Works of Virgil, Ovid. Dante, and Chaucer on the Modernist Tradition A Sense of Place in Selected Minnesota Fiction Liza Knapp: Independent Scholar, The Meta­ John Sitter: Emory University, Atlanta, June C. Hankins: Southwest Texas State physics of Physics in the Fiction of Dostoevsky Georgia, Eighteenth-Century Satire and Theo­ University, San Marcos, The Interrelationship ries of Satire Leza A. Lowitz: Rikkyo University, Japan, of Human Beings and Nature in Later American An Anthology of Contemporary Japanese Literature Martin Stevens: Columbia University, New Women 's Poetry York, New York, Chaucer in the 20th Century: Philip H. Highfill, III: Oberlin College, Ohio, Codicology, Historiography, Interpretation Timothy W. H. Peltason: Wellesley College, Readings in German Literature Massachusetts, The Prose of Experience: Albert Wertheim: Indiana University, Blooming­ Richard J. Hitchman: Cuesta College, San Victorian Narratives of Conversion ton, Contemporary Literature from Africa, the Luis Obispo, California, Reading Core Texts: West Indies, and the Pacific James L. Pethica: Independent Scholar, Latin American Literature A Critical Study of the Creative Partnership of Everett Zimmerman: University of California, Michael S. Kearns: University of Texas of the W. B. Yeats and Lady Gregory Santa Barbara, Eighteenth-Century Historiogra­ Permian Basin, Odessa, Fictional Worlds, Famil­ phy and Fiction Peter S. Prescott: Independent Scholar, iar and Strange A Biography of Alfred and Blanche Knopf Rosemarie C. LaValva: SUNY Research SUMMER SEMINARS FOR SCHOOL TEACHERS Marion E. Rodgers: Independent Scholar, Foundation/Binghamton, New York, Myth and Roger M. A. Allen: University of Pennsylvania, A Biography of H. L. Mencken Italian Literature Philadelphia, The Arabic Novel R. Judson Rosengrant: Independent Scholar, Robert M. Luscher: Catawba College, Salis­ Philip R. Berk: University of Rochester, New Portland, Oregon, Translation and Edition of L. bury, North Carolina, American Women's Litera­ York, Moliere: The Major Comedies la. Ginzburg On Lyric Poetry ture: Reconfiguring the Canon Peter Boerner: Indiana University, Blooming­ Rimgaila E. Salys: SUNY Research Founda­ Mary Anne S. Lutz: Frostburg State University, ton, Goethe's Faust and Thomas Mann's tion/Binghamton, New York, Boris Pasternak: Maryland, Political Economists: Smith, Bentham, Doktor Faustus An Edition of the Family Correspondence and Malthus John L. Bryant: Hofstra University, Hempstead, Michael A. Sells: Haverford College, Pennsyl­ Christine A. Pabon: Washington College, New York, From Typee to Moby Dick: The vania, The Pre-lsiamic Arabic Qasida (Ode) Chestertown, Maryland, Analogues in Shake­ Growth of an Artist Sandra W. Spanier: Oregon State University, speare’s Comedies Lawrence N. Danson: Princeton University, Corvallis, The Collected Letters of Kay Boyle: William G. Pendleton: East Georgia College, New Jersey, Oscar Wilde: Personality and Para­ An Authorized Edition Swainsboro, Three Major Black Writers doxes of Aestheticism

