Insect Hydrocarbons Biology, Biochemistry, and Chemical Ecology Gary J

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89814-0 - Insect Hydrocarbons Biology, Biochemistry, and Chemical Ecology Gary J. Blomquist and Anne-Genevieve Bagneres Index More information

Index

n-Alkanes, 20, 106 Apis mellifera, 13, 14, 92, 94, 95, 97, 141, 142, 144, 159, Acalolepta luxuriosa, 376, 379, 387 212, 213, 218, 219, 228, 232, 236, 237, 238, 239, 252, Acarapis woodi, 289, 321 255, 266, 277, 278, 283, 289, 309, 316, 320, 321, 322, acetate esters, 195 484 acetyl-CoA, 20, 22, 36, 43 arachnids., 9 acetylenes, 165, 180 Arctia caja, 191, 197, 393, 434 Acherontia atropos, 283, 289, 321 arctiid pheromones, 391 Acheta domesticus, 21, 34, 73 arctiids, 392 Aedes aegypti, 155, 333, 342 Arrhenius behavior, 111, 113 Aedes albopictus, 136, 157 Arrhenius plot, 109, 110, 111, 112, 115, 129, 133 Agelenopsis aperta, 350, 353 artificial mixed colonies, 297 alkylmagnesium halides, 167 Ascotis selenaria cretacea, 398, 422, 433, 437, 439, 445 allenes, 30, 33, 180, 183 Atta colombica, 16, 23, 33, 142, 144 allenic hydrocarbons, 21, 32 allogrooming, 87, 223, 297 Baldspot elongase, 67, 73 American cockroach, 3, 11, 13, 17, 18, 20, 23, 36, 38, 42, 49, basitarsal brushes, 87 51, 77, 92, 96, 98, 118, 130 Batesian mimicry, 282 Amyelois transitella, 185, 417, 435, 439 biological activity, polar surface lipids Anastrepha suspense, 130 cis-9,10-epoxytricosane, 191 Andrena bees, 284 3,11-dimethylheptacosan-2-one, 193 Androctonus australis, 357, 369, 370 29-oxo-3,11-dimethylnonacosan-2-one, 193 Anelosimus eximius, 347, 349, 351, 357, 369, 371 29-hydroxy-3,11-dimethylnonacosan-2-one, 193 Anopheles arabiensis, 136, 150 (Z)-10-heptadecen-2-one, 192, 195 Anopheles gambiae, 13, 90, 148, 150, 151, 152, 154, 159, (Z)-14-tricosen-10-one, 192, 195 333, 337, 338, 342 2-tridecanone, 192, 195 Anopheles maculates, 138 2-pentadecanone, 192, 195 Anopheles maculipennis, 138 Biston robustum, 191 Anopheles quadrimaculus, 138 Blatta orientalis, 130, 162 Anopheles stephensi, 333 Blattella germanica, 35, 48, 49, 50, 51, 71, 72, 73, 76, Anoplophora glabripennsis, 376, 383 78, 94, 98, 99, 119, 184, 193, 197, 199, 200, 202, Anoplophora malasiaca, 384 251, 339 antennal reception, 8, 433 bolas spiders, 283, 287, 323, 324 Antitrogus consanguineus, 21 Bombinae, 144 Antitrogus parvulus, 23, 181, 182, 186 Bombus terrestris, 82, 91, 280, 336, 339 Aphaenogaster cockerelli, 239, 259, 260, 261, 265, 268, 270, 272, 273, 280, 478, 483 cabbage looper, 34, 35, 45, 49, 50, 72, 73, 190, 198, Aphaenogaster senilis, 85, 87, 96, 240, 271 199, 202 aphids Calliphora vomitoria, 330, 334, 338, 343 wax esters, 193 Calliphoridae, 139, 140, 161, 326, 330, 334, 338, 342

486

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89814-0 - Insect Hydrocarbons Biology, Biochemistry, and Chemical Ecology Gary J. Blomquist and Anne-Genevieve Bagneres Index More information

