Draft WRDM Bioregional Plan, 63% of the WRDM Is Still in a Natural State

WEST RAND DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK REVISION 2

MARCH 2013

PREPARED BY: PREPARED FOR: BKS (Pty) Ltd West Rand District Municipality PO Box 3173 Private Bag X033

PRETORIA RANDFONTEIN 0001 1760

CONTACT PERSON CONTACT PERSON Ms N Liversage Mrs S Stoffberg Tel No: 012 421 3591 Tel No: 011 411 5131

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

: West Rand District Municipality: Environmental Management TITLE Framework – Revision 2

Project Team : BKS (Pty) Ltd

Client : West Rand District Municipality

Project Name : WRDM EMF

BKS Project No : J01707

Status of Report : Draft EMF

BKS Report No : J01707/01/07

Date of this Issue : March 2013

For BKS (Pty) Ltd

Compiled by : N Liversage Initials & Surname Signature Date

Reviewed & : Approved by M Howard Initials & Surname Signature Date

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Executive Summary

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West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1

1.1 Scope of Work ...... 1 1.2 Importance of the WRDM ...... 2 1.3 Legal Status and Nature of the EMF ...... 2 1.4 Approach & Methodology ...... 3

2 STATUS QUO OF THE WEST RAND DISTRICT ...... 9

2.1 Regional Locality ...... 9 2.2 Climate ...... 10 2.3 Land Cover ...... 15 2.4 Topography ...... 16 2.5 Geology ...... 18 2.6 Water Resources ...... 20 2.7 Water Quality ...... 24 2.8 Soil ...... 32 2.9 Terrestrial Ecology ...... 33 2.10 Cultural Heritage ...... 47 2.11 Air Quality ...... 50 2.12 The Urban Edge ...... 57 2.13 Existing Land Use ...... 57 2.14 Infrastructure ...... 63 2.15 Social Aspects ...... 72

3 FUTURE LAND USE PROJECTIONS ...... 85

3.1 National Spatial Development Perspective ...... 85 3.2 National Strategy for Sustainable Development (NSSD) ...... 85 3.3 Gauteng Growth and Development strategy ...... 86 3.4 Gauteng Spatial Development Perspective (GSDP) ...... 86 3.5 Gauteng Spatial Development Framework (GSDF) ...... 87 3.6 West Rand District Municipality Integrated Development Plan (2012-2016) ...... 88 3.7 West Rand District Municipality Regional Spatial Development Framework (2011) ... 89 3.8 Conclusion ...... 93

4 ADMINSTRATIVE LEGAL AND POLICY REQUIREMENTS ...... 97

4.1 Constitution of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996) ...... 97 4.2 National Environmental Management Act (Act 107 of 1998) ...... 97

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4.3 National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (Act 10 of 2004) ...... 98 4.4 National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act (Act 57 of 2003) ...... 98 4.5 National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act (Act 39 of 2004) ...... 99 4.6 National Environmental Management: Waste Management Act (Act 59 of 2008) .... 100 4.7 National Water Act (Act 36 of 1998) ...... 101 4.8 National Heritage Resources Act (Act 25 of 1999) ...... 101 4.9 World Heritage Convention Act (Act 49 of 1999) ...... 103 4.10 Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act (Act 28 of 2002) ...... 103 4.11 Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act (Act No. 43 of 1983) ...... 104 4.12 The Subdivision of Agricultural Land Act (Act 70 of 1970) ...... 104 4.13 National Forest Act, (Act No. 84 of 1998) ...... 104 4.14 Municipal Structures Act (Act 117 of 1998) ...... 104 4.15 Municipal Systems Act (Act 32 of 2000) ...... 105 4.16 Intergovernmental Relations Act (Act 13 of 2005) ...... 105

5 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ...... 107

5.1 Introduction ...... 107 5.2 Advertisements ...... 107 5.3 Identification of Key Stakeholders ...... 107 5.4 Public Open Days ...... 108 5.5 Status Quo Review ...... 108 5.6 Questionnaire ...... 108 5.7 Status Quo & Desired State Government Review ...... 108

6 DESIRED STATE OF THE WEST RAND DISTRICT ...... 109

6.1 Introduction ...... 109 6.2 Desired State of the Environment ...... 111 6.3 Conclusion ...... 117

7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ZONES OF THE WEST RAND DISTRICT ...... 136

7.1 Introduction ...... 136 7.2 Zonation ...... 136

8 STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 149

8.1 General Guidelines ...... 159 8.2 Implementation Plan ...... 163 8.3 Roles and Responsibilities ...... 167

9 REFERENCES ...... 1

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1-1: REFERENCE GUIDE TO WHERE THE VARIOUS REQUIREMENTS OF THE EMF REGULATIONS HAVE BEEN INCLUDED IN THIS EMF (NEMA EMF REGULATIONS 547, ITEM 4) ...... 3 TABLE 2-1: FLOW VOLUMES FOR 2008 AND 2009 IN THE WRDM ...... 21 TABLE 2-2: WATER REQUIREMENTS (MILLION M³/ANNUM) FOR THE YEAR 2000 AND PREDICTED REQUIREMENTS FOR 2025 FOR THE UPPER CROCODILE AND DOWNSTREAM OF VAAL DAM SUBAREAS (DWAF, 2003) ...... 23 TABLE 2-3: RIDGE CLASSES IN THE WRDM ...... 40 TABLE 2-4: NEAR ENDEMIC INVERTEBRATES OCCURRING IN WEST RAND (HENNING, 2010) ...... 43 TABLE 2-5: RED DATA LISTED SPECIES WITH A POTENTIAL DISTRIBUTION IN THE WRDM (GDARD, 2010) ...... 43 TABLE 2-6: INVADER PLANT SPECIES IN WRDM CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THE CARA CATEGORIES OF DECLARED WEEDS AND INVASIVE PLANTS (HENDERSON, 2007 & ROSS, 2009)...... 45 TABLE 2-7: BREAKDOWN OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSION RATES PER LOCAL MUNICIPALITY IN THE WRDM (TON/DAY) ...... 51 TABLE 2-8: BREAKDOWN OF MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSION RATES PER LOCAL MUNICIPALITY IN THE WRDM (TON/DAY) ...... 52 TABLE 2-9: BREAKDOWN OF TAILINGS DAM EMISSION RATES PER LOCAL MUNICIPALITY IN THE WRDM ...... 52 TABLE 2-10: BREAKDOWN OF DOMESTIC BURNING EMISSION RATES PER LOCAL MUNICIPALITY IN THE WRDM (TON/DAY) ...... 53 TABLE 2-11: BREAKDOWN OF BIOMASS BURNING EMISSION RATES PER LOCAL MUNICIPALITY IN THE WRDM (TON/DAY) ...... 54 TABLE 2-12: BREAKDOWN OF ALL EMISSIONS FROM ALL SOURCES IN THE WRDM (TON/DAY) ...... 55 TABLE 2-13: ROADS IN THE WRDM (WRDM DITP 2009) ...... 64 TABLE 2-14: POPULATION GROWTH OF WRDM (INCLUDING MERAFONG) (STATSSA, 2003 AND 2008, WRDM, 2009C) ...... 73 TABLE 2-15: POPULATION DENSITY OF WRDM (STATSSA, 2008) ...... 73 TABLE 2-16: CONTRIBUTION PER SECTOR TO THE GROSS GEOGRAPHICAL PRODUCT (WRDM IDP 2010/2011) ...... 76 TABLE 2-17: INCOME IN THE WRDM (STATSSA, 2003 AND 2008) ...... 76 TABLE 2-18: UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE WRDM (STATSSA, 2003 & 2008) ...... 78 TABLE 2-19: PERCENTAGE CHANGE IN EMPLOYMENT SECTORS (STATSSA, 2003 & 2008) ...... 79 TABLE 6-1: AIR ...... 119 TABLE 6-2: LAND USE ...... 120 TABLE 6-3: SOCIO-ECONOMICS ...... 121 TABLE 6-4: CULTURAL HERITAGE ...... 123 TABLE 6-5: WATER ...... 124 TABLE 6-6: AQUATIC & WETLAND ECOLOGY ...... 127 TABLE 6-7: BIODIVERSITY ...... 128 TABLE 6-8: AGRICULTURE ...... 130 TABLE 6-9:MINERAL RESOURCES ...... 132 TABLE 6-10:RESOURCE ECONOMICS ...... 133 TABLE 7-1: SENSITIVITY RATING OF FEATURES WITHIN THE STUDY AREA ...... 137 TABLE 7-2: GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES PER MANAGEMENT ZONE IN THE WRDM ...... 151

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1.1: AN INTEGRATED CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (DEAT 2006) ...... 4 FIGURE 2.1: ENERGY FOR LIGHTING IN THE WRDM (STATSSA, 2003 & 2008) ...... 67 FIGURE 2.2: TOILET FACILITIES IN THE WRDM (STATSSA, 2003 & 2008) ...... 68 FIGURE 2.3: REFUSE DISPOSAL IN THE WRDM (STATSSA, 2003 & 2008) ...... 69 FIGURE 2.4: ACCESS TO WATER (STATSSA, 2003 & 2008) ...... 71 FIGURE 2.5: DWELLING TYPES IN WRDM (STATSSA, 2003 & 2008) ...... 74 FIGURE 2.6: INFORMAL AND FORMAL HOUSING IN WRDM ...... 75 FIGURE 2.7: POVERTY LEVELS IN WRDM (WRDM, 2009C) ...... 77 FIGURE 2.8: EMPLOYMENT IN THE WRDM (STATSSA, 2003 AND 2008) ...... 78 FIGURE 2.9: TYPES OF CRIMES (SAPS 2009) ...... 80 FIGURE 2.10: HIV+ MALES COMPARED TO THE TOTAL IN WRDM (DORRINGTON ET AL., 2008) ...... 82 FIGURE 2.11: HIV+ FEMALES COMPARED TO THE TOTAL IN WRDM (DORRINGTON ET AL., 2008) ...... 82 FIGURE 2.12: LEVELS OF EDUCATION WRDM (STATSSA, 2003 & 2008) ...... 84 FIGURE 8.1: FLOW DIAGRAM OF THE EMF IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS FOR DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………166 FIGURE 8.2: FLOW DIAGRAM OF THE EMF IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS FOR AUTHORITIES…………………………………………………..166

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LIST OF MAPS

Map 1: Locality Map ...... 10 Map 2: Wind Atlas South Africa (www.wasaproject.info) ...... 13 Map 3: Irradiation Potential for South Africa (www.remtproject.org) ...... 14 Map 4: Biomass Potential for South Africa (www.remtproject.org) ...... 14 Map 5: Land Cover of the WRDM ...... 15 Map 6: Topography of the WRDM ...... 16 Map 7: Water Management Areas within the WRDM ...... 17 Map 8: Ridges in the WRDM ...... 17 Map 9: Slope Steepness in the WRDM ...... 18 Map 10: Geology of the WRDM ...... 20 Map 11: Rivers and Sampling Points in the WRDM ...... 21 Map 12: Water Quality in the WRDM ...... 25 Map 13: Soil Classes ...... 33 Map 14: Protected Areas within the WRDM ...... 34 Map 15: Provincial Conservation Plan within the WRDM ...... 35 Map 16: The WRDM Bioregional Plan ...... 36 Map 17: Vegetation types in the WRDM ...... 39 Map 18: Ecological status of Vegetation types in the WRDM ...... 40 Map 19: Wetlands in the WRDM ...... 41 Map 20: Wetlands types in the WRDM ...... 42 Map 21: Alien Vegetation areas of concern in the WRDM ...... 46 Map 22: Cultural Heritage Site in the WRDM ...... 50 Map 23: Urban Areas and the Provincial Urban Edge ...... 57 Map 24: Agricultural Potential in the WRDM ...... 59 Map 25: Mining Areas and Mineral Reserves in the WRDM ...... 61 Map 26: Industries and their buffers in the WRDM ...... 62 Map 27: Infrastructure in the WRDM ...... 63 Map 28: Transport Infrastructure in the WRDM ...... 64 Map 29: Regional Spatial Development Framework for the WRDM ...... 92 Map 30: Conservation / Ecotourism rating for the West Rand District Municipality ...... 144 Map 31: Agricultural rating for the West Rand District Municipality ...... 145 Map 32: Mining/Industrial rating for the West Rand District Municipality ...... 146 Map 33: Urban & Peri-urban rating for the West Rand District Municipality ...... 148 Map 34: Management Zones for the West Rand District Municipality ...... 149

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AMD Acid Mine Drainage CARA Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act, 1983 (Act No. 43 of 1983) CFC Chlorofluorocarbons CH4 Methane CO Carbon Monoxide CO2 Carbon Dioxide COHWHS Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site C-Plan Conservation Plan CS Community Survey DEA Department of Environmental Affairs DMA District Management Area (now included in the Mogale City Local Municipality’s area of jurisdiction) DoT Department of Transport DRDLR Department of Rural Development and Land Reform DWA Department of Water Affairs DWAF Department of Water Affairs and Forestry EC Electrical Conductivity EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMF Environmental Management Framework ESA Early Stone Age FAII Fish Assemblage Integrity Index GDACE Gauteng Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Environment GDACEL Gauteng Department of Agriculture, Conservation, Environment and Land Affairs GDARD Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development GGP Gross Domestic Product HAM Habitat Assessments Matrix HCFC Hydrochlorofluorocarbons HDI Human Development Index IDP Integrated Development Plan IHAS Integrated Habitat Assessment System IHI Index of Habitat Integrity IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change LIA Late Iron Age LSA Late Stone Age MLM Merafong Local Municipality MSA Middle Stone Age N2O Nitrous Oxide NDA National Department of Agriculture NEMA National Environmental Management Act, 1998 (Act No. 107 of 1998)

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

NO Nitric Oxide NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide NO3 Nitrate NOx Nitrogen Oxide O3 Ozone PAH Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PHRA Provincial Heritage Resource Agencies PM Particulate Matter PO4 Phosphate PSIR Pressure – State – Impact - Response reporting framework PSR Pressure – State – Response reporting framework QDS Quarter Degree Square RDL Red Data Listed species RQS Resource Quality Service RVI Riparian Vegetation Index SAAQIS South Africa Air Quality Information System SAHRA South African Heritage Resource Agency SANBI South African National Biodiversity Institute SAPIA Southern African Plant Invaders Atlas SAPS South Africa Police Service SASS South African Scoring System SEMP Strategic Environmental Management Plan SDF Spatial Development Framework SO2 Sulphur Dioxide SO4 Sulphate SoER State of the Environment Report StatsSA Statistics South Africa TDS Total Dissolved Solids UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds WMA Water Management Area WRDM West Rand District Municipality

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

GLOSSARY OF TERMS 1. Agro-tourism - tourism in which customers stay in accommodation on working farms and may have the opportunity to help with farm work (Collins Dictionary, online 2012). 2. Environmental Attributes - means the quality ascribed to an element in the environment that distinguishes it in character, form or nature from other elements in the environment (NEMA EMF Regulations 547 of 2010). 3. Activities - when used in Chapter 5: Integrated Environmental Management of the National Environmental Management Act, 1998 (Act No 107 of 1998), means policies, programmes, processes, plans and projects (NEMA). 4. Environmental management framework - means a study of the biophysical and socio-cultural systems of a geographically defined area to reveal where specific land uses may best be practiced and to offer performance standards for maintaining appropriate use of such land (NEMA EMF Regulations 547 of 2010). 5. Management Zones – specific demarcated geographical area, represented spatially on a map illustrating a specific sensitive feature which needs to be managed in a pro-active and dedicated way (NEMA EMF Regulations 547 of 2010). 6. Urban areas – areas situated within the urban edge (as defined or adopted by the competent authority), or in instances where no urban edge or boundary has been defined or adopted, it refers to areas situated within the edge of built-up areas (NEMA EIA Regulations 544 of 2010). 7. Peri-urban - immediately adjoining an urban area; between the suburbs and the countryside (Wikipedia)

1 INTRODUCTION In 2006, the West Rand District Municipality (WRDM) published their first revision Environmental Management Framework (EMF) for the district area just prior to the promulgation of the 2006 EIA Regulations which formalised the EMF process providing clear guidance in terms of the content of EMFs and their legal status. In February 2010, the WRDM appointed BKS (Pty) Ltd (BKS) to review and update the State of the Environment Report (SoER) and the Environmental Management Framework (EMF) for the West Rand District Municipality in order to bring the EMF in line with the 2006 EIA Regulations. With the promulgation of the 2010 EMF regulations (GN R547) it was agreed that the scope of work would be changed to bring the EMF in line with these updated regulations. It should also be noted that the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site (CoH WHS) and Mogale City Local Municipality (MCLM), which fall partly or solely within the WRDM’s area of jurisdiction have also recently undertaken EMFs. These EMFs are being finalised and the three EMFs aligned to comprise a comprehensive EMF for the WRDM. It is not the intention of this EMF to duplicate efforts in these areas but rather to incorporate their findings (more detail in this regard is provided in the methodology section below).