HUMANITIES 41 Merlin H. Forster: Brigham Young University, Linda S. Bergmann: Illinois Institute of Tech­ Joseph R. McElrath: Florida State University, Provo, Utah, Fiction of Fictions: Reading Jorge nology, Chicago, Elizabeth Agassiz and the Tallahassee, Unpublished Manuscripts of Luis Borges Papers of Louis Agassiz Charles IN. Chesnutt Edward H. Friedman: Indiana University, Paul Breslin: Northwestern University, Brent O. Peterson: Duquesne University, Pitts­ Bloomington, Don Quixote: The Beginning and Evanston, Illinois, Derek Walcott and West burgh, Pennsylvania, Nation-Building at the Ends of the Novel Indian Nationalism Intersection of History and Fiction Jay L. Halio: University of Delaware, Newark, Stephen M. Buhler: University of Nebraska, Lin­ Monica B. Potkay: College of William and Shakespeare: Enacting the Text coln, Edmund Spenser and the Epicurean Tradition Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, The Emergence of Patrick G. Henry: Whitman College, Walla Marjorie J. Burns: Portland State University, Women's Voices in Medieval English Literature Walla, Washington, Montaigne's Essays Oregon, The Literary Sources and Influence of Diane Roberts: University of Alabama, Tusca­ H. Nelson Hilton: University of Georgia J. R. R. Tolkien loosa, The Evil Governess in the Victorian Novel Research Foundation Inc., Athens, William Virginia S. Carr: Georgia State University, Lawrence R. Rodgers: Kansas State Univer­ Blake: Innocence and Experience Atlanta, Paul Bowles, American Writer- sity, Manhattan, Study of African-American Carl F. Hovde: Columbia University, New York, Composer: A Biography Great Migration Novels New York, The Poetry of Walt Whitman and Wayne K. Chapman: Clemson University, James S. Romm: Barnard College, New York, Emily Dickinson South Carolina, The Genesis of The Countess New York, The Discovery Debate: Classical Tra­ Mark Krupnick: University of Chicago, Illinois, Cathleen, 1888-1940 dition in an Age of Exploration, 1492-1650 Reading Henry James’s Fiction Phyllis B. Cole: Pennsylvania State University Enrico M. Santi: Georgetown University, Wash­ Albert C. Labriola: Duquesne University, Pitts­ Delaware Campus, Media, Mary Moody Emer­ ington, D.C., Modern Poetry and Poetics in Latin burgh, Pennsylvania, Paradise Lost and the son and Her Family America, 1880-1980 Contemporary Reader John D. Cox: Hope College, Holland, Michigan, John E. Tidwell: Miami University, Oxford, Lawrence L. Langer: Simmons College, Boston, The Devil and Society in Early English Drama Ohio, Collected Poems and Selected Prose of Massachusetts, Literature of the Holocaust Julia V. Douthwaite: University of Notre Dame, Frank Marshall Davis: An Edition John R. Maier: SUNY Research Foundation/ Indiana, The History and Fictions of the “Wild Sharon E. Ugalde: Southwest Texas State Uni­ College at Brockport, New York, Gilgamesh: Girl of Champagne” versity, San Marcos, Female Figures in Recent Myth and the Heroic Quest Victor A. Doyno: SUNY Research Foundation/ Spanish Women’s Poetry Harry P. Marten: Union College, Schenectady, Buffalo Main Campus, New York, Beginning to Patricia D. Valenti: Pembroke State University, New York, The Novels of Joseph Conrad Write Huck Finn: Mark Twain's Creative Process North Carolina, Sophia Peabody Hawthorne: A Carol A. Martin: Boise State University, Idaho, Robert R. Edwards: Pennsylvania State Uni­ Biography Reading Victorian Novels as Victorian versity, Main Campus, University Park, Source Longxi Zhang: University of California, River­ Readers Did and Context in Chaucer's The Franklin’s Tale side, Allegoresis: Interpretation and Ideology Ricardo G. Mouat: Emory University, Atlanta, Jennifer L. Eich: University of Kentucky, Lex­ Georgia, Myths of Cultural Identity in The ington, Spanish-American Religious Writings as UNIVERSITY TEACHERS Labyrinth of Solitude and One Hundred Years Cultural and Literary Artifacts Evelyn Barish: CUNY Research Foundation/ of Solitude Joseph Farrell: University of Pennsylvania, Graduate School & University Center, New York, New York, Paul de Man in His Times John C. Olmsted: Oberlin College, Ohio, Vanity Philadelphia, Walcott’s Omeros, The Culture of Fair and David Copperfield Classics in a Postcolonial World Shari M. Benstock: University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, The Impact of Literary Periodi­ Russell A. Peck: University of