ifjp; Introduction dqEgkjh dyk dk vkfo"dkj bfrgkl esa èkjrh ij The invention of pottery is the next revolution ekuo vorj.k ds ckn dh gh Økafr gS bls {ks=h; ,oa lkaL— in history after man’s appearance on earth. It is frd dyk ds lcls ewrZ ,oa vuqlkadsfrd rRoksa esa ls ,d considered as one of the most tangible and iconic ekuk x;k gSA bl dyk dk tUe lkekU;r% LFkkbZ thou elements of regional and cultural art. The occurrence of pottery is generally attributed to the beginning ds vkjEHk ls gh ekuk x;k gSA dqEgkjh ijaijk dks dsoy of settled life. It is considered to be an important çkphu laL—fr;ksa dh vofèk tkuus ds fy, gh ugÈ index not only to date the ancient cultures but vfirq mudk rknkRe; LFkkfir djus ds mís'; ls also to identify them. Therefore, the study of Hkh egRoiw.kZ :i esa Lohdkjk x;k gSA vr% ;qxksa pottery through the ages is considered to be an ls gh dqEgkjh dyk dk vè;;u çkphu laL—fr;ksa essential requirement to identify, understand dks igpkuus] mUgsa le>us ,oa mudh fo'ks"krkvksa and characterise the ancient civilizations. dks mtkxj djus ds fy, vfr vko';d ekuk In Indian-Subcontinent, early evidences of pottery making are noticed at Mehrgarh x;k gSA Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa e`nHkkaM fuekZ.k (Neolithic) nearly about 8,000 BCE while ds lk{; yxHkx 8000 bZlk iwoZ esgjx<+ ¼uo culturally, the Vindhyan region has yielded ik"kk.k ;qxhu½ esa ns[ks x,A c?kkbZ[kksj ¼mÙkj çns'k the ceramic remains belonging to Mesolithic ds fetkZiqj ftys½ ,oa ya?kukt ¼xqtjkr ds esgjkuk period reported from BaghaiKhor (Dt. Mirzapur, ftys½ dh lwpuk vuqlkj Çoè;ka {ks= esa eè; ik"k.k U.P) and Langhnaj (Dt. Mahesana, Gujarat) small ;qxhu fljsfed ds va'k ,oa NksVs VqdM+s ik, x, tks iw.kZr% bits and pieces being found which are evidences of gLr fuÆer e`n HkkaMks ds lk{; gSaA blds vfrfjä ¼uo entirely handmade pottery. Besides this, pottery has ik"k.k ls eè;dkyhu ;qx rd½ fofHkUu lkaL—frd Lrjksa ij been excavated from various archaeological sites from different cultural levels (Neolithic to medieval period). iqjkrkfRod LFkyksa ls [kqnkbZ ds nkSjku Hkh e`n~HkkaM çkIr gq,A The pottery making tradition is still continuing in e`n~HkkaM cukus dh ijEijk,a Hkkjr esa vkt Hkh tkjh gSaA India. The potters of different areas are practising the inherited fofHkUu {ks=ksa ds dqEgkj muds iwoZtksa }kjk çnku fd;s x, iSr`d dkS'ky skills of their ancestors. In last three decades, ethnographical dk ç;ksx bl fn'kk esa dj jgs gSaA fiNys dbZ n'kdksa esa ekuo tkrh; and ethno-archaeological researches have been conducted in ,oa ekuo iqjkrkfRod vuqlaèkku ns'k ds dbZ fgLlksa esa fd;s x, gSaA bu various parts of the country. In these studies, the researchers are vè;;uksa esa 'kksèkdrkZ bfrgkl ls orZeku rd bl rduhd esa vk;s ifjorZuksa trying to identify the changes that occur from the past to present times dks tkuus dk ç;kl dj jgs gSaA ;g Hkh voyksdu esa ik;k x;k gS fd ijaijkxr in the form of technology. It is also noticed that the traditional technology like hand beaten, wheel thrown, moulding over an old pot and many ways VSDuksyksth tSls feVVh dks gkFk ls vkdkj nsuk] pkd }kjk rS;kj djuk] iqjkus ik= of hand modelling like coiled method, slab pattern and a combination of both dks uokdj nsuk ,oa gLr çfr:i.k ds dbZ rjhdksa tSls dksbYM eSFkM ¼dq.Mfyuh fofèk½] wheel turned and hand beaten, still survive in some of the parts particularly in LySc iSVuZ ,oa pkd rFkk gkFk dk fefJr :i vkt Hkh Hkkjr ds dbZ LFkkuksa fo'ks"kr% rural areas where demand is almost same as compared to the past. xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa tgk¡ ekax rqyukRed :i ls igys dh rjg gh gS] mi;ksx esa yk;s tk jgs This open air exhibition is entirely an outcome of pottery and terracotta gSaA workshops organized by IGRMS in the last 10 years. In different phases, potters ;g eqäkdk'k çn'kZuh iw.kZr% ba-xk¡-jk-ek-la }kjk fiNys nl o"kksZ esa vk;ksftr dqEgkjh from different parts of India were invited to IGRMS and asked to present their skill ,oa VsjkdksVk dk;Z'kkykvksa dk gh fupksM+ gA Hkkjr ds dbZ LFkkuksa ls dqEgkjksa dks fofHkUu and make traditional pottery and terracotta which are now part of an open-air exhibition “Kumhar Para” (potters village). Data is collected from primary sources iM+koksa esa vkeaf=r fd;k x;k ftUgksaus vius dqEgkjh dkS'ky ds çn'kZu ds lkFk ikjaifjd through direct interviews of potters and audio-visual