Index 487

Camponotus, 8, 12, 17, 80, 81, 85, 86, 91, 93, 96, 184, 209, Claisen rearrangements, 173, 174 210, 214, 216, 217, 219, 223, 225, 226, 227, 234, 237, Coccus cacti, 193 238, 240, 241, 250, 256, 257, 260, 261, 264, 268, 269, Cochliomyia hominivorax, 189, 330 270, 273, 276, 285, 294, 295, 300, 305, 314, 321, 338, Coelotes terrestris, 351, 353, 355, 356, 369, 370, 371, 373 478, 480, 483, 484 Colletes cunicularius, 183, 285, 320 Camponotus floridanus, 234, 256, 268, 270 Colletes hederae, 287, 324 Carbon-13 NMR, 41 colony odor, 8, 13, 87, 98, 222, 236, 238, 240, 277, 297, 299, carotenoids, 79, 98 306, 308, 310, 318, 479, 483 Carpophilus, 10, 11, 448, 449, 451, 456, 460, 461, 463, 464, Colopterus, 448, 449, 451, 463, 470, 472 465, 466, 470, 471, 472, 473, 474, 475, 476 Conophthorus cembroides, 129 Carpophilus antiquus, 449, 450, 451, 452, 455, 460, 461, 463 Conophthorus edulis, 129 Carpophilus brachypterus, 449, 450, 451, 452, 455, 463 contact pheromones, 6, 7, 8, 9, 44, 71, 208, 350, 351, 369, Carpophilus davidsoni, 449, 451, 452, 455, 456, 458, 465, 375, 376, 378, 379, 380, 381, 383, 384, 385, 387, 478 466, 467 Coptotermes, 33, 94, 131, 132, 133, 150, 154, 155, 158, 159, Carpophilus dimidiatus, 449, 450, 451, 452, 455, 456, 460, 227, 251, 483 461, 463, 466 Coptotermes formosanus, 133 Carpophilus freemani, 449, 451, 452, 454, 455, 456, 457, corpora allata, 48, 81, 280, 330 458, 460, 461, 465 Cosmophasis bitaeniata, 290, 292, 293, 314, 316 Carpophilus hemipterus, 449, 450, 451, 452, 454, 455, 458, Crematogaster smithii, 258, 271, 272 459, 460, 461, 463, 464, 465 critical temperature, 100, 104 Carpophilus lugubris, 449, 451, 452, 455, 460, 461, 463, Cryptocercus punctatus, 142 464, 466 Cupiennius salei, 350, 371 Carpophilus mutilatus, 449, 451, 452, 455, 458, 460, 461, Cuticular lipids, 187 463, 464, 465, 467 cuticular permeability, 14, 100, 105, 106, 109, 110, 113, 114, Cataglyphis cursor, 87, 226, 319 115, 116, 119, 120, 199, 202, 343, 358, 363, 373, 484 Cataglyphis iberica, 13, 258, 271, 276 cuticular transpiration, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 108, 110, Cataglyphis niger, 98, 227, 228, 231, 242, 322, 479, 484, 485 111, 113, 114, 115 Cerambycidae, 182, 186, 375, 378, 379, 386, 387, 388, cuticular water loss, 101, 112 389 Ceratitis capitata, 130 Dactylopius confusus, 194 Cerogenes auricoma, 194 Danaus, 141, 147, 155 Ceutorrhynchus assimilis, 188 Deanolis sublimbalis, 417, 437 chain length specificity, 37, 51 decarboxylation, 4, 20, 37, 53, 168, 172, 391, 421, 422, 424 Chalepoxenus muellerianus, 300, 304 Dendroctonus refipennis, 470 CHC sensillum, 209, 210, 211, 217 Dermatobia hominis, 331, 340 chelicerate arthropods, 344 desat, 58, 59 Chemical communication, 195 desat1, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 66, 72, 74, 334, 335 Chemical deception/mimicry, 282 desat2, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 146, 330 chemical insignificance, 9, 299, 306, 307, 312 desatF, 61, 62, 68, 146 chemical mimicry, 3, 9, 11, 15, 36, 90, 144, 224, 282, 283, desaturases, 54, 55, 56, 62, 67, 68, 69, 72, 73, 343, 481 284, 285, 287, 289, 290, 292, 294, 295, 298, 299, 300, ∆9-desaturase, 58 303, 304, 305, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 317, Diacamma ceylonense, 262, 271, 275 318, 319, 320, 321, 323, 344, 482 diacylglycerol, 76, 78, 79, 92, 98 chemical signature, 86, 94, 97, 238, 241, 242, 292, diastereomers, 164, 168, 171, 175, 427, 431 297, 304, 306, 307, 308, 313, 314, 316, 328, 338, Diatraea grandiosella, 190, 202 355, 356 Differential scanning calorimetry, 105 chemical taxonomy., 6, 121 dimethyldisulfide derivatives,28 chemoreceptor neurons, 208 3,11-dimethylheptacosane, 44, 268, 272, 348 chemosensory organs, 207, 358 3,11 dimethylnonacosan-2-one, 44, 193 chemosensory proteins, 211, 218, 219 3,11-dimethylnonacosane, 27, 44, 196 chemotaxonomic characters, 121, 122, 150, 159, 160, 162 9,13-dimethyloctacosane, 27 chiral centers, 172, 478 13,23-dimethylheptatriacontane, 270 Choetospila elegans, 287, 318 Dinoponera quadriceps, 17, 96, 262, 264, 271, 272, 273, 279, citronellal, 176, 467 388, 484

