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Mineral Deposits Romanian Journal of MINERAL DEPOSITS continuation of DARI DE SEAMA ALE SEDINTELOR INSTITUTULUI DE GEOLOGIE SI GEOFIZICA COMPTES RENDUS DES SÉANCES DE L’INSTITUT DE GÉOLOGIE ET GÉOPHYSIQUE (2. Zacaminte) Founded 1910 by the Geological Institute of Romania ISSN 1220-5648 VOL. 85 No. 1 CONTENT page Radu JUDE Subvolcanic intrusions with regard to some Neogene magmatites of |Metaliferi Mts. – Romania ………………………… 1 Gheorghe C. POPESCU, Antonela NEACŞU Modeling of epithermal gold and porphyry copper deposits from Metaliferi Mountains (Romania) …..…………….……. 7 Essaid BILAL, Fernando Machado de MELLO, François SOUBIÈS, Moussa BOUNAKHLA REE minerals in Catalão II, Goias, Brasil ............................................................................................................................ 15 Randall K. RUFF, Barbara STEFANINI, Sorin HALGA Geology and petrography of the gold-rich Cireşata porphyry deposit, Metaliferi Mountains, Romania ….……………… 19 S. MIHAI, M. ZLĂGNEAN, S. HALGA Mining subsidence prediction using finite element method – case study on a sub-level caving operation designed for the Ciresata-V.Garzii ore body …………………………………………………………………………….…………... 25 Yahya ÖZPINAR, Doğacan ÖZCAN, Barış SEMİZ Geology and economic significance of Cu-Pb-Zn deposits in the Yücebelen and surrounding area (Torul-Gümüşhane) 29 Barış SEMİZ, Yahya ÖZPINAR, Cahit HELVACI Geology and economic potential of the area between Simav and Gediz regions (Kutahya – Western Anatolia) ……..…. 33 Ion BERBELEAC, Vlad RĂDULESCU, Elena-Luisa IATAN, Mădălina VIŞAN Relationships between crustal faults, shallow magmatic chamber and Neogene porphyry Cu-Au systems at Voia, Metaliferi Mts., Romania ……………………………………………………………………………………………......… 38 Ion BERBELEAC, Mădălina VIŞAN, Elena-Luisa IATAN Neogene gold mineralization occurrences in Voia area, Metaliferi Mountains, Romania …………………….………….. 43 Tivadar Hunor KUN, Ferenc MOLNÁR, István MÁRTON, Gabriella KISS, Dan FILIPESCU, Zsolt VERES The temporal and spatial evolution of mineralization carrying fracture system in the Valea Morii diorite intrusion (Apuseni Mts.) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….……. 47 - continued on the outside back cover - Geological Institute of Romania Society of Economic Geology of Romania Bucharest – 2012 DIRECTORS Dr. Ştefan Grigorescu, Director-General of the Geological Institute of Romania Dr. Gheorghe Damian, President of the Society of Economic Geology of Romania Editor in Chief: Sorin Silviu Udubaşa (University of Bucharest). Editorial Secretaries: Monica Macovei (University of Bucharest) and Ioan Denuţ (North University of Baia Mare) Editorial board Peter Andráš, Geological Institute of the Slovak Academy Marian Lupulescu, New York State Museum, USA of Sciences Ştefan Marincea, Geological Institute of Romania Anne-Sylvie André-Mayer, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, Ferenc Molnar, Geological Survey of Finland France Marian Munteanu, Geological Institute of Romania Essaid Bilal, Ecole des Mines, St. Etienne, France Gheorghe Popescu, University of Bucharest, Romania Nicolae Buzgar, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, Iaşi, Dan Stumbea, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, Iaşi, Romania Romania Giorgios Christofides, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Cǎlin Tǎmaş, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Greece Romania Gheorghe Damian, North University of Baia Mare, George Tudor, Geological Institute of Romania Romania Paul Ţibuleac, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, Iaşi, Floarea Damian, North University of Baia Mare, Romania Romania János Földessy, Miskolc University, Hungary Mircea Ţicleanu, Geological Institute of Romania Gheorghe Ilinca, University of Bucharest, Romania Gheorghe Udubaşa, University of Bucharest, Romania The authors are responsible for the ideas presented in the papers. ISSN 1220-5648 SUBVOLCANIC INTRUSIONS WITH REGARD TO SOME NEOGENE MAGMATITES OF METALIFERI MTS. – ROMANIA Radu JUDE University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, Department of Mineralogy Abstract The paper deals with the characteristic features of subvolcanic intrusions necessary to distinguish them from hypabyssic facies or relatively to the volcanic rocks. The examples concern especially three interesting Neogene subvolcanic structures from the “Golden Quadrangle” of the Metaliferi Mts. A special attention is given to the connected eruptive breccias and related mineral deposits; some subvolcanic bodies carry “porphyry copper ore” (Roşia Poieni), others epithermal Au, Ag ± Te ore veins (Săcărâmb, Baia de Arieş), with theirs specific hydrothermal alterations. Some ideas on the mechanism of genesis of the collapse breccias suggest analogy to the collapse of underground working (Baia de Arieş). Key words: Neogene magmatites, subvolcanic intrusions; hypabyssic facies, eruptive breccias; mineral deposits. 