documentation of pottery e`n~HkkaM ,oa VsjkdksVk vk—fr;k¡ tks vc eqäkdk'k çn'kZuh ÞdqEgkj ikjkÞ esa 'kksHkk ik jgs making processes. gSa] dk fuekZ.k Hkh fd;kA The present Exhibition endeavours to give a brief ethnographic account of çLrqr çn'kZuh Hkkjr ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa fo'ks"kr% vle] xqtjkr] y)k[k] pottery traditions of different parts of India specifically Assam, Gujarat, Ladakh, tEew&d'ehj] ef.kiqj] vksfM'kk] rfeyukMq ,oa if'pe caxky dh dqEgkjh ijEijkvksa Jammu & Kashmir, Manipur, Odisha, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal. It explains dks ekuofoKkuh; :i esa çdkf'kr djus dk ç;kl djrh gSA ;s leqnk;] about the community i.e. population of people involved in pottery; dqEgkjh dyk esa yxs yksxksa dh tul¡[;k] muls tqM+s lkekftd & vkÆFkd their associated socio-economic facets, transfer of the traditional igyqvksa] ikjaifjd Kku iífr dk gLrkarj.k] ekU;rk,a] vuq"Bku] knowledge system, beliefs, rituals and technique of production and their consumption in terms of continuing tradition. mRiknu dh rduhd ,oa ijEijkvksa dh vfojyrk esa buds mi;ksx dks vfHkO;ä djrh gSA
Open Air Exhibition KUMHAR PARA : Pottery Traditions of India xksMkjh iBsjk GODARI PATHERA leqnk;% xksaM Community: Gond {ks=% ÇMMksjh ,oa eaMyk Area: Dindori, Mandla jkT;% eè; çns'k State: Madhya Pradesh
eè; çns'k ds ÇMMksjh ,oa eaMyk Godari Pathera is a unique ftys ds xksaM dykdjksa }kjk feVVh] structure designed by the ?kkl ,oa ckal ls rS;kj fd;k x;k Gond clay/mud artists of xksMkjh iBsjk ,d vuwBh lajpuk Dindori and Mandla districts gSA cM+h gksf'k;kjh ds lkFk rS;kj dh of Madhya Pradesh using clay, x;h çn'kZuh dk ços'k }kj vkfnoklh bamboo, and grass. Profoundly leqnk; ds okLrqf'kYi] lkSUn;Zijdrk designed, this entrance of the exhibition is an example of the ,oa dykdkjh dk ,d mngkj.k gSA eq[; architectural, aesthetic and artistic lajpuk ,d 'kSMM ços'k }kj ds :i esa rS;kj sense of the tribals. The main structure dh x;h gS ftlds nksuksa vksj Hk.Mkj.k ds cM+s has been designed as a shaded gate, fMCcs j[kus ds fy, nks NksVs NksVs Hkkx cuk;s having two relatively small sections on x, gSaA both sides with big grain bins inside. fofHkUu çdkj ds vuktks ds Hk.Mkj.k ds fy, Multiple sections for storage of various xksMkjh esa dbZ fgLls gksuk bls vnHkqr cukus ds lkFk vU; items is the unique feature of Godari which ik=ksa ls vyx cukrk gSA vukt ,oa èkku ds vfrfjä distinguishes it from other usual grain-bins. Besides pkoy] dksMks] dqVdh] laok bR;kfn ds lkFk vU; dbZ oLrq,a grain and cereals, rice, kodo, kutki, sanwa, etc. and tSls ngh] NkN] gafl;k] dqYgkM+h] c Open Air Exhibition KUMHAR PARA : Pottery Traditions of India dqeSbZ 'käd Qwjksu KUMHEI SHAKTAK PHURON ¼mRloh dqaHk LraHk½ (Festive Tower of Pots) leqnk;&eSr;h Community: Meitei {ks=&,aMªks xkao] Area: Andro Village ftyk iwoÊ baQky] District: Imphal East jkT;&ef.kiqj State: Manipur dqeSbZ 'käd Qqjksu uke dk The tower of pots, named ;g dqaHk LraHk ¼mRloh dqaHk LraHk½ as the Kumhei Shaktak Phuron (festive tower of pots) ef.kiqj ds ,aMªks xkao ds dqEgkjksa comes from the Andro potter's }kjk rS;kj fd;k x;k gSA bl xkao esa village of Manipur. Pottery craft e`nHkkaM cukus dk ;g dk;Z dsoy fookfgr in this village is practiced only by efgykvksa }kjk gh fd;k tkrk gSA ;s fofHkUu married women and they endorse lkekftd foÜoklksa ,oa fjfr&fjoktksa dk leFkZu discrete social belief and practices, breaching of which is a serious offense. djrh gS ftudk mYya?ku djuk ,d xaHkhj vijkèk This installation at IGRMS is regarded as gSA b-xk-jk-ek-la- esa bldh LFkkiuk ,aMªks dqEgkjksa dh the landmark achievement of the Andro ,d vU; ,slh miyfCèk gS tks ,d fo'kky mRlo ds potters which marks the beginning of a Jhx.ks'k dks çnÆ'kr djrh gSA xkao esa igyh ckj grand festival. The historic installation of Phuron (tower of pots) for the first time Qwjksu dh ,sfrgkfld LFkkiuk xkao okfl;ksa }kjk by villagers was held to mark the “World ^foÜo i;ZVu fnol 2015^ ds vk;kstu ij dh Tourism Day 2015” in the village. Andro xbZ FkhA ,aMªksa dqEgkjksa us bl çdkj ds Qwjksu potters started raising this kind of ¼LraHk½ dks mRlo ds çrhd ds :i esa Phuron (tower) as a symbol of yxkuk 'kq: fd;k FkkA festivity. Open Air Exhibition KUMHAR PARA : Pottery Traditions of India ef.kiqj dk dqEgkjh CHAPHU KEITHEL OF cktkj ¼pkiw dSFky½ MANIPUR dqEgkjh cktkj (Pottery Market) leqnk;% eSarbZ Community: Meitei