488 Index

Dioryctria abietivorella, 418, 441 equivalent chain length, 25, 27, 106 Diploptera punctata, 131, 162 Estigmene acrea, 191, 200, 393, 421, 438 dipteran cuticular hydrocarbons, 9, 325 ethers, 187, 190, 197, 199, 203, 372 Dolichovespula maculata, 150, 238, 263, 271, 275 Eufidonia convergaria, 191, 398 Dolomedes scriptus, 353 Euproctis chrysorrhoea, 412, 416, 439, 440 n-dotriacontane, 107, 348 European beewolf, 84, 95, 192, 200, 287, 318, 323 Drosophila adiastola, 122, 125 Eurychora sp., 20, 33 Drosophila ananassae, 68, 327 Drosophila arizonae, 125, 326 Fannia cannicularis, 189 Drosophila buzzatii, 192, 195, 202 fatty acid synthetase, 49, 50, 53, 71, 72 Drosophila elegans, 123, 335 fatty acyl-CoA desaturases, 54 Drosophila hydei, 192, 201 fatty acyl-CoA elongase, 38 Drosophila immigrans, 112, 113 Feniseca tarquinus, 295 Drosophila melanogaster, 11, 18, 20, 35, 36, 55, 56, 57, fertility and dominance cues, 9 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, flash chromatography,165, 166 80, 95, 97, 99, 101, 113, 114, 117, 118, 119, 122, 123, Formica exsecta, 20, 33, 219, 229, 241 124, 125, 146, 151, 152, 153, 155, 156, 161, 162, 207, Formica fusca, 258, 265, 272, 276, 277, 314 213, 218, 221, 296, 322, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 332, Formica japonica, 181, 217, 229, 237, 320 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 481, Formica truncorum, 148, 478, 482 482 Formicidae, 13, 15, 16, 18, 30, 31, 32, 84, 90, 92, 94, 96, 97, Drosophila mojavensis, 104, 112, 119, 122, 124, 153, 326, 98, 140, 142, 143, 148, 149, 152, 158, 162, 181, 213, 328, 339, 341 217, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 275, 276, 277, 280, Drosophila navojoa, 125, 326 297, 313, 314, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 323, 324, Drosophila paulistorum, 122, 125, 336 338, 482, 483, 484 Drosophila polymorpha, 113 Formicoxenus nitidulus, 300, 305 Drosophila pseudoobscura, 336 Frieseomelitta varia, 232, 238 Drosophila repleta, 124, 326 FTIR spectroscopy, 108, 111 Drosophila santomea, 122, 123 Drosophila sechellia, 65, 71, 122, 333 GC CI-MS, 25 Drosophila simulans, 63, 65, 70, 73, 122, 123, 146, 161, 328, GC EI-MS, 25 329, 330, 332, 333, 335 geometrids, 392, 417, 443 Drosophila virilis, 68, 327, 334 German cockroach, 6, 36, 42, 44, 48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 71, 72, Drosophila yakuba, 122, 123, 333 73, 76, 78, 93, 94, 131, 184, 185, 193, 196, 197, 198, Dufour’s gland, 84, 92, 192, 201, 249, 250, 266, 277, 278, 199, 200, 201, 202, 252 299, 304, 306, 309, 315, 321, 322, 323, 479, 483, 484 Glossina morsitans morsitans, 332, 333 Gnamptogenys striatula, 87, 96, 259, 265, 270, 273, 278, 484 ecdysteroids, 44, 82, 334, 368 Gnatocerus cornutus, 469, 475 Ectatomma tuberculatum, 258, 271, 272, 277 Grignard reagent, 167, 168, 169, 170, 172, 429 ectatommine ant, 81 gypsy moth pheromone, 425 egg marking, 80, 81, 87, 276, 278 Egg policing, 266, 268 Habropoda pallida, 287 ejaculatory bulb, 66, 192, 195 Hadrurus arizonensis, 14, 358, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 366, elo68, 66 369, 370, 371, 373 eloF, 65 Haematobia exigua, 140, 162 elongase gene, 63, 66 halictine bees, 84 elongases, 53, 55, 62, 65, 67, 69, 481 Harpagoxenus sublaevis, 300, 303, 304, 314, 319 elongation–decarboxylation pathway, 4 Harpegnathos saltator, 84, 93, 259, 261, 270, 271, 278, 279, enantiomeric forms, 164, 173, 174 388, 484 Epiphysa sp., 129 harvester ants, 104, 243, 247, 248, 249, 251, 253 epoxidation activity, 423, 424, 437 Hedychrum rutilans, 287, 290 epoxide enantiomers, 420 Heliothis virescens, 190 cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane, 191 Heliothis zea, 189, 190, 193 9-cis-(Z)-6,7-epoxy-nonadecene, 191 Hemerophila artilineata, 422 (9,10)-epoxytricosane, 45 (Z,Z,Z)-1,3,6,9-heneicosatetraene, 10