1. Introduction In the last century of the geologic and geochemical researches, as well as the exploration practices reveal new and interesting data concerning the Alpine magmatites of Romania, inclusively about the related igneous intrusions. At the Liverpool Symposium, devoted to “Mechanism of the Igneous Intrusions”, Rast (1970) distinguishes five categories of igneous intrusions according to the depth of their position: 1 – Inner crater side (partially intrusive and partially as extrusive cupolas of viscous magma and necks). 2 – Intruded into volcanites (sills, stocks and complex networks). 3 – Subvolcanic intrusions (sills, dikes, stocks etc.). 4 – Hypabyssic intrusions (frequently dikes, sills, laccoliths especially in regions devoid of volcanic activity or where the volcanic products are insignificant). 5 – Plutonic intrusions (lopolyths, stocks, great sills and batholiths). The present paper deals with the subvolcanic intrusions in order to distinguish them from the plutonic and volcanic rocks, a problem of petrologic significance and, on the other hand, of practical interest in the geological exploration. The subvolcanic intrusion is a magmatic body, frequently of tens to hundreds meters, rarely exceeding these dimensions, situated in a volcanic environment, near surface, up to more than 2 km depth. The subvolcanic facies distinguishes from volcanic one by the presence of hornblende, biotite and, eventually, hypersthene stable at high pressure of gases (volatiles) and by lacking of glass in the groundmass of the porphyritic structure of the magmatic rocks (Rittmann, 1973, p. 169). Frequently, the subvolcanic bodies have an andesitic and dacitic composition, which pass to microdioritic varieties, often propylitized in the mineralized terranes. Generally, the subvolcanic intrusions mark the cease of the volcanic activity. The field evidences reveal that the subvolcanic bodies and related mineralizations are subsequent to the volcanic products. The radiometric data point out differences up to 1 Ma. The subvolcanic intrusions come from the resurgence of magmas in a postvolcanic or postcalderian state of evolution. The exsolved vapors from the rising magmas promote the genesis of varied kind of eruptive breccias, as stockworks, collapse breccias, breccia pipes etc. (Norton, Cathles, 1973). Mechanical (PΔV) energy involved in the formation of these breccias is released from hydrous magmas, in subvolcanic environment, by second boiling and subsequent decompression. This energy, according to Burnham, is dependent of some parameters, as: depth of emplacement of the magma bodies (2-3 km), Pt = 0.6 Kb, tensile strength of the wall rocks (3.77 x 1010 ergs.kg) etc., but the mass fraction of H2O in the initial melt (2.7 %) is regarded as the most important factor in the formation of the breccia bodies, in typical porphyry system (Burnham, 1985, p. 1515). Some examples of subvolcanic intrusions and related ore deposits may be mentioned in the areas of the Neogene magmatism from the Eastern Carpathians (Oaş, Gutâi, Călimani-Gurghiu, etc.) as well as in South Apuseni Mountains (S.A.M.). The hypabyssic intrusions mark the transition zone between the plutonic and shallow level subvolcanic facies of magmatic rocks, estimated at 1.5 and 3, even 5 km below surface (Smirnov, 1976, p. 81). Often at this domain, the magmatic rocks occur as a complex – multistage intrusions, characterized by a porphyritic holocrystalline medium to micrograined structure of the groundmass. An evolved contact 1 aureole is also characteristic to the hypabyssic domain of intrusion. The cupola cover may be partially or complete preserved. 2. Examples of subvolcanic intrusions from South Apuseni Mountains In the S.A.M. – Metaliferi Mts. – the principal volcanic events, regarded in the geotectonic framework and according to the radiometric data (Roşu et al. 2004), cover the interval between Badenian and Pannonian. The volcanic products: dacites – rhyodacites, quartz-andesites, andesites, even basalt- andesites (Detunata) and related intrusive bodies, belong to the calc-alkaline series of rocks, with some affinity to the adakite type (Roşu et al. 2004). Varied types of eruptive breccias accompany the subvolcanic intrusions: Deva, Baia de Arieş, Troiţa, Brad, Măgura Ţebei – Caraci etc. They constitute an excellent medium to focus the hydrothermal solutions and to concentrate the ore minerals. Characteristic to the Neogene metallogenesis from the Metaliferi Mts. there are the epithermal Au-Ag-Te mineralizations, subordinate base metals sulfide ores. Modern geologic and geophysical investigations reveal the presence of the “porphyry Cu-Au type” of mineralizations, related to the Sarmatian subvolcanic intrusions (Deva, Roşia Poieni
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