Area: Andro, {ks=% uksaxlsdebZ ,oa NongpokSekmai Fkksaxtkvks and Thongjao jkT;% ef.kiqj State: Manipur uwfi dSFky ds uke ls yksdfç; The traditional market (Keithel) in Manipur, popularly known as ef.kiqj dk ikjaifjd cktkj dSFky the Nupi Keithel has a prominent ;gka ds yksxksa dh lkekftd&vkÆFkd place in the socio-economic and ,oa vkè;kfRed thou esa ,d çeq[k religious life of the people. Every market in the valley is believed to have LFkku j[krk gSA ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd been guarded by the Lairembi (Goddess) ?kkVh esa fLFkr çR;sd cktkj ij nsoh ykjsach whose benign presence showers blessings esgjoku gS ftudh —ik foØsrkvksa ij cuh to all the vendors. The market place is dominated with traditional handmade pottery jgrh gSA ef.kiqj esa ,slk dksbZ cktkj ugÈ tgka made by potters around Imphal and neighboring gLrfuÆer ikjaifjd e`nHkkaM u feyrs gksaA jkT; dh villages. Manipur is known for its Black Earthenware jktèkkuh ds chpksachp fLFkr lcls cM+k [okbjacsaM Pottery produced by Tangkhul tribe from Nungbi village among other distinct types of pottery. The dSFky ¼cktkj½ e`nkHkkaM foØsrkvksa ds fy, ,d fo'ks"k largest Khwairamband Keithel (market) in the heart of LFkku j[krk gSA ;g cktkj LFkkuh; foÜoklksa ,oa the state capital reserves a special place for the pottery vendors and is called Chaphu Keithel. It is arguably vuq"Bkuksa dks xgurk ls ekuus okys yksxksa dh ?kjsyw known to be the largest market operated solely by mi;ksfxrkvksa lfgr lkekftd&èkkÆed ifjfèk dks women. Men are not permitted to sit. It is the segment lgstdj lkaL—frd egRokdka{kkvksa dh iwÆr dk dsaæ gSA that fulfills the domestic utilities, socio-religious ambit and cultural aspirations of the people who ;gka dh dqEgkfjuksa }kjk fofoèk çdkj ds e`nHkkaMksa dk are strongly bound by local beliefs and practices. fuekZ.k fd;k x;k tks tUe ls ysdj e`R;q rd The women potters make different types of ds fofoèk vuq"Bkuksa ,oa ikjaifjd mRloksa utensils which are used in many rituals and traditional ceremonies from birth and esa ç;ksx fd, tkrs FksA death. Open Air Exhibition KUMHAR PARA : Pottery Traditions of India dPN dh [kkoMk dqEHdkjh KHAVDA POTTERY OF KUTCH {ks=% mÙkjh dPN Area: North Kutch jkT;% xqtjkr State: Gujarat [kkoM+k dqEHkdkjh mÙkjh dPN] [kkoM+k 'Khavda' pottery is an art form of dh ,d çkphu dqEgkjh dyk gS tks Khavda, North Kutch. Pottery gM+Iik lH;rk ds yksxksa }kjk mi;ksx is an ancient art known to be practiced by people of the esa yk;s tkus ds fy, tkuh tkrh gS Harappan Civilisation, and this ,oa lkFk gh tks lfn;ksa ls fojklr legacy of pottery has passed esa pyh vk jgh gS A e`nHkkaM cukus dh down for centuries. Duties çfØ;k ds nkSjku iq#"kksa ,oa efgykvksa are assigned and distributed ds chp nkf;Ro lkSai fn, tkrs gSaA iq#"k amongst men and women tgk¡ bl çfØ;k esa {ksi.k dk;Z ns[krs gSa throughout the process of pottery- rks ogh¡ efgyk,a ik=ksa dh lkt& lTtk ,oa making. Men do the throwing in of fp=dkjh djrh gSaA dqEHkdj ,d fo'ks"k LFkku terracotta and women carry out the task of decoration and painting of the ¼>hy½ ds ikl ls feVVh çkIr djrs gSa ftls pots. The potter gets mud from a specific judkfeêh dgk tkrk gSA ;g e`nq e`nk pkd ij ik= (a lake) area near the village. It is called dk :i èkkj.k djrh gS ,oa fQj bls Nk;k esa lq[kkus 'Rannkamitti'. This soft clay is shaped into a ds fy, NksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA blds ckn efgyk,a feêh ds pot on a potter’s wheel and left to dry in shade, la;ksx ls cus yky] dkyk ,oa lQ+sn jax ls çR;sd ik= dks then Kumbhar women use red, black, and white leqnk; fo'ks"k dh dyk—fr;ksa ls ltkus dk dk;Z djrh gSaA clay-based paints to decorate each piece of pottery dqN le; ds ckn bUgsa lkQ dj èkwi esa lq[kkus ds i'pkr~ with distinct community-specific designs. After a vklkuh ls çkIr gksus okys LFkkuh; lw[kh ydfM+;k¡ ,oa miyksa while, it is cleaned and put in the sun to dry and then ds ekè;e ls tykbZ tkus okyh vfXu dh Hkêh esa idk;k baked in a furnace, powered by simple and locally available fuels of dry wood and cow dung. The vessels tkrk gSA crZuksa ij xs: ¼yky jax½ dh ,d NksVh ijr p Open Air Exhibition KUMHAR PARA : Pottery Traditions of India rfeyukMq ds inqdksÙkbZ POTTERY AND ftys ds eybZ xk¡o dh TERRACOTTA TRADITION dqEHkdkjh ,oa OF MALAIYUR VILLAGE, PUDDUKOTTAI DISTRICT, VsjkdksVk ijaijk TAMIL NADU {ks=% eybZ xk¡o Area: Malaiyur village