The Genetic and Cytogenetic Relationships Among Subgenera of Chrysolina Motschulsky, 1860 and Oreina Chevrolat, 1837 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae)
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International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology ISSN: 2639-216X MEDWIN PUBLISHERS Committed to Create Value for Researchers The Genetic and Cytogenetic Relationships among Subgenera of Chrysolina Motschulsky, 1860 and Oreina Chevrolat, 1837 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae) Petitpierre E* Review Article Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain Volume 4 Issue 3 Received Date: May 03, 2021 Eduard Petitpierre, Department of Biology, University of Balearic *Corresponding author: Published Date: May 28, 2021 Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain, Email: [email protected] DOI: 10.23880/izab-16000305 Abstract Molecular phylogenetic analyses mainly based on mtDNA and nuDNA sequences and/or, secondarily, on chromosomes and Chrysolina and 19 of its closely related genus Oreina, belonging phylogeneticplant trophic affiliations,trees showed have monophyly been obtained of Chrysolina-Oreina in 84 species of, with four main clades of subgenera with high support values. to 42 of the 70 described subgeneraChrysolinopsis of the former andand toTaeniochrysea all of the seven, and ones the of second the latter. those Bayesian of Chrysomorpha and Maximum, Euchrysolina likelihood, Melasomoptera and Synerga. The third is much large and composed of three subclades of subgenera, Chrysocrosita and ErythrochrysaThe first clade, Colaphosomaincludes subgenera and Maenadochrysa , and Centoptera, Fasta, the subgenera of Oreina and Timarchoptera. These p plants, at the root of the core of Chrysolina subgenerathree main ofclades Oreina enclose most species with 2n=24(Xy ) male chromosomes and an ancientCh. trophic Timarchoptera affiliation) withhaemochlora Lamiaceae, a ♂ . However, a host shift from Lamiaceae to Asteraceae was detected in all but one and another from Lamiaceae to Apiaceae in Oreina s. str. and in ( tospecies Apiaceae with was 2n( found)=23(XO) in a subclade chromosomes. with Crositops, The fourth Minckia main andclade Threnosoma holds more, and than the a specieshalf of subgeneraCh. soiota, thisand lastis ambiguous should be for ancestral host-plantTimarchoptera reconstruction, and moved with to Paraheliostola nine botanic families. A statisticallystat. ressur. significant thereby these shift twofor asubgenera second association could not be synonymous as it was recently suggested. New trophic shifts to Hypericaceae were clearly substantiated in Hypericia and Sphaeromelaexcluded from subclade , and to Plantaginaceae in another with L. MedvedevColaphodes , Ovosoma, Palaeosticta and probably Taeniosticha. A further great subclade showing a shift to Asteraceae is that of Allochrysolina, Anopachys, Apterosoma, Chalcoidea, Sibiriella and the species Ch. (Pezocrosita) convexicollis. All species in these latter subclades display high chromosome numbers, p) in Sphaeromela p) in Hypericia p) in Anopachys, Chalcoidea, Colaphodes, Minckia and Ovosoma ♂ Threnosoma namelywere found 2n=32(Xy in the subclades of Arctolina, 2n=38(Xy, Colaphoptera and, 2n=40(XyPleurosticha, whose species have low chromosome numbers, , and 2n( )=47(XO) in . Possible reversal shifts from Plantaginaceae to Lamiaceae and to Asteraceae p Chrysolina s. str. holds species with a relative polyphagy, ♂ Stichoptera 2n=24(Xy ) or 2n=26(Xyp). Near to these previous, the subcladeChrysolina of due to its high variation in chromosome numbers from on four plant families, and). sharing Finally, 2n(the rising) =23(XO) of some chomosomes. subgenera ofFurthermore, Chrysolina the subclade of , mainly affiliated to Scrophulariaceae,p is an exceptionp among the subgenera of 2n=22(Xy ) to 2n=34(Xy to the genus rank was statistically rejected with highly significant values. Keywords: Chrysolina; Oreina; DNA; Chromosomes; Phylogenies The Genetic and Cytogenetic Relationships among Subgenera of Chrysolina Motschulsky, 1860 and Oreina Int J Zoo Animal Biol Chevrolat, 1837 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae) 2 International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology Introduction Chrysolina and Oreina. Discussion and Conclusions genus Chrysolina and Amale recent genitalia insightful adult and characters detailed taxonomic[1], has prompted review of us the to set up the possible Motschulsky, genetic interrelationships 1860, based on among morphological many of trees obtained from the combined analysis of mtDNA cox1 and Therrnl Bayesiangenes and and nuDNA Maximum H3 gene,Likelihood have shownphylogenetic three gene sequences [2-5], and both mitochondrial and nuclear distinctive most plesiomorphous clades of species feeding DNAthe described [6], together subgenera, with chromosomaltaking into account