Rochester, New Susan L. Fischer: Bucknell University, Lewis- cals on Modernism, 1890-1940 York, Cinderella and Beauty and the Beast burg, Pennsylvania, The Spanish Comedia in a Modern Context Carol K. Blum: SUNY Research Foundation/ David M. Robinson: Oregon State University, Stony Brook Main Campus, New York, Depopu­ Corvallis, Walden and the American Trans- David S. George: Lake Forest College, Illinois, lation Rhetoric in 18th-Century France cendentalist Movement: Thoreau, Emerson, Brazilian Theater and Redemocratization and Fuller Edmondo M. Gerli: Georgetown University, Peter Boerner: Indiana University, Blooming­ ton, Annotations to Goethe’s Correspondence Peter Schaeffer: University of California, Davis, Washington, D.C., Saint Augustine, Lapsed Lan­ with Carl Friedrich Zelter Goethe's Faust: Quest and Fulfillment guage. and the Poetics of the Libro de Buen Amor Ross Brann: Cornell University, Ithaca, New Janet Sharistanian: University of Kansas, Benjamin Harshav: Yale University, New Lawrence, American Women as Writers: Whar­ Haven, Connecticut, Forms of Hebrew and Yid­ York, Representations of Muslims and Jews in ton and Cather dish Poetry from Bible to Present Hispano-Hebrew and Hispano-Arabic Literature Martin B. Shichtman: Eastern Michigan Uni­ Peter J. Hitchcock: CUNY Research Founda­ Michele L. Farrell: Duke University, Durham, versity, Ypsilanti, The Holy Grail tion/Bernard Baruch College, New York, New North Carolina, The Staging of Exoticism in the York, An American in China: The “China Books" 17th-Century French Theater Linda M. Shires: Princeton University, New Jer­ sey, Reading Tennyson of Agnes Smedley William B. Flesch: Brandeis University, Greg Johnson: Kennesaw State College, Mari­ Waltham, Massachusetts, Literary Effects of Lit­ Marcel Tetel: Duke University, Durham, North etta, Georgia, Joyce Carol Oates: A Critical erary Quotation Carolina, Montaigne: Perspectives on His Times Biography Nancy K. Florida: University of Michigan, Ann Richard Vernier: Wayne State University, James W. Karman: California State University- Arbor, A Study of the Babad Jaka Tingkir, a Detroit, Michigan, Baudelaire and the Chico Foundation, Collected Letters of Robinson 19th-Century Javanese Poem Modern Tradition Jeffers with Selected Letters of Una Jeffers E. Michael Gerli: Georgetown University, James D. Wilson: Elmira College, New York, Joseph P. Kelly: College of Charleston, South Washington, D.C., Saint Augustine and the Mark Twain's Short Fiction: The Artist and Carolina, James Joyce's Literary Reputation and Poetics of the Libro de Buen Amor His World the History of Dubliners Ezra Greenspan: University of South Carolina, Mary Ann F. Witt: Duke University, Durham, Kathryn J. Kirkpatrick: Appalachian State Uni­ Columbia, George P. Putnam and 19th-Century North Carolina, Modern European Drama American Publishing and Politics versity, Boone, North Carolina, Maria Edge­ worth's Belinda: An Edition J. R. Hall: University of Mississippi, Main Cam­ Robert F. Yeager: University of North Carolina, pus, University, Early 19th-Century Scholars Asheville, Beowulf and the Heroic Age Ronald D. LeBlanc: University of New Hamp­ shire, Durham, Symbols of Predatoriness and and the Beowulf Manuscript Howard T. Young: Pomona College, Clare­ Carnivorism in Dostoevsky's Fiction Richard L. Halpern: University of Colorado, mont, California, In and Out of History: Juan Boulder, Myth, Modernism, and the Search for a Ramon Jimenez Jacques-Jude A. Lepine: Haverford College, Pennsylvania, Tragedy and Sacrifice in Unified Culture in Shakespeare SUMMER STIPENDS Jean Racine Michael G. Hanly: Washington State University, Derek Attridge: Rutgers University, New James B. Mandrell: Brandeis University, Pullman, Politics and the Transmission of Italian Brunswick, New Jersey, The Relation of Formal Waltham, Massachusetts, Myth and Silence in Literature in Late Medieval France and England Literary Properties to Ethical Issues the Poetry and Prose of Luis Cernuda Ruth-Ellen B. Joeres: University of Minnesota- Robert H. Bell: Williams College, Williamstown, Julia Markus: Hofstra University, Hempstead, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Labeling and Self- Massachusetts, Milton's Anatomy of Folly in New York, Elizabeth Barrett and Robert Brown­ Representation among 19th-Century German Paradise Lost ing’s Marriage: A Biography Women Writers