ftyk% inqdksÙkbZ District: Puddukottai jkT;% rfeyukMq State: Tamil Nadu Terracotta that is baked clay is one of the VsjkdksVk tks iôh feêh gksrh gS] dyk vfHkO;fä dk lcls most ancient and original forms of art. The çkphu ,oa ewy :i gSAvYiewY;rk ,oa lqyHkrk ls çkIr easy availability of this medium attracted gksus okyk ;g ekè;e çkxSfrgkfld le; ls ekuo dks yqHkk the man as early as from prehistoric times. jgk gSA lkekU; ,oa cqfu;knh :i ls vfèkd jpukRed :iks Gradually, terracotta art evolved and shifted esa VsjkdksVk dyk èkhjs&èkhjs fodflr gqbZA rfeyukMq esa ç;ksx dh from banal and basic designs to more creative versions. The terracotta art in reference here is the tkus okyh VsjkdksVk dyk vius N ehVj yacs ?kksM+ks ds fy, yksdfç; gSA one practiced in Tamil Nadu, which is famous for its vk;ukj ds eafnjksa esa bu fo'kkydk; v'oksa dh LFkkiuk eBksa esa vk;ukj six meter high horses. In the temples of Ayyanar, these nso ds flikfg;ksa dks okgu miyCèk djkuk gS tks xk¡o rFkk eSnkuksa esa cqjh life-size terracotta horses were placed at the shrines to vkRekvksa dks [kRe djus ds fy, iwjh jkr dh ;k=k djrs gSA vk;ukj nso dh provide transportation for Ayyanar's spirit soldiers, enabling them to travel through the villages and fields at night to fight iwtk ds fy, LFkkfir eB rfeyukMq esa cgqr çpqjrk esa gSA ijaijkxr :i ls against evil. Shrines paying homage to Ayyanar are very common çR;sd xk¡o dh j{kk ds fy, blds ços'k }kj ij ,d fo'kkydk; vlkèkkj.k v'o tks in Tamil Nadu. Traditionally each village is guarded at its entrance cqjh phtksa ls j{kk djus okys xzke nsork vk;ukj dh èkkÆed ewÆr dk okgu gS] igjk nsrk by an enormous terracotta horse, which is the horse of Ayyanar, a gSA vk;ukj nso cM+h cM+h ewNs] yEcs nar ds lkFk fo'kky us=] ftuls os yxkrkj fuxjkuh religious figure, the Gramdevta of the village and its protector against djrs gS] okys gksrs gSA vius ohjks] flikfg;ksa ,oa v'oksa ds lkFk ;s nso ços'k }kj ij LFkkfir all evils. Ayyanar has an enormous moustache, big teeth and wide eyes that keep a constant vigil. He stands at the entrance surrounded by his fd, tkrs gSA blds vfrfjDr xzke ds vU; nsoh nsork Hkh VsjkdksVk ls cus gksrs gSA vU; mrikn horses and commanders or veerans. Besides these, most of the other village ftuesa ikuh [khpus ,oa j[kus ds fy, dqaHk ¼lkyk½ ,oa jlksbZ?kj esa mi;ksx fd, tkus okys crZu deities are also made of terracotta. Other products crafted include water ftudh çfrfnu vko';rk xzkeh.kksa dks gksrh gS] Hkh cuk;s tkrs gSA iksaxy ds 'k"; mRlo ds nkSjku drawing and storing pots (saala) and cooking vessels that the villagers need jlksbZ?kj ds vukt HkaMkj.k ds iqjkus ik= ,oa rqylh ds iqjkus xeys dks gVkdj uohu LFkkfir for daily use. During the harvest festival of Pongal, old pots in the house are replaced by new cooking pots, vessels for storing grain and a new pot for fd, tkrs gSA dqaHk thou dh fujarjrk] l`turk] lagkj ,oa iquZtue ds çrhd gksrs gSA rfeyukMq the auspicious tulasi/holy basil plant. The pots symbolize the continuity of ds dqaHkdkj dq;kokj vFkok osykj uke ls iqdkjs tkrs gS ,oa ;s viuh mRRifÙk fo'odekZ tks nso life, creation, destruction and rebirth. In Tamil Nadu, potters are known as f'kYidkj gS] ls gqbZ crkrs gSA kuyavar, kulalaar or velar and they trace their origin to Vishwakarma, the lkèkj.krk LFkkuh; :i ls çkIr gksus okyh nks çdkj dh feêh;ksa ls VsjkdksVk ,oa dqaHkdkjh divine craftsman himself. dh tkrh gSA vU; dyk:iksa dh rjg gh dqaHkdkjh ,oa VsjkdksVk dyk dkQh esgur ,oa vuks[kh Basically, two types of locally available clay are used for making terracotta and pottery. Like any other art form, pottery and terracotta çfd;k okyh gksrh gSA rfeyukMq ds VsjkdksVk ,oa dqaHkdkjh esa fofHkUu çdkj ds ik= ftuesa require an intensive amount of effort and a procedure. Several items vkjklkuh ¼NYys ij vkèkkfjr vaMkdkj NksVs eq[k okyh ftldk bLrseky 'kknh&fookgksa of pottery and terracotta made in Tamil Nadu include Aarasani esa fd;k tkrk gS½] æ"Vh ckse ¼cqjh utj ls j{kk gsrq½] uanh ¼cSy½ ,oa ,sls gh (A terracotta pot having a ring base and elliptical body with vU; vk—fr;k¡ 'kkfey gSa] cukbZ tkrh gSa A ;gk¡ dh dqEHdkjh ,oa VsjkdksVk a short neck used in marriage), Dristy Bome (image as a protection from evil eyes), Nandi (Bull) and more such ijaijk vU; laL—fr ls ijs gSa tks èkjksgj ,oa fojklr ds :i esa ;gk¡ objects. Pottery and terracotta objects are an ds LFkkuh; yksxksa ds ikl