Index 489

(Z,Z)-6,9-heneicosadiene, 10 locust borer, 14, 30, 32, 94, 386, 387 n-heneicosane, 122, 123, 348, 354 long-chain methyl-branched primary alcohols, 187 (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heneicosatriene, 10 longhorned beetles, 375, 376, 378, 380, 384, 385, 387 (Z,Z)-6,9-heptacosadiene, 3, 4, 23 Lucilia cuprina, 331, 339 (Z,Z)-7,11-heptacosadiene, 20 Lymantria dispar, 16, 50, 77, 95, 191, 438, 442 5,9-heptacosadiene, 123 lymantrid pheromones, 391, 425 (Z,Z)-9,12-heptacosadiene, 38 Lymantriidae, 197, 199, 200, 412, 416, 417, 425, (Z)-10-heptadecen-2-one, 192, 202, 203 435, 445 Heterotermes, 11, 131, 132, 162, 207, 217 Lymantriids, 392 Holomelina aurantiaca, 77 honeybee, 14, 88, 92, 97, 141, 144, 212, 213, 218, 219, MALDI TOF mass spectrometry, 19 223, 228, 232, 236, 237, 239, 240, 252, 255, 263, malonyl-CoA, 22, 39, 40, 62, 347 266, 274, 277, 278, 279, 283, 289, 292, 316, 321, Mamestra brassicae, 213, 219 322, 484 Manduca sexta, 25, 91, 92, 187, 197, 198, 199, 201, 202 hydrocarbon transport, 5, 34, 79, 88, 93, 97, 483 Manica rubida, 239, 297, 315, 316, 324 20-hydroxyecdysone, 31, 38, 44, 47, 69, 353, 372, 373 mass spectral fragmentation patterns, 24, 25, 418 Mastophora hutchinsoni, 289, 317, 318, 438 Ichneumonidae wasps, 283 Mastotermes, 132, 161 insect contact chemosensory sensilla, 208 Megacyllene caryae, 71, 182, 376, 379, 381, 387 insect diacylglycerol-carrying lipoprotein, 76 Megacyllene robiniae, 14, 30, 32, 94, 376, 381, 387 internal hydrocarbons, 46, 77, 78, 154 melanin, 113 intraspecific mimicry, 9, 284, 287, 296 melanization, 113, 115, 118, 119 Melanoplus differentialis, 188 JH, 44, 81, 82, 262 Melanoplus packardii, 188 JH III, 82 Melanoplus sanguinipes, 106, 107, 147, 161, 188, 195 juvenile hormone, 29, 44, 48, 81, 91, 96, 98, 247 Melipona scutellaris, 144, 263, 278, 306 Meloe franciscanus, 287 kairomone, 7 metapleural gland, 83, 86 Kalotermes, 133 methoprene, 82, 96 kin recognition, 8, 12, 14, 91, 218, 222, 237, 238, 239, 242, methoxy derivative, 28 243, 245, 315 methyl-branched fatty acids, 42 Kovats indices, 27, 419 methyl-branched alcohols, 189, 190, 195, 198, 200, 201, 202 Lariophagus distinguendus, 296, 322 methylmalonate, 4, 168, 171 Lasioglossum zephyrum, 229, 238, 242 methylmalonyl-CoA, 22, 36, 40, 43 Lasius niger, 294 13-methylhentriacontane, 7, 107 Laupala, 147, 159 9-methylnonacosane, 26, 27, 346, 348 Leptinotarsa decemlineata, 23, 33 24-methyltetracontan-1-ol, 190 leptothoracine cuckoo ant, 9 3-methylpentacosane, 3, 4, 12, 23, 38, 42, 48, 49, 270, 346, Leptothorax kutteri, 14, 300, 306, 314, 317 348, 354 Lestrimelitta limao, 229 Microplitis croceipes, 7 Leucophaea maderae, 130, 153, 162, 317 microsomal fatty acid synthase, 43 Lindlar’s catalyst, 177 molecular sieve, 3, 24, 166, 184 Linepithema humile, 96, 158, 162, 239, 241, 256, 270, 276, Monochamus alternatus, 376, 379, 387 300, 309, 319, 483, 485 Monolepta australis, 190, 203 linoleic, 77, 348, 366, 391, 416, 420, 424, 425, 432 Monomorium queens, 85 linolenic, 77, 391, 416, 420, 421, 422, 424, 425, Müllerian mimicry, 282 432, 443 Musca domestica, 7, 17, 18, 20, 33, 35, 47, 49, 51, 54, 57, 69, Linyphia triangularis, 350, 352, 353 70, 71, 72, 74, 76, 93, 96, 97, 159, 201, 325, 331, 334, lipid melting points, 106 336, 337, 338, 340, 341, 342 lipid transfer particle, 79 Muscidifurax, 129, 149, 153 lipophorin, 5, 18, 30, 36, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 73, 75, 76, Myrmecaphodius excavaticalli, 292 77, 78, 79, 87, 88, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 253, Myrmecia gulosa, 251, 259, 265, 267, 270, 276, 483 421, 423, 440, 443, 479, 483, 484 Myrmecocystus mexicanus, 188

