Frank Lloyd Wright . Usonian Houses Arquitectura

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Frank Lloyd Wright . Usonian Houses Arquitectura FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT . USONIAN HOUSES UMA ABORDAGEM SINTÁCTICA AO ESTUDO DO ESPAÇO DOMÉSTICO António Manuel Seabra Pinelo Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em ARQUITECTURA - RESUMO ALARGADO - PRESIDENTE: Profª Doutora Ana Cristina dos Santos Tostões ORIENTADOR: Profª Doutora Teresa Frederica Tojal de Valsassina Heitor VOGAL: Prof. Doutor João Rosa Vieira Caldas SETEMBRO 2008 Frank Lloyd Wright – Usonian Houses: Análise espaço-funcional RESUMO ALARGADO O presente documento resume o estudo proposto para dissertação e está dividido em 4 partes: 0.1. Enquadra a vida e obra de Frank Lloyd Wright, descrevendo o seu trabalho, referindo as principais influências e identificando os princípios caracterizam a Arquitectura Orgânica. 0.2. Aborda as Usonian Houses, descrevendo os princípios que suportam a sua concepção e caracterizando as suas dimensões urbana / físico-construtiva / e espaço-funcional. 0.3. Analisa os estudos de caso, justificando a escolha da amostra presentee entendendo a metodologia de análise proposta pela Teoria da Sintaxe Espacial. 0.4. Conclui o estudo proposto, identificando as características comuns na configuração de PO espaços fulcrais ao funcionamento das casas e indicando o padrão espacial. 1 INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TÉCNICO . ANTÓNIO PINELO RESUMO ALARGADO Frank Lloyd Wright – Usonian Houses: Análise espaço-funcional 0. INTRODUÇÃO A presente dissertação tem como tema a organização do espaço doméstico. O objecto de estudo escolhido são as “Usonian Houses”, projectadas por Frank Lloyd Wright (FLW) a partir de 1936. O objectivo é explorar o conceito de “arquitectura orgânica” aplicado nestas casas e analisar as estratégias projectuais adoptadas por FLW. Trata-se de explorar, os aspectos da forma arquitectónica, em termos de organização espacial e funcional, e relacioná-la com a sua dimensão social, i.e. identificar as condições a que o espaço habitacional obedece para responder às solicitações dos seus utilizadores. A descrição espaço-funcional das Usonian Houses tem como suporte metodológico a Teoria da Sintaxe Espacial (Hillier e Hanson, 1984), complementada por estudos desenvolvidos no LNEC no âmbito do programa habitacional. A dissertação foi desenvolvida em 5 fases sequenciais: (1) levantamento genérico de bibliografia e recolha alargada de informação; (2) tratamento da informação recolhida; (3) identificação de procedimentos metodológicos a adoptar no estudo das Usonian Houses; (4) Estudo de caso: análise de 9 exemplos de Usonian Houses e (5) interpretação dos resultados obtidos na fase 4. O trabalho está organizado em três capítulos. Nos capítulos 1 e 2 é feita a contextualização e fundamentação do objecto de estudo – Usonian Houses – com referencia à vida e obra de FLW. No capítulo 3 é desenvolvido o estudo de caso. Justifica-se a escolha da amostra utilizada e caracteriza- se cada caso na generalidade. Procede-se á sua descrição espaço-funcional de acordo com os procedimentos da Sintaxe Espacial, analisam-se e comparam-se os resultados obtidos. A análise permitiu identificar características comuns na configuração das Usonian Houses e no seu modo de funcionamento, que reproduzem os princípios de arquitectura orgânica propostos por FLW. Estas habitações apresentam um padrão espacial que associa uma configuração compartimentada constituída por espaços fechados (sector privado e de serviços) e uma configuração totalmente livre em que todas as paredes são abolidas e as actividades e os espaços fluem directamente entre si (sector social e mediador). Cronologicamente, pode-se resumir os objectivos deste estudo como uma sequência na qual primeiramente se tenta perceber o fio condutor que poderá estar na origem destas obras, descodificando assim as estratégias projectuais aplicadas pelo arquitecto. 2 INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TÉCNICO . ANTÓNIO PINELO RESUMO ALARGADO Frank Lloyd Wright – Usonian Houses: Análise espaço-funcional 1. FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT A actividade profissional de FLW enquanto arquitecto estende-se por cerca de sete décadas, terminando em 1959 quando atinge a idade de 92 anos. A sua obra, a par de evidenciar uma grande heterogeneidade em termos programáticos, apresenta uma dimensão muito superior a qualquer outro arquitecto seu contemporâneo. Integra um conjunto de cerca de 1141 projectos, dos quais 532 foram construídos, restando 409 edificados. A personalidade de FLW, a sua obra e a sua vida privada dificilmente aparecem dissociados. O fascínio exercido por FLW levou à publicação recente de uma obra de ficção “Loving Frank”, Horan, N. (2008) centrada no envolvimento amoroso de FLW com Mamah Borthwick Cheney. Neste inovador romance histórico, resultado de uma investigação detalhada misturam-se, factos e ficções em torno da forma de FLW pensar arquitectura. FLW é referido por muitos autores como um individuo detentor de uma personalidade muito forte (McCarter R. 1997). McCarter (1997 : 8) afirma que “dificilmente atribuía mérito ou influência fosse a quem fosse”. Na opinião deste autor, são visíveis quatro grandes influências na sua obra: 1. Contacto com a natureza durante a sua infância e juventude. 