lajf{kr gSA intrinsic form of any culture and showcase the heritage and legacy the people of that culture have to present. Open Air Exhibition KUMHAR PARA : Pottery Traditions of India vksfM'kk dh dqEgkjh ,oa POTTERY AND VsjkdksVk ijaijk TERRACOTTA TRADITION OF ODISHA {ks= % lksuiqj xk¡o Area: Sonepur village jkT;% vksfM'kk State: Odisha lksuiqj uxj vksfM'kk ds lksuiqj ftys esa The Sonepur town is situated on the egkunh ,ao rsy unh ds laxe ij clk gSA confluence of the river Mahanadi bfrgkldkjksa ds vuqlkj 10&11 lnh ¼lh and Tel in Sonepur district of bZ½ esa lksuiqj dks if'pe yadk ds uke ls Odisha. According to historians, Sonepur was known as Paschima tkuk tkrk FkkA bl ckr dk çek.k lksuiqj Lanka (western Lanka) around 10th ds lkses"ojknsok uked lkseoa"kh jktdqekj -11th century CE. The presiding deity }kjk 10oÈ 'krkCnh ¼lh bZ½ ds eè; tkjh dh of Paschima Lanka was goddesses xbZ rkezi= ij vafdr ?kks"k.kk gS ftl ij mUgksusa Lankeswari. The historic importance Lo;a dh igpku if'pe yadk ds Lokeh ds :i esa of this place can be substantiated from dh FkhA ancient temples to which the Kumbhars ;g fp=ksiyk egkunh ds fdukjs ,oa yadk çkar ds (potters) were associated since long for giving lehi clk FkkA if'pe yadk dh vfèk"Bk=h nsoh yadsÜojh patronage in the form of utensils like big pots and lamps for the temple and royal use. Gone are FkÈA bl LFkku dk ,sfrgkfld egRo mu çkphu eafnjksa ls the days of kings but the tradition of pottery and çekf.kr fd;k tk ldrk gS ftuds fy, dqaHkdkj eafnj vkSj 'kkgh terracotta art continues in modern Sonepur. Pots of mi;ksx ds fy, cMs ik=ksa lfgr nhidksa ds :i esa viuh lgHkkfxrk different varieties and lamps are required by the local nsus ds fy, ,d yacs vjls rd tqMs+ jgsA jktkvksa ds fnu rks pys x, ijarq people for festival, ceremony, day to day use and ritual vkèkqfud lksuiqj esa feêh ds crZu vkSj VsjkdksVk dyk dh ijaijk vkt Hkh (birth and death) purposes. Apart from the utilitarian and tkjh gSA {ks=h; yksxksa ds }kjk fofHkUu çdkj ds e`nHkkaMksa ,oa nhiksa dh ekax ritualistic pottery, many handmade, as well as wheel, made R;ksgkjksa] nSfud mi;ksx ,oa tUe ls e`R;q rd ds vuq"Bkuksa gsrq dh tkrh gSA figurines are associated with the rituals and beliefs. Terracotta nSfud mi;ksx ,oa vuq"Bkfud e`nHkkaMksa ds vfrfjä gkFk ds lkFk&lkFk pkd bull figurines are associated with Puraunas or Pura Balada rituals dedicated to cattle wealth, the integral part of rural ls cukbZ xbZ dbZ vk—fr;ka vuq"Bkuksa ,oa foÜoklksa@ekU;rkvksa ls tqM+h gSA life. The ritual is celebrated by worshiping the bull figurines VsjkdksVk dh cSy vk—fr;ka iqjksul ;k iqjk cyknk xkSèku dks leÆir vuq"Bku during Bhadraba Amavasyai in the month of September. xzkeh.k thou dk ,d vVwV vax gSA bl vuq"Bku dk vk;kstu flracj ekl esa Terracotta figurine of Hanuman is associated with Lanka Podi HkæjHkk vekoL;k ij cSy ds çrhdksa dh iwtk dj fd;k tkrk gSA guqeku th Jatra, celebrated to commemorate the Lanka Dahan episode dh VsjkdksVk çfr—fr yadkiksnh tk=k ls tqM+h gS] tks jkek;.k ds yadk ngu of Ramayana. Young boys play and race till midnight with dkaM dh Le`fr djkrk gSA ;qok VsjdksVk fuÆer guqeku th dh ewÆr@vk— the terracotta figurine of Hanuman by tying oil dipped fr dh iwaN esa rsy ls Hkhxk diM+k yisVdj vkèkh jkr rd vfHku; cloth around the tail which is lit during the race. The country roof tiles decorated with animal figurines dj nkSMrs gSA ckn esa iwaN dks nkSM ds nkSjku tyk;k tkrk gSA Nr are associated with the protection from evil spirits dh [kijsyksa dks i'kqvksa dh vk—fr;ksa ls ltk;k tkrk gSA and used as a means of entertainment for ;s vk—fr;ka cqjh vkRekvksa ls j{kk djrh gS lkFk children. gh cPpksa ds euksjatu gsrq Hkh ç;ksx dh tkrh gSA Open Air Exhibition KUMHAR PARA : Pottery Traditions of India if'pe caxky dh POTTERY AND dqEgkjh ,oa TERRACOTTA TRADITION OF WEST BENGAL VsjkdksVk ijaijk Area: Panchmura {ks= % iapeqMk District: Bankura ftyk % if'pe caxky State: West Bengal Bankura is well known cadqjk fc"uqij VsjkdksVk eafnjksa for its terracotta temples ds fy, ,oa ftyk esa vU; of Bishnupur and many dbZLFkkuksa ds tkuk tkrk gSA bl other places in the district. {ks= ds dkjhxjksa ds lkFk dqaHkdkj For centuries together with the artisans especially bl dyk dk fodkl lfn;ksa ls djrs the kumbhakars of this area vk, gaSA VsjkdksVk jpuk dh cadqjk 'kSyh have developed this art. The esa ^cadqjk vÜo^ lcls T;knk çfl) gSA most