42 SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1993 John N. King: Ohio State University, Main Clare M. Gillis: Hopkins School, New Haven, Danielle M. Toppins: Beloit College, Wiscon­ Campus, Columbus, The Reformation Tradition Connecticut, Anomie: Its Causes and Manifesta­ sin, “White Ink” in the Novels of Helene Cixous of 17th-Century English Poetry tions in 20th-Century Youth as Seen in Literature and Albalucia Angel: A Comparative Approach David Lattimore: Brown University, Providence, David M. Greenberg: Yale University, New William S. Trainor: Jersey Village High School, Rhode Island, Poems of Du Fu: Translations Haven, Connecticut, The Plays of the Children's Houston, Texas, Eliot as Fisher King: The Search with Critical Essays Companies, 1600-09: An Examination of Their for Spiritual Rebirth in the Poetry of T. S. Eliot Place in English Renaissance Drama Peter J. Manning: University of Southern Cali­ Dy D. Tran: Columbia University, New York, fornia, Los Angeles, The Late Wordsworth Diana L. Greenberg: White Plains High School, New York, Goethe's Werther and the Philoso­ New York, Salman Rushdie: The Pen's Power, phy of Language Robert M. Markley: University of Washington, The Sword’s Wrath Seattle, Literature, Nature, and Ecology in Hailey V. Wheeless: Worland High School, Britain, 1640-1800 Nathan M. Harper: Eureka High School, Califor­ Wyoming, From Athens to Cheyenne: An Inves­ nia, Societal Influences on the Development of tigation of the Journey Motif in Homer's Odyssey Susan J. Morgan: Miami University, Oxford, Writer Milan Kundera and Larry McMurtry's Lonesome Dove Ohio, Victorian Women's Travel Books about David R. Irving: Southern Methodist University, Alia C. Yap: Punahou School, Honolulu, Southeast Asia Dallas, Texas, The Foregrounding of Metaphor Hawaii, Unraveling the Mystic: A Study of Reli­ Thomas G. Pavel: Princeton University, New in Pynchon and Barthelme gious and Philosophical Influences on the Writ­ Jersey, Imagination and Ideology in French Molly W. Jacobs: Pittsfield High School, New ings of Emerson Classical Literature Hampshire, Women in Shakespeare Michael C. Phillips: University of Edinburgh, Jessica M. Johnson: The Marshall School, United Kingdom, The Creation of Blake’s Songs Duluth, Minnesota, Mak, Gill, Froward and Gar- Randolph D. Pope: Washington University, St. cio: Amoral Voices in Medieval Plays by the Louis, Missouri, Spanish Autobiography in the Wakefield Master European Context Andrew P. Katz: Pace Academy, Atlanta, Philosophy Melinda A. Rabb: Brown University, Provi­ Georgia, Elwyn Brooks White. 20th-Century COLLEGE TEACHERS AND dence, Rhode Island, A Critical Study of the Transcendentalist INDEPENDENT SCHOLARS Writings of Delariviere Manley Mendi D. S. Lewis: Spelman College, Atlanta, Lawrence C. Becker: College of William and George E. Rowe: University of Oregon, Georgia, The Black Experience in the Voices of Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, Stoicism, Human Eugene, Privacy, Emotion, and Gender in Three Nicolas Guillen and Langston Hughes Good, and Good Lives: A Philosophical Study Early Modern English Romances Dennis K. N. Lin: Harvard University, Cam­ Judith W. DeCew: Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, Privacy in Law and Ethics: A James S. Shapiro: Columbia University, New bridge, Massachusetts, The Discourse of Conta­ gion in the 19th Century: An Analysis of Literary Study in the Philosophy of Law York, New York, Shakespeare and the Jews and Medical Texts of Cholera in France Carol C. Gould: Stevens Institute of Technol­ Haruo Shirane: Columbia University, New Arvind K. Manocha: Cornell University, Ithaca, ogy, Hoboken, New Jersey, Hard Questions in York, New York, The Poetry and Prose of Mat­ New York, The Influence of Indian Philosophy Democratic Theory: A Philosophical Study suo Basho in 17th-Century Japan on Thoreau's Nature and Walden Daniel W. Graham: Brigham Young University, Gary L. Taylor: Brandeis University, Waltham, Amy E. Markley: Michigan State University, Provo, Utah, Aristotle's Physics, Book VIII: A Massachusetts, The Complete Works of East Lansing, Narrative Practice in the Novels of Translation and Commentary Thomas Middleton, 1580-1627: An Edition Henry James John Heil: Davidson College, North Carolina, Martha J. Vicinus: University of Michigan, Ann Stefanie R. Markovits: Yale