TORONTO INDIGENOUS AND TREATY HISTORY TIMELINE c.11000 BC - c.1000 BC As glaciers retreat, nomadic peoples hunt mastodon, caribou and other big game over tundra. When the climate AFter 500 AD warms c. 7000 BC, Indigenous Corn (maize) introduced from the people hunt elk, moose, and deer in south, followed by squash, beans, mixed forest, catch salmon and other sunflowers and tobacco. Iroquoian fish. By about 1000 BC, a growing longhouse cultures develop. population trades over long distances. c.1300 – 1600 Huron-Wendat longhouse villages surrounded by corn fields flourish 1649 - 50 along the Humber, Don, Rouge Five Nations Haudenosaunee from and other rivers. Wendats move south of Lake Ontario attack and north to join other Wendats in disperse Wendat Confederacy, Georgian Bay area. absorbing many Wendats. GTA becomes Haudenosaunee (esp. Seneca) hunting territory. 1660s to 1687 Seneca villages Teiaiagon and Ganetsekwyagon established on c.1700 Humber and Rouge Rivers, visited Mississaugas move into GTA; by French traders and missionaries. Five Nations Haudenosaunee retreat south of Great Lakes. 1793-1794 York founded as military outpost. Next year, as settlers establish homes 1796 and farms, Crown ocials realize Wabakinine asks Haudenosaunee TP deed is invalid because no leader Joseph Brant to negotiate a boundaries are recorded better deal for Mississaugas as -- decide to do nothing. British seek waterfront west of TP to Burlington Bay. New Indian Agent at York directed to prevent unity 1805 between Mississaugas and Haudenosaunee. Wabakine All Mississauga signatories of murdered on Toronto waterfront by original TP dead, population severely o-duty soldier. York fortified as diminished from colonial impacts, British fear Indigenous uprising. and Joseph Brant discredited. Colonial ocials prepare two dierent maps of disputed TP boundaries for treaty council but only show map with largest cession. Weakened 1813-1820 Mississaugas “confirm” more Mississauga warriors are the first extended boundaries of Toronto line of defence against American Purchase and reluctantly agree to invasion of York in 1813. After War of cession of waterfront lands west to 1812, further land cessions dispossess Burlington at 2.5% market value. Mississaugas of northern Mississauga tract and all but 200 acres along Credit River, even though 1825 Mississaugas followed government A Mississauga Methodist advice to put Credit lands mission village is founded and fisheries “in trust” with the on the Credit River by government to preserve them for Peter Jones/ Kahkewāquonāby. future generations Many Mississaugas convert and adapt to western lifestyle, including farming. 1701 39 First Nations, including the Mississaugas and some Haudenosaunee, agree to French-led Great Peace of Montreal. Other Haudenosaunee enter into Nanfan 1720 - 1759 Treaty with English to protect hunting First French trading fort built territories in southern Ontario. Older on Humber River. Fort Rouillé, Dish With One Spoon sharing a larger fur trading fort, at modern agreement between Anishinaabeg Exhibition Grounds from 1750. and Haudenosaunee renewed. 1763-64 After 1760 defeat of French in 1783-84 Seven Year’s War, British “frauds and After the American Revolution, abuses” lead to Pontiac’s War. Royal Loyalists arrive in Upper Canada, Proclamation of 1763 counters this by including Haudenoasuanee who lost recognizing Indigenous territories, lands in New York. Mississaugas making rules for land cessions. 1764 relinquish lands then granted by Treaty of Niagara extends Covenant British to Haudenosaunee as Chain alliance between British and Haldimand Tract near Brantford. Haudenosaunee to Indigenous allies of French, including Mississaugas. 1787 So-called “Toronto Purchase” (TP), 1788 intended by Mississaugas as British surveyor and his interpreter try land-sharing agreement, discussed at to survey TP lands, confronted by meeting with British at Bay of Quinte; Chief Wabakinine over incorrect presents given, but not understood as boundaries. Colonel Butler brought in payment for land. to persuade Wabakinine to extend the boundaries to Ashbridges Bay and Etobicoke Creek. More presents given. 1834-1836 York become City of Toronto. Lieut. Gov. Bond Head tries to 1847 expropriate all Indigenous peoples Crowded out by settlers and unable to in Upper Canada and move them acquire clear title to lands on the to Manitoulin Island. Credit despite many petitions, most Credit Mississaugas move to land in Brantford area acquired from 1923 Six Nations and renamed New Credit. Williams Treaty purports to address After 1847, few Indigenous people improper 1788 surrender of land live in or near Toronto. along the north shore of Lake Ontario, east of the Toronto Purchase, including Scarborough. After 1945 Large numbers of Indigenous people move into the city. Native Canadian Centre and other, Indigenous 1986-2010 community organizations founded. Mississaugas of New Credit pursue Toronto Purchase land claim; finally awarded $145 million. 2015-16 Rouge Tract Land Claim launched by Mississaugas of New Credit for Rouge River Valley. Mississaugas 2018 of the Credit Water Claim asserts Williams Treaty Claim settlement, unextinguished title to all water, also pertaining to Scarborough, lands under water, and ratified by seven First Nations floodplains in their territory. (Mississaugas of the Credit not included). Toronto’s Indigenous population estimated at 70,000, of various heritages.