famous of Bankura style of terracotta creation is the ‘Bankura ;s iapeqM+k xkao ds dqaHkgkj ¼dqEgkj½ gh gS horse’. It is the Kumbhakar (potter) of ftUgksaus lcls igys ;s cadqjk vÜo cukuk Panchmura village, who started to make çkjaHk fd;k FkkA ;s fMtk;u esa lknk Fks rFkk yksd the famous Bankura horse. Initially, the horses were made for ritual purposes. These nsoh&nsorkvksa tSls èkeZ Bkdqj] eulk nsoh ,ao xkao were simple in design and made as offerings ds nsorkvksa dks vÆir fd, tkrs FksA ckn esa bUgksaus vfr to the folk deities like Dharma Thakur, Manasa ltkoVh vÜoksa dk fuekZ.k çkjEHk dj fn;kA ftUgkssus and village deities. Later they started producing highly decorative horses which earned great cadqjk dqEgkjksa dks çflf) fnykbZA bl {ks= ds dqaHkdkjksa fame for the Bankura potters. Besides horses, }kjk vÜoksa ds vfrfjä vU; VsjkdksVk çkn'kZ tSls i'kq other terracotta objects are also produced by vk—fr] mRloh e`nHkkaM] VsjkdksVk [kijsy] nsoh&nsorkvksa the Kumbhakar of this region such as animal figurines, ceremonial pottery, terracotta tiles, dh ewÆr] ?kjsyw mi;ksx dh oLrq,a ,oa iwtk ikB ds figurines of divinities, objects of household and èkkÆed e`nHkkaM tSls nhi] èkwinku bR;kfn ds lkFk temple worship like religious earthenware, liZnsoh eulk th dk >kj vFkkZr fuokl LFky@ lamps, incense burners, the shrine of snake goddess Manasa chali or jhar, eafnj] fofHkUu dykRed vk—fr;ka] cksaxk the abode of Manasa various artistic gVh bR;kfn Hkh cuk, x, gSA figures, Bonga Hati etc. Open Air Exhibition KUMHAR PARA : Pottery Traditions of India ysg dh dqEgkjh ijaijk POTTERY TRADITION OF LIKIR (LADAKH) {ks=% fyfdj Area: Likir ftyk % ysg District: Leh jkT;% tEew ,oa d'ehj State: Jammu and Kashmir ysg&Jhuxj gkbZos ij clrk dqEgkjksa dk ;g ikjaifjd Likir is a traditional potter’s village xkao fyfdj tgka yacs ls e`nHkkaMksa dk mRiknu vkt situated on Leh-Srinagar highway Hkh tkjh gSA LFkkuh; yksxksa ds vuqlkj jktk MªsXLik where pottery is still actively practiced. According to the local people, during cEMy ¼14oÈ 'krkCnh½ ds 'kkludky esa jktdh; the reign of King Dragspa Bumdle mi;ksx ds lkFk tulkèkkj.k mís';ksa gsrq xzkeh.kksa (14th century A.D.) the villagers were dks e`nHkkaM cukus dk nkf;Ro lkSaik tkrk FkkA bu assigned to make pottery for royal as fnuksa feêh ds cus crZuksa dk gh ç;ksx nwljh èkkrq ds well as general public purposes. During this time, the earthenwares were used fuekZ.k dky rd cM+s iSekus ij fd;k tkrk FkkA vr% on a large scale since no other materials ;s iwjk xkao e`nHkkaM cukus esa O;Lr jgrk Fkk vkSj rc were introduced. Thus, the entire village ls gh fyfdj xkao ds yksxksa dk ;g dk;Z thfodksiktZu gsrq was engaged in pottery making. Since then lkèku cu x;kA vc iwjs yík[k esa dsoy fyfdj xkao gh pottery making became an occupation for the ,slk gSa tgka e`nHkkaM cukus dk ;g dk;Z fd;k tk jgk gSA igys livelihood of Likir people. Now Likir is the only village in the entire Ladakh area where pottery ds e`nHkkaM vkdkj esa ljy vkSj lknk Fks rFkk cMs+ crZuksa dh ekax manufacturing takes place. In the past, majority vfèkd gqvk djrh FkhA ltkoVh oLrqvksa dk mRiknu u ds cjkcj gqvk of the pottery items were plain and devoid of much djrk FkkA bu ltkoVh ,oa cM+s crZuksa dks 'kkgh ç;ksx ds fy, cuk;k decoration since people were poor and couldn’t afford tkrk Fkk ftUgs dsoy laiUu ,oa vfHktkr oxZ ds yksx gh [kjhn ikrs FksA luxurious ones. The exquisite and decorative items of xjhc oxZ ds yksxksa ds chp NksVs ,oa lknk crZuksa dk çpyu Fkk vkSj ftudh pottery were reserved for the Royals and the Elite. Along the path of time, demands and situations of people have changed. ekax vfèkd FkhA ysfdu le; ds lkFk&lkFk yksxksa dh ekax Hkh ifjoÆrr gqbZ gSA Many things have been redesigned and created according to the vktdy NksVh oLrqvksa dk çpyu vfèkd gS ftUgsa lkt&lTtk ds ç;ksx esa yk;k tk need of the people. They are mostly prepared for household use jgk gSA bu dqEgkjksa }kjk vfèkdka'k e`nHkkaMksa dk fuekZ.k ?kjsyw mi;ksx ds lkFk vuq"Bkfud as well as ritual purposes. Churcung (small Lamp), Sposchukches mís';ksa gsrq fd;k tkrk gSA (incense stand), Chambing (spouted pitcher), Sangspor (Bowl on stand for pouring incense), Sangkung (pot for holding Sangspor), pjpax ¼NksVk nhi½] LiksLpDll ¼èkwinku½] pSaÇcx ¼VksVhnkj ?kM+k½] laXliksj Thuks (Terracotta Mask) and Nakscung (rectangular shaped lamp) are ¼LVSaM lfgr èkwinku½] 'kaxadx ¼laXliksj j[kus ds fy, crZu½] FkDl ¼feêh dk eq[kkSVk½] the items used for worship in house as well as in monasteries whereas uElax ¼vk;krdkj nhi½ vkfn ,slh oLrq,a gS ftudk ç;ksx iwtk&çkFkZuk esa ?kjksa ds lkFk&lkFk Pomgpa (Flower vase), Tibril Meslang (Spouted Kettle with hearth), eBks esa fd;k tkrk gSA iksaXik ¼Qwynku½] fVcfjy esLykax ¼vaxhBh ds lkFk VksaVhnkj dsryh½] Zobkar (big vessel for churning butter milk), Zim (Spouted pitched tkscdkj ¼NkN eFkus dk ,d cM+k crZu½] fte ¼Nkax cukus ds fy, ik=½] dkdknj ¼Fkqidk for preparing Chang), Kakadur (big bowl for preparing Thukpa), Alche (open mouthed bowl for preparing curd), Rikza (Chang container cukus ds fy, ,d cM+ crZu½] vyps ¼ngh tekus ds fy, [kqys eqag dk crZu½] fjDtk ¼Nkax having narrow neck), Scan (Spouted pitcher for serving chang), j[kus ds fy, lqjkgh½] Ldsu ¼Nkax ijkslus ds fy, VksaVhnkj eVdh½] tDVky ¼vkVk xwaFkus Jaktal (big bowl for kneading flour), Gagma (a shallow bowl for dk crZu½] xXek ¼Fkqidk [kkus ds fy, ,d mFkyk crZu½] Nktyqd ¼ued j[kus ds eating thukpa), Chajlook (a pot for keeping salt), Chusaks (pot for fy, crZu½] NqlkDl ¼ikuh Hkjus ds fy, crZu½] dksVsZDl ¼<ôunkj dVksjk LVSaM storing water), Kortex (lidded bowl with stand for butter tea) lfgr½] vkyps ¼ngh tekus ds fy, <ôunkj cM+k crZu½ vkfn ,sls crZu gS and Alche (big bowl with lid for preparing curd) amongst others are used as household items in day to day use ftudk ç;ksx nSfud ?kjsyw mi;ksx ds lkFk 'kknh@fookgksa vkSj R;kSgkjksa and during marriage ceremonies and festivals. Skin esa fd;k tkrk gSA tks ¼NksVs ikyrw i'kqvksa dh vk—fr½] bpq ¼i{kh (small wild animal figures), Zo (small domestic vk—fr½ vkfn ,slh oLrq,sa gS ftudk ç;ksx lkt&lTtk animal figures) and Ichu (bird figures) are ds vfrjfä cPpksa gsrq f[kykSuksa ds :i esa fd;k decorative items also used as toys for children. tkrk gSA Open Air Exhibition KUMHAR PARA : Pottery Traditions of India ekyu xqtjh MALAN GUJRI ¼dqcsjh iwtk½ (KUBERI PUJA) {ks=% ekyok] Hkksiky Area: Malwa, Bhopal jkT;% eè; çns'k State: Madhya Pradesh nhikoyh ekyok ,oa Hkksiky esa euk;k Deepawali puja is an important festival of Malwa and Bhopal. tkus okyk ,d egRoiw.kZ R;kSgkj gS This ritual begins with Dhanteras A;g èkursjl ls 'kq: gksdj HkkbZ nwt and ends on Bhai duj. On rd euk;k tkrk gSA èkursjl ij Dhanteras Lord Dhanwantri is worshipped and is also called Hkxou èkUoUrjh dh iwtk dh tkrh ‘Choti Deepawali’. On this day gS ,oa bls NksVh nhikoyh Hkh dgk tkrk Lord Dhanwantari appeared with a gSA bl fnu Hkxoku èkUoUrjh leqæ nectar pot from Samudra Manthan. eaFku ls ve`r dy'k ds lkFk çdV gq, FksA This was the thirteenth day of Kartik month so it is called Dhanteras. This pw¡fd ;g dkÆrd ekl dk rsjgok fnu Fkk vr% festival is celebrated especially to gain bls èkursjl Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g R;kSgkj èku good wealth. On this occasion, women lEink dk çrhd gS vr% bl fnu efgykvksa }kjk purchase metal vessels and gold jewelry as it crZu ,oa lksuk [kjhnuk 'kqHk ekuk tkrk gS A is considered auspicious. dkÆrd ekl dh vekoL;k dks Hkxou x.ks'k ,oa On Amavasya of Kartik month, Goddess Malan Gujri nsoh y{ehth ds lkFk vuq"Bkfud rkSj ij nsoh ekyu xqtjh (Kuberi Devi) is also worshipped ritually along with ¼dqcsjh nsoh ½ dh Hkh iwtk dh tkrh gSA dqcsjh nsoh pkj Hkqtkvksa God Ganesha and Goddess Laxmi. Goddess Gujri having four arms wears a beautiful Poshak (Lehnga Choli). In lfgr lqUnj iks'kkd ¼ygaxk pksyh½ èkkj.k djrh gSaA budh ewrÊ her idol, 5 to 251 lamp shaped symbols are installed. The esa 5& 251 nhi LFkkfir fd;s tkrs gSaA oS';] èkfud] O;kikjh ,oa Vaishya, Peerage, merchant and Shroff used to worship her lkgwdkj nsoh dh iwtk vius dye] nokr] cgh[kkrk] jax ,oa cz'k with their pen, inkpot, ledger, colour and brushes. These ds lkFk djrs gSaA nhikdkj ds ;s çrhd nsoh dks dhy] crk'kk] ykb lamp shaped symbols are used to keep offerings for Devi like keel, batasha and laai etc. Earthen household items bR;kfn dk Hkksx yxkus ds fy, mi;ksx fd;s tkrs gSa Abl volj like grinder, double pot small vessel with a handle called ij ?kjsyw e`n~HkkaM tSls pôh] pqôh] pdyk csyu bR;kfn Hkh nsoh chukki, rolling board and pin and pan are gifted to girls dks vÆir fd;s tkrs gSa tks ckn esa yM+fd;ksa dks [ksyus ds fy, at a later stage for playing and are also offered to Devi. These household items are made of terracotta. It is migkj Lo:i çnku dj fn, tkrs gSa A;s