University, New Thought and Language: A Study in Metaphysics Arbor, A Theater History of Women Who Haven, Connecticut, Gendered Epistemology in Dressed as Men, 1660-1940 Norton Nelkin: University of New Orleans, the Novel: A Study in Jane Austen Louisiana, A Philosophical Inquiry into the Robert N. Watson: University of California, Los Heather V. Matovcik: Rocky Point High School, Nature of Mind Angeles, Donne, Herbert, and the Denial of New York, The Use of Biography to Interpret Peter K. Unger: New York University, New York, Death in Jacobean Culture Emily Dickinson's Poetry Moral Terms and Commonsense Moral Thinking Krzysztof M. Ziarek: University of Notre Dame, Kevin J. Matthews: University of Texas at Indiana, A Study of the Role and Function of Austin, Development of Symbolism in Ten­ DISSERTATION GRANTS Language in 20th-Century American and East­ nessee Williams's Night of the Iguana E. Justin D’Arms: University of Michigan, Ann ern European Poetry Mary Pollard Murray: Columbia University, Arbor, Evolution and the Moral Sentiments New York, New York, The Development of Alison J. Simmons: University of Pennsylva­ YOUNGER SCHOLARS American Religious Oratory: John Cotton, nia, Philadelphia, The Philosophical Treatment Laura I. Appleman: University of Pennsylvania, Jonathan Edwards, and Ralph Waldo Emerson of Phenomenal Qualities from the Scholastics Philadelphia, The Effect of the Arthurian Gender Hamsa M. Murthy: Mayde Creek High School, to Descartes Stereotype on Victorian Women Houston, Texas, Analysis of Three Utopian Zackary D. Berger: California Institute of Tech­ Societies and Development of a Utopian Society STUDY GRANTS nology, Pasadena, Historical and Autobiographi­ Todd L. Adams: Pennsylvania State University Scott L. Newstrom: Grinnell College, Iowa, A Worthington Scranton, Dunmore, James cal Elements in I. J. Schwartz's Kentucky Study of Marriage in Willa Cather's Novels McCosh: Philosopher, Educator Christopher C. Campbell: Reed College, Port­ Zachary A. Pall: Moscow High School, Idaho, Patricia A. Aufderheide: American University, land, Oregon, The Fragmented Imagery of Iden­ The Political Development of Thomas Mann Washington, D.C., Freedom of Expression, tity: Karoline von Gunderrode and the Quest for seen through the Joseph Novels Romantic Individuality Journalism, and Democracy Heather A. Pilar: North East High School, John S. Burkey: Siena College, Loudonville, Jean-Luc S. Charles: Amherst College, Massa­ Maryland, William Butler Yeats: His Relationship New York, Autobiography and Philosophical chusetts, Speaking as Becoming in Gwendolyn to Women and the Muse Brooks's Maud Martha Self-Knowledge William M. Ross: Saint Paul’s School, Coving­ Glenn W. Fetzer: Calvin College, Grand Laura M. Demmelmaier: St. Francis High ton, Louisiana, Walker Percy's use of the “Delta Rapids, Michigan, The Philosophical Bases of School, Mountain View, California, Art for Politi­ Factor" in The Thanatos Syndrome Modern French Poetry cal Purposes in Nigeria: Studies of Fiction by Scott H. Samuelson: Grinnell College, Iowa, Marilyn R. Fischer: University of Dayton, Ohio, Wole Soyinka and Chinua Achebe Identity and Genre in the Work of Djuna Barnes American Philanthropy and Political Justice Rebekah L. Edwards: Mills College, Oakland, Jennifer A. Shrum: Chaffey High School, Gary F. Greif: University of Wisconsin, Green California, The Character of Architecture in the Ontario, California, Black Women’s Voices: All Bay, Human Development and Society Gothic Novel Women 's Issues D. Lynn Holt: Centenary College of Louisiana, Francesca L. Fiore: Hunter College High Kelly A. Slater: University of Chicago, Illinois, Shreveport, Interpretations of Aristotelian Practi­ School, New York, New York, The Extent of Female Desire and Religious Desire Conjoined: Ezra Pound's Political and Economic Ideology Christina Rossetti's Devotional Poetry cal Rationality Expressed in the Cantos Brent F. Stinski: Northwestern University, Mark Lenssen: Ohio Northern University, Ada, Deborah L. Forssman: Central College, Pella, Evanston, Illinois, Languages of Destruction and Philosophy and the Question of Rationality Iowa, Willa Cather's Pastoral Vision and Female Understanding in the Works of Gertrude Stein Scott C. Lowe: Bloomsburg University of Penn­ Development and D. H. Lawrence sylvania, Communitarian Critics of Liberalism

