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If you have issues viewing or accessing this file, please contact us at NCJRS.gov. WORLD FACTBOOK OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMS REPUBLIC OF IRELAND Ken Pease and Gemma Cox University of Manchester This country report is one of many prepared for the World Factbook of Criminal Justice Systems under Bureau of Justice Statistics grant No. 90-BJ-CX-0002 to the State University of New York at Albany. The project director was Graeme R. Newman, but responsibility for the accuracy of the information contained in each report is that of the individual author. The contents of these reports do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Bureau of Justice Statistics or the U. S. Department of Justice. GENERAL OVERVIEW I. Political System. According to the Irish Constitution there is a tripartite division of power: legislative, executive and judicial. Legislative power consists of the power to make laws. This power is held by the Oireachtas, comprised of a President elected by direct vote of the people, the Seanad (upper house) and the Dail (lower house) elected by proportional representation. As an elected body, the Constitution gives the Dail the most power, while the Seanad is only in a position to disrupt or delay the passing of a Bill. Therefore, the Oireachtas has the power to enact unlimited laws except those which offend any provision of the Constitution. Since the Constitution is the superior law, a referendum must be passed to change it. The government (cabinet) has executive power and thus is entrusted with carrying laws into effect. Judicial power, or the power to administer justice, is reserved to the courts. -
Douglas Sanders's Article
5th Asian Law Institute Conference National University of Singapore, May 22 and 23, 2008 377 - and the unnatural afterlife of British colonialism Professor Douglas Sanders Chulalongkorn University, Mahidol University sanders_gwb @ yahoo.ca, May 6, 2008 Article 377 of the Indian Penal Code of 1860 made “carnal intercourse against the order of nature” an offence. This provision, or something very close to it, is presently in force in all former British colonies in Asia with the exception of Hong Kong. Even the article number, 377, is repeated in the current laws in force in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei - as if it were a special brand name, all of its own. Sri Lanka, Seychelles and Papua New Guinea have the key wording from article 377, but different section numbers. Parallel wording appears in the criminal laws of many of the former colonies in Africa. Surprisingly, viewing the matter from Asia, the 377 wording was never part of the criminal law in Britain. 377 is an amazingly successful law – if we judge it by its geographical spread and its longevity. Soon it will be 150 years old. How was it formulated? How did it come to apply in Asia? What is its role today? 2 First, we have to look back to the reign of Henry VIII and the break of the English church from Rome. I BACK TO BUGGERY British criminal laws covering homosexual acts began in 1534. Legislation in the reign of Henry VIII, prohibited …the detestable and abominable Vice of Buggery committed with mankind or beast. -
If You Have Issues Viewing Or Accessing This File, Please Contact Us at NCJRS.Gov
If you have issues viewing or accessing this file, please contact us at NCJRS.gov. .1 102742 U.S. Department of Justice National Institute of Justice This document has been reproduced exactly as received from the person or organization originating it. Points of view or opinions stated in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the National Institute of Justice. Permission to reproduce this c0pyrigl1ted material has been gra~lic Domain/Bureau of ,Justice Statistics/O.S. De~t. of Justice to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). Further reproduction outside of the NCJRS system requires permis sion of the c~9ttt owner. U.S. Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics '\ ' I'J"}J •. Capital Punishment, 1985· Eight states executed a total of 18 prisoners during 1985, bringing the total Status of death penalty as of 12/31/85 and 1985 executions number of executions to 50 since 1976, the year that the United states Supreme Court upheld the death penal ty in three separate cases. Those exe cuted during 1985 had spent an average of 5 years and 11 months awaiting exe cution, about the same as the average for the 32 previous executions. During 1985, 273 prisoners were received under sentence of death, 80 had their death sentences vacated or commuted, and 4 died while under sen tence of death. At yearend 32 States reported a total of 1,591 prisoners under sentence of death, all for mur der. The median time since sentence was imposed was 36 months. -
Should Commission of a Contemporaneous Arson, Burglary
