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Growth and Reworking of the Early Precambrian Continental Crust in the North China Craton: Constraints from Zircon Hf Isotopes

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Growth and Reworking of the Early Precambrian Continental Crust in the North China Craton: Constraints from Zircon Hf Isotopes Gondwana Research 21 (2012) 517–529 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Gondwana Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/gr Growth and reworking of the early Precambrian continental crust in the North China Craton: Constraints from zircon Hf isotopes Yuansheng Geng ⁎, Lilin Du, Liudong Ren Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, PR China article info abstract Article history: We synthesize more than 2600 Hf isotope data on the Archean-Paleoproterozoic zircons from the North China Received 28 September 2010 Craton (NCC). Recalculation of the data based on single stage and two-stage Hf model ages of the Eastern Received in revised form 3 July 2011 Block of the NCC shows peak ages of 3902±13 Ma and 3978 ±18 Ma, respectively, and also small peaks at Accepted 3 July 2011 3.5–4.0 Ga. The majority of zircon ε (t) values are positive, suggesting the possibility of the crust and the Available online 18 July 2011 Hf mantle differentiation at ca. 3.9–4.0 Ga in the Eastern Block of the NCC. Most magmatic zircons from the whole of NCC have their Hf model age range of 2.4–2.9 Ga, and the single stage model ages is cluster at 2698 ±4 Ma, Keywords: Zircon Hf isotope geochemistry whereas the two-stage model ages concentrate at 2714±5 Ma, implying that the protoliths were juvenile Crustal growth crustal rocks. The most prominent peak at 2.7 Ga indicates that this period marks the most important stage of Crustal reworking the crust-mantle differentiation and crust formation of the NCC. The widespread 2.5 Ga rocks in the NCC and Crust–mantle differentiation the absence of the 2.5 Ga peaks in Hf model ages are consistent with the partial melting and reworking of the Tectonics juvenile rocks at 2.5 Ga. Furthermore, the 2.5–1.7 Ga zircon Hf isotope features are also related to the North China Craton reworking of the crustal rocks. Our results from the integration of a large database suggest that the Eastern Block and the Trans-North China Orogen have undergone similar crust-mantle differentiation and magmatism, leading to the conclusion that the essential cratonization of the North China took place at the end of Neoarchean. © 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of International Association for Gondwana Research. 1. Introduction In the northern hemisphere, the Superior Craton (Beakhouse et al., 1999; Henry et al., 2000; Polat and Kerrich, 2000, 2002; Polat and Early Precambrian was a crucial stage for continental growth in our Münker, 2004; Percival et al., 2006), the western Canadian Shield planet. As the growth rate of the continental crust in the early (Sandeman et al., 2006), the Wyoming Greenstone Belt (Rino et al., Precambrian was significantly higher than that in the late Precam- 2004, 2008), the Baltic Shield (Ohlander et al., 1987; BibiKova et al., brian, 50%–80% (in mass) of the present continents on the earth were 2005; Samsonov et al., 2005) and western Greenland Craton (Friend formed during 2800–2500 Ma (Moorbath, 1977; O'Nions et al., 1979). and Nutman, 2005; Steenfelt et al., 2005; Garde, 2007; Polat et al., Updated data show that the proportion of continents grown during 2008, 2011), and in the southern hemisphere the South Africa and the period 3.0–2.5 Ga comprises 36%, and at 2.15–1.65 Ga is 39% of the Zimbabwe Cratons (Kröner et al., 1999; Matthew et al., 1999; Hofmann present continent crust (Condie, 1998). Since the major continental et al., 2004) and the Pilbara and Yilgarn Cratons in western Australia growth occurred in the early Precambrian, the continent growth (Bateman et al., 2001; Rasmussen et al., 2005), all record a significant styles, stages and interactions between the crust and mantle have influence of the ca 2.7–2.8 Ga event responsible for the rapid formation remained topics of debate (McCulloch and Wasserburg, 1978; of the continent crusts in the Archean. However, in the North China Depaolo et al., 1991; McCulloch and Bennett, 1994; Stein and Craton, this tectonothermal event has only been locally demonstrated Hofmann, 1994; Condie, 1998; 2000; Condie et al., 2009). (Cao, 1996; Zhuang et al., 1997; Jahn et al., 1988; Du et al., 2003; Lu Some workers have suggested that continental growth in the early et al., 2008; Wan et al., 2011; Zhai and Santosh, 2011). Instead, the ca. Precambrian occurred during three periods, 3.6 Ga, 2.7 Ga and 1.8 Ga 2.5 Ga tectonothermal event was demonstrated to be widespread in (McCulloch and Bennett, 1994), whereas some others suggested that the whole craton through zircon U–Pb dating (Kröner et al., 2005a, the principal growth of continental crust occurred at 2.7 Ga, 1.9 Ga and 2005b; Shen et al., 2005; Wilde et al., 2005; Geng et al., 2006a, 2006b, 1.2 Ga (Condie, 1998; 2000). On a global perspective, the 2.7–2.8 Ga 2010; Yang et al., 2008; Grant et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2011a, 2011b; tectonothermal event was indeed important for the continent growth. Wang et al., 2011). The Sm–Nd isotope features of whole rocks from the NCC have revealed that the crust differentiation from the mantle of the NCC occurred prior to the ca 2.5 Ga tectonothermal event. The Nd fi ⁎ Corresponding author. isotope depleted mantle model ages (TDM) of 249 ma c rock samples E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Geng). show a range from 4.4 Ga to 1.6 with a peak at 2.6–3.0 Ga, suggesting 1342-937X/$ – see front matter © 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of International Association for Gondwana Research. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2011.07.006 518 Y. Geng et al. / Gondwana Research 21 (2012) 517–529 that the most important crust-forming stage of the NCC occurred at convenience of discussion, this paper adopts the classification for the 2.6–3.0 Ga. The peak value of the Nd isotopic depleted mantle model NCC of Zhao et al. (2001, 2005) into the eastern and western blocks ages (TDM) for the 91 samples of TTG (tonalite–trondhjemite– dissected by the Trans North China Orogen. However, it must be noted granodiorite) gneisses stands at 2.6–2.8 Ga, reflecting a crustal that the Western Block itself is composed of two distinct crustal units, retention age of the parental rocks for the TTG gneisses (Lu et al., the Yinshan and Ordos Blocks which were sutured along the Inner 1996). More than 500 basic and acid magmatic rocks of the NCC show Mongolia Suture Zone as identified in recent studies (Santosh, 2010; Nd isotope depleted mantle model ages (TDM) peaking at 2.82 Ga, Santosh et al., 2010). representing the extraction time of the parent magma from the mantle to form the continental crust (Wu et al., 2005a). 2.1. The Eastern Block The tectonothermal event determined through zircon U–Pb ages is different from the time assigned for the mantle and crust differen- The Eastern Block includes in turn Liaobei-Jinan, Anshan-Benxi, tiation of the NCC based on whole rock Sm–Nd method. There are two Jianping-Liaoxi, Jidong-Miyun, Luxi, Yishui and Jiaodong metamorphic possibilities for the discrepancy. One is that there was an actual time terrains from north to south (Fig. 1). The large dataset on zircon U–Pb gap between the tectonothermal and the crust–mantle differentiation ages demonstrates that the metamorphic terrains of the Eastern Block events, and the tectonothermal event is later than the crust–mantle are predominantly composed of the TTG gneisses formed in late differentiation. The other possibility lies in the problems with using Neoarchean (Fig. 2). Minor supracrustal rocks are also present as diverse isotope systems. U–Pb analysis is from zircon, while Sm–Nd bands, pods and enclaves within the TTG gneisses, such as measurement of whole rock in which the Sm–Nd isotope system may metamorphosed mafic volcanics, sediments and banded iron forma- be reset to some extent due to later metamorphic events. With the tions (BIF). In Luxi (western Shandong Province) metamorphic rocks development of the MC-ICP-MS technique (Halliday et al., 1998; are exposed in the early Neoarchean (2.8–2.65 Ga) metamorphic Albarede et al., 2004), we can simultaneously make in-situ measure- volcano-sedimentary formations of the Taishan Complex and are ment of both U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotopes on the same zircon grain. It is strongly deformed together with the TTG gneisses (2.75–2.65 Ga) also possible to measure the U–Pb age of zircon through SHRIMP (Jahn et al., 1988; Polat et al., 2006b; Lu et al., 2008). Some of the technique at first and then analyze the Lu–Hf isotope with MC-ICP-MS metamorphic terrains of the Eastern Block underwent granulite grade method on the same grain (Wu et al., 2007). Since both the U–Pb age metamorphism in late Neoarchean, such as the Jidong-Miyun, Liaoxi and Hf isotope may be obtained simultaneously or successively on the and Yishui, while the other terrains display chiefly amphibolite facies same zircon grain, it is possible to directly and effectively discuss the metamorphism. relationship of the differentiation event and the tectonothermal In the Anshan-Benxi metamorphic terrain of the Eastern Block, event. In addition, due to the rather low Lu/Hf value of zircon some Eoarchean–Paleoarchean supracrustal relicts are exposed, the (176Lu/177Hf usually less than 0.002), the 176Hf formed through decay major outcrops are the banded trondhjemite (3811±4 Ma) at of 176Lu is extremely low.
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