According to the NEMA EMF Regulations an EMF is defined as “a study of the biophysical and socio- cultural systems of a geographically defined area to reveal where specific land uses may best be practiced and to offer performance standards for maintaining appropriate use of such land.” These frameworks are designed to facilitate ease of access to up-to-date environmental information so as to be enable decision making related to environmental management principles (WRDM, 2009f).

The EMF will serve as a management and decision-support tool that provides authorities with information about the status quo of the environment and the associated planning parameters. It will identify and spatially represent areas of potential conflict between sensitive environments and development proposals, thus assisting in integrating social, economic and environmental factors into planning. It is also noted that in accordance with the EMF regulations the aim of the EMF is to: • promote sustainability; • secure environmental protection; and • promote cooperative environmental governance.

1.1 SCOPE OF WORK As stated above the scope of work was to review, update and amend the West Rand District EMF, 2006. The broad objectives of the EMF as stated in the WRDM EMF Revision 1 are to: • Identify the key environmental parameters (opportunities and constraints) pertaining to the WRDM • Define and spatially represent the status quo of the environment in the WRDM, emphasising sensitive environments and current development pressures • Based on consultation with relevant interested and affected parties, define and spatially represent the desired state of the WRDM • Identify and develop an outline of the strategies required to reach the desired state • Develop implementation / action plans for the strategies

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

• Develop monitoring and reporting systems to evaluate and report on the success of strategy implementation

The approach to and phasing of this EMF process is presented in detail in Section 1.4 of this document.

1.2 IMPORTANCE OF THE WRDM The WRDM is experiencing immense pressure between mining, agriculture and tourism in term biodiversity, heritage, air quality, water availability and quality, and geological constraints of the area. The lack of an overarching development vision and guidelines has meant that development has mostly taken place in an ad hoc and uncoordinated manner. There is growing concern over the threats from mining on agriculture, water quality and air quality, which leads to impacts on human health.

1.3 LEGAL STATUS AND NATURE OF THE EMF Section 24(2) of NEMA embeds the legal requirement for EMFs. It requires the compilation of information and maps that specify the attributes of the environment in particular geographic areas including the sensitivity, extent, interrelations and significance of such attributes that must be taken into account by every competent authority. Section 24(2)(b)&(c) allows for the identification geographic areas based on environmental attributes where specified activities may not commence without environmental authorisation and where specific activities may be excluded from authorisation but must comply with prescribed norms and standards. This section relates to delisting of activities in areas where environmental concerns are low and list other activities in areas where environmental concerns are high. This allows the officials capacity to focus on the key sensitive areas. This forms part of the EMF process once the sensitive areas have been identified and documented.

Government Notice Regulation GN R547 provides further information on the scope and status of an EMF. Table 1-1 below highlights the EMF content requirements of the regulations and refers to the section in this EMF where each aspect has been covered.

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Table 1-1: Reference Guide to where the various requirements of the EMF Regulations have been included in this EMF (NEMA EMF Regulations 547, Item 4) Item 4 GN R547 Reference in this report a) identify by way of a map or otherwise the Refer to Map 1 and Section 2.1 of this report geographical area to which it applies; b) specify the attributes of the environmental Refer to Sections 2 for environmental and social in the area, including the sensitivity, extent attributes. Table 6.1 in Section 6 for a summary interrelationship and significance of those of the attributes, their sensitivity, extent, attributes; interrelationship and significance c) identify any parts in the area to which Refer to Maps 2 – 28 those attributes relate; d) state the conservation status of the area Refer to Section 2.9 on conservation and and in those parts; protected area status e) state the environmental management Section 7.2 provides rating of environmental priorities in the area; assets. This higher the rating the higher the management priority of these environmental assets. f) indicate the kind of activities that would Section 7.2 and Table 8.1 provides a summary have a significant impact on those of activities that based on these significant of attributes and those that would not; their impacts are desired or not desired in the municipality g) indicate the kind of activities that would be Table 8.1 and Appendix 4 provides a list of undesirable in the area or in specific part of desired and undesired activities (general and in the area; terms of the EIA Regulations and NEMWA listed activities).

1.4 APPROACH & METHODOLOGY The approach adopted for this EMF is one based on a broad conception of sustainable development as embodied within South Africa’s Constitution and Policy and Legislative Framework, and reinforced by the National Framework for Sustainable Development (NFSD) (DEAT, 2006), adopted by Cabinet in July 2008. The section that follows defines the concepts of sustainable development, focusing on EMFs as a tool for promoting sustainable decision-making. It also outlines the EMF process followed.

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

1.4.1 Sustainable Development NEMA defines sustainable development as “the integration of social, economic and environmental1 factors into planning, implementation and decision-making so as to ensure that development serves present and future generations”.

Sustainable development recognises the interdependencies between the natural environment, economic stability and social well-being. South Africa’s draft NFSD (DEAT, 2006) adopts an embedded model of sustainability that sets socio-economic development within its environmental resource base, with the relationships between the components underpinned and regulated by a governance framework (Figure 1.1).

Ecosystem integrity

People’s well-being

Society

Economic

viability

Good Governance

Figure 1.1: An integrated conceptual model of sustainable development (DEAT 2006)

1.4.2 EMF – a Tool for Sustainable Management The EMF is a management and decision-support tool that provides authorities with information about the ‘state of environment’ and the planning parameters. Its purpose is to identify and spatially represent areas of potential conflict between sensitive environments and development proposals thereof. Using a Geographic Information System (GIS) platform, the EMF enables its application at various scales. The final stage in the development of the EMF is the integration of base data sets into a single facet coverage depicting and spatially delineating the potential environmental sensitivity of

1 In this paper, the term ‘environmental’ refers to biophysical components.

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013 the area. This in turn forms the basis for a holistic environmental development framework that guides development and conservation priorities. These elements are incorporated in the EMF methodology presented below.

1.4.3 Project Phasing Informed by the EMF Regulations GN R547 of 2010, the process of developing the WRDM EMF has been phased as follows. • Phase 1: Project Inception • Phase 2: Status Quo • Phase 3: Environmental Management Framework

The scope of work for each of the phases is described below. It should be noted that although this EMF covers the entire West Rand District Municipality, individual EMFs have recently been undertaken for the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site as well as the Mogale City Local Municipality. It is thus not the intention of this EMF to duplicate or re-evaluate these EMFs. The findings of these EMFs will be used as is in the final West Rand EMF.

1.4.3.1 Project inception (Phase 1)

The inception phase of the project was principally involved in setting up a Project Steering Committee (PSC), clarifying project scope and communication strategy, collecting available and up- to-date literature and spatial data. It was also used to review the existing EMF and State of the Environment Reports. An inception report was produced.

1.4.3.2 Status quo assessment (Phase 2)

The environmental status quo report (included as Section 2 of this document) defines and spatially represents the current state of the municipality’s environment, as derived from the literature review and stakeholder consultation. As part of the status quo assessment for this report, the following desktop studies were undertaken by the project team: • Spatial planning and land use; • Socio-economics; • Cultural heritage; • Hydrology; • Terrestrial ecology; • Agriculture; and • Air Quality.

The Status Quo report provided the basis for stakeholder and public consultation, as outlined in the

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013 consultation strategy in Section 5.

1.4.3.3 Environmental management framework and plan (Phase 3)

The third phase involves the development of the desired state and SEMP, this process involved the development of a framework comprising: • The desired state of environment using the Status Quo report to set a vision for the study area and its key attributes. • The pressures and trends of key attributes in order to set management actions in the SEMP required to reach the vision. • Environmental management or development guideline to facilitate future decision-making on environmental requirements and acceptability of development applications will be proposed, and will be spatially represented; • Environmental zoning to facilitate future decision-making by focusing attention on important areas / attributes and to try and streamline the authorisation process in less- sensitive areas. These management zones will indicate: - Areas in which specific activities should be allowed to take place without further investigation; - Areas in which specific activities may be allowed subject to an environmental authorisation being granted in terms of the NEMA EIA Regulations 2010; and - Areas in which specific activities should not be authorised. • Integration of the management zones from the Mogale City and Cradle of Humankind EMFs into the WRDM EMF took place by regrouping their management zones and guidelines into appropriate categories used for the rest of the WRDM EMF. The whole WRDM area was first zoned without inclusion of the other 2 EMFs zones and the comparison done afterwards so little discrepancy proving that the EMFs were strongly aligned despite differing terminology. • An implementation plan, which will comprise of a system to evaluate, monitor and report on progress made towards improving the state of the environment and reaching the vision set for the study area, including setting indicators / targets, which specify measurable time scales, roles and responsibilities of the relevant parties involved, financial and human resource requirements, awareness raising, monitoring, evaluation and reporting systems, and action plans required for the successful implementation of the EMF. Included as part of the plan is a process for updating and refining the EMF as new information becomes available. The institutional structure required to ensure the EMF is successfully implemented also form part of the SEMP. • A set of guidelines provided to assist authorities, including DEA, GDARD and WRDM in making-decisions when evaluating development applications in the study area.

Following a review of the EMF and SEMP by the PSC, BKS released the EMF to stakeholders and the public for review.

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

1.4.4 Stakeholder Engagement The EMF development process described above is reliant on a consultation strategy, as per the EMF guidelines. The purpose of the consultation process is to: • Inform I&APs of the EMF and its objectives; • Provide an opportunity for inputs from Interested and Affected Parties (I&APs); and • Ensure feedback on the results of the process and allow an opportunity for them to respond.

As such the public participation process has been separated into three phases, namely: • Phase 1: Preparation; • Phase 2: Stakeholder Consultation; and • Phase 3: Public Review and Reporting.

More detail on the public participation process is provided in Section 5 below.

1.4.5 Assumptions, Limitations and Uncertainties This section lists the key assumptions, limitations and uncertainties of this EMF as identified by the project team during the course of the EMF process.

1.4.5.1 Assumptions

• Up-to-date information and data pertaining to the WRDM (e.g. development applications over the past few years) would be accessible to the project management team. • Data provided is the most up-to-date, accurate and adequately comprehensive. • The consultation process was sufficiently thorough and allowed for meaningful input from a diverse range of stakeholders. • GDARD verified that the use of their most up to date GIS datasets are the standard data to be used in the absence of site specific data. • DEA verified that their GIS data is in support of the GDARD data should there be a limitation in the GDARD data.

1.4.5.2 Limitations

• According to the EMF Guideline the emphasis is on “reliable, accurate and current spatial information to establish the integrity and applicability of the EMF. Baseline information sources should primarily be structured around the acquisition of existing information sources”. Information from acceptable sources have already been through a broad consultative process, information reviewed, verified and / or ground-truthed. As such the status quo assessment is based on the best available information from credible sources as referenced in the document. There is a risk that the data could be limited by what has been produced, the scale of the data and the quality of the information provided.

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

• Socio-economic statistics were primarily taken from Census 2001 and the Community Survey 2007 – there are some concerns regarding data integrity (with under- and over estimations in some cases). • Much of the information has been extrapolated from a limited number of monitoring sites to present water and air quality for broader area (i.e. catchment, airshed). • Meteorological and ambient air quality data is of a poor quality and in many instance is not available. Further data is required to provide detailed management measures in the next EMF. • Agricultural potential for the southern extent of Merafong falls outside of the Gauteng Agricultural Potential Atlas (GAPA). This area was substituted for the EMF with information at a courser scale on the advice from the Department of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF). • The wetland data is from a national dataset (i.e. the National Wetland Map, SANBI (2010)), thus it is likely that the coverage of wetland be refined in the next EMF through detailed wetland delineation studies throughout the WRDM. • Land cover data for the WRDM purchased for the Bioregional Plan could not be made available for this report. The land cover dataset from SANBI (2009) was therefore used. This data set is limited in the categories that it uses to define land cover. More detailed, up-to- date and accurate land cover must be used in future versions of the EMF. Development will need to verify the on-site land cover. • The dolomite spatial data does not differentiate the depth of the dolomite which is critical to understanding the type of developments that can be undertaken and the variations in impacts. This makes it difficult to provide adequate mitigation guidelines for development in these areas.

1.4.5.3 Uncertainties

• A clearer understanding of the quantified magnitude of environmental externalities in mining and other land uses particularly over the longer term. • Better data on the current economic benefits of tourism in the study area as well as its future potential. • Census 2011 information was not available at the time of this report. The data used is from the Census 2001 and the predicted figures from the Community Survey 2007 and Global Insight 2008. It is likely that the new socio-economic statistics from Census 2011 could change the socio-economic findings of this report.

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

2 STATUS QUO OF THE WEST RAND DISTRICT

The environment is both a source and a sink, but its capabilities to provide both resources and to assimilate wastes are not limitless. This section identifies the various attributes of the environment within the West Rand District Municipality in terms of its current known state defined in terms of its extent, significance, sensitivity, inter-relationships with other attributes which help to define the opportunities and constrains for development. A summary of these aspects are provided in Tables 6.1 to 6.10.

2.1 REGIONAL LOCALITY The West Rand District Municipality (WRDM) is located in the west of the Gauteng Province (Map 1). The District’s jurisdiction comprises four local municipalities (Mogale City, Randfontein, Westonaria and Merafong City) and includes a portion of the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site. The full extent of the CoH WHS falls within Gauteng and the North West province. The portion of the CoH WHS that falls within Gauteng used to fall under the West Rand District Management Area but has since 2010 moved to within the jurisdiction of the Mogale City Local Municipality (MCLM). The Merafong City Local Municipality (MLM) was also previously a cross boundary municipality between Gauteng and the North West Province when the first West Rand District EMF was compiled in 2006. Since 2006 the MLM moved to be solely administered under the North West Province but was included back into the Gauteng Province in 2009 and now falls directly under the WRDM. Information generated at the provincial level for Gauteng often excludes the MLM, however, where possible North West data or National data sets have been used to provide a picture of the current state of the environment in this area.

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Map 1: Locality Map

2.2 CLIMATE Average minimum and maximum temperatures recorded at the Mogale City weather station (station number 0474456) are 9.3ºC and 22.2ºC respectively. Average minimum and maximum temperatures recorded at the Carletonville weather station (station number 0474680) are 8.0ºC and 23.9ºC. Records were collected from the Krugersdorp and Carletonville weather stations for the time period 1961 – 1990 (WRDM, 2005). Recent records provided in the Mogale City EMF (MCLM, 2012) show that the temperature information for the Mogale City area are now reflecting on average 6oC and 25oC indicating possible effects of climate change. The climate is therefore typical of Highveld conditions, with relatively warm to hot summers, fairly high rainfall and moderate to cool winters (with little or no rain). Cycles of prolonged drought, lasting for several years, are a natural phenomenon. Valleys and wetlands are much cooler at night and more prone to frost than higher lying areas. The area experiences thunderstorms, which usually occur in the late afternoons during the summer months. Extreme weather conditions, such as hail and fog, rarely occur within the West Rand District.

An average annual precipitation recorded at the Krugersdorp weather station is 736 mm, which falls predominantly between October and March, during the summer months (WRDM, 2005). Monthly rainfall ranges from 4 mm to 138 mm. This information is consistent with information presented in

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013 the Mogale City EMF, (MCLM, 2012). The average annual precipitation recorded in Carletonville was lower at 646 mm showing the variation in rainfall from east to west.

The South African Weather Service confirms that meteorological data available with respect to Krugersdorp on temperature, humidity and rainfall values but that the values related to wind direction within the WRDM and its associated local Municipalities are not available.

A privately owned weather station located within the town of Westonaria that recorded air temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, wind direction as well as wind speed for the period July 2004 to October 2007. Weather data indicated air temperatures ranging between 5oC and 20oC while wind speeds ranged between 1.5m/s and 7m/s predominantly in a north-north-westerly direction. Humidity ranged between 40% and 90% (WRDM, 2011 updated).