Santa Clara Law Review Volume 49 | Number 1 Article 1 2009 Should Commission of a Contemporaneous Arson, Burglary, Kidnapping, Rape, or Robbery Be Sufficient to Make a Murderer Eligible for a Death Sentence? - An Empirical and Normative Analysis David McCord Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/lawreview Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation David McCord, Should Commission of a Contemporaneous Arson, Burglary, Kidnapping, Rape, or Robbery Be Sufficient to Make a Murderer Eligible for a Death Sentence? - An Empirical and Normative Analysis, 49 Santa Clara L. Rev. 1 (2009). Available at: http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/lawreview/vol49/iss1/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Santa Clara Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Santa Clara Law Review by an authorized administrator of Santa Clara Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SHOULD COMMISSION OF A CONTEMPORANEOUS ARSON, BURGLARY, KIDNAPPING, RAPE, OR ROBBERY BE SUFFICIENT TO MAKE A MURDERER ELIGIBLE FOR A DEATH SENTENCE?-AN EMPIRICAL AND NORMATIVE ANALYSIS By David McCord* INTRODUCTION Most death penalty jurisdictions make a murderer death- eligible if the murder was committed contemporaneously with one of five felonies: arson, burglary, kidnapping, rape, or robbery.1 In recent years, however, this traditional approach has been challenged by two blue-ribbon panels-the Illinois Commission on Capital Punishment and the Massachusetts Governor's Council on Capital Punishment-both of which advocated abolition of these five felonies as death-eligibility aggravators.2 The stakes in this debate are high because these five felonies-hereinafter "the contemporaneous felonies"-are frequent companions of murder: over sixty percent of death-eligible defendants contemporaneously commit at least one of them,3 and robbery alone qualifies more murderers for death-eligibility than any other * Professor of Law, Drake University Law School; J.D. -
'Ite Offences Against the Person
OFFENCES AGAINST THE PERSON ’ITE OFFENCES AGAINST THE PERSON ACT ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS 1. short title. Homicide 2. Capitall murders. 3. Sentence of death. Sentence of death not to be passed on pregnant mmm. Procedure where woman convicted of capital offence alleges she is pregnant. 3~.Life imprisonment for non-capital murder. 3~.Provisions as to procedure and regarding repulted and multiple murders. 3c. Proyisions as to appeab in relation to repeated and multiple murders. 3~.Provisions as to procedure regarding two or more murders tried together. 4. Abolition of ‘‘ms~~emalice’’. 5. Persons suffering from diminished responsibility. 6. Provocation. 7. suicide pact. 8. Conspiring or soliciting to commit murder. 9. Manslaughter. 10. Exasable homicide. 11. Petit tnasm. 12. Provision for trial of certain cases of murder or manslaryhtcr. Attempts to Murder 13. Administering poison, or wounding with intent to murder. 14. Destroying or damaging building with intent to murder. 15. Setting 6re to ship, etc., with intent to murder. 16. Attempting to administer poison, etc.. with intent to murder. 17. By other means attempting to commit murder. htters Threatening to Murder 18. Letters threatening to murder. [The inclusion of thiu page is authorized by L.N. 42/1995] OFFENCES A CAINST THE PERSON Acts Causing or Tending to Cause Donger to rife, or Bodily Harm 19. Preventing person endeavouring to save his life in shipwreck. 20. Shooting or attempting to shoot or wounding with intent to do grievous bodily harm. 21. What shall be deemed loaded arms. 22. Unlawful wounding. 23. Attempting to choke, etc., in order to commit indictable offence. -
Penal Code Offenses by Punishment Range Office of the Attorney General 2
PENAL CODE BYOFFENSES PUNISHMENT RANGE Including Updates From the 85th Legislative Session REV 3/18 Table of Contents PUNISHMENT BY OFFENSE CLASSIFICATION ........................................................................... 2 PENALTIES FOR REPEAT AND HABITUAL OFFENDERS .......................................................... 4 EXCEPTIONAL SENTENCES ................................................................................................... 7 CLASSIFICATION OF TITLE 4 ................................................................................................. 8 INCHOATE OFFENSES ........................................................................................................... 8 CLASSIFICATION OF TITLE 5 ............................................................................................... 11 OFFENSES AGAINST THE PERSON ....................................................................................... 11 CLASSIFICATION OF TITLE 6 ............................................................................................... 18 OFFENSES AGAINST THE FAMILY ......................................................................................... 18 CLASSIFICATION OF TITLE 7 ............................................................................................... 20 OFFENSES AGAINST PROPERTY .......................................................................................... 20 CLASSIFICATION OF TITLE 8 .............................................................................................. -
Federal Mandatory Minimum Sentencing Statutes