HUMANITIES 43 Carl P. Mullins: Missouri Western State College, Stephen L. Darwall: University of Michigan, Stephen A. Marini: Wellesley College, Massa­ St. Joseph, Readings in American Thought: Ann Arbor, Obligation, Motive, and Agency in chusetts, The Government of God: Religion in William James Early Modern British Ethics Revolutionary America Thomas P. Rardin: Appalachian State Univer­ Herbert A. Davidson: University of California, Reginald A. Ray: Naropa Institute, Boulder, sity, Boone, North Carolina, Second-Order Logic Los Angeles, Philosophy of Moses Maimonides Colorado, The Unconventional Spirituality of the and Plural Quantification John F. Horty: University of Maryland, College Tantric Buddhist Saints (Siddhas) Michael D. Redmond: Bergen Community Col­ Park, Deontic Logic and Nonmonotonic Suchitra Samanta: Independent Scholar, Reli­ lege, Paramus, New Jersey, Dewey, Pragma­ Reasoning gious Experience and Cultural Meaning: The tism, and Experience Goddess Kali in Bengali Lives David B. Lyons: Cornell University, Ithaca, New Cornelia A. Tsakiridou: La Salle University, York, Political Obligation and Civil Disobedience Lloyd M. White: Oberlin College, Ohio, Religion, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Jean Cocteau and Romanization, and Social Change: Understand­ Deborah K. Modrak: University of Rochester, the Cinema of Personal Mythology ing the Spread of Christianity in Roman Cities of New York, Intellect, Emotion, and Imagination in the Aegean Hellenistic Philosophy SUMMER SEMINARS FOR COLLEGE TEACHERS Michael E. Bratman: Stanford University, Cali­ David F. Norton: McGill University, Canada, STUDY GRANTS fornia, Intention The Foundations of Morality, 1600-1800 Paul F. Aspan: Saint Joseph’s University, Robert C. Cummins: University of Arizona, Tad M. Schmaltz: Duke University, Durham, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Myth as a Heuristic Tucson, Mental Representation North Carolina, Malebranche’s Cartesian Theory Category in New Testament Hermeneutics Thomas E. Hill, Jr.: University of North Car­ of the Soul Robert A. Cathey: Monmouth College, Illinois, olina, Chapel Hill, Kant’s Moral Philosophy Guenter Zoelier: University of Iowa, Iowa City, The Cultural-Linguistic Turn in Philosophy and Transcendental Egology in Kant, Fichte, and Religious Studies SUMMER SEMINARS FOR SCHOOL TEACHERS Schopenhauer Barry S. Crawford: Washburn University of Ronald Aronson: Wayne State University, Topeka, Kansas, Josephus, Judaism, and Detroit, Michigan, Jean-Paul Sartre: A Writer YOUNGER SCHOLARS Christian Origins Embracing His Time Elliott J. Casey: University of Virginia, Char­ John W. Keber: Manhattan College, Bronx, New lottesville, Alisdair MacIntyre's Virtue-Ethics and Eugene Garver: Saint John's University, Col- York, Habermas and Sahagun's Ethnography legeville, Minnesota, Machiavelli's The Prince Biomedical Ethics Allan S. Kohrman: Massasoit Community Col­ Mathew K. Caughron: Thomas Aquinas Col­ Clyde L. Miller: SUNY Research lege, Brockton, Massachusetts, The Essential lege, Santa Paula, California, The Predicability Foundation/Stony Brook Main Campus, New Texts of Quakerism York, Learning and Teaching in Plato's Protago­ of Species in Aristotle's Organon Eric Lund: Saint Olaf College, Northfield, Min­ ras an d Meno J. Benjamin Eggleston, Jr.: Washington nesota, The Qur'an, Muslim Communal Identity, and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia, Act- Richard D. Parry: Agnes Scott College, and Interreligious Relations Decatur, Georgia, Virtue, Happiness, and the Utilitarianism versus Rule-Utilitarianism: A Criti­ Common Good in Plato's Republic cal Analysis SUMMER SEMINARS FOR COLLEGE TEACHERS Sara R. Ferguson: University of Michigan, Ann Gary A. Anderson: University of Virginia, Char­ SUMMER STIPENDS Arbor, Obligation and Freedom in Kant's Ethics lottesville, The Adam and Eve Narrative in Richard T. W. Arthur: Middlebury College, Ver­ Christian and Jewish Tradition mont, Leibniz and the Continuum Steven R. Furlanetto: Pittsford Sutherland High School, New York, The Integration of Evolution Huston Smith: Pacific School of Religion, James A. Blachowicz: Loyola University, Chi­ and Society Berkeley, California, The Esoteric Dimension of cago, Illinois, Of Two Minds: The Nature of Inquiry Jeffrey N. Kepple: Woodward Academy, Col­ Religion: Four Case Studies Ronna C. Burger: Tulane University of lege Park, Georgia, The Spirit of Dionysus in the Louisiana, New Orleans, The Speeches and Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche SUMMER SEMINARS FOR SCHOOL TEACHERS Deeds of Aristotle’s Ethics Peter J. Awn: Columbia University, New York, Nicholas G. Kolodny: Williams College, Wil- Rachel Cohon: Stanford University, California, New York, The Islamic Vision in Religion and liamstown, Massachusetts, The Role of 18th- Hume and the Paradoxes of Justice Literature: Four Classical Texts Century Historical Theory on Kant’s Moral and Daniel J. Gilman: Pennsylvania State Univer­ Religious Philosophy Walter H. Capps: University of California, Santa sity Hershey Medical Center, A Naturalist’s Per­ Barbara, Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in spective on Pictorial Representation Brent P. Little: Transylvania University, Lexing­ America: Religion in a Democratic Society ton, Kentucky, Contemporary Criticism of Classi­ Christopher S. Hill: University of Arkansas, cal Ethical Theory William R. Cook: SUNY Research Foundation/ Fayetteville, Justification and Scepticism College at Geneseo, Albany, New York, Early David A. Moore: University of Chicago, Illinois, Christian Monasticism Bradford W. Hooker: Virginia Commonwealth An Examination of Sartre’s Being and Nothing­ University, Richmond, Rule-Consequentialism Ewert H. Cousins: Fordham University, Bronx, ness and Notes for an Ethics and Internal Incoherence New York, Augustine, Bonaventure, Teresa of Katharine J. Mueller: Ohio State University, Jonathan A. Jacobs: Colgate University, Avila: The Mystical Journey Main Campus, Columbus, Kant's Theory of the Hamilton, New York, The Elements of Moral Transylvania University, State: Discovering Freedom in Society James G. Moseley: Knowledge and Moral Psychology Lexington, Kentucky, Winthrop's Journal: David M. Shull: Harvard University, Cambridge, Michael J. Murray: Franklin and Marshall Col­ Religion, Politics, and Narrative in Early Ameri­ Massachusetts, The Role of Fiction in Lan­ lege, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, The Roots of can History guage: Reference for Fictional Words Leibniz's Mature Philosophical Theology Wolfgang M. W. Roth: Garrett-Evangelical John P. Rawling: University of Missouri, Saint Theological Seminary, Evanston, Illinois, Biblical Louis, St. Louis, Judgments, Intentions, and Narrative: Joseph. Ruth, Elijah, and Job Frameworks of Deliberation SUMMER STIPENDS Northern Arizona University, David M. Sherry: Steven M. Emmanuel: Virginia Wesleyan Flagstaff, Pure Intuition in Mathematical Rea­ Religion College, Norfolk, The Religious Philosophy soning: A Reconstruction of Kant of Kierkegaard Talbot J. Taylor: College of William and Mary, COLLEGE TEACHERS AND Carl W. Ernst: University of North Carolina, Williamsburg, Virginia, The Problem of Linguistic INDEPENDENT SCHOLARS Chapel Hill, Ruzbihan: The Mystical Life and Conformity in Western Theories of Language David L. Dungan: University of Tennessee, Knoxville, The Gospels and Their Authors: A Teachings of a Persian Sufi Kenneth P. Winkler: Wellesley College, Mass­ Survey of the Debate Joseph A. Fitzmyer: Catholic University of achusetts, Shaftesbury on Personal Identity John C. Holt: Bowdoin College, Brunswick, America, Washington, D.C., Publication of Texts Linda T. Zagzebski: Loyola Marymount Univer­ Maine, Bodhisattvas Portrayed: The Religious of the Book of Tobit from Qumran Cave Four sity, Los Angeles, California, Virtues of the Mind: and Historical Significance of South Indian James E. Goehring: Mary Washington College, An Inquiry into the Nature of Knowledge Mahayana Buddhist Iconography Fredericksburg, Virginia, The Encomia of Coptic Abbot Abraham of Farshut: A Critical Edition UNIVERSITY TEACHERS Todd T. Lewis: College of the Holy Cross, James D. Breazeale: University of Kentucky, Worcester, Massachusetts, The Devotional and John A. Grim: Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Lexington, A Study in the Foundations and Sys­ Economic Role of Merchants in the History Pennsylvania, Reinterpretation of a Native tematic Structure of Transcendental Philosophy of Buddhism American Religious Resistance Movement