2.2.1 Climate Change Climate change is the change in the long term climate that is anticipated to result from the globally enhanced greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and water vapour, of which CO2 and CH4 are the major contributors to climate change. Increased concentrations of these gases will result in global temperature changes that will influence rainfall patterns and sea levels. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), between 1956 and 2005 average global temperatures increased at a rate of 0.13oC per decade (IPCC, 2007).

Model predictions indicate that South Africa will experience temperature increases of 3 to 4oC on average throughout the year under the current economic development, population growth and energy-use trends. Rainfall is expected to decrease in the western part of the country and in those regions that receive winter rains. The eastern part of the country is expected to experience increases in early summer rainfall, although this will likely be followed up by some drying in the late summer (Engelbrecht, 2005; Hewitson et al., 2005).

South Africa has recently published an updated National Greenhouse Gas Inventory for the period

1990 – 2000. The main source of CO2 emissions was again identified to be the energy sector which generated 78.9% of the total CO2 emissions in 2000. Industrial processes, agriculture and waste contributed 14.1%, 4.9% and 2.1% respectively. The general trend in sector greenhouse gas emissions showed both increasing and decreasing trends between 1990 and 2000. The agricultural and waste sectors showed significant decrease of emissions from 1990, whereas industrial processes and other product use emissions showed an increase of over 100% from 1990 to 2000. Energy sector emissions showed an increased trend from 1990 to 2000. The three main greenhouse gas emissions

(CO2, CH4 and N2O) showed a uniform increase in emissions, with CH4 showing the highest increase, recording an increase of more than 76% from 1990 to 2000.

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Potential climate change related impacts include impacts on human health, air quality, biodiversity, water availability and agriculture. Several South African climate change studies (Kiker, 2000; Schulze et al., 2001) concur that global climate change will have a serious impact on the water supply in the Gauteng Province, leading to water scarcity and other negative impacts, including : • An estimated 5 - 10 % decrease in annual rainfall over the Province; • Increased incidence of climatic extremes, including droughts and floods, which could damage infrastructure; • A 10% decrease in surface run-off, also resulting in decreased stream flow and groundwater replenishment; and • An increase in evaporation from surface water bodies and soil, as well as evapo- transpiration from plants;

As a whole, Gauteng has a very small agricultural sector with only 28.7% of the land having moderate or high potential for agricultural production. The direct impacts of climate change are not expected to have a significant influence on the province’s agricultural sector, although indirect social impacts could result from climate change. Gauteng has a high population density and consequently, the Province depends on food produced or imported from other Provinces. Climate change impacts could therefore affect food availability in the Province through the following (Du Toit et al., 2000; Scholes et al., 2000): • A 10 – 20 % decrease in maize yields, especially in the white maize producing regions; • A reduction in the suitable area for the production of specialty crops; • A reduction in the number of livestock that can be kept in a sustainable way.

Human health related impacts in the province could include (Craig and Sharp, 2000; Terblanche, 1994): • A greater risk of epidemic infectious illnesses, such as malaria, due to an expansion of the habitat that is suitable for mosquitoes that carry malaria • Stress and additional vulnerability in HIV/Aids affected populations, • More deaths, especially amongst the elderly, due to heat waves, • Increased ozone levels in the lower atmosphere could lead to respiratory health effects, • The depletion of upper atmosphere stratospheric ozone will result in more harmful ultraviolet B radiation reaching ground level which could lead to increases in skin cancer and cataracts.

Opportunities in terms of alternative energy sources is summarised in Map 2 – 4 below. Map 2 highlights the wind energy potential in South Africa, showing that feasibility for wind farming is restricted to mainly the coastal areas of the Northern Cape, Western Cape and Eastern Cape and inland through the Karoo. This data comes from the Wind Atlas South Africa project (www.wasaproject.info).

Map 3 illustrates the irradiation potential required for solar energy opportunities, clearly showing

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013 Wind Energy Potential

the highest potential for solar energy generation is in the Northern Cape, North West Province and the Free State. This information is part of the Renewable Energy Market Transformation (REMT) Project Resource information (www.remtproject.org). Map 4 shows the biomass potential for South Africa, also available from the REMT website. The highest potential for biomass energy is in parts of the Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal provinces.

Thus, based on current technology and conditions in the West Rand alternative energy potential is not ideal for large scale energy generation. However, as technology improves the area may become viable for solar and biomass energy generation. In addition, small scale rooftop solar panels that sustain individual use are an option for green building developments, retail parks, etc.

Map 2: Wind Atlas South Africa (www.wasaproject.info)

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Map 3: Irradiation Potential for South Africa (www.remtproject.org)

Map 4: Biomass Potential for South Africa (www.remtproject.org)

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2.3 LAND COVER The WRDM covers approximately 406 623 ha and comprises of a number of different land uses. A large majority of the district consists of natural open spaces and agricultural lands (Map 5). The district was home to a prosperous gold mining industry but these reserves are largely exploited. Re- mining of the tailings facilities is still very active in the area. The recent media attention on the Acid Mine Drainage, which has been decanting in the Western Basin of the Witwatersrand Goldfields located near Randfontein in the WRDM has highlighted the water quality issues as a result of the mining legacy in the area to the public. NGO action and increased awareness of air quality impacts on the health of residents in the area is also becoming more prominent. The WRDM is also recognised as the centre of humankind with the internationally recognised global cultural importance of the CoH WHS.

Due to the change in categories used to map land cover from the CSIR (2000) land cover used in WRDM EMF Revision 1 (2006) to the SANBI land cover data used in this report (WRDM EMF Revision 2 (2013)), a comparison of land use change cannot be calculated.

Map 5: Land Cover of the WRDM

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2.4 TOPOGRAPHY The topography of the WRDM ranges from the steep slopes of the Magaliesberg in MCLM to large areas with gentle slopes in the central and southern section of the WRDM (Map 6). The RLM is situated at higher altitudes compared to its surroundings and forms the watershed between the Vaal and the Crocodile Water Management Areas (Map 7). The Gatsrand mountain range also dissects the WRDM running east – west through the MLM and WLM. Terrain influences climate and soil characteristics and thus plays a dominant role in determining what the land is suitable for. Ridges are of particular concern to development as they are not only considered ecologically sensitive due to their micro-climate conditions (ridges are spatially indicated in Map 8) but are further complicated by slope steepness which restricts development potential in slopes more than 11 degrees (Map 9).

Map 6: Topography of the WRDM

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Map 7: Water Management Areas within the WRDM

Map 8: Ridges in the WRDM

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Map 9: Slope Steepness in the WRDM

2.5 GEOLOGY Geology is an important element to sustaining development over the long term as it determines the stability of the land as well as the soil conditions on which plant matter depends. The West Rand District Municipality is underlain by different rock forms of which the dolomites of the Malmani Subgroup (Transvaal Supergroup) are the most important in terms of extent and management practices. Shale, sandstone or mudstone of the Madzaringwe Formation (Karoo Supergroup) with intrusive dolerites characterises the area around Randfontein. The eastern section of MCLM is underlain by archaean granite and gneiss of the Halfway House Granites. The southern section of the WRDM comprises of quartzite ridges of the Witwatersrand Supergroup (Map 10).

Approximately 183 000 ha of land within the 406 640 ha WRDM area (i.e. 45 %) is located on dolomite land (land where dolomite is located at or near [less than 100 m] ground surface). The depth of the dolomitic rock will determine the potential impact to development. Shallow dolomites are problematic for development due to the risk of sinkhole development and groundwater contamination. There is no distinction spatially between the depth of dolomites in the WRDM. Detailed geological studies are required prior to any development commencing in these areas and expensive foundations or cavity filling is required. Large parts of the district area are also unsuitable

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013 for development because of undermining (WRDM, 2011a). No accurate information exists in terms of the underground workings of the mines and therefore areas prone to shallow undermining.

Research has shown that in excess of 99 % of sinkholes and dolines in the WRDM are artificially induced and less than one percent is as a result of so-called natural events. Many of the problems may be related to (a) dewatering and rewatering of the mine voids during active and now inactive mining and (b) leaking water-bearing services, deteriorating old services, inappropriately designed, poorly installed or poorly maintained services and (c) inappropriate development types in relation to dolomite risk. In addition, historically the stability problems were exacerbated by a reactive rather than a pro-active, preventative maintenance and risk management strategy (WRDM, 2009a). Sinkholes in the WRDM have not been mapped.

On a positive note, these dolomitic areas have high groundwater yields and the caves that have formed as a result are attracting a large number of tourists annually. Tourism is a major economic activity in karst environments, particularly in the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site, due to the discovery of a number of ancient fossils inside these caves.

The seismicity of southern Africa is characterised by low level activity in terms of world standards. It is well-known that seismicity in the mining environment poses a threat to safe mining operations and tremors from deep gold mining in the West Rand District area form the bulk of seismic events recorded in South Africa. The Council for Geosciences records seismic events in South Africa. The Pretorius fault is one of the largest faults in the Western Deep Levels area. It is at least 10 km long with a total slip of 60 m. Structural damage normally only occurs from seismic activity greater than 3 on the Richter Scale. The majority of seismic events in the WRDM are below 2 although on 14 June 2010 an event measuring 4.3 on the Richter Scale was recorded in the WRDM (News24, 2010). In the previous WRDM SoER report the maximum magnitude experienced was 3.1 on the Richter Scale (WRDM, 2005) showing an increase in the magnitude of events. It is also thought that the frequency of tremors has also increased. Seismic events should be closely monitored and plans put in place to cover the damages of the events on structures in the WRDM.

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Map 10: Geology of the WRDM

2.6 WATER RESOURCES

South Africa is a water scarce country, which places severe limitation on the quantity of water available for consumption. In order to have a secure a sustainable supply of water for everybody water conservation and demand management measures must be placed on all water consumers.

The northern section of the WRDM is located in the Crocodile (West) Marico Water Management Area (WMA) while the southern section forms part of the Upper Vaal WMA (Map 7). The watershed between the two WMAs is in Randfontein Local Municipality, dividing this local municipality into a northern and southern section. Several main river systems intersect the WRDM, namely, inter alia the Skeerpoort River, Blaauwbankspruit, Magalies River, Rietspruit, Crocodile River, Wonderfonteinspruit, Loopspruit and Leeuspruit (Map 11).

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Map 11: Rivers and Sampling Points in the WRDM

Domestic water in residential areas is provided by Rand Water, which generally abstracts water from outside the WRDM. Rand Water has only abstracted water from the Zuurbekom dolomitic compartment in the Westonaria Local Municipality, but since this water resource became depleted only outside resources have been used to abstract water for purification and supply to the WRDM. The current availability of water within the catchments in the WRDM is not known.

Flow volumes for 2008/2009 taken at different monitoring stations in the WRDM (DWA, 2010) are summarized in Table 2-1. It is expected that the trends observed over the 10 years discussed in the comments column of the table are likely to have continued over the last year. The general trend in volume changes throughout the WRDM is an overall decline in water volume in Mogale City and Randfontein, and erratic flows in Merafong.

Table 2-1: Flow volumes for 2008 and 2009 in the WRDM Municipality Monitoring Point Volume Comment (million m3) Mogale City and Nouklip Eye @ 4.3 A steady decline (~3 million m3) from COH WHS Hartbeeshoek 1999 – 2009

Crocodile River @ 23.4 A sharp decline (~25 million m3) Zwartkop between 1999 and 2003. An erratic increase from 2003 to 2009 (~15 million

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Municipality Monitoring Point Volume Comment (million m3) m3) Crocodile River @ van 13.9 Similar pattern to Zwartkop Wyks Restant Bloubank Spruit @ 29.6 Similar pattern to Zwartkop Rietspruit @ Swartkop Maloney’s Eye @ 5.3 Flow volumes have declined steadily Steenkoppie from 2000 to 2007. A small recovery has been made from 2007 to 2009 Randfontein Brandvlei River 0.07 A sharp decline in flow volumes from 1 million m3 in 1999/2000 to 0.05 million m3 in 2002/2003. Flow volumes have since stabilized. Merafong Loopspruit @ Left Canal 2.1 Erratic flows ranging from 2.1 to 3.9 Klipdrift million m3 since 1999. The 2009 volume is the lowest in the last 10 years evaluated Loopspruit @ Right Canal 1.6 Erratic flows ranging from 1 to 2.3 Klipdrift million m3 since 1999. Mooirivierloop @ 15.3 Steady increase in the water volume Wonderfontein from 7 million m3 in 2005/2006 Mooirivierloop @ West 17.8 A decrease in volume from the previous Driefontein Canal year of ~ 8 million m3 Mooirivierloop @ 6.2 A sharp decrease in the volume from 23 Blaauwbank million m3 in 1999-2002 to 7 million m3 in 2005. Thereafter the volume has continued to decrease less significantly with an incremental increase in 2007/2008 Mooirivierloop @ Vaal 1140 Flow volumes have increased River, Woodlands incrementally since 2006/2007 Mooirivierloop @ 80.8 After a significant decrease in volumes Rietspruit, Kaalplaats in 2005/2006 the volume has recovered and increased to the highest level over the 10 years evaluated Mooirivierloop @ West 13.6 The flow volume showed a steady Driefontein, Rooipoort decline from 1999-2005. An incremental increase in 2006 was evident stabilizing at this level.

There are many uncertainties regarding the current uses of raw water within the WRDM. The use of water without Water Use Licenses and the current backlog at DWA in processing these licenses have resulted in poorly documented use of raw water. Residential domestic water is supplied by Rand

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Water, but other water users are known to occur within the WRDM. Dolomitic aquifers are dewatered for mining purposes and water is abstracted for irrigation and in some cases for domestic use.

The National Water Resource Strategy (DWA, 2003) gives an indication of water requirements for the year 2025. Two predicted scenarios (the base scenario and the high scenario) were determined and are based on current population and economic growth. Table 2-2 indicates the water requirements for the Upper Crocodile and Downstream Vaal Dam subareas respectively, in 2000 as well as the predicted scenarios of water requirement for 2025. The Crocodile system shows an increase in water demand from 573 million m3/annum to between 686 and 893 million m3/annum, while the Vaal system is expected to increase from 2 112 million m3/annum to between 2 518 and 3 458 million m3/annum. This increase in demand is largely expected to be from urban requirements and in the Vaal system from water transfer to other systems.

Table 2-2: Water requirements (million m³/annum) for the year 2000 and predicted requirements for 2025 for the Upper Crocodile and Downstream of Vaal Dam subareas (DWAF, 2003) Year Usable return flow Total local Transfers Grand Irri- Urban Rural Mining Power Affores- require- out total gation & bulk generation tation ments Upper Crocodile Subarea of Crocodile (West) Marico WMA 2000 208 292 5 38 13 0 556 17 573 2025 208 409 5 38 13 0 673 13 686 (base scenario) 2025 208 616 5 38 13 0 880 13 893 (high scenario) Downstream of Vaal Dam Subarea of Upper Vaal WMA 2000 67 576 11 74 41 0 769 1,343 2,112 2025 67 763 10 74 43 0 957 1,561 2,518 (base scenario) 2025 67 1,197 10 74 43 0 1,391 2,067 3,458 (high scenario)

The Ecological Reserve refers to the portion of the streamflow that is required for the ongoing existence and functioning of the aquatic ecosystem (DWAF, 2003). The ecological reserve for the downstream section of the Upper Crocodile and Downstream of Vaal Dam subareas were both determined to be 57 million m³ per annum (DWAF, 2003). It is thus critical to ensure that the ecological reserve is not compromised. It has already been reported that the Vaal system will go into deficit by 2014 but that water from the Lesotho Highlands Phase 2 Project will be transferred in to reduce the impact on the Vaal River system, however, this is an expensive solution to the problem.

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Other solutions should be explored such as treating and re-using Acid Mine Water, incentives and taxes for water use, encouraging industry water conservation and demand management planning.

2.7 WATER QUALITY Water pollution impairs the use of water in several ways. It directly impacts on human health and ecosystem functioning and imposes a burden on downstream users due to the additional cost of treatment required. Water quality degradation exacerbates water scarcity and threatens aquatic biodiversity. There are four main categories of water pollution: • Organic materials from sewerage and animal products industries; • Nutrients from soaps, fertilisers and eroded sediment; • Poisons, such as agricultural chemicals and industrial and mining waste; and • Fouling substances, such as oil.