Federal Mandatory Minimum Sentencing Statutes Charles Doyle Senior Specialist in American Public Law September 9, 2013 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL32040 Federal Mandatory Minimum Sentencing Statutes Summary Federal mandatory minimum sentencing statutes limit the discretion of a sentencing court to impose a sentence that does not include a term of imprisonment or the death penalty. They have a long history and come in several varieties: the not-less-than, the flat sentence, and piggyback versions. Federal courts may refrain from imposing an otherwise required statutory mandatory minimum sentence when requested by the prosecution on the basis of substantial assistance toward the prosecution of others. First-time, low-level, non-violent offenders may be able to avoid the mandatory minimums under the Controlled Substances Acts, if they are completely forthcoming. The most common imposed federal mandatory minimum sentences arise under the Controlled Substance and Controlled Substance Import and Export Acts, the provisions punishing the presence of a firearm in connection with a crime of violence or drug trafficking offense, the Armed Career Criminal Act, various sex crimes include child pornography, and aggravated identity theft. Critics argue that mandatory minimums undermine the rationale and operation of the federal sentencing guidelines which are designed to eliminate unwarranted sentencing disparity. Counter arguments suggest that the guidelines themselves operate to undermine individual sentencing discretion and that the ills attributed to other mandatory minimums are more appropriately assigned to prosecutorial discretion or other sources. State and federal mandatory minimums have come under constitutional attack on several grounds over the years, and have generally survived. -
Table of Common Charge Options for State Offences
TABLE OF COMMON CHARGE OPTIONS FOR STATE OFFENCES A PRACTITIONERS’ GUIDE FOR THE EAGP SCHEME The Public Defenders Last updated 8 March 2019 Users’ guide, notes and acknowledgements The purpose of this document and a disclaimer • This document has been prepared as a resource designed to assist lawyers, whether defence or prosecution, involved in negotiations under the Early Appropriate Guilty Plea legislation. • You should always undertake your own research into the particular offences and provisions which may be relevant to any case you are working on. This document is a guide only and should be treated as a starting point for your consideration of appropriate offences. • Further and importantly, this document refers to the current versions of offences, maximum penalties and standard non-parole periods. You should always refer to the version of the legislation applicable at the time of any alleged offence. Because changes to sexual assault offences are so recent, we have included the most recently repealed offences for your convenience. • Please ensure you are working from the latest version of this document available from the Public Defenders’ website. The date of the most recent update is on the title page. • Please bear in mind that this document does not include any Commonwealth offences. Commonwealth offences might be alternatives to, for example, child pornography, grooming and procuring, money laundering, terrorism and drug offences. • Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the correctness of information in this Table, please be reminded of the Disclaimer pertaining to all information on the website of Public Defenders, Department of Justice NSW at: https://www.justice.nsw.gov.au/Pages/copyright-disclaimer.aspx Acknowledgments This Table has been prepared by the Public Defenders with assistance and input from Legal Aid NSW and the Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions NSW, initially as part of the Early Appropriate Guilty Plea Working Party 2018. -
Immigration Consequences at Sentencing
Update on Criminal Inadmissibility Peter Edelmann1 Division 4 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (“IRPA”) sets out the various grounds of inadmissibility along with a number of evidentiary and procedural matters. This paper will focus on the grounds of criminal inadmissibility set out in section 36. It will not address the related grounds of inadmissibility such as those under sections 34(security), 35 (international crimes) and 37 (organized criminality), each of which would provide ample material for a lengthy paper on their own. Section 36 sets out the grounds that render individuals inadmissible for criminality. The most fundamental distinction in s.36 is between criminality and serious criminality. Criminality, as described in s.36(2), only affects foreign nationals: A36 (2) A foreign national is inadmissible on grounds of criminality for (a) having been convicted in Canada of an offence under an Act of Parliament punishable by way of indictment, or of two offences under any Act of Parliament not arising out of a single occurrence; (b) having been convicted outside Canada of an offence that, if committed in Canada, would constitute an indictable offence under an Act of Parliament, or of two offences not arising out of a single occurrence that, if committed in Canada, would constitute offences under an Act of Parliament; (c) committing an act outside Canada that is an offence in the place where it was committed and that, if committed in Canada, would constitute an indictable offence under an Act of Parliament; or (d) committing, on entering Canada, an offence under an Act of Parliament prescribed by regulations. -