44 SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1993 Ralph Keen: Alaska Pacific University, DISSERTATION GRANTS Katherine R. Jensen: University of Wyoming, Anchorage, The Patristic Tradition in Counter- Laura S. Jensen: University of Connecticut, Laramie, Gambling and Community Change: Reformation Thought Storrs, The Entitlement Mentality: American Risks, Winnings, and Losses Miriam L. Levering: University of Tennessee, Expectations of the State Andrew M. Koppelman: Princeton University, Knoxville, Enlightened Women in the Ch an Gary A. Shiftman: University of Michigan, Ann New Jersey, The Antidiscrimination Project: Buddhist Tradition Arbor, The Political Uses of Mortality: A Geneal­ Foundations, Scope, Limits Paul A. Mirecki: University of Kansas, Law­ ogy of Civic Heroism in Ancient Athens David R. Maines: Wayne State University, rence, The Coptic Synaxeis Codex in Berlin's Andrew Vails: University of Pittsburgh, Pennsyl­ Detroit, Michigan, Herbert Blumer on Democ­ racy and Social Change Egyptian Museums vania, Hume and the Foundations of Liberalism Donald L. Robinson: Smith College, Northamp­ Miranda E. Shaw: University of Richmond, Vir­ Edward A. Walpin: Duke University, Durham, ton, Massachusetts, Japanese Constitutional ginia, Tantric Buddhist Dance in India and Nepal North Carolina, Another Romanticism: Words­ worth, Emerson, and the Crisis of Modernity Debates of 1946 Tod D. Swanson: Arizona State University, Michelle A. Saint-Germain: University of Tempe, Shamanism and Ethnic Relations in Quito HBCU GRADUATE FELLOWSHIPS Texas, El Paso, Elected Women's Concepts of George L. Amedee: Southern University in New Democratization in Central America UNIVERSITY TEACHERS Orleans, Louisiana, Ph.D. in Political Science William C. Chittick: SUNY Research Foundation/ Susan E. Scarrow: University of Houston— Stony Brook Main Campus, New York, A Study of Downtown, Texas, Historical Continuities in STUDY GRANTS German Attitudes towards Political Parties Ibn at- Arabi's Cosmology and Psychology Barbara Wejnert: Georgia Southern College, Kurt G. Weyland: Vanderbilt University, Thomas A. DuBois: University of Washington, Statesboro, Diffusion of Emerging Democracies Nashville, Tennessee, Democracy, Citizenship, Seattle, Communities of Belief: Pre-Christian and Democratic Movements in Eastern Europe and Neo-Liberalism in Chile Scandinavia Franke Wilmer: Montana State University, Susan A. Harvey: Brown University, Provi­ SUMMER SEMINARS FOR COLLEGE TEACHERS Joseph Hamburger: Yale University, New Bozeman, Iroquois Politics and the Great Law dence, Rhode Island, Sensuality and Spirituality Haven, Connecticut, Victorian Political and of Peace in the Early Christian East Social Thought: The Intelligentsia and Modernity Alan N. Woolfolk: Oglethorpe University, Laurie F. Maffly-Kipp: University of North Car­ Aaron Wildavsky: University of California, Atlanta, Georgia, T. G. Masaryk: Democracy, olina, Chapel Hill, African-American Communal Berkeley, Political Cultures Czech Nationalism, and Religious Humanism Narratives in 19th-Century America Elaine H. Pagels: Princeton University, New SUMMER SEMINARS FOR SCHOOL TEACHERS UNIVERSITY TEACHERS Jersey, A Study of the Origins of the Figure of John E. Elliott: University of Southern Califor­ Steven P. Forde: University of North Texas, Satan, c. 165 B.C.-100 C.E. nia, Los Angeles, Seminal Works of Classical Denton, International Ethics in the Early Modem Natural Law Tradition Brian K. Smith: University of California, Political Economy: Adam Smith, John Stuart Arthur M. Melzer: Michigan State University, Riverside, Defining Hinduism: Ancient and Mill, Karl Marx East Lansing, A Study of Aristotle, Hobbes, Modern Conceptions Charles E. Ellison: University of Cincinnati, and Rousseau Chun-fang Yu: Rutgers University, New Ohio, Modern Society and Its Alternatives in the Sidney M. Milkis: Brandeis University, Walt­ Brunswick, New Jersey, Kuan-yin: The Chinese Works of Jean-Jacques Rousseau ham, Massachusetts, A Study of the American Harvey E. Klehr: Emory University, Atlanta, Transformation of A valokitesvara Party System through the 1912 Election Georgia, American Intellectuals and Communism Mary P. Nichols: Fordham University, Bronx, YOUNGER SCHOLARS Kenneth J. McCormick: University of Northern New York, Friendship and Political Community Nezar A. Andary: Columbia University, New York, Iowa, Cedar Falls, The Works of Adam Smith New York, Self-Identity in Modem Druze Thought Thomas L. Pangie: University of Toronto, Donald A. Nielsen: SUNY Research Founda­ Canada, Liberal Political Theory and the Bible Tracey L. Billado: Smith College, Northampton, tion/College at Oneonta, New York, Cultural Massachusetts, Julian of Norwich and Margery Foundations of Work, Wealth, and Leisure: Four Patrick T. Riley: University of Wisconsin, Kempe: A Comparison of Women Mystics in Fin-de-Siecle Classics— Weber, Durkheim, Sim- Madison, Fenelon's Telemachus, Son of Late Medieval England mel, Veblen Ulysses: An Edition Billie J. Blair: Kansas Wesleyan, Salinas, Donald R. Stabile: Saint Mary’s College of Ralph A. Thaxton, Jr.: Brandeis University, A Comparison of Women's Leadership Roles in Maryland, St. Mary's City, Alexander Hamilton Waltham, Massachusetts, The Great Leap Famine in China in the Perspective of the First-Century Judaism, Christianity, and and the Political Economy of the Constitution Longue Duree Roman Culture Joline H. Jozokos: Urban School of San Fran­ SUMMER STIPENDS Franklin H. Adler: Antioch University, Yellow YOUNGER SCHOLARS cisco, California, Women's Independent Reli­ Lauren E. Griswold: Richland Northeast High Springs, Ohio, Racism, Immigrants, and the gious Expression in the High Middle Ages School, Columbia, South Carolina, John Shaw Rise of the French National Front Gregory E. Karpenko: Valparaiso University, Billings; Time, Inc.; and the Cold War Karen Barkey: Columbia University, New York, Indiana, Narrative as Philosophy of Religion Marc E. Isserles: Sarah Lawrence College, New York, Imperial Policy and Ethnic National­ Bronxville, New York, A Tocquevillian Anthropol­ Ellen A. Seagren: Monona Grove High School, ism in the 19th-Century Ottoman Empire ogy: American Democratic Man and His Culture Wisconsin, The Power of Feminine Divinities Bradley W. Bateman: Grinnell College, Iowa, A Thomas P. Kelly: University of Notre Dame, Gregory S. White: Swarthmore College, Penn­ Study of the Evolution of J. M. Keynes’s Thought Indiana, The Idea of Toleration in the Tradition sylvania, The Intra-Madhyamaka Debate: Logic, Orlando N. Boll and: Colgate University, Hamilton, of Democratic Liberalism Philosophical Method, and Historical Context New York, The Labor Movement and the Emer­ Tahra N. Kerman: Lawrence High School, gence of Democracy in the British West Indies Cedarhurst, New York, Beyond Scarlett: Redis­ Lisa J. Disch: University of Minnesota-Twin covering the Women of the Antebellum South Cities, Minneapolis, Storytelling as Political Phi­ Tom V. Nguyen: Texas A&M University, Main losophy in the Writings of Hannah Arendt Campus, College Station, Negative and Positive Social Sciences Marianne Fisher-Gioriando: Grambling State Freedom in Democratic Thought University, Louisiana, Louisiana's Forgotten Stacey E. Reed: University of Notre Dame, COLLEGE TEACHERS AND Inmates: Female State Prisoners, 1866-1900 Indiana, The Role of Equality in Justifying INDEPENDENT SCHOLARS Carol W. Gelderman: University of New Democracy in Rawls and Mill Ronald G. Knapp: SUNY Research Founda­ Orleans, Louisiana, Modern Presidents and Todd C. Stevenson: Monmouth College, tion/College at New Paltz, New York, Didactic Their Speechmaking Illinois, Collective Security and Interdependence Landscapes: Chinese Villages as Texts Janine P. Hole: Loyola College in Baltimore, in the Post-Cold War Era Thomas K. Lindsay: University of Northern Maryland, The Language of Democracy in Pol­ Joseph L. Tobin: Reed College, Portland, Iowa, Cedar Falls, Toward an Education for ish Political Discourse, 1990-92 Oregon, Machiavellian Political Virtue Democracy: Aristotle's Challenge to Modernity Gary D. Jaworski: Fairleigh Dickinson Univer­ Matthew S. Walker: University of Rochester, James W. Muller: University of Alaska, Anchor­ sity, Madison, New Jersey, The American New York, The Boston City Charter Reform of age, The Education of Winston Churchill Reception of Georg Simmel 1909: The Campaign and the Popular Vote