2. Sistema de aprendizagem infantil baseado na pedagogia de Fredrich Froebel . 3. Passagem pelo escritório de Louis Sullivan. 4. Contacto com a cultura Oriental. O termo “orgânico” significa toda a forma de organização dinâmica e em constante desenvolvimento aplicando-se quer à arquitectura quer à própria sociedade. FLW utilizou o termo “orgânico” em 1908, para caracterizar a sua forma de pensar e fazer arquitectura, traduzida na valorização do individuo como elemento fundamental e indispensável à sua caracterização. Esta postura reflecte uma posição alternativa às teorias racionalistas então em voga, orientadas pela pressão da industrialização e da produção em série. A necessidade de FLW transmitir o conceito de “arquitectura orgânica” levou a que criasse uma “cartilha” com um conjunto de “princípios”, publicados em 1957, dois anos antes da sua morte, em Testament (Wright. F. L. 1957). Com base na análise desta obra, verifica-se que FLW considerava dois campos de acção da arquitectura (figura 1.01): o homem e a edificação. O homem, enquanto centro de toda a concepção arquitectónica e edificação, enquanto objecto arquitectónico em que são materializados esses objectivos. Quanto ao “homem” realça 3 aspectos a ter em consideração: 1) o homem enquanto ser humano (o estado natural dos acontecimentos, a sua vida, os seus gostos, o seu carácter, etc); 2) o modo como este se relaciona em sociedade e 3) o modo como este se relaciona com o arquitecto, i.e. o seu papel enquanto cliente. Face ao objecto construído, atribui importância à linguagem, à forma e ao espaço. A visão arquitectónica de FLW propõe uma nova síntese espacial, materializada na articulação entre a sua dimensão física (forma) e social (função). Traduz-se na aplicação da planta livre e fluida que FIGURA 1.01. se consegue adaptar para responder a funções específicas. Cria-se um espaço em que cada atributo Princípios fundamentais da Arquitectura Orgânica segundo FLW (1957) é parte de um todo, e em que o todo compreende e assume cada parte. 3 INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TÉCNICO . ANTÓNIO PINELO RESUMO ALARGADO Frank Lloyd Wright – Usonian Houses: Análise espaço-funcional 2. USONIAN HOUSES Na década de 30, muitas cidades americanas são alvo de uma grande afluência de população oriunda de zonas rurais. A escassez de oferta de alojamento compatível com as capacidades financeiras e as necessidades e expectativas desta população leva ao desenvolvimento de novas áreas residenciais em zonas suburbanas. Para dar resposta a esta situação, FLW desenvolve o conceito de Usonian Houses, entendido como habitações destinadas à classe média-baixa americana. O termo Usonian foi introduzido pelo escritor Samuel Butler para distinguir os povos dos Estados Unidos da América dos outros povos que habitavam o continente Americano. Usonia é portanto um acrónimo de United States Of North America, sendo que o “I” é introduzido para tornar a palavra mais melodiosa. FLW considerava este termo adequado para caracterizar as habitações por ele idealizadas para os USONA. No início do século XX a moradia unifamiliar dirigida à classe média americana (figura 1.02) seguia um modelo de inspiração “victoriana”: planta de base quadrangular, 2 pisos elevados, cave que continha geralmente o aquecimento, coberturas inclinadas e vãos verticais. Apresentam estrutura em madeira, rebocadas no interior e revestidas por ripas de madeira no exterior. As Usonian Houses diferem em grande parte desta linguagem. Eram organizadas horizontalmente, permitindo uma relação mais próxima com o exterior, e contrariando a organização volumétrica em paralelepípedo com acentuada verticalidade e numa compartimentação interna muito rígida. As Usonian Houses diferem das tradicionais casas americanas desde o seu processo de concepção, pelas vivências FIGURA 1.02. proporcionadas pela organização interna e linguagem formal, passando pelo processo de Casa Tradicional norte-americana, início séc XX - http://staytondailyphoto.com construção. Os projectos das Usonian Houses não poderão ser entendidos como projectos tipo, mas antes como um tipo de projecto. Com efeito FLW não desenvolveu um projecto único para ser reproduzido em várias situações. O seu esforço foi orientado para a definição de um conjunto de princípios e estratégias espaciais que permitam ser aplicadas em diferentes contextos em função das necessidades , solicitações e expectativas dos seus clientes e futuros utilizadores. Neste sentido as Usonian Houses foram
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