Conspiracy and Attempts Consultation
The Law Commission Consultation Paper No 183 CONSPIRACY AND ATTEMPTS A Consultation Paper The Law Commission was set up by section 1 of the Law Commissions Act 1965 for the purpose of promoting the reform of the law. The Law Commissioners are: The Honourable Mr Justice Etherton, Chairman Mr Stuart Bridge Mr David Hertzell Professor Jeremy Horder Kenneth Parker QC Professor Martin Partington CBE is Special Consultant to the Law Commission responsible for housing law reform. The Chief Executive of the Law Commission is Steve Humphreys and its offices are at Conquest House, 37-38 John Street, Theobalds Road, London WC1N 2BQ. This consultation paper, completed on 17 September 2007, is circulated for comment and criticism only. It does not represent the final views of the Law Commission. The Law Commission would be grateful for comments on its proposals before 31 January 2008. Comments may be sent either – By post to: David Hughes Law Commission Conquest House 37-38 John Street Theobalds Road London WC1N 2BQ Tel: 020-7453-1212 Fax: 020-7453-1297 By email to: [email protected] It would be helpful if, where possible, comments sent by post could also be sent on disk, or by email to the above address, in any commonly used format. We will treat all responses as public documents in accordance with the Freedom of Information Act and we will include a list of all respondents' names in any final report we publish. Those who wish to submit a confidential response should contact the Commission before sending the response. We will disregard automatic confidentiality disclaimers generated by an IT system. -
Grievous Bodily Harm – Provocation and Self Defence
Grievous bodily harm – provocation and self defence Date: Monday May 10, 2021 . A common criminal charge resulting from a physical altercation is ‘grievous bodily harm’ (often referred to as GBH). Many grievous body harm charges arise out of a fight scenario (often involving alcohol) – there is a verbal exchange, then a scuffle, before someone punches or kicks the other, causing serious injury. If you are the person who delivers the ‘final hit’, can you defend the charge? The law does not expect citizens to be passive when their safety is threatened by someone else. Sometimes an attacker may come off second best but it does not necessarily follow that the one who wins the fight has committed the crime. What is grievous bodily harm? Legally, the term ‘grievous bodily harm’ means an injury that causes: •the loss of a distinct part or an organ of the body; or •serious disfigurement; or •any bodily injury of such a nature that, if left untreated, would endanger or be likely to endanger life, or cause or be likely to cause permanent injury to health. Options for the defence of self-defence The most common defence to grievous bodily harm charges is that of self-defence. The law relating to self-defence in the context of grievous bodily harm is split into two categories: 1. Self defence to an unprovoked assault; and 2. Self defence to a provoked assault. What is a provoked assault? A provoked assault involves an insult or act of such a nature to be likely to deprive an ordinary person of the power of self-control, and induce them to assault the person who insulted them. -
Inchoate Offences Conspiracy, Attempt and Incitement 5 June 1973
N.B. This is a Working Paper circulated for comment and criticism only. It does not represent the final views. of the Law Commission. The Law Cominission will be grateful for comments before 1 January 1974. All correspondence should be addressed to: J.C. R. Fieldsend, Law Commission, Conquest Hoiis e, 37/38 John Street, Theobalds Road, London WC1N 2BQ. (Tel: 01-242 0861, Ex: 47) The Law Commission Working Paper No 50 Inchoate Offences Conspiracy, Attempt and Incitement 5 June 1973 LONDON HER MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE 1973 @ Crown copyright 1973 SBN 11 730081 0 THE LAW COMMISSION WORKING PAPER NO. 50 Second Programme, Item XVIII CODIFICATION OF THE CRIMINAL LAW GENERAL PRINCIPLES INCHOATE OFFENCES : CONSPIRACY, ATTEMPT AND INCITEMENT Introduction by the Law Commission 1. The Working Party' assisting the Commission in the examination of the general principles of the criminal law with a view to their codification has prepared this Working Paper on the inchoate offences. It is the fourth in a series' designed as a basis upon which to seek the views of those concerned with the criminal law. In pursuance of - its policy of wide consultation, the Law Commission is publishing the Working Paper and inviting comments upon it. 2. To a greater extent than in previous papers in this series the provisional proposals of the Working Party involve fundamental changes in the law which, we think, will prove much more controversial than those made in the other papers. The suggested limitation of the crime of conspiracy to 1. For membership see p. ix. 2. The others are "The Mental Element in Crime" (W.P.