External pressures, emanating from mining, agricultural and industrial activities on the West Rand are major contributing factors to the current state of surface and ground water quality in the region. Acid mine drainage impacts on the West Rand must be one of the most publicised environmental impacts in South Africa. Equally as detrimental to the water resources are the impacts from ill- managed, under capacitated waste water treatment works and the lack of sanitation services in informal settlement areas.

Water Quality data has been provided by Resource Quality Services (RQS) of the Department of Water Affairs (DWA, 2012). The following sections are a summary of the results obtained. Please refer to Appendix 1 for the table of data. The locations of water quality monitoring stations are indicated in Map 11. Map 12 indicates the overall water quality of the rivers in the WRDM according to National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment (NSBA) (Nel, et al., 2004). This study classified the rivers into critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable and least threatened. All classified rivers within the WRDM fell within the critically endangered and endangered categories indicating the poor quality of water throughout the WRDM.

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Map 12: Water Quality in the WRDM

2.7.1 Salinity Salination of South African rivers is seen as one of the major threats to South African water resources. Water that is too saline reduces crop production and is often unpalatable for human and livestock consumption. Salinity indicated by high sulphate levels as well as high Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Electrical Conductivity (EC) in water results naturally from evaporation and the weathering of rocks high in mineral salts. Human activities also increase the salinity of water resources. Sewerage purification works subject water to evaporation / concentration as part of the treatment process, particularly during dry seasons, while saline industrial and mine effluent also results in an increase in water salinity of freshwater ecosystems (GDACE, 2003a).

The two largest contributors to salt pollution of surface water resources are mining and agricultural activities. Long-term irrigation, especially in dry areas and areas where the rocks and soils have high concentrations of minerals, results in human induced salination of soils and water (refer to Section 2.7.3 on Acid Mine Drainage below). The exposure of rock surfaces by mining increases the salinity levels in the groundwater. Increased Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in the water also influences industrial processes and product quality, may damage equipment and structures and complicate waste handling (GDACE, 2003a).

Results of water quality samples (DWA, 2012) from the Rietspruit River, in Mogale City show

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013 progressive deterioration in the water quality from the lower reaches to the upper reaches. The key issue is the level of sulphates, which exceeds the DWA Domestic Water Guideline Standard by up to 3200 mg/l in the upper reaches. Groundwater samples in the upper reaches of the Rietspruit show clearly the impact of acid mine water with both high sulphates and low pH levels indicating acidic conditions. In Merafong, the groundwater data (DWA, 2011) indicates water quality is within the DWA Domestic Guideline, however surface water quality in the Mooirivierloop and Loopspruit rivers show high TDS and EC levels with high nitrates and in the Mooirivierloop high sulphates. In Westonaria, surface water data (DWA, 2011) shows high TDS, EC, nitrates and sulphate levels in the Wonderfonteinspruit. In Randfontein TDS and sulphate levels were within acceptable levels.

2.7.2 Nutrients Nutrients are chemical elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, magnesium etc., which are required by plants and animals for proper growth and functioning. Nutrients play an important role in metabolism and the physiology of organisms. Nutrients originate naturally from the earth’s crust but this can be exacerbated by human activities such as industrial processes and agriculture. (WRDM, 2005). Eutrophication is the result of elevated nutrients levels in surface and groundwater resulting in the increase of nuisance plants and algae and some of the cyanobacteria blooms can be toxic. After the blooms, the algae dies resulting in oxygen being depleted and toxins and bad odours being released, with potential impacts on the biodiversity of the water source (WRDM, 2005). The elevated nutrient levels that cause eutrophication can occur due to sewage pollution from urban areas, by-products from industrial processes, and fertilisers used in agricultural activities (WRDM, 2005).

Water quality data were provided by the DWA (DWA, 2012). Nitrate (NO3) and Phosphate (PO4) concentrations were used as an indication of eutrophication. In Randfontein, both surface water and groundwater quality are within the DWA Domestic Guideline for drinking water, except for the monitoring point at the discharge point of the waste water treatment works into the Bloubankspruit. Here the nitrate, phosphate and EC levels are above the standard indicating an issue with the waste water treatment works. In Westonaria, surface water data shows high TDS, EC, nitrates and sulphate levels in the Wonderfonteinspruit. Groundwater water quality is much better, however, there is still high levels of nitrates. In Merafong, the groundwater data indicates water quality is within the DWA Domestic Guideline, however surface water quality in the Mooirivierloop and Loopspruit rivers show high TDS and EC levels with high nitrates and in the Mooirivierloop high sulphates.

2.7.3 Acid Mine Drainage Acids are formed when sulphide bearing ores are exposed and brought into contact with air and water. This normally occurs where the geology has been disturbed. In order for acids to form certain elements need to be present, including the Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and T. thiooxidans bacteria that are able to oxidise sulphide minerals. Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) in South Africa is mainly caused by

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013 the oxidation of pyrite. Sulphuric acid is one of the resultant compounds derived during the oxidation of pyrite (Pulles, Howie, Otto, & Easton, 1996).

Sulphuric acid accumulates and dissolves the dolomites, releasing metals including radioactive uranium. After mine closure, water is no longer pumped out of the mine and the water gradually fills up the dolomitic aquifers, which become polluted with heavy metals, acids and uranium (Durand, Meeuvis, & Fourie, 2010).

The DWA provided all available data on uranium concentrations in the WRDM. This data was however taken at irregular intervals and at a few locations. The data gives an indication of uranium levels, but a fully integrated, representative monitoring programme is required to definitively ascertain the current conditions.

Uranium concentrations are still below carcinogenic levels of 1420μg/l, but it has been recorded above the target concentrations for domestic water as per the DWA Domestic Guideline for drinking water at the Kagiso Monitoring point on the Wonderfonteinspruit in Mogale City, the Blyvooruitzicht Gold Mine, Coetzee Dam Discharge point, the Wes driefontein canal at Rooipoort and the Mooirivierloop in Merafong. A uranium concentration of 284μg/l significantly increases the risk of chemical toxicity and renal failure, however records do not exceed 200µg/l (DWAF, 1996).

AMD also has several ecological and environmental impacts as well. AMD dissolves the layer of dolomites underlying a part of the WLM, as these rocks are soluble and permeable. In the near future sink holes are expected to develop as a result of dewatering and rewatering of the mine void (Durand, Meeuvis, & Fourie, 2010).

On the West Rand there are two sources of AMD, the first is diffuse sources such as runoff from slimes dams and the second is the contamination of water in the mine void and the decanting of this water at the surface. The decant is at present restricted to two sites on the Rand Uranium property, however, the diffuse sources are at multiple sites making it difficult to manage.

With regards to the decanting mine void AMD, the Minister of Water Affairs has directed TCTA to undertake the short term solution as defined by the Inter-ministerial Committee (IMC) Report. The short term solution requires the pumping of AMD from the underground mine workings and to neutralization of this water. A feasibility study into the long term solution has also been embarked on by DWA to investigate various institutional and financial arrangements as well as the ultimate best method to fully treat the AMD.

As part of the short term solution the existing Rand Uranium plant has undergone maintenance to re-establish its design capacity in order to increase the current treatment of AMD decant from 10- 12Ml/day to 27Ml/day. This will facilitate in reducing the amount of untreated decant. A new water

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013 treatment works is planned also on the Rand Uranium property that is designed to handle a further 30Ml/day. The two plants will run concurrently until the basin can be brought down to the Environmental Critical Limit (ECL). This short term solution will neutralize the AMD, which will remove the heavy metals and increasing the pH. The treated water will be discharged into the Tweeloopiesspruit, however, the salt content of the water will be above the DWA acceptable standards (refer to Section 2.7.1 on salinity above). The sludge will be co-disposed together with mine tailings in the West Wits Pit on the Mogale Gold property. The long term solution will determine further treatment requirements, if any.

2.7.4 Radioactivity BCAssociates (2007) conducted an assessment of radiological impacts of mining activities in the Wonderfonteinspruit Catchment Area (WCA), which is the catchment of the Mooirivierloop. This is a large catchment area in the WRDM and is subjected to mining impacts. Radiological risks in the WCA is caused by the effects of mine water discharges from current mining activities, diffuse emissions of seepage and runoff from slimes dams from past mining activities, and radionuclides stored in sediments and soils that originated from past radioactive contamination. People living in the WCA utilises the contaminated water, for domestic uses, agriculture, fishing and other recreation activities.

BCAssociates (2007) observed a variation in sediment contamination at different locations of water storage dams. Real and potential exposure scenarios and pathways were specified for each site, in order to determine the route along which radioactive elements are distributed through and from the catchment. Contrary to previous belief, it was determined that exposure of people to radiation is not mainly through the potential use of contaminated water for drinking. The following three exposure pathways, identified in their study, can cause significantly elevated contamination of food: • Pasture and crop vegetation internalise radioactive substances through their leaves during irrigation with contaminated water, • Radioactive elements in resuspended sediments at the banks of surface water bodies are taken up by cattle during watering, and • Agricultural use of land contaminated with slimes from slimes dams transported by storm water runoff.

Radioactive elements can also be inhaled via contaminated dust in the air or by eating food contaminated by deposition of contaminated dust. These possibilities are, however, not determined for the WRDM (BCAssociates, 2007).

The NNR did a follow-up study to determine the radiological hazards in the WCA. In this study it was determined that the potential dose of 3.9 mSv per annum calculated for exposure in informal settlement areas in close proximity to mine tailings are the main areas of concern. These levels can

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013 potentially lead to a hazardous situation and immediately requires corrective actions (NNR, 2010).

2.7.5 Aquatic Ecosystem Integrity The in-stream biological conditions of a river ecosystem are determined by a number of factors, including stream flow, chemical and physical water quality, geomorphology and riparian vegetation. The aquatic communities indicate changes and impacts on the hydrology and water quality in the catchment. This is why aquatic communities are good indicators of ecosystem integrity. Monitoring of these communities is crucial in order to determine spatial and temporal changes in ecosystem integrity. Biomonitoring is thus based on the assumption that, by determining the condition of the aquatic communities (phyto-plankton, invertebrates, fish etc.), the condition of the associated aquatic ecosystem can be assessed.

Four key indicators are used to evaluate the biological condition of a river ecosystem. These are: aquatic macro-invertebrates, fish species, riparian vegetation and habitat diversity.

Aquatic macro-invertebrates include all aquatic animals without a backbone: insects (e.g. dragon and mayfly nymphs, bugs and beetles), crustaceans (crabs and shrimps) and worms (earthworms and bloodsuckers). Various aquatic invertebrates require specific aquatic habitat types and water quality conditions for at least part of their lifecycle. Changes in the composition and structure of the aquatic invertebrate communities are a sign of the overall river condition. As aquatic invertebrates are relatively short-lived and remain in one area during their aquatic life phase, they are reliable indicators of localised conditions over the short term The South African Scoring System (SASS) uses the aquatic macro-invertebrate assemblage in a river to determine the ecosystem integrity. SASS is a relatively simple index, based on the families of aquatic invertebrates present at each site (WRDM, 2005).

Fish are good indicators of the general habitat conditions and long-term influences on a river, because they are relatively long-lived and mobile. The following information on fish provides indicators of the health of the river: • The number of fish species that occur in a specific reach (known as a fish segment) • Their sensitivity to various forms of disturbance • Their size class and health (DWAF, 2005)

The Fish Assemblage Integrity Index (FAII) integrates such characteristics of the fish assemblage for a specific fish segment. The output of the FAII is an expression of the degree to which a fish assemblage deviates from what would have been expected in the absence of human impacts (WRDM, 2005).

The riparian zone can be described as the area of land adjacent to a stream or river that is influenced by stream-induced or related processes. The characteristics and type of vegetation associated with this zone are dependent on the geomorphology and the mean annual runoff (MAR)

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013 of the river channel, i.e. the amount of water flowing through the river. Geomorphology is the study of geological formations in relation to river flow and how river channels will form and evolve (the riverbank topography), while climate and the duration of the rainfall period will determine the mean annual runoff (Rowntree et al., 2000). The vegetation within the riparian zone is thus determined by the depth and amount of water found in the water table created by the river. Where the MAR is higher, the riverbank topography will be flatter and the water table depth will be shallower. Water in such cases is more accessible to plants. In river deltas or extensive flood plains, where riverbanks have a flat topography, water accumulates just below the surface during periods of high runoff, resulting in lush riverbank vegetation (reed beds), which are important as faunal habitat (WRDM, 2005). The riparian zone provides habitat for aquatic and terrestrial species facilitating the maintenance of the river channel and serving as a filter for sediment, nutrients and light. Vegetation removal, cultivation, construction, inundation, erosion and alien plant invasion contributes to altering the structure and function of the riparian zone. The Riparian Vegetation Index (RVI) is used to assess the impact on the river systems by means of changes to the riparian vegetation (DWAF, 2005). A loss of riparian vegetation could result in further degradation of the ecosystem, erosion, sedimentation, an increase in insoluble solids in the water and a loss of habitat to aquatic species.

Habitat availability and diversity are major determinants of the suite of biota found in an ecosystem. Therefore, knowledge of the quality of habitats is very important in an overall assessment of ecosystem health (www.csir.co.za/rhp). The Index of Habitat Integrity (IHI) is designed to assess the impact of major disturbances on river ecosystems. Such disturbances include water abstraction, flow regulations and river channel modification. The index accounts for the riparian as well as the in-stream habitats (WRDM, 2005).

The Skeerpoort River is within the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site, which is an area under statutory protection. The aquatic macro-invertebrate composition in the Skeerpoort River is Natural, indicating that the diversity and abundance of macro-invertebrates is high and close to natural conditions. The species represented in this river require permanent flows and high water quality conditions (DWAF, 2005). The fish assemblage integrity is Good to Natural with some impacts due to agricultural activities, influencing the fish diversity. Eels are lost to the system due to obstructions, especially Hartbeespoort and Roodekopjes dams (DWAF, 2005).The riparian vegetation integrity of the Skeerpoort River is Fair with some alien vegetation encroachment and vegetation clearance for agricultural purposes which have an impact on a small number of areas along this river (DWAF, 2005). The riparian zone habitat integrity is Good as there is minimal impact on the riparian zone with some localised bank erosion (DWAF, 2005). The instream habitat integrity of the Skeerpoort River is Good because there are several dolomitic eyes at the source of the Skeerpoort River which are still in pristine condition. Some farming activities have impacted the Skeerpoort River lower down in the system.

Although the macro-invertebrate integrity of the upper reaches of the Magalies River is classified as Fair, the river in general is classified as poor in terms of the macro-invertebrate integrity. This is

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013 mainly due to water abstraction and the subsequent habitat alteration, but it is also due to impacts on water quality in the catchment (DWAF, 2005). Data taken from two sampling points Maloney’s eye confirms this with SASS5 scores of A (Excellent) in upper reaches, which changes abruptly to C/D (Good-Fair) further downstream (Walsh, 2008). The Fish Assemblage Integrity of the Magalies River in general is Fair. The upper reaches of the Magalies River sustain some sensitive species, but the lower reaches are impacted on by water abstraction and flow modification activities (DWAF, 2005). The Riparian Vegetation Integrity of the Magalies River is Poor because riparian vegetation was cleared for agriculture and urbanisation. Alien vegetation such as poplars, wattles and blue gums is severely encroaching the natural vegetation (DWAF, 2005). The riparian habitat integrity of the Magalies River is Poor due to furrows that caused the inundation of riparian vegetation as well as flow modifications that have altered natural riparian habitats (DWAF, 2005).The instream habitat integrity of the Magalies River is Poor due to abstraction of water for bottling, irrigation and domestic use.