490 Index

Myrmica, 15, 85, 91, 142, 144, 152, 295, 297, 305, 313, 316, n-pentacosane, 3, 20, 23, 38, 108, 268, 272, 331, 346, 348, 318, 319, 324 354, 380 Myrmicaria eumenoides, 81, 82, 86, 95, 247, 252 8,9-pentacosanediol, 189 Periplaneta americana, 3, 12, 13, 15, 18, 20, 23, 32, 35, 48, Neoclytus acuminatus acuminatus, 381, 384 50, 51, 76, 104, 130, 207, 220, 244 Nasutitermes, 144, 155, 162, 298 Periplaneta australasiae, 130, 244 Nauphoeta cinerea, 130, 153, 317, 389 Periplaneta brunnea, 130, 156, 244 Near-infrared spectroscopy, 29, 33, 34 Periplaneta fuliginosa, 130, 156, 191, 244 Neocicindela perhispida, 141, 142, 154 Periplaneta japonica, 130 Neoleucinodes elegantalis, 417, 435 phase change, 104 nest area marking, 80 phase transition, 15, 104, 106, 110, 112, 218, 251, 252 nestmate recognition, 3, 8, 17, 80, 81, 84, 86, 88, 92, 98, 158, Philanthus triangulum, 84, 95, 192, 200, 202, 287, 290, 292, 162, 163, 181, 209, 214, 215, 216, 217, 222, 223, 224, 318 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, Phlebotomus ariasi, 138, 156 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 253, 274, 298, 309, Phoracantha semipuncatata, 378 319, 320, 322, 477 Phormia regina, 208, 213, 219, 220, 330, 338, 343 Nicrophorus orbicollis, 226 Phragmatobia fuliginosa, 191, 421, 439, 443 Nicrophorus vespilloides, 226, 242, 336 Phyllotreta cruciferae, 467, 474, 475 Noctuids, 392 Pogonomyrmex barbatus, 103, 114, 117, 246, 252, 253 (Z,Z,Z)-1,3,6,9-nonadecatetraene, 10, 438 Polistes, 12, 17, 18, 31, 80, 81, 84, 91, 92, 96, 142, 143, 10-nonacosen-2-one, 192, 196 150, 158, 213, 218, 224, 226, 227, 229, 232, 236, nonconjugated dienes, 179 239, 241, 242, 263, 265, 267, 271, 273, 274, 275, nymphalidae caterpillar, 285 276, 278, 280, 300, 306, 307, 308, 309, 315, 317, 320, 322 Onymacris bicolor, 129 Polistes biglumis bimaculatus, 224 Onymacris boschimana, 128, 129 Polistes dominulus, 224, 228, 229, 307, 308 Onymacris unguicularis, 128, 129 Polistes semenowi, 306, 307 OBPs, 208, 211, 212, 213 Polistes sulcifer, 224, 306, 307, 308 Ochlerotatus vigilax, 333 polistine wasps, 81 (Z)-11-octadecenyl acetate,, 66 pollination mimicry, 282, 284 octopamine, 81 Polybia occidentalis, 246, 252 odorant-binding proteins, 211, 212, 218, 220, 445 Polyergus rufescens, 91, 150, 224, 232, 299, 300, 303, 305, Oecophylla smaragdina, 33, 34, 292, 293, 314, 316 312, 314, 316, 317, 321 oenocyte, 18, 36, 37, 47, 49, 50, 53, 55, 58, 61, 64, 66, 67, 70, polyketide biosynthesis, 458 71, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 82, 89, 93, 94, 97, 120, 420, 422, pore canals, 5, 29, 46, 75, 480 423, 425, 481 postpharyngeal gland, 8, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 92, 93, 94, ole1, 54 95, 98, 143, 152, 159, 192, 196, 200, 223, 227, 228, 242, olfactory sensillum, 209 292, 318, 319, 322, 479, 485 Operophtera brumata, 10, 398, 434 primer pheromones, 3, 9, 79 Orgyia pseudotsugata, 192, 200, 412, 437 Prionus californicus, 376, 380 oxoalcohols, 193, 195, 198 Prociphilus tessellatus, 294 oxoaldehydes, 193, 195, 198 propionate, 4, 36, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 48, 50, 76, 88, 190, 366, 27-oxo-3,11-dimethylheptacosan-2-one, 45, 193, 458, 459 196 propionyl-CoA, 20, 22, 36, 43, 347 12-oxotriacontanol, 193 protection mimicry., 284 Protomagnathus americanus, 300, 304, 312 Pachycondila apicalis, 86 Proxylocopa olivieri, 84 Pachycondyla inversa, 182, 259, 264, 268, 271, 272, 273, Psacothea hilaris, 385 276, 316, 483 Psychodopygus wellcomei, 138, 161 palmitoleic acid, 55 Psychodopygus complexus, 138, 161 Parastizopus transgariepinus, 470 Pyralis farinalis, 418, 439 Paruroctonus mesaensis, 14, 347, 357, 370 (Z,Z)-7,9-pentacosadiene, 21 QMP, 255 9,10-pentacosadiene, 21 queen mandibular pheromone, 255, 274

Index 491

receptor lymph, 208, 209, 210, 212, 213, 214 Streblognathus peetersi, 82, 91, 262, 275 receptor neuron, 207, 208, 209, 210 Supella longipalpa, 131 recrystallization, 165, 177, 178, 427, 428 superpositioning, 79 red-sided garter snake, 297 Syntomoides imaon, 393, 422, 424, 433 Reticulitermes, 11, 13, 15, 21, 32, 82, 93, 96, 99, 131, 132, 133, 134, 146, 148, 149, 151, 152, 154, 155, 156, 157, Tapinoma simrothi, 294 158, 159, 160, 162, 227, 239, 240, 245, 252, 292, 298, task-specific cues, 3, 8, 81, 248, 274 318, 319, 323, 324 taste sensillum, 208