lHkh VsjkdksVk believed that these symbols keep the members ds cus gksrs gSA ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd ;s çrhd iwjs of house healthy and wealthy throughout o"kZ ?kj dks lq[kh ,oa laiUu j[krs gSaA the year. Open Air Exhibition KUMHAR PARA : Pottery Traditions of India jktLFkku iks[kj.k dh POTTERY TRADITIONAL dqEgkjh ijaijk,a OF POKHRAN (RAJASTHAN) {ks=% iks[kj.k Area: Pokhran jkT;% jktLFkku State: Rajasthan vrhr esa leqæ dk foLrkj vkSj Potters of Pokhran have a unique world jsfxLrku esa jsr D;ksa gS tSls of myths showcasing cgqr ls jgL;ksa ij çdk'k Mkyrs the mysteries like the iks[kj.k ds dqEgkjks dk feFkdksa expansion of the sea in dk vuwBk lalkj gSA LokÆ.ke jsr the past and presence of sand in the desert through ds Vhyksa dks Hksndj feêh fudkyrs their pottery. Having keen vkSj mlls vkRetk lk çse j[krs affection for clay, these potters iks[kj.k ds dqEgkjksa dh ckr gh vyx jgh possess different value in pottery gSA feêh ds ij[k vkSj Hkêh ds vuqHko esa as they express their art through budk dksbZ lkuh ugÈ gSA budk cuk;k crZu the medium of clay and mud. Clay is acquired by excavation of glittering sand gks ;k ewÆr etky gS fd Hkêh esa tkdj VwVs&QwVs dunes. These potters acquire excellent ;k rki dh deh vkSj vfèkdrk ds dkj.k fpUg Hkh knowledge in clay testing and furnace which vk,aA feêh rS;kj djus ls ysdj jaxkbZ] fp=dkjh] Hkêh is indomitable. The utensils or idols made by esa crZu idkus rd gj ,d dk;Z fuèkkZfjr gS vkSj gj them are flawless because they do not break in the furnace and don’t require excessive ,d vius nk;fRo dks fyu yXu vkSj vkReh;rk ls care. Every step of the process is fixed, from fuHkkrk gS og dyk—fr;ksa ds lkSan;Z esa ns[krs gh curh preparing clay to colouring, painting, and gSA dyk vkSj f'kYi ds bl vuwBs txr esa dkxt dh firing. Diligence and sincerity can be easily yqxnh ls ysdj iRFkj rd dks vius tknqbZ gkFkksa seen in the beauty of artefacts made by ls [kwclwjr vkdkjksa esa Open Air Exhibition KUMHAR PARA : Pottery Traditions of India xksyk?kkV dh POTTERY TRADITION dqEHdkjh ijaijk FROM GOLAGHAT {ks=% dqekj xk¡o Area: Kumar Gaon ftyk%xksyk?kkV District: Golaghat jkT;% vle State: Assam bfUnjk xk¡èkh jk"Vªh; ekuo laxzgky; }kjk Another pottery tradition exhibited dqEgkj ikM+k uke ls latksbZ xbZ çn'kZuh esa by Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya in the exhibition ,d vU; dqEgkjh ijaijk vle ds xksyk?kkV named ‘Kumhar Para’ is from ftys ds dqekj xk¡o dh dqEgkjh ijEijk gSA Kumar Gaon, Golaghat district, budh dqEHdkjh ds T;knkrj dk;Z lkekftd& Assam. The pots and clay works are vkÆFkd ,oa ?kjsyw mís';ksa dh iwrÊ djrs gSaA bl mostly related to socio- religious and volj ij ikjaifjd dykdkj Jh t;ar dfyrk] domestic purposes. On this occasion, traditional artisans Shri Jayanta Kalita, Jh fcftr nÙk ,oa Jh bafnjk cksjk us crk;k fd Shri Sushil Dutta, Shri Bijit Dutta and Shri xksyk?kkV dqEHdkjh dqekj dqEHdkjksa }kjk vuq"Bkfud Indra Bora said that Golaghat pottery was mís';ksa gsrq muds ?kjks esa dh x;h FkhA dqEHdkjh dh made by the kumar potters in their houses lEiw.kZ çfØ;k çR;sd Lrj ij fofoèk rduhdksa ds mi;ksx for ritual purposes. The whole process of the pottery making consists of application of different dk lekos'k djrh gSA dqEHdkjh esa okafNr dPph lkexzh esa techniques at each stage. The raw materials required fpduh feêh ds lkFk ç;ksx esa yk;s tkus okys midj.k vFkok for the industry are glutinous clay and the tools or vkStkj tSls pkd] vFkkyh] gfFk;k] fiVsuh ,oa pkdh 'kkfey gSaA implements used are the wheel (chak), mould (athali), the buds }kjk cuk;s x, çkn'kks± esa nhi] Open Air Exhibition KUMHAR PARA : Pottery Traditions of India is?kkyh % e`n HkkaM idkus PEGHALI (Traditional dk ikjaifjd Hkêk kilns for firing pots) leqnk; % dqekj ,oa ghjk Area: Salmora Village {ks= % lyeksjk xk¡o ftyk % ektqyh District: Majul jkT; % vle State: Assam ektqyh ds rhu xk¡o cjcksdk] detu bySaxh Kumars and Hiras are indigenous potter communities of Assam, particularly vkSj lyeksjk ds fclkeksjk esa eq[;rk ikbZ tkus concentrated around three villages okyh dqekj ,oa ghjk vle ds ns'kt dqEgkjh in Majuli namely Barboka, Kamjan leqnk; gSA nksuksa leqnk; dqaHkdkjh ds fy, tkus Elengi and Besamora of Salmora. Both tkrs gS ftudh e`nHkkaM cukus dh rduhd çkphu communities are known to make pottery, ,oa dbZ ih Open Air Exhibition KUMHAR PARA : Pottery Traditions of India