studies mitochondrial [7-15], and Ch. Chrysolina (Taeniochrysa) americana and Ch. (Chrysolinopsis) gemina, and its near genus Oreina, 2)on anotherLamiaceae with plantsthree species (P=0.98 of the[6]: subgenus 1) that Synergaincluding Weise, orhost-plant less often affiliations two botanic because families most [16-18]. species of 1900, Ch. coerulans, according with Hsiao and Pasteels [5], are highly specific feeders on one Ch. herbacea Ch. viridana Material and Methods Melasomoptera Bechyné, et al. [32], Ch. (Duftschmid, grossa 1825) and (Küster, Chrysolina Hsiao1844), andtwo Pasteelsspecies of [5], the and subgenus Ch. lucida 19 species of Oreina of the seven described subgenera have of the subgenus Chrysomorpha(Fabricius, 1792), according withCh. beenA geneticallytotal of 84 speciesanalyzed, of either by DNA of 43 sequences subgenera and/ and cerealis cyaneoaurata (Olivier, 1807), one of the subgenus Euchrysolina BechynéMotschulsky, [32], et Ch. al. graminis[33], selected for building a phylogenetic tree: a partial sequence of (Motschulsky, 1860) and another or by karyotypes. Three differentrrnL), molecular a partial sequence markers ofwere the cox1), the(Linnaeus, subgenus 1758), Maenadochrysa this latter Bechynéspecies according[32] Ch. affinis with baetica Hsiao the mitochondrial 16S rDNA ( nuH3) [6]. and Pasteels [5], 3)Ch. a affinis third largemesatlantica clade made of three taxa of Wemitochondrial have also used cytochrome the published c oxidase mitochondrial subunit 1 phylogeneticgene ( Ch. femoralis and a fragment from the nuclear histone 3 gene ( subgenus(Suffrian, 1851),Erythrochrysa Bechyné [32], (Kocher, with 1958)Ch. polita and (Olivier, 1790), close toChrysocrosita them the monotypic Bechyné trees based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA (12S) and [32], with Ch. jakowlewi the large subunit ribosomalcox1) [3], RNAand (16S)that on [5], the that large on the subunit large clade(Linnaeus, but in 1758), an intermediate the Asian subgenus position between the subgenus subunit ribosomal RNA (16S) and the cytochrome c oxidase Maenadochrysa (Weise, 1894), and also in the sameCh. insubunit meiotic 1 andgene mitotic ( testis cells, by classical methods, have (Colaphosoma) sturmi ribosomal RNA (16S) only [4]. The chromosomal analyses this last subgenera, and plus those a doubtful of these and two misleading latter taxa,subclade Chrysolina and composed of Ch. (Centoptera) (Westhoff, bicolor 1882), the unique speciesCh. of Oreinagiven chromosome species, reported numbers, in multiple male sex-chromosome publications [6,7,10]. systems, In (Fasta) fastuosa and in some cases detailed karyotypes of Ch. sturmi which has not (Fabricius, been cytogenetically 1775), are also considered as worth data for phylogenetic trees. (Scopoli, 1763). All species of these three p) chromosomes and similar addition, host-plant affiliations to different botanic families clades, except studiedhave been yet, carefully display analyzed, 2n=24(Xy show meta- or submetacentric implementedBayesian, Neighbour-joining in the different published (NJ), Maximum cladograms Likelihood [2-6]. karyotypes [11,19-20,23], and the nine karyotypes which (ML) and/or Maximum Parsimony (PAUP) trees have been Results groupchromosomes of species, and and among bearing them the aribosomal satellited DNA first locus, autosome very [7,23], that could be a marker chromosome for all these were only chromosomally analyzed but not by DNAs, and Chrysolina among a total number of almost likely. Two further species feeding also on Lamiaceae, that p), Ch. (Bittotaenia) salviae The genetic findings, DNA sequences and/or karyotypes, Ch. (Rhyssoloma) fragariae onones 84 [1], species have of been used for our review. The DNA data of sharing also 2n=24(Xy (Germar, Chrysolina500, belonging are tocompiled 43 subgenera, in 63 species 61% of theand whole the chromosomes 70 described previous1824) and clades of Chrysolina. (Wollaston, 1824) in 69 species, both corresponding to 35 subgenera, and in (7,43,44), should probably join to any one of these three the closely related genus Oreina, 19 species of the seven described subgenera, have been analyzed by DNA sequences a combined analysis of the three sequenced genes [6], and closeIn to the the Maximum latter subclade Likehood of phylogenetic Ch. bicolor and tree Ch. obtained fastuosa by, Chrysolina and Oreina [3-6] and/or chromosomes [7-25]. Moreover, the findings on Oreina, of two different subgenera, Chrysochloa believeplant affiliations that this sample in these is enoughspecies representativeof for getting andthere Oreina is another s.str. one (P=0.527 [6], made of five species of reliableare also genetictaken from interrelationships several authors among [26-31]. these Therefore, subgenera we of Hope, 1840 p) chromosomes [8,21], but with an additional , all of them but one sharing karyotypes with 2n=24(Xy Petitpierre E. The Genetic and Cytogenetic