Reticulitermes flavipes, 21, 32, 88, 96, 132, 133, 136, 149, TC, 104, 106, 109, 110 151, 155, 245, 252 Tegenaria atrica, 345, 350, 351, 353, 354, 355, 372, 373 Reticulitermes santonensis, 132, 136, 149 Tegenaria sp., 347, 348 reverse phase liquid chromatography, 166 Temnothorax albipennis, 246, 252 Rhagoletis pomonella, 7 Temnothorax (Leptothorax) ambiguus, 223 Rhipicephalus, 141, 153 Tenebrio molitor, 36, 76, 97, 117, 189, 198 Rhodnius, 18, 120, 140 Termitidae, 142, 145, 150, 154, 162 Rhopalinus, 129 Tetanolita mynesalis, 287, 318, 408, 438 Rivula propinqualis, 191 Tetramorium, 142, 143, 161, 305 Rossomyrmex minuchae, 300, 304, 312, 317 thief ants, 309 tip-recording method, 208, 209 Sarcophaga bullata, 46, 47, 76, 90 Tm, 105, 106, 107, 108, 112 Schistocerca americana, 126, 153 transepitherial voltage, 208 Schistocerca gregaria, 15, 70, 76, 158, 207, 213, 217, 218, transformer gene, 36, 76 244, 251, 252 transition point, 5 Schistocerca shoshone, 126, 151 transpiration, 5, 100, 104, 105, 110, 111, 115, 117, 194 Schizocosa ocreata, 350, 372 triatomines, 140 Scoliopteryx libatrix, 77 Trichogramma evanescens, 296 scorpions, 11, 103, 344, 345, 357, 358, 359, 361, 362, 365, Trichoplusia ni, 34, 35, 49, 50, 72, 73, 190, 198, 369, 370 199, 202 secondary alcohol wax esters, 44 Trichopsenius frosti, 224 secondary alcohols, 6, 44, 48, 107, 115, 187, 188, 192, 195, tricosan-11-ol, 188 196, 197, 198 (Z)-9-tricosene, 17, 20, 31, 37, 38, 43, 44, 45, 49, 51, 69, Semanotus japonicus, 376, 384, 387 78, 84, 86, 91, 106, 108, 325, 334, 339, 343, 470 sensilla trichodea, 378 (Z)-14-tricosene-10-one, 45, 91 signatures, 79, 80, 81, 98, 99, 121, 144, 215, 280, 285, 287, Trigona fulviventris, 229, 238 297, 298, 306, 307, 323, 324, 329, 373 (2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,5,7-trimethyl-2,4,6,8-decatetraene, 10 silk pheromones, 345 9,13,17-trimethylnonacosane, 26, 27 silver nitrate, 24, 166, 178, 450 (2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,5,7-trimethyl-2,4,6,8-undecatetraene, 10 slave-making ants, 299, 303, 304 triungulins, 287 Smeringerus measaensis, 358, 360 trophallaxis, 81, 86, 87, 91, 223, 236, 297, 336 Solenopsis geminata, 86, 90 tsetse fly, 12, 20, 21, 31, 33, 150, 151, 388 Solenopsis invicta, 34, 85, 89, 92, 94, 98, 99, 140, 159, 162, Type I pheromones, 390, 391, 421, 432 219, 241, 243, 274, 281 Type II pheromones, 391, 392, 415, 416, 417, 418, 420, 421, Solenopsis richteri, 140, 162 424, 425, 432, 433 southern armyworm, 35, 45, 49, 190, 200 Spider contact chemoreceptors, 345 Utetheisa ornatrix, 10, 13, 15, 393, 421, 435, 438, 440 spider cuticular hydrocarbons, 10 Spilosoma imparilis, 393, 422, 423 cVA, 64, 66 spiracles, 100, 101, 102, 116 vaccenic acid, 56 spiracular control, 100, 101 cis-Vacenyl acetate, 66, 69 SPME, 24, 30, 280, 329, 378, 380, 381, 389, 478 Vacuum distillation, 165 Spodoptera eridania, 35, 45, 49, 190, 200 Varroa destructor, 144, 149, 289, 314 Stenoma catenifer, 418, 438, 441 Vespa crabro, 229, 238, 263, 271, 275, 309 stereoisomer, 164, 173 Vespula, 12, 143, 238, 263, 266, 271, 275, 277

stereoselective synthesis, 164, 185, 434 vitamin B12, 40, 43

492 Index

water loss, 5, 30, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, Wittig reactions, 167, 178, 179, 180 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 116, 118, 119, 141, 194, 336 Xylocopa, 84 waterproofing,3, 5, 6, 14, 19, 94, 100, 102, 104, 105, 106, Xylotrechus colonus, 383, 384 118, 158, 194, 200, 370 wax blooms, 102 Zaprionus indianus, 113, 114 wax esters Zootermopsis angusticollis, 35, 41, 46, 48 chemical communication activity, 195 Zootermopsis nevadensis, 49, 51, 87, 97, 145, 148, 245, 253, whiteflies, 126, 283 484