A SASS5 analysis was done by Walsh (2008) and Grant (2009) on two sampling points at the Muldersdrift-se-loop at the Walter Sisulu National Botanical Garden (WSNBG) which is in the upper reaches of the Crocodile River. Both scientists classified the area as Fair. One monitoring point was taken in the upper reaches of the Crocodile River in Muldersdrift-se-loop as part of the Crocodile Highveld study unit in the River Health Program (2005). Riparian Vegetation Integrity of the entire study unit was classified as Poor. The vegetation in this study unit has been impacted on by urbanisation and severe encroachment of poplar species. Mr. Andrew Hankey, a botanist from the WSNBG in MCLM has discovered a red data fish species, Marico Barb (Barbus motebensisi) in the pools below the Witpoortjie waterfall in this botanical garden. The species was confirmed by the aquatic scientist, Dr. Mathew Ross, from the University of Johannesburg. The Marico Barb is classified as Vulnerable on the red data list. Due to a weir obstructing migration from downstream of the botanical garden and the waterfalls upstream of where the fish were found it is concluded that this species did not recently migrate to the pools in the botanical garden. The botanical garden currently provides suitable habitat for these fish, despite the large impacts on water quality and hydrology in the catchment. At least 5 indigenous fish species are expected to occur in the Crocodile River, based on a habitat analysis (Ross, 2007). According to a low-flow aquatic biomonitoring done by Dr. Mathews Ross in September 2007, none of these species were encountered within the WSNBG and the Fish Assemblage Integrity Index score (FAII) for this river stretch is therefore 0%. This is an indication that the river system has been degraded from its natural state, based on the use of fish as an indicator of biotic integrity. In November 2007 the red data listed fish, Marico Barb, were discovered in the WSNBG and this will significantly increase the FAII as determined in September 2007 (Ross, 2007). The instream habitat integrity and the riparian zone habitat integrity of the entire Crocodile Highveld study area is Poor due to urbanisation, resulting in the canalisation of rivers, increased runoff caused by paved and impermeable surfaces, sewage spills and industrial discharges

Three sample points in the Rietspruit and the associated quaternary catchment, namely Honingklip

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013 spruit, Tweelopies spruit and Bloubankspruit were analysed in terms of SASS5. These sampling points obtained SASS5 scores of C (Good), F (Very poor) and D (Fair) respectively (du Toit, 2012). The Tweelopies spruit is impacted by acid mine drainage, which is expected to contribute to the low SASS5 score.

The Wonderfonteinspruit originates in Mogale City, crosses small sections of Randfontein and Westonaria and eventually transects Merafong. Active mining activities in the upper reaches of the Wonderfonteinspruit cause degradation of the water source. SASS5 analysis was done at two sampling points along the Wonderfonteinspruit, upstream and downstream of the Donaldson dam. The SASS5 score reduced from D (Fair) upstream of the Donaldson dam to F (Very poor) downstream of the Donaldson dam. The impacts along this river are therefore reflected by the SASS5 scores (du Toit, 2012). An Instream Habitat Assessment was conducted at both sampling points and were determined to have an IHAS score of D (Fair) (du Toit, 2012).

The Loopspruit is in Merafong flowing in a south-western direction. Three sample points were taken along this river and given SASS5 scores. One sample point was taken at Kraalkop and the other two were taken in the Loopspruit. A SASS5 score of D (Fair) was given to all three sample points (du Toit, 2012). The upstream instream habitat sample in the Loopspruit was C (Good) and this score dropped to a D (Fair) at the downstream sampling point of the Loopspruit and the Kraalkop sampling point (du Toit, 2012).

The Leeuspruit is in Westonaria flowing in a southern direction. Two sample points were taken along this river and given SASS5 scores. One sample point was taken at Kariega and the other was taken in the Leeuspruit. A SASS5 score of E/F (Poor/Very poor) was given at the Kariega sampling point, where mining impacts the river conditions. A SASS5 score of D/E (Fair/Poor) were given to the sample taken in the Leeuspruit (du Toit, 2012). The upstream instream habitat sample in the Loopspruit was C (Good) and this score dropped to a D (Fair) at the downstream sampling point of the Loopspruit and the Kraalkop sampling point (du Toit, 2012).

2.8 SOIL The majority of the WRDM is covered in freely drained structureless soils, which have favourable physical properties, but may have restricted soil depth, excessive drainage, high erodibility and low natural fertility. The soils in large sections of Mogale City Local Munciaplity have restricted development options, because of shallow soils on rocks, low base status, excessive drainage and erodiblity. Another soil class of undifferentiated shallow soils with restricted development options are found in Merafong Local Municipality and Westonaria Local Municipality. The southern section of WLM is dominated by structureless soils and clay with low depth, poor drainage and potential swell-shrink properties. Map 13 indicates the spatial arrangements of soil classes in the WRDM.

Approximately 5% of West Rand District has been classified as having a high to very high erosion

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013 hazard potential. Assuming an average soil loss from the high to very high erosion hazard potential categories of 60 tons/ha/annum equates to an annual soil loss of 74 436 tons. This excludes the 95% of the West Rand that falls into the moderate, low and very low categories, which also experience soil loss, although at a lower rate (WRDM, 2005). Without major impacts on slope length and land use this is unlikely to change dramatically in the WRDM since 2005.

Map 13: Soil Classes

2.9 TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY

2.9.1 Protected Areas The WRDM has a number of protected areas, however only one (the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site) is formally protected (Map 14): 1. The Walter Sisulu National Botanical Garden; 2. Abe Bailey Provincial Nature Reserve; 3. The Krugersdorp and Blougat Municipal Nature Reserves; 4. the Magaliesberg Protected Natural Environment (PNE); 5. the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site (WHS); 6. King Kloof, Rustig, John Nash and Plovers Lake Nature Reserves and Natural Heritage Sites; 7. Rhenosterspruit, Magaliesrivier, Hartebeesfontein Conservancies;

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8. Con Joubert Bird Sanctuary; and 9. The Hartebeeshoek Radio Astronomy Observatory.

Map 14: Protected Areas within the WRDM

The Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (GDARD) are also in the process of declaring a biosphere reserve for the Magaliesberg PNE and surrounding area (GDARD, 2012). A biosphere reserve is an area of terrestrial ecosystem which is internationally recognised within the framework of the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) Programme on Man and the Biosphere (MAB). A Biosphere represents an innovative and sustainable approach to managing land and water resources across landscapes made up on one or more biospheres with the aim of reducing biodiversity loss, improving livelihoods, enhancing social, economic and cultural conditions for environmental sustainability, and contributing towards environmental sustainability through the pursuit of the Millennium Development Goals. The biosphere consists of three areas: • The Core: comprises the Magaliesberg PNE where conservation, research and ecotourism activities are desired land use • The Buffer Zone: comprises undisturbed areas worthy of projection due to their generally high natural, visual and cultural quality and/or sensitivity. Land uses are not prescribed but land use change is assessed by a management authority/board based on a set of criteria • Flexible Transition area: comprises an area of cooperative land owners and other affected

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stakeholders who agree to work together to manage and develop the areas resources in a sustainable and environmentally friendly way.

2.9.2 Important Habitats The Gauteng Conservation Plan (C-Plan) (version 3) (GDARD, 2010a) identifies 64 600 ha of irreplaceable sites in the WRDM approximately 15.7% of the WRDM, this has substantially reduced to 8% in Version 3.3 released in 2011 (34 156 ha). Irreplaceable, important and ecological support sites together with the current protected areas are indicated in Map 15. The presence of red data species, ecological processes and sensitive vegetation all contribute to defining an irreplaceable and important site. This information is utilised within the province as a planning tool to assist decision making at the EIA level and is listed in terms of Listed Notice 3 Activities under regulations GN R 546 as a sensitive area.

Map 15: Provincial Conservation Plan within the WRDM

It is expected that approximately 78% of the threatened taxa within Gauteng occur within some sort of conservation area. However, only 16% of biodiversity is adequately protected in the province and 20% is not protected at all (GDACE, 2003a). It is thus important to conserve particular habitats and ecosystems for the survival of species and species diversity and to provide for important linkages between these areas to prevent isolating communities.

The WRDM falls within priority areas identified in the National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment

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(NSBA) (SANBI 2004), and is home to a high percentage of rare and threatened species and threatened ecosystems. The WRDM is therefore in the process of developing a bioregional plan with support from SANBI (WRDM, 2012). This information provides more detail in terms of the GDARD C- Plan for the West Rand. The purpose of a bioregional plan is to inform land-use planning, environmental assessment and authorisations, and natural resource management, by a range of sectors whose policies and decisions impact on biodiversity. This is done by providing a map of biodiversity priority areas, referred to as Critical Biodiversity Areas and Ecological Support Areas (Map 16), with accompanying land-use planning and decision-making guidelines.

Map 16: The WRDM Bioregional Plan

2.9.2.1 Vegetation Diversity The WRDM incorporates 11 vegetation types classified by Mucina & Rutherford (2006) (Map 17): • Soweto Highveld Grassland: The Soweto Highveld Grassland supports short to medium- high, dense, tufted grassland dominated by Themeda triandra. Other grass species include Elionurus muticus, Eragrostis racemosa, Heteropogon contortus and Tristachya leucothrix. The Soweto Highveld Grassland is classified by Mucina and Rutherford (2006) as Endangered. Very little of the conservation target of 24% is formally conserved in South Africa (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006). The WRDM incorporates a total of 61 246.22 ha of Soweto Highveld Grassland of which 874.56 ha is protected (1.4%). • Eastern Temperate Freshwater Wetlands: The Eastern Temperate Freshwater Wetlands are temporarily filled with water and support a zoned system of aquatic and hygrophilous

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vegetation of temporarily flooded grasslands and ephemeral herblands. Of the Eastern Temperate Freshwater Wetlands only 5% of the targeted 24% are formally conserved in southern Africa (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006). The WRDM incorporates a total of 1 032.35 ha of Eastern Temperate Freshwater Wetlands of which none are conserved. • Carletonville Dolomite Grassland: The Carletonville Dolomite Grassland is in North-West and Gauteng Provinces. The landscape is characterised by slightly undulating plains and is dissected by rocky chert ridges. The geology is mostly dolomites and chert of the Malmani Subgroup. According to Mucina and Rutherford (2006), the conservation status of this vegetation type is Vulnerable. Very little of the conservation target of 24% are formally conserved in South Africa (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006). The WRDM incorporates a total of 149 678.95 ha of Carletonville Dolomite Grassland of which 27 719.81 ha are protected (18.5%). • Egoli Granite Grassland: The Egoli Granite Grassland occurs on moderately undulating plains and low hills supporting tall, usually Hyparrhenia hirta-dominated grasslands, with some woody species on rocky outcrops or rock sheets. The rocky habitat shows a high diversity of woody species, occurring in the form of scattered shrub groups or solitary small trees. This grassland type is formally classified as an Endangered and approximately 3% of the provincial conservation target is 24% is conserved in southern Africa (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006). The WRDM incorporates a total of 18 374.8 ha km2 of the Egoli Granite Grassland of which 443.96 ha are protected in conservancies and 4 620.57 ha are formally protected (27.5%). • Andesite Mountain Bushveld: The Andesite Mountain Bushveld occurs in the Gauteng, Mpumalanga and Free State Provinces and is characterised by dense, medium to tall thorny Bushveld. A well-developed grass layer usually occurs on hill slopes and landscapes are undulating with valleys. This vegetation type normally occurs on Tholeitic basalt of the Kliprivierberg Group and also on dark shale, micaceous sandstone and siltstone and thin coal seams of the Madzaringwe Formation. The conservation status of this vegetation type is classified by Mucina and Rutherford (2006) as Least Threatened. Only about 7% of the targeted 24% of this vegetation type is formally conserved in Southern Africa (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006). The WRDM incorporates a total of 10 882.56 ha of the Andesite Mountain Bushveld of which 6 212.01 ha are formally protected (57%). • Gauteng Shale Mountain Bushveld: The Gauteng Shale Mountain Bushveld occurs in the Gauteng and North-West Provinces. The landscape of this vegetation type is characterised by low broken ridges with varied steepness and a high surface rock cover. The vegetation is short, less that 6m tall, and is a semi-open thicket dominated by woody species. Interspersed with the trees there are a variety of grasses. The geology of the vegetation type is dominated by shale and some coarser clastic sediments as well as significant andesite. The soils are normally shallow Mispah. The Gauteng Shale Mountain Bushveld has a conservation status of Vulnerable and less than 1% of the targeted 24% are formally conserved in Southern Africa (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006). The WRDM incorporates a total of 56 778.37 ha of the Gauteng Shale Mountain Bushveld of which 956.84 ha are protected

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in conservancies and 1 856.81 ha are formally protected (4.9%). • Waterberg – Magaliesberg Summit Sourveld: The Waterberg – Magaliesberg Summit Sourveld is in the grassland biome and occurs in the Limpopo and North-West Provinces marginally in Gauteng. The landscape of this vegetation type is characterised by higher slopes and summit positions such as crests, steep rocky scarps and cliff faces, which is covered by grasslands. The geology is clastic sedimentary sandstone, quartzite, conglomerate or shale of the Kransberg Subgroup (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006). According to Mucina and Rutherford (2006), the conservation status of this vegetation type is Least Threatened with the 24% conservation target already achieved in southern Africa. Of the 489.27 ha of this vegetation type present in the WRDM 100% are protected. • Gold Reef Mountain Bushveld: The Gold Reef Mountain Bushveld has a landscape characterised by rocky hills and ridges that are often west-east trending. The south-facing slopes of these ridges mostly support dense woody vegetation. Elsewhere the tree cover is variable. The geology of this vegetation type is dominated by quartzites, conglomerates and some shale horizons of the Magaliesberg Daspoort and Silverton formations. Aloe peglerae and Frithia pulchra are two endemic species in this vegetation type (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006). According to Mucina and Rutherford (2006) the conservation status of the Gold Reed Mountain Bushveld is Least Threatened. In southern Africa 22% of the targeted 24% are formally conserved. The WRDM incorporates a total of 14 447.52 ha of the Gold Reef Mountain Bushveld of which 4 700.03 ha are protected (32.5%). • Moot Plains Bushveld: The Moot Plains Bushveld is distributed in the North-West and Gauteng Provinces. It is characterised by low, often thorny savannah. A variety of Acacia species are found on the plains and the herbaceous layer is dominated by grasses. This vegetation type is underlain by clastic sediments, some carbonates and volcanics and Malmani dolomites. The soils are often stony with colluvial clay-loam. According to Mucina and Rutherford (2006) the conservation status of the Moot Plains Bushveld is Vulnerable. In southern Africa 13% of the targeted 19% are formally conserved (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006). The WRDM incorporates a total of 30 942 ha of the Moot Plains Bushveld of which 324.33 ha are protected in conservancies and 5 806.67 ha are formally protected (19.8%). • Rand Highveld Grassland: The landscape is highly varied with extensive sloping plains and a series of ridges. The vegetation of the vegetation type is species rich (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006). The Rand Highveld Grassland is an Endangered vegetation types with only 1% of the targeted 24% percent conserved (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006). The WRDM incorporates a total of 62 962.94 ha of the Rand Highveld Grassland of which none are protected. • Northern Afrotemperate Forest: is a relatively species poor forest vegetation type found in small patches in kloofs. The soils are normally swallow and acidic on sandstones of the Karoo Supergroup. The Northern Afrotemperate Forest is Least Threatened with about 30% of the conservation target of 31% being formally conserved. The WRDM incorporates a total of 0.56 ha of the Northern Afrotemperate Forest of which 0.55 ha are protected (98%).

Approximately 70% of Grasslands in South Africa have been transformed and those natural grassland

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013 areas remaining are highly fragmented. In Gauteng, 36% of Rand Highveld Grassland, 41% of Carletonville Dolomite Grassland and 50% of Soweto Highveld Grassland has been transformed (GDACE, 2003a).

Map 18 provides a synthesis of these vegetation types in terms of their conservation status (i.e. endangered, threatened and least threatened) (SANBI, 2012).

Map 17: Vegetation types in the WRDM

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Map 18: Ecological status of Vegetation types in the WRDM

2.9.2.2 Ridges Ridges are known for the high biodiversity they support due to their high spatial heterogeneity and they often provide important migratory corridors along which animal and plant species can migrate. Table 2-3 indicates the cover of different classes of ridges in the WRDM as per the Gauteng Conservation Plan (GDARD, 2011a) as well as the percentage of these ridges that are under formal conservation (Map 8). Class 1 ridges are considered to be extremely important sites and have been allocated a 200m buffer from development to maintain their fairly undisturbed nature.

Table 2-3: Ridge classes in the WRDM Ridge sensitivity Ridges protected in WRDM (ha) Total ridges in WRDM (ha) Percentage Protected

Class 1 147.8410 16077.2180 1 Class 2 10214.6170 53788.3350 19 Class 3 2138.6740 8376.5340 25.5 Class 4 0.3110 2102.5110 0.02

2.9.2.3 Wetlands Wetlands are defined by the National Water Act (Act No 36 of 1998) as land which is transitional

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013 between terrestrial and aquatic systems where the water table is usually at or near the surface, or land that is periodically covered with shallow water and which, in normal circumstances, supports or would support vegetation typically adapted to life in saturated soil. Wetlands are extremely important ecosystems as they support a high biodiversity and also perform important ecological functions such as water purification, flood attenuation, sediment and nutrient retention, carbon sinks, tourism potential, and stream flow regulation (Kotze, Marneweck, Batchelor, Lindley, & Collins, 2008). At a global scale wetlands provide us with services worth US$15 trillion per annum (according to the United Nations Millennium Ecosystem Assessment).

