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Chapter 4: Disorders and Diseases of the Scalp 5 CE Hours

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Chapter 4: Disorders and Diseases of the Scalp 5 CE Hours Chapter 4: Disorders and Diseases of the Scalp 5 CE Hours By: Staff Writer Learning objectives Describe the anatomy of the skin. Describe the steps you must take to prevent transmission of disease List the layers of the skin and their functions. at your salon. Describe the glands of the skin. Describe universal precautions. Define the classifications of bacteria. Describe the structure of hair. Describe the lesions you might encounter when serving a client. Describe the chemical composition of hair. List disorders of the sebaceous glands. Describe the growth cycles of hair. Describe the kinds of acne that people may have. List the evaluations to consider when you analyze hair and scalps. Describe the kinds of dandruff you might see on a client’s scalp. List the types of baldness clients may experience. List the symptoms and signs of contact dermatitis and skin allergies. Name the products approved for treatment of hair loss. List common diseases of the scalp. Topics to be covered in this course Inflammation. Diseases of the scalp. Histology of the skin. Principles of prevention. Bacteria and viruses. Chemical composition of the hair. Disorders of the skin. Hair loss. Disorders of the scalp. Introduction From the simplest to most complicated, the licensed, practicing be treated by a dermatologist or other physician with the knowledge and cosmetologist and licensed, practicing barber must deal with scalp experience in treating skin diseases. disorders and be able to recognize when to refer clients to a medical Inflammation is one of the body’s principal defense systems against professional for a scalp disease. The importance is simply a matter of invasion by microorganisms or injury by thermal, chemical or physical public health. Both of these professions must practice sanitation and trauma. The successful endpoint of inflammation is healing; a simple disinfection in serving the clients. This is particularly important in the example is the inflammatory response to a splinter in the finger, cases of contagious and communicable diseases. resulting in expulsion of the splinter and healing the wound. The desire to have healthy, attractive hair can be undercut if a skin Inflammation is orchestrated by the body’s immune system. When disorder produces a debilitated condition of the scalp. Diseases and immune surveillance detects an event it interprets as invasion or injury, disorders of the scalp can cause scalp conditions that include excessive a cascade of inflammatory precursors is set into motion. When the oiliness, excessive flaking, inflammation, patchy scabbing and intense reason for the inflammatory response is resolved, the inflammatory pruritus (itching). response is concluded under control of the immune system. Some of these disorders are infections; some are allergic reactions or The inflammatory response can go awry, however, to the point that other immune responses, and involve some degree of inflammation. inflammation becomes a disease in itself. For example: What is inflammation? Some are conditions confined to the scalp (e.g., ● Inflammatory response to a local bacterial infection spirals out of tinea capitis, also called ringworm), and some are scalp manifestations of control, becoming a body-wide inflammation of all major organs a more general or systemic condition (e.g., psoriasis). that ends in critical illness or even death (sepsis). Each condition has specific symptoms, but the presentation of ● Inflammation in response to local insult proceeds to a persistent, symptoms may be confusingly similar between one condition and chronic inflammatory state that may be associated with arthritis, another (for example, seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp and psoriasis of heart disease, complications of psoriasis and a number of other the scalp have a number of symptoms and clinical features in common). chronic conditions. Some conditions, or milder forms of conditions, can be managed by How and why regulation of the inflammatory response sometimes fails the professional or even home care with over-the-counter medications. is a subject of intense medical investigation. More severe symptoms and systemic conditions such as psoriasis should HISTOLOGY OF THE SKIN To bring an understanding of scalp problems, we must first cover the the human body, but the scalp has larger and deeper hair follicles to anatomy of the skin. The skin is the largest and one of the most important accommodate the longer hair of the head. Here, it is of value to mention organs of the body. Healthy skin is slightly moist, soft and flexible with that the number of follicles and their size and shape are in existence a texture (feel and appearance) that ideally is smooth and fine grained. from 4 months pre-natal. The number of follicles provides the density Healthy skin possesses a slightly acid reaction (the acid mantle) with of hair from thin to thick. The size of the follicle will determine the good immunity responses to organisms that touch or try to enter it. diameter of the hair strands (i.e., fine or coarse). The follicle shape will Appendages of the skin include hair, nails, and sweat and oil glands. dictate the wave pattern. Skin varies in thickness. It is thinnest on the eyelids and thickest on Think of the follicle shape as the opening of a cookie press. Hair the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. Continued pressure on actually starts out as a semi-liquid. As the cells reproduce, the hair any part of the skin can cause it to thicken and develop into a callus. is formed and hardened as it is pushed through the epidermis to the The skin of the scalp is constructed similarly to the skin elsewhere on outside. If the follicle shape is round, the hair will have a straight wave Page 25 Cosmetology.EliteCME.com pattern. Because of resistance, hair that is formed through an oval or The dermis is the underlying or inner layer of the skin. It is also called even a slit follicle will produced wavy to very curly hair. Of course, all the derma, corium, cutis or true skin. This highly sensitive layer of of this has a direct link to an individual’s genetic background. connective tissue is about 25 times thicker than the epidermis. Within The skin is composed of two main divisions: the epidermis (outer its structure, there are numerous blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, layer) and the dermis (true skin). sweat glands, oil glands and hair follicles, as well as arrector pili muscles (small muscles that work in connection with the hair follicles) The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin. This layer is also and papillae (small cone-shaped projections of elastic tissue that point called the cuticle or scarf skin. It is the thinnest layer of the skin and upward into the epidermis). The dermis is made up of two layers: the forms a protective covering for the body. It contains no blood vessels papillary or superficial layer, and the reticular or deeper layer. but has many small nerve endings. The epidermis is made up of the ● The papillary layer is the outer layer of the dermis, directly beneath following layers: the epidermis. Here you will find the dermal papillae, which are ● The stratum corneum, or horny layer, is the outer layer of the small, cone-shaped elevations at the bottom of the hair follicles. Some epidermis. Its scalelike cells are continually being shed and papillae contain looped capillaries and others contain small structures replaced by cells coming to the surface from underneath. These called tactile corpuscles, with nerve endings that are sensitive to cells are made up of keratin, a fiber protein that is also the principal touch and pressure. This layer also contains some melanin. component of hair and hails. The cells combine with a thin layer of ● The reticular layer is the deeper layer of the dermis that supplies oil to help make the stratum corneum a protective, waterproof layer. the skin with oxygen and nutrients. It contains the following ● The stratum lucidum is the clear, transparent layer under the stratum structures within its network: corneum; it consists of small cells through which light can pass. ○ Fat cells. ● The stratum granulosum, or granular layer, consists of cells that ○ Blood vessels. look like distinct granules. These cells are almost dead and are ○ Lymph vessels. pushed to the surface to replace cells that are shed from the stratum ○ Oil glands. corneum. ○ Sweat glands. ● The stratum germinativum, formerly known as the stratum ○ Hair follicles. mucosum and also referred to as the basal or Malpighian layer, is ○ Arrector pili muscles. the deepest layer of the epidermis. It is composed of several layers of different-shaped cells. The deepest layer is responsible for the Subcutaneous tissue is a fatty layer found below the dermis that some growth of the epidermis. It also contains a dark skin pigment, specialists regard as a continuation of the dermis. This is also called called melanin, which protects the sensitive cells below from the adipose or subcutis tissue and varies in thickness according to the destructive effects of excessive ultraviolet rays of the sun or those age, sex, and general health of the individual. It gives smoothness and from an ultraviolet lamp. These special cells are called melanocytes. contour to the body, contains fats for use as energy, and also acts as a They produce melanin, which determines skin color. protective cushion for the outer skin. How the skin is nourished Blood and lymph, the clear fluids of the body that resemble blood and nails. Networks of arteries and lymph vessels in the subcutaneous plasma but contain only colorless corpuscles, supply nourishment to the tissue send their smaller branches to hair papillae, hair follicles and skin skin. As they circulate through the skin, the blood and lymph contribute glands.
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