HUMANITIES 45 DEADLINES DEADLINES DEADLINES

DIVISION OF EDUCATION PROGRAMS James C. Herbert, Director • 606-8373 Area code for all telephone numbers is 202. Deadline Projects beginning

Higher Education in the Humanities • Lyn Maxwell White 606-8380...... October 1, 1993 April 1994 Institutes for College and University Faculty • Barbara A. Ashbrook 606-8380...... October 1, 1993 Summer 1995 Science and Humanities Education • Susan Greenstein/Deb Coon 606-8380...... March 15, 1994 October 1,1994 Core Curriculum Projects • Fred Winter 606-8380...... October 1, 1993 April 1994 Two-Year Colleges • Judith Jeffrey Howard 606-8380...... October 1, 1993 April 1994 Challenge Grants • Thomas Adams 606-8380...... May 1, 1994 December 1, 1994 Elementary and Secondary Education in the Humanities • F. Bruce Robinson 606-8377...... December 15,1993 August 1994 Teacher-Scholar Program • Annette Palmer 606-8377...... May 1, 1994 September 1995 Special Opportunity in Foreign Language Education...... March 15, 1994 October 1994 Higher Education • Lyn Maxwell White 606-8380 Elementary and Secondary Education • F. Bruce Robinson 606-8377

DIVISION OF FELLOWSHIPS AND SEMINARS Marjorie A. Berlincourt, Director • 606-8458

Deadline______Projects beginning

Fellowships for University Teachers • Maben D. Herring 606-8466 ...... May 1, 1994 January 1, 1995 Fellowships for College Teachers and Independent Scholars • Joseph B. Neville 606-8466 .. ...May 1, 1994 January 1, 1995 Summer Stipends • Thomas O'Brien 606-8466 ...... October 1, 1993 May 1, 1994 Faculty Graduate Study Program for Historically Black Colleges and Universities...... March 15, 1994 September 1,1995 Maben D. Herring 606-8466 Younger Scholars • Leon Bramson 606-8463...... November 1, 1993 May 1, 1994 Dissertation Grants • Kathleen Mitchell 606-8463...... November 15, 1993 September 1, 1994 Study Grants for College and University Teachers • Clayton Lewis 606-8463...... August 15, 1994 May 1, 1995 Summer Seminars for College Teachers • Joel Schwartz 606-8463 Participants...... March 1, 1994 Summer 1994 Directors...... March 1, 1994 Summer 1995 Summer Seminars for School Teachers • Michael Hall 606-8463 Participants...... March 1, 1994 Summer 1994 Directors...... April 1, 1994 Summer 1995

DIVISION OF PRESERVATION AND ACCESS George F. Farr. Jr.. Director. 606-8570 Deadline Projects beginning

Library and Archival Preservation Projects • Vanessa Piala/Charles Kolb 606-8570 ...... November 1, 1993 July 1994 Library and Archival Preservation/Access Projects • Karen Jefferson/Barbara Paulson 606-8570 November 1, 1993 July 1994 National Heritage Preservation Program • Richard Rose/Laura Word 606-8570...... November 1, 1993 July 1994 U. S. Newspaper Program • Jeffrey Field 606-8570 ...... November 1, 1993 July 1994

To receive guidelines for any NEH program, contact the Office of Publications and Public Affairs at 202/606-8438. Guidelines are available at least two months in advance of application deadlines. Telecommunications device for the deaf: 202/606-8282.

46 SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1993 DEADLINES DEADLINES DEADLINES

DIVISION OF PUBLIC PROGRAMS Marsha Semmel, Acting Director • 606-8267

Area code for all telephone numbers is 202. Deadline Projects beginning

Humanities Projects in Media • James Dougherty 606-8278...... September 10, 1993 April 1, 1994

Humanities Projects in Museums and Historical Organizations • Fredric Miller 606-8284 .... December 3, 1993 July 1, 1994

Public Humanities Projects • Wilsonia Cherry 606-8271 ...... September 17, 1993 April 1, 1994

Humanities Projects in Libraries • Thomas Phelps 606-8271 Planning...... November 5, 1993 April 1, 1994 Implementation...... September 10, 1993 April 1, 1994

Challenge Grants • Abbie Cutter 606-8361 ...... May 1, 1994 December 1, 1994

DIVISION OF RESEARCH PROGRAMS Guinevere L. Griest, Director • 606-8200

______Deadline______Projects beginning

Scholarly Publications • Margot Backas 606-8207

Editions • Douglas Arnold 606-8207...... June 1, 1994 April 1, 1995

Translations • Richard Lynn 606-8207...... June 1, 1994 April 1, 1995

Subventions • 606-8207...... March 15, 1994 October 1, 1994

Reference Materials • Jane Rosenberg 606-8358

Tools • Helen Aguera 606-8358...... September 1, 1993 July 1, 1994

Guides • Michael Poliakoff 606-8358...... September 1, 1993 July 1, 1994

Challenge Grants • Bonnie Gould 606-8358...... May 1, 1994 December 1, 1994

Interpretive Research • George Lucas 606-8210

Collaborative Projects • David Wise 606-8210...... October 15, 1993 July 1, 1994

Archaeology Projects • Murray McClellan 606-8210...... October 15, 1993 April 1, 1994

Humanities, Science, and Technology • Daniel Jones 606-8210...... October 15, 1993 July 1, 1994

Conferences • David Coder 606-8210...... January 15, 1994 October 1, 1994

Centers for Advanced Study • Christine Kalke 606-8210...... October 1, 1993 July 1, 1994

International Research • Christine Kalke 606-8210...... April 1, 1994 January 1, 1995

DIVISION OF STATE PROGRAMS camie Watson, Director • 606-8254

Each state humanities council establishes its own grant guidelines and application deadlines. Addresses and telephone numbers of these state programs may be obtained from the division.

OFFICE OF CHALLENGE GRANTS Edythe Manza, Acting Director • 606-8361

______Deadline______Projects beginning

Applications are submitted through the Divisions of Education, Research, and Public Programs May 1, 1994 December 1, 1994

HUMANITIES 47 SECOND CLASS MAIL NATIONAL ENDOWMENT POSTAGE & FEES PAID FOR THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW FOR THE HUMANITIES Washington, D.C. 20506 PUB. NO. 187526 Official Business Penalty for Private Use, $300.00 ISSN 0018-7526