The Gauteng C-Plan (GDARD, 2011a) has identified 3 960.43 ha of important wetlands in the WRDM. Of these wetlands only 2.7% is currently under formal conservation (Map 19). Map 20 illustrates the various types of wetlands within the WRDM and all other surface water resources.

Map 19: Wetlands in the WRDM

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Map 20: Wetlands types in the WRDM

2.9.3 Species Diversity 2.9.3.1 Endemic species Endemic species are plant and animal species that are restricted to a certain geographical area due to their specific habitat requirements, and are thus particularly sensitive to anthropogenic threats and their survival is solely the responsibility of that region to protect them from extinction (WRDM, 2005). PRECIS information indicates that there are three plant species endemic to the WRDM. These species include (SANBI, 2010): • Erica alopecurus Harv. var. glabriflora Bolus • Lepidium mossii Thell. • Lessertia mossii R.G.N.Young

There are 11 endemic/near endemic invertebrate species found in the WRDM (Table 2-4) confirmed by Mr. Graham Henning from P. Roos & G. Henning CC (Henning, 2010).

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Table 2-4: Near Endemic Invertebrates occurring in West Rand (Henning, 2010) Municipality Red data Rare Mogale City and COH Metisella meninx Opistophthalmus pugnax, Trichocephala brincki Hadogenes gunningi Randfontein Aloeides dentatis dentatis, Hadogenes gunningi; Harpactira Metisella meninx, Lepidochrysops hamiltoni; Ichnestoma stobbiai; praeterita Opistophthalmus pugnax Westonaria Lepidochrysops praeterita Homostola pardalina, Pycnacantha tribulus, Opistophthalmus pugnax Merafong Lepidochrysops praeterita, None Platylesches dolomitica

There are no mammal, bird, reptile or amphibian species endemic to Gauteng (GDACE, 2003).

2.9.3.2 Red Data species per taxonomic group Red Data Listed (RDL) species information for each Quarter Degree Square (QDS) incorporated in the WRDM was obtained from the Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (GDARD, 2010b). The species recorded in the relevant QDS are indicated in Table 2-5 and have a potential distribution in the WRDM.

Table 2-5: Red Data Listed Species with a potential distribution in the WRDM (GDARD, 2010) Red Data Plants Red Data Mammals Red Data Red Data Birds Red Data Invertebrates Herpetofauna Aloe peglerae Atelerix frontalis Ichnestoma Alcedo Homoroselaps Andromischus (Southern African stobbiai semitorquata (Half- dorsalis (Striped umbraticola subsp. hedgehog) (Stobbia’s fruit collared finfoot) Harlequin umbraticola Miniopterus chafer beetle) Anthropoides Snake) Bowiea volubilis subsp. schreibersii Lepidochrysops paradiseus (Blue Pyxicephalus volubilis (Schreiber’s long- praeterita Crane) adspersus Boophane disticha fingered bat ) (Highveld blue Circus ranivorus (Giant bullfrog) Brachycorythis conica Myotis tricolor butterfly) (African Marsh subsp. transvaalensis (Temminck’s hairy bat) Harrier) Callilepis leptophylla Mystromys Eupodotis Cineraria albicaudatus (White- senegalensis austrotransvaalensis tailed rat ) (White-bellied Cineraria longipes Rhinolophus blasii korhaan) Cheilanthes deltoidea (Peak saddle Falco biarmicus subsp. nov. Gauteng (Blasius’s) horseshoe (Lanner Falcon ) form bat ) Falco naumanni Cleome conrathii Rhinolophus clivosus (Lesser kestrel) Delosperma leendertziae (Geoffroy’s horseshoe Glareola nordmanni Dioscorea sylvatica bat ) (Black winged Drimia sanguinea Rhinolophus pratincole)

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Red Data Plants Red Data Mammals Red Data Red Data Birds Red Data Invertebrates Herpetofauna Eucomis autumnalis hildebrandtii Gyps coprotheres subsp. clavata (Hildebrandt’s (Cape vulture) Gunnera perpensa horseshoe bat) Mirafra cheiana Habenaria barbertoni (Melodius lark) Habenaria kraenzliniana Mycteria ibis Habenaria mossii (Yellow billed Stork) Holothrix randii Phoenicopterus Hypoxis hemerocallidea minor (Lesser Ilex mitis var. mitis flamingo) Khadia beswickii Phoenicopterus Kniphofia typhoides ruber (Greater Lepidium mossii flamingo) Lithops lesliei subsp. Podica senegalensis lesliei var. rubrobrunnea (African finfoot) Melolobium subspicatum Polemaetus Prunus africana bellicosus (Martial Trachyandra eagle) erythrorrhiza Rostratula benghalensis (Greater Painted Snipe) Sagittarius serpentarius (Secretary bird) Tyto capensis (Grass owl)

2.9.4 Natural Areas Remaining Based on the SANBI 2009 land cover dataset, 62% of the MLM, 41.7% of the MCLM, 35.2% of the WLM and 26.2% of the RLM is still natural (Map 16). This totals to 63% for the WRDM that remains natural and 37% which is transformed. Cultivation accounts for 28% of the 37% transformed land, while urbanisation accounts for 6% and the remaining 3% by mining.

2.9.5 Alien Invasion

The Southern African Plant Invaders Atlas (SAPIA) Database (ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute) provided alien species lists for the WRDM (Henderson, 2007) (Map 21).

Table 2-6 presents these species under the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act’s (CARA) categories of declared weeds and invasive plants (Regulation 15).

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Table 2-6: Invader plant species in WRDM classified according to the CARA categories of declared weeds and invasive plants (Henderson, 2007 & Ross, 2009). Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Unclassified Acacia longifolia Acacia dealbata Acacia baileyana Canna X generalis Achyranthes aspera Acacia decurrens Acacia elata Colocasia esculenta Anredera cordifolia Acacia mearnsii Acacia podalyriifolia Cosmos bipinnatus Araujia sericifera Acacia melanoxylon Ailanthus altissima Crotalaria agatiflora Argemone ochroleuca Agave americana Grevillea robusta Cylindropuntia Arundo donax Agave sissilana Ipomoea purpurea imbricata Azolla filiculoides Eucalyptus Jacaranda mimosifolia Ficus carica Bryophyllum delagoense camaldulensis Melia azedarach Helianthus annuus Campuloclinium Eucalyptus sp. Morus alba Melilotus alba macrocephalum Gleditsia triacanthos Pyracantha Mirabilis jalapa Canna indica Pinus patula angustifolia Oenothera jamesii Cereus jamacaru Pinus roxburghii Tipuana tipu Opuntia robusta Cestrum parqui Populus alba/canescens Prunus armeniaca Cirsium vulgare Populus x canescens Prunus persica Cortaderia jubata Populus deltoides Pyracantha sp. Datura stramonium Ricinus communis Sambucus sp. Elodea canadensis Robinia pseudoacacia Senna corymbosa Nicotiana glauca Salix babylonica Tagetes minuta Opuntia ficus-indica Salix fragilis Ulmus parvifolia Opuntia stricta Sorghum halepense Verbena bonariensis Sesbania punicea Wigandia urens Solanum mauritianus Zinnia peruviana Solanum sisymbriifolium Tecoma stans

The destruction of ecosystem functioning leads to a loss of species diversity and ultimately the natural goods and services humans depend on. GDARD C-Plan has identified key areas that need conservation attention in the province (GDARD, 2011a). Areas of a suitable size and sufficient connectivity to facilitate migration of the species must be determined. These areas with a suitable buffer zone should then be proclaimed as Protected Areas or Nature Reserves. The conservation, management and monitoring can be economically supported through low impact eco-tourism.

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Map 21: Alien Vegetation areas of concern in the WRDM

2.9.6 Important Ecological Processes The WRDM supports a range of ecological processes which are critical for ensuring long term persistence of biodiversity and the delivery of ecosystem services, especially in the context of climate change (WRDM, 2012). Key ecological process issues include: • Hydrological processes: Hydrological changes in the Witwatersrand can impact much of the country through downstream impacts on the Vaal and Crocodile River systems. Dolomite and wetland systems play a major role in controlling the hydrology of the region. Climate change impacts are likely to increase the value of maintaining intact or at least functioning hydrological systems.

• Climate change mitigation: Forest, woodland, wetland, and even grassland systems, play an important role in carbon sequestration and protection of remaining intact areas of natural habitat is a priority. Protecting sufficient intact habitat is thus important for minimizing the long term magnitude of climate change events. Although the role of the region is small in a global context, it is important that all areas contribute to climate change mitigation.

• Climate change adaptation: Ecological process issues important for climate change adaptation include -

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o Corridors and connectivity: The high levels of development of the grassland biome in general, and the Gauteng province in particular, strongly restrict connectivity of ecosystems at a national level. Gauteng can be seen as a key bottleneck or restriction in west-east connectivity, which can impact on the long term survival of a range of species and ecosystems in the context of on-going climate change. Maintaining connectivity is critical for long term persistence of biodiversity in the face of on-going climate change, and represents the major contribution which the Bioregion can make to facilitating climate change adaptation within the Gauteng Province and South Africa as a whole. o Climate change refugia and high diversity areas: high value areas exist because of the relatively large topographic and geological diversity of the region. These areas require protection within a Bioregional Plan and are critical for ensuring the long term persistence of both species and ecosystems, as they include both the ecological gradients required to allow species and habitats to adjust to climate change impacts and are likely to include refuge areas. In addition, ridges and higher altitude areas are important. o Areas for minimizing climate change impacts on society: Climate change is likely to result in significant increases in climate variability. In the urban context, perhaps the most important consequence is an increase in the likelihood of extreme flood events. Protection of intact natural habitat (especially wetlands, floodplains and intact riparian habitat) is extremely important for reducing the magnitude of flood events as these areas play an important role in regulating hydrological processes such as storm runoff. In addition, these areas (especially floodplains) are extremely high risk for communities living in these areas, and ensuring that development is avoided where possible in high risk areas will reduce the long term impact of climate change particularly on poor communities.

2.10 CULTURAL HERITAGE A cultural resource may be a tangible entity or a cultural practice. Collectively, cultural resources make up cultural heritage, which constitutes the basic record of past human activities.

According to Article 3.(1) of the National Heritage Resource Act (Act No. 25 of 1999), the heritage resources of South Africa that are of cultural significance or hold other special values for the present community and for future generations must be considered part of the national estate and fall within the sphere of operations of heritage resources authorities.

There are 15 SAHRA registered cultural heritage sites within the WRDM, of which the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site (CoH WHS) is the best known. However, based on specialist research a vast number of unregistered sites exist (Map 22). The attributes of cultural resources are, without

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013 exception, non-renewable and contain their maximum significance in their place of origin. The protection and proper management of cultural resources is thus for the benefit of present and future generations. Cultural Heritage Sites will have different values for different people depending on their background. Thus, it is key that for this process a rating is not applied to the value of heritage sites and that each is treated respectfully and provided the protection that it deserves.

Representative sites from all periods of the past, i.e. Stone Age, Iron Age and the historic period, have been found in the WRDM (refer to Appendix 3 for details). Thus, it can be assumed that other, not yet discovered sites, from all periods of the past are possible in the WRDM.

Early hominids have inhabited the area since early Pliocene times, but it was only from about 2,5 million years ago that they started to produce stone tools, effectively beginning the Early Stone Age (ESA). Tools dating to this period are mostly, although not exclusively, found in the vicinity of watercourses. In the Middle Stone Age (MSA) times (c. 150 000 - 30 000 BP) people became more mobile and started occupying areas that they had previously avoided. Open sites near watercourses were still preferred. Late Stone Age (LSA) people had even more advanced technology than the MSA people and therefore succeeded in occupying even more diverse habitats. Also, for the first time we now have evidence of people’s activities derived from material other than stone tools. Ostrich eggshell beads, ground bone arrowheads, small bored stones and wood fragments with incised markings are traditionally linked with the LSA.

Iron Age people started to settle in southern Africa circa AD 300. Having only had cereals (sorghum and millet) that needed summer rainfall, Early Iron Age people did not move outside of this rainfall zone, and did not occupy the central interior highveld area (Huffman 1993). The occupation in the WRDM by Iron Age communities did not start much before the 1500s. This was also a period of great military tension and, as a result Tswana people concentrated into large towns for defensive purposes. Originally the trekkers who settled in the WRDM area occupied themselves with farming. After the discovery of gold on the Witwatersrand, exploration also started in the WRDM.

The Cradle of Humankind (CoH) is the most important heritage feature in the WRDM. The CoH also has a small extension into the neighbouring North-West Province. It covers 47 000 hectares and extends approximately between Oaktree, Hekpoort, Broederstroom and Lanseria. The majority of the land is privately owned. The CoH was declared a world heritage site in 1999 (WRDM, 2011a). The Cradle of Humankind Site incorporates numerous dolomitic limestone caves, which was formed as coral reefs growing in a warm shallow sea about 2.3 billion years ago. The dolomites contain fossillised remains of ancient forms of animals, plants and early hominids (WRDM, 2011a). The Fossil Hominid Sites of Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai and surrounding areas, which forms 10% of the site, are located in the North West Province. These sites have produced abundant scientific information on the evolution of the human being over the past 3.5 million years. Three million years of human activity have taken place in and around the Cradle, including man's earliest known practicing of fire (WRDM, 2011a). These and other important sites in terms of heritage are discussed

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013 below:

Sterkfontein Caves are located within the Isaac Edwin Stegmann Reserve about 10 km from Krugersdorp. The Stegmann family donated these caves to the University of Witwatersrand. There are thirteen excavated fossil sites in the CoH of which the Sterkfontein Cave is the most famous (WRDM, 2011a).

Swartkrans is located about 1.5km north-west of the Sterkfontein Caves and is owned by the University of the Witwatersrand (WRDM, 2011a).

Minnaars is located approximately 1.1 km to the north-west of the Kromdraai store on a steep hillside overlooking the Bloubankspruit (WRDM, 2011a).

Plover’s Lake is located north-east of the Sterkfontein Caves, approximately 2.5km from the Kromdraai -Broederstroom road (WRDM, 2011a).

The Wonder Cave is located about 2.5 km from the Kromdraai. This is an extensive cave chamber with a volume of 46 000 m. It is speculated to be 2.2 million years old (WRDM, 2011a).

Drimolen is located 1.6 km to the west of the Wonder Cave. It is one of the fossil hominid sites that was discovered most recently, and is the third richest fossil hominid site (WRDM, 2011a).

Kromdraai is situated about 1.5 km north of the Sterkfontein caves. It is known as the place where Paranthropus robustus was first discovered which is a more robust line of hominid that existed between 2-1 million years ago in South Africa (WRDM, 2011a).

Bolt’s farm consists of a series of lime quarries some 2.5 km south-west of Sterkfontein Caves. Fossils of elephant, pig, antelope, saber-toothed cat and rodents were discovered in these caves (WRDM, 2011a).

Coopers B is situated about 1.25 km from Sterkfonteln Caves. A molar tooth was found on this site (WRDM, 2011a).

Gladysvale is located in the John Nash Nature Reserve and includes three underground caves and a considerable volume of breccia (WRDM, 2011a).

Haasgat is situated about 5 km from the Hartbeeshoek-Broederstroom road. Early lime mining caused part of the roof to collapse. The pieces of breccia yielded a significant faunal sample, although the bone concentration is not high (WRDM, 2011a).

A lack of awareness of cultural heritage is resulting in the loss of sites due to development, thereby

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013 reducing the tourism potential and associated socio-economic aspects. Furthermore, heritage sites are often found in sensitive environments (close to water courses, in caves, etc.). Thus, by protecting our cultural heritage, our natural heritage will also be afforded protection.

Map 22: Cultural Heritage Site in the WRDM

2.11 AIR QUALITY According to the Emissions Inventory for the WRDM (WRDM, 2011b) Air emissions are the quantity of a substance, measured as mass of substance per time unit, released into the atmosphere from a source. Sources of air emissions include industrial facilities, transportation, home heating, agriculture, forest fires and many others.

The primary focus of the emission inventory will be on the following criteria pollutants:

• Sulphur dioxide (SO2)

• Nitrogen oxides (NOx) • Carbon monoxide (CO)

• Particulate matter (PM, PM10) • Lead (Pb)

The emission sources in the WRDM are grouped into three main emission types based on their characteristics, namely, point, mobile and area sources. Point sources are sub-divided into the two

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013 categories of listed activities, i.e., large industries regulated by the National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act (Act 39 of 2004) (AQA), and smaller industrial processes with boilers. Due to the absence of credible information on agricultural activities in the WRDM, this source was excluded from the air emissions study. However, the prescribed burning of crops is covered as part of biomass burning.

2.11.1 Listed activities and small industrial processes

Combustion devices found in industries are key emitters of criteria pollutants (SO2, NOx, CO and PM10) and toxic air pollutants such as benzene, toluene and xylene. The following table provides a summary per local municipality.

Table 2-7: Breakdown of industrial emission rates per local municipality in the WRDM (ton/day)

Local Municipality SO2 NOx CO PM10 VOC Benzene Lead Mogale City 3.111 2.449 383.680 2.190 0.013 0.001 0.030 Randfontein 1.184 0.297 0.194 0.530 1.492 0.017 0 Westonaria 0.626 0.119 0.078 11.577 0.001 0 0 Merafong 0 0 0 0.004 0 0 0 Total 4.921 2.864 383.952 14.297 1.506 0.017 0.030

The largest industrial source of SO2 emissions is Mogale Alloys at 2.27 ton/day. Its contribution to total SO2 emissions exceeds 46%, implying that significant reductions in industrial SO2 emissions in the WRDM could be achieved by focussing reduction efforts solely on Mogale Alloys. The other industries that have recorded notable SO2 emissions are the Foodcorp Grocery Division and West

End Clay Brick. Emissions of NOx from industries in the WRDM are also low at 2.86 ton/day.

The local municipality that produces the largest quantity of industrial emissions is Mogale City.

However, it is interesting to note that the highest emissions of PM10 are from Westonaria. This is primarily due to the many mining operations taking place there.

2.11.2 Motor vehicles A motor vehicle is defined as an on-road vehicle that derives its power for propulsion from the combustion of fossil fuel. The most common types of motor vehicles that operate in the WRDM are cars, vans (light-duty vehicles), buses and trucks (heavy-duty vehicles). Cars are fuelled by both diesel and petrol (gasoline), whereas trucks are only fuelled by diesel. Pollution from vehicles arises from the by-products of the combustion process (emitted via the exhaust system), from evaporation of the fuel itself from the fuel tank and from brakes and tyre wear. The pollutants produced include

SO2, NOx, CO, PM10, VOC and lead.

Motor vehicle emissions were estimated by using the Tier 1 approach proposed by the European Environmental Agency (EEA). The key types of data required for this approach are fuel sales data and emission factors. Fuel sales data was sourced from the Department of Energy, which collates fuel sales data for the oil companies. Data was available for all the local municipalities with the exception

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013 of Merafong. Emission factors were sourced from the EEA.

The total emissions estimated from motor vehicles are presented below in Table 2-8.

Table 2-8: Breakdown of motor vehicle emission rates per local municipality in the WRDM (ton/day)

Local SO2 NOx CO PM10 VOC Lead Municipality Mogale City 0.143 5.329 27.278 0.341 2.977 0.000 Randfontein 0.046 1.911 11.228 0.099 1.215 0.000 Westonaria 0.042 1.742 10.243 0.090 1.108 0.000 Total 0.231 8.982 48.749 0.530 5.300 0.000

The largest quantity of motor vehicle emissions are from Mogale City, followed by Randfontein and Westonaria. Motor vehicle emissions in Mogale City, on average, make up approximately 60% of total motor vehicle emissions in the WRDM. With respect to individual pollutants, the pollutant emitted in the greatest quantity from motor vehicles in the WRDM is CO at 48.749 ton/day. This is followed by NOx at 8.982 ton/day and VOC at 5.3 ton/day. The largest source of VOC is gasoline- fuelled passenger cars. PM10 from diesel engines is considered to be one of the most dangerous pollutants from motor vehicles with regard to human health. PM10 emissions from motor vehicles in the WRDM are estimated to be 0.53 ton/day or 193 558 kg/year. The largest source of PM10 emissions is high-sulphur diesel and consequently light-duty trucks and heavy-duty vehicles (trucks and buses). Due to the phase-out of lead from fuels, total lead emissions from motor vehicles in the WRDM are low at 5 kg/year.

2.11.3 Tailings dams Tailings are the residue of the milling process used to extract valuable metals from mined ores. There are currently approximately 52 active and inactive tailings dams in the West Rand District Municipalities owned by the various gold mines located in the areas. A total of 14 tailings dams were identified in Mogale City, 2 in Randfontein, 11 in Westonaria and 23 in Merafong.

Tailings dams are examples of open areas that provide substantially large un-vegetated areas that are exposed to wind erosion. They are a major source of dust and particulate emissions. The estimation of particulate emissions is based on the USEPA methodology for wind erosion of open aggregate storage piles and exposed areas in industrial facilities provided in Chapter 13 of the USEPA 42 (USEPA, 2006). The total estimated emissions from tailings dams are presented in Table 2-9.

Table 2-9: Breakdown of tailings dam emission rates per local municipality in the WRDM

Local Municipality PM Emission Rate (kg/an) PM Emission Rate (ton/day) % of Total Mogale City 1 797 629 4.92 10.95 Randfontein 1 925 291 5.28 11.75 Westonaria 3 956 869 10.83 24.10 Merafong 7 734 055 21.21 47.21 Total 16 467 289 42.24

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The local municipality that emits the largest quantity of PM emissions from tailings dams is Merafong at 21.21 ton/day, which is also the municipality with the greatest number of tailings dams. More than 47% of all PM emissions from tailings dams are emitted from Merafong. Significant quantities of emissions also originate from Westonaria, where many tailings dams are also located.

Since there is no information on what proportion of the PM consists of PM10, it is assumed that all

PM is PM10 which is representative of a worst-case scenario.

2.11.4 Domestic burning The three primary application categories relating to domestic fuel burning are cooking, lighting and space heating. The primary fuels used in South Africa for domestic purposes are coal, paraffin, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and wood. Domestic use of fuels is restricted largely to informal, low- income and densely populated settlements. The combustion of these fuels is a significant source of air pollution, especially during winter. The impact on air quality from residential fire emissions is fairly significant, considering that the release of pollutants occurs close to ground level at relatively low temperatures.

Domestic coal burning contributes to the emission of PM10, SO2, NOx, CO and benzene. The emission factor approach was used to estimate emissions from domestic burning. Data was sourced on the number of households in the WRDM, the consumption of fuels by these households and emission factors for the various fuels burned in households. The estimated emissions from domestic burning are presented in the table below.

Table 2-10: Breakdown of domestic burning emission rates per local municipality in the WRDM (ton/day)

Local Municipality SO2 NOx CO PM10 VOC Benzene Mogale City 0.087 0.011 0.781 0.019 0.023 0.000 Randfontein 0.040 0.005 0.339 0.007 0.008 0.000 Westonaria 0.068 0.009 0.536 0.010 0.012 0.000 Merafong 0.001 0.000 0.009 0.000 0.000 0.000 Total 0.196 0.025 1.665 0.036 0.044 0.000

Emissions of all pollutants, with the exception of benzene, can be described as significant. The combustion of coal and paraffin results in high emissions of SO2 due to the high sulphur content in these fuels. The local municipality that produces the largest quantity of emissions from domestic burning is Mogale City. This is directly attributable to the high number of households in Mogale City that use coal for cooking and space heating. Westonaria is the municipality that produces the second highest quantity of emissions. Westonaria is the local municipality where the consumption of paraffin is the greatest. A high number of households use paraffin in Mogale City for cooking, lighting and space heating.

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2.11.5 Biomass burning Biomass burning is generally categorised into wildfires and prescribed (controlled) burning. A wildfire is a large-scale natural combustion process that consumes various ages, sizes, and types of flora growing outdoors in a geographical area. Consequently, wildfires are potential sources of large amounts of air pollutants. Prescribed burning activities include fires that are intentionally started for a variety of reasons such as fuel reduction for wildfire prevention, regeneration after logging operations, ecosystem maintenance, land clearing, and agricultural land management. Emissions of PM, CO, NOx and VOC from wildfires are estimated by using the emission factor approach. Emissions of SO2 from biomass burning are considered to be negligible.

The emission factor method requires data on the area burned (in hectares) by a fire and fuel loading (mass of forest fuel/unit land area burned). Data on area burned was sourced from the Meraka Institute that uses satellite remote sensing techniques to identify burned areas. For this study, their analyses of burned area consisted of a spatial overlay with aggregation, performed in a spatial relational database.

The total burned area for 2011 was 782.6 km2 representing 20% of the total area of the WRDM. A total of 3 651 fires occurred in 2011, meaning that there were approximately 10 fires in a day in the WRDM. The highest number of fires for both 2010 and 2011 occurred in Merafong, by a significant margin. The lowest number of fires occurred in Randfontein. The results of the estimation of emissions from biomass burning are presented below in Table 2-11.

Table 2-11: Breakdown of biomass burning emission rates per local municipality in the WRDM (ton/day)

Local Municipality NOx CO PM10 VOC Mogale City 3.638 127.802 10.856 21.923 Merafong City 7.740 271.913 23.097 46.643 Randfontein 1.763 61.941 5.261 10.625 Westonaria 3.156 110.866 9.417 19.018 Total 16.297 572.522 48.632 98.208

The total emissions from biomass burning can be described as significant. This is primarily due to the high number of fires that occur in the district municipality. Significant quantities of all pollutants are emitted into the atmosphere from biomass burning. The pollutant emitted in the highest quantity if CO at 572.522 ton/day. There are also significant quantities of VOC and PM emitted at 98.208 ton/day and 48.632 ton/day, respectively. In line with the highest number of fires there, the highest quantity of emissions as a result of biomass burning is in Merafong.

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2.11.6 Total emissions Total emissions of all pollutants from all sources in the WRDM are presented below in Table 2-12.

Table 2-12: Breakdown of all emissions from all sources in the WRDM (ton/day)

Sources SO2 NOx CO PM10 VOC Benzene Lead Industries 4.921 2.864 383.952 14.297 1.506 0.017 0.030 Motor vehicles 0.231 8.982 48.749 0.530 5.300 - 0.000 Domestic burning 0.196 0.025 1.665 0.036 0.044 0.000 - Tailings dams - - - 42.24 - - - Biomass burning 16.297 572.522 48.632 98.208 Total 5.348 28.167 1 006.889 105.736 105.05 0.017 0.030 8

The emission rates contained in the above tables provide useful information on which sources to focus when developing emission reduction initiatives. A total of 5.348 ton/day of SO2 are emitted in the WRDM. Industries are the most significant contributor to this total (>92.0%), due mainly to the combustion of coal.

A total of 28.167 ton/day of NOx emissions are produced in the WRDM, approximately 5 times more than SO2. The largest producer of NOx emissions is from biomass burning. Wildfires and prescribed burning activities cause nitrogen to be oxidised to NOx. The other notable sources of NOx emissions are motor vehicles.

A total of 1 006.889 ton/day of CO emissions are produced, however, this does not necessarily mean that CO will pose a greater danger to the health and well-being of residents in the WRDM than SO2 of NOx. CO normally causes negative health impacts at high concentrations, whereas SO2 and NOx cause negative health impacts at much lower concentrations. The two most significant sources of CO emissions are biomass burning and industries at 572.522 ton/day and 383.952 ton/day, respectively.

PM10 emissions are produced by all sources identified in this study. PM10 is recognised as a pollutant of great concern across the world due to its high prevalence and negative health impacts. The total quantity of PM10 emitted in the WRDM was estimated at 105.736 ton/day. Biomass burning (48.632 ton/day) and the tailings dams (42.24 ton/day) have been identified as the major sources of PM10 emissions in the WRDM. Industries are also responsible for a significant PM10 emissions rate of 14.297 ton/day.

VOCs consist of a range of organic pollutants that react photo-chemically with NOx in the presence of sunlight to form ozone (O3), one of the 6 criteria pollutants and known to have negative health impacts. The most notable source of VOCs is biomass burning at 98.208 ton/day. Emissions of one of the compounds classified as a VOC, namely, benzene, was estimated separately in the study. Benzene emissions from the petrochemical storage depot in Tarlton have been estimated at

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6 306 kg/year. Lead emissions originate from Castle Lead Works (11 031 kg/year) and motor vehicles (5 kg/year). The low quantity of lead emissions from motor vehicles is primarily due to the phase-out of lead in fuels.

2.11.7 Other Emission Sources Due to the lack of available information on other sources of emissions during the emissions inventory study it is critical to discuss briefly these other sources of possible emissions.

Agriculture contributes to greenhouse gases through crop and soil management, livestock manure management and methane production during animal digestion, a process called enteric fermentation. N2O and CH4 are the two major greenhouse gases emitted by agricultural activities. Heavy utilisation of synthetic nitrogen fertilisers in crop production typically results in significantly more N2O emissions. The WRDM offers mixed farming that includes fruit orchards and vegetables, flower farms that produce a good percentage of the flowers required in Gauteng, instant lawn growers, and animal farming including chicken farms. All the farms are within easy reach of Gauteng's biggest vegetable market in Johannesburg. Controlling emissions of gases and particulate matter from agriculture is known to be difficult as this sector affects the most basic need of humans which is food.

Landfills are associated with toxic and odorous gases, as well as fugitive dust emissions. Landfill gas emissions and fugitive dust emissions represent the main aspects related to landfill operations. Compounds routinely measured at various local landfills include toluene, ethyl benzene, xylene, methyl ethyl ketone, buyl acetate, carbon tetrachloride, methylene chloride, benzene, acetone, chlorobenzene, styrene, nonane, decane, undecane, dodecane, naphthalene, ethylene dichloride, tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene and chloroform. Landfills are also important sources of greenhouse gases such as CH4 and CO2.

Heavy metal and furan emissions from waste incineration represent a considerable air quality and health risk concern. Emissions from incinerators include criteria pollutants such as SO2, NOx, CO, PM and lead, acid gases which include hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, and hydrogen fluoride and heavy metal gases such as chromium, arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and manganese. Dioxins and furans such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo furans are also emitted from incinerators.

Sewage works are often associated with foul odours, however as very little segregation of industrial and domestic waste water is undertaken in South Africa. This often results in chemicals which pose human health risks being treated by municipal sewage works. The evaporative emissions of these chemicals can result in health risks to neighbouring communities if not controlled. The type and extent to which these pollutants could impact on local communities will vary based on the composition of the waste being treated.

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2.12 THE URBAN EDGE An urban edge is a demarcated line to manage, direct and control the outer limits of development around an urban area. The intention of an urban edge is to establish limits beyond which urban development should not occur and to promote urban and environmental efficiency, effectiveness and economy in the interest of all (DEA&DP, 2005).

Map 23 illustrates the current provincial Urban Edge within the WRDM together with the existing urban areas as identified from the spot building count dataset. It is evident that some of the existing urban areas are outside the urban edge indicative of urban sprawl.

Map 23: Urban Areas and the Provincial Urban Edge

2.13 EXISTING LAND USE Land Use profoundly influences the productivity, value and the condition of the land (DEAT, 2006). The broad objective is to facilitate allocation of land to the uses that provide the greatest sustainable benefits and to promote the transition to a sustainable and integrated management of land resources (White Paper on Spatial Planning and Land Use Management, 2001).

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Map 5 illustrates the updated land cover map (SANBI, 2009) for the WRDM showing 27% of the area is cultivated, urban / built up areas occupy 5% of the WRDM, while mining makes up 2% of the WRDM area.

2.13.1 Agriculture Map 24 shows the high potential agricultural areas in the WRDM (GDARD, 2011a & ARC, 2006). Most of these areas are under cultivation indicating little high potential agricultural land has been lost to development. High potential agricultural areas in close proximity to urban areas such as those in Mogale City and Merafong are under threat from development as these urban areas expand. If areas with a high agricultural potential are being degraded, agriculture must then be practised on marginal soils. These soils will require higher inputs of fertilisers that will potentially pollute the environment and cause eutrophic conditions in rivers. Additional irrigation will also become necessary if agricultural practices are forced to drier areas. Irrigation will impact on the limited water resources of South Africa.

Land rights and access to land resources is one of the most important social and political issues in South Africa today. Communal and freehold commercial land ownership constitutes the two main systems of land tenure in South Africa. These communal areas have a long history of environmental and political neglect and most are characterised by overgrazing and soil erosion.

Communal areas are used for residence and for producing crops and livestock for subsistence purposes or for sale in local markets. Due to the past land policies, many of these areas were subject to high population density, resulting in the over-utilisation of land, characterised by overgrazing and soil erosion.

As a result of these past land policies government initiated a Land Reform programme. The Department of Rural Development and Land Reform reported that there are 295 land claims in the WRDM most of which occur in the Randfontein Municipality (DRDLR, 2010). Most of these claims have been settled. However, land claims are turning out to be a lengthy process. Investors are unwilling to invest until the claims have been settled. This creates uncertainty with existing commercial farmers and their ability to expand and employ more people. Unsettled land claims in the municipality are also hindering spatial development in the area. Land claims could considerably alter the spatial pattern and land that is needed for various macro land uses, such as settlement development, agricultural development, mining and conservation areas. Unsettled land claims have an impact on the economic development of the municipality as they can lead to large scale sterilisation of economically productive land that would otherwise be used for agriculture, mining or nature conservation.

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Map 24: Agricultural Potential in the WRDM

2.13.2 Mining The mines currently operating within the WRDM are owned by a number of mining houses including inter alia Anglo Gold, Harmony Gold, Durban-Roodepoort Deep (DRF), Goldfields, GoldOne. Map 25 indicates the locations of mines and mineral resources in the WRDM (GDARD, 2011b). Mining, particularly the Gold mines on the West Rand where Uranium is mined as a by-product, poses restrictions to further development and threatens to human health (WRDM, 2011a). The impacts of mining activities on water resources, land stability and air quality have been discussed under Section 2.66, 2.5 and 2.11 respectively.

The Department of Mineral Resources (DMR) has undertaken extensive research on the legacies of past mining and has discovered about 6 000 derelict and ownerless mining sites including mine dumps nationally. Derelict and ownerless mines are defined in terms of the MPRDA as abandoned mined where no owner is traceable (DMR, 2009). Uncapped and insufficiently capping of old mine shafts poses a danger to communities and impacts on future land uses. It provides temptation for illegal mining which has resulted in a number of deaths due to the unsafe conditions in old mining voids and the rudimentary practices employed by illegal workers in accessing the mines. Furthermore, the shallow undermining of the area, particularly in the Randfontein area also presents an unstable situation in terms of sinkhole development and future land use complications thereof.

Much has been done by the DMR and is being done by DWA and Council for Geoscience (CfG) to

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013 prevent ingress of water into the mine void through open disused shafts. However, as a result of deep gold mining operations having ceased in the area, the pumping of water from the mine voids has also ceased, allowing these voids to fill with water. Exposure of this water to pyrite on the rock surface in the voids results in a natural chemical reaction which in turn reduces the pH of the water making it more acidic which then further reacts with the rock surface to dissolve heavy metals and bring them into suspension. It is this water, known as acid mine water that has been decanting from old mine shafts on the Rand Uranium property in Randfontein since 2002. The decanting acid mine water has been entering the Tweeloopiesspruit and has caused significant environmental damage to the aquatic life in the Tweeloopiesspruit in particular as well as further downstream. The Tweeloopiesspruit flows through the Krugersdorp Game Reserve impacting on Hippo Dam in the reserve as well. Stopping the ingress and treating the AMD are key to reducing the impact of decant to the aquatic system, the communities of the area, land uses and property values and the general environment. Further, acid mine water develops as a result of surface water runoff from the tailings dams. Stormwater management plans should be done for mining areas and regular compliance monitoring is required to ensure adherence thereof. Mine closure and rehabilitation must include the continued need to protect the environment from runoff from tailings facilities, mine dumps, slags and slimes dams as well as acid mine water in the mining voids below surface.

Other mining related environmental impacts relate to air quality whereby dust is blown from tailings facilities. This dust may contain radioactive particulars, amongst other particulate matter which has an impact on human health. More information in this regard is presented in Section 2.11 above.

According to Ms Mariette Liefferink of the Federation for a Sustainable Environment, a non-profit organisation active in the area and particularly regarding mining and water related impacts, 4 prospecting applications have been submitted to the DMR for approval in the last 2 years for an area adjacent the Baauwbank River and upstream of Maloney’s eye near the town of Magaliesberg (pers comm. 11 July 2012). Implications for the important groundwater resource of the Maloney’s eye as well as the extremely sensitive nature of the environment in the area and the proximity to the CoH WHS are of critical concern with regards to mining in this area.

Furthermore, Ms Liefferink states that other applications before the DMR for consideration within the WRDM are predominately for reprocessing of mine tailings (pers comm. 11 July 2012). According to the academic paper by Sutton (2006) it is becoming increasingly evident that reprocessing exacerbates contamination through exposure of previously anaerobic tailings to air and water.

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Map 25: Mining Areas and Mineral Reserves in the WRDM

2.13.3 Industry The leading manufacturing sectors include food products, non-metallic mineral products, metal products, machinery, motor vehicle accessories and plastic products. Fast growing sectors include beverages, textiles, rubber products and non-ferrous metal products.

There are various pollutants that are produced by the industrial, manufacturing and commercial sectors. Industrial, commercial and mining activities have been classified in terms of the kind of pollutants emitted in a study conducted by GDACE (GDACE, 2002 & 2003b). Map 25 represents the major industries, commercial areas and mining related facilities as well as wastewater treatment facilities and landfill sites together with the relevant buffer zones that have been applied according to their respective emissions.

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Map 26: Industries and their buffers in the WRDM

2.13.4 Availability of Open Space

According to the draft Bioregional Plan for the WRDM (WRDM, 2012) 64% of the municipality remains natural land. This is largely due to the dolomitic conditions, steep slopes, and World Heritage Site development restrictions placing constraints to development in certain areas of the WRDM. The draft Bioregional Plan recognises the value of linking the more sensitive natural areas together through natural corridors such as ridges and rivers and even less sensitive natural land so as to operate as an open space system to protect these natural areas and to make smaller pockets of sensitive land sustainable. In order to achieve a successful open space system such land would need to be rezoned as open space. It is also critical to incorporate areas within the urban edges with those outside to sustain the green lungs of the cities and to keep these areas from falling prey to development pressure.

2.13.5 Housing There was a backlog of approximately 72 000 units according to the WRDM Regional Housing Master Plan (WRDM, 2009e). It was estimated that the population growth would create an additional demand of 58 000 units by 2023, which would bring the total to 114 000 units required by 2023. 0f the current demand for 72 000 units, 77% is subsidy component due to low-income category. The current economic situation has had an adverse effect on housing delivery for the region and the Province as a whole. The EMF rev 1 reported on a 47614 houses needed, a 30% increase on previous

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2.14 INFRASTRUCTURE Infrastructure includes utilities, services and improvements that are required to support development in a country or community, as well as the facilities that support everyday economic activity. Infrastructure generally includes water and sewage systems, lighting, drainage, parks, public buildings, roads and transportation facilities, telephone services and electricity (Map 27).

Map 27: Infrastructure in the WRDM

2.14.1 Transport

Roads and Storm water Map 28 provides an indication of the existing road network within the District. The N12 and N14 are the only national roads traversing the District. The N12 runs in a northeast / southwest direction in the southern half of the District connecting Westonaria with Merafong City. The N14 runs parallel to the N12 through Randfontein and Mogale City connecting Pretoria and Ventersdorp. The other main

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013 roads in the WRDM are the R500, R501, R512, R560, R563, R589 and the M18.

Map 28: Transport Infrastructure in the WRDM

The combination of deteriorating road surface conditions, increasing traffic volume and heavy vehicle movements as well as a lack of law enforcement capacity forms the background of the increasing number of high impact and serious motor vehicle accidents being experienced. The declining and unsafe road conditions, if not addressed, will without doubt act as a major constraint factor for economic growth.

Table 2-13 below shows types and the distances (km) of roads within the district as per the DITP (WRDM, 2009d). The WRDM has a total of 1 886.4 km roads of which 1 372.4 km are paved and 514 km are gravel.

Table 2-13: Roads in the WRDM (WRDM DITP 2009) Classification of Roads Paved (km) Gravel (km) Totals (km) Class 1-3: Freeways (National Roads) 185.9 0 185.9 Major Arterials (Provincial Roads) Minor Arterials (Municipal Roads) Class 4b: Collector roads (CBD’s, Municipal 156.2 6.6 162.8 roads) Class 4a Collector roads (Residential areas, 159.1 34 193.1

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Classification of Roads Paved (km) Gravel (km) Totals (km) municipal roads Class 5 access roads (Municipal roads) 871.2 473.4 1344.6 Totals 1372.4 514 1886.4

Well maintained roads and a more efficient road network will make it easy to access places of trade and could attract developers and investors, thereby having a positive effect on the economy. There has been limited budget in the municipality for provision for maintenance of roads and this has hindered the process thus far (WRDM, 2009d). Proper planning is required to reach these goals.

Adequate storm water infrastructure reduces the negative impact on the surrounding environment. With the steady increase in development that the municipality has been experiencing, it is important to integrate this with a district storm water management plan. The local municipalities have a mandate to make sure that they provide for improvements of all storm water infrastructures in their area of jurisdiction.

Erosion may occur as a result of badly designed storm water discharge outlets or increased densification and new residential developments. Blocked storm water networks, as a result of poor waste services and poor maintenance of storm water systems may result in uncontrolled damming and flooding. Storm water that is allowed to dam up results in stagnation of water which, together with pollutants being washed through the storm water system, causes health issues. Poorly managed roads produce large amounts of dust which becomes a nuisance to the surroundings. Unmaintained roads also leads to high occurrences of road accidents for which compensation may need to be paid to victims.

Public Transport Networks Transport is important in increasing mobility and the accessibility of an area for people living in the area as well as people from outside the area. A good transport system serves as a catalyst for economic development and the upliftment of the community in an area.

Currently the municipality does not offer subsidised bus services, but it is working together with the province to develop a plan for future development and implementation of such a service. The majority of the WRDM public transport system is dominated by minibus taxi system. The taxis account for 86% of all commuter work trips daily and 28% of all work trips daily (WRDM 2009d).

The minibus taxis carry approximately 38 391 passengers daily at peak periods (WRDM 2009d).

Rail Networks The rail network is a far more efficient means of transporting large numbers of commuters between major centres within WRDM and work opportunities in Johannesburg and other centres (i.e. Potchefstroom). Rail services are operated by the Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa (PRASA). Only 2 routes are operations and these are between Randfontein and Johannesburg, and between

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Westonaria and Oberholzer and Johannesburg. Rail accounts for approximately 23 000 commuters per day.

Airfields There is very little information available regarding airfields in the WRDM, however, it is assumed that airfields are owned by farmers and mining companies for private use. Lanseria International Airport is a key transport node for the Gauteng province. Although Lanseria airport falls just outside the WRDM the impact of the airport (both positive and negative) on the WRDM is an important consideration. Development pressure in the area, consequential infrastructure upgrades, transport infrastructure upgrades required to accommodate traffic, positive benefits for tourism and business, air emissions, etc are just some of the impacts of the airport on the WRDM. Currently, Lanseria airport provides flights to Cape Town and Durban operated through commercial airlines South African Airways and Kulula. Other smaller commercial companies also utilise the airport for national and international flights.

2.14.2 Bulk Services

Energy The key indicator to determine electrified households is by assessing those households energy source used for lighting as many people use other energy sources for heating and cooking. There are, therefore, 78% of the population that receives electricity directly from the local authority, whilst 15% of the population utilises candles and 6% utilises paraffin. Less than (1%) utilises other means of lighting, such as gas. From Figure 2.1 below, it can be seen that the percentage of people using electricity for lighting has increased since 2001. This means that WRDM has increased it supply of electricity in the last decade. Candles are the second most popular source of lighting and this is due to the presence of rural areas within the municipality as well informal settlements. Alternative sources of energy (i.e. paraffin, coal and wood) are still being widely used even where access to electricity is available. This is due to the high cost of electricity.

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Figure 2.1: Energy for Lighting in the WRDM (StatsSA, 2003 & 2008)

The burning of fossil fuels is high in local income areas where electricity is too expensive as well as in areas with no access to electricity is available is a concern in terms of air pollution and health issues associated therewith.

The potential for alternative energy has been discussed in Section 2.2.1 above. In summary, the area is not viable for large scale alternative energy generation from wind, solar or biomass based on current technology. However, individual scale alternative energy from particularly solar could be feasible based on the individuals energy requirements.

Sanitation Adequate sanitation systems are important for the well-being and good health of communities. The lack of piped water results in people having to use streams as a source of water for drinking, cooking, bathing and laundry (WRDM 2004) all of which contaminate water resources in the area. The use of contaminated water may lead to the spread of disease, which can also be aggravated by high population densities prevalent in the informal settlements.

The available sanitation in the municipality has improved since 2001 (Figure 2.2), but there are still a large number of backlogs in the area. The lack of adequate sanitation makes people vulnerable to poor health. Approximately 74.6% of the population had flush toilets in 2007, but 3.1% of the population still do not have any toilets, 1.4% using the bucket system and 6.2% using pit latrines without ventilation.

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Figure 2.2: Toilet Facilities in the WRDM (StatsSA, 2003 & 2008)

Waste Management Inadequate waste management can have a negative impact on human health and the natural environment. Increased waste generation is an inevitable consequence of development and must be systematically managed in order to conserve resources and protect the environment (WRDM, 2004). Waste must be properly managed from source to landfill / disposal to avoid the pollution of air, land, and fresh water systems, and the subsequent disruption of the ecosystem processes, habitat destruction and species loss.

Approximately 79.4% of households in the WRDM (excluding Merafong) have their refuse collected by the municipality/contractors on a weekly basis (StatsSA, 2008) (Figure 2.3). This percentage has increased by 10% since 2001, and it shows improvement in the collection of refuse.

The areas without services are usual the informal settlements. For example in recent years the people of Khutsong in the Merafong municipality have been protesting for such services as refuse removal in the area. Where waste removal services are not provided, people often burn their waste, which can contain some materials that affect the air quality of the area. If the air quality is poor it often leads to health problems for the community living in the area.

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The WRDM developed an Integrated Waste Management Plan (IWMP), (WRDM, 2009b), which detail all strategies the municipality is going to implement in order to improve waste management in the district. The IWMP recommends investigating a regional landfill site. No additional information is currently available in this regard.

Figure 2.3: Refuse Disposal in the WRDM (StatsSA, 2003 & 2008)

The WRDM (excluding Merafong LM) generates approximately 730,805 tonnes of general waste annually. Most of the waste is generated by Mogale City, approximately 80% of the waste in the WRDM (WRDM 2009b). The population of WRDM is approximately 539 038 and therefore the districts waste production per capita is at 1.35 tonnes annually.

There are six municipal landfill sites in the WRDM. Mogale City has Luuipaardsvlei landfill and Magaliesburg landfill. Randfontein has the Uitvalfontein landfill operating in the area and Westonaria has the Lebanon landfill servicing it. Merafong has the Carletonville municipal landfill site. The Fochville municipal landfill site was closed in 2010. Poorly managed landfill sites often have a number of negative impacts on the environment, such as groundwater pollution, health and disease issues and also it may cause a nuisance in the surrounding areas. Other than the 2 sites in Mogale City which have reached full capacity, the other landfills have between 8-15 years airspace remaining, however, it is critical that waste management be given urgent attention particularly in the northern section of the WRDM where the Mogale City Municipality landfill sites have reached capacity but are still being used. Exceeding the airspace of a landfill could have increasing impacts on the environment in terms of leachates in the groundwater, air emissions, odours, landfill stability

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013 and visual impacts. Waste minimisation at source and recovery and recycling at landfills should be encouraged in order to prolong the airspace of the landfills, to generate money from waste and to reduce the impacts on the surrounding environment.

There are several areas within the WRDM which experience some form of illegal dumping. In the Mogale City Local Municipality illegal dumping has been recorded in the Kagiso and Munsinville areas, approximately 10,954 kg/day of waste is dumped illegally in Kagiso only. Randfontein Local Municipality illegal dumping has been observed in Mohlankeng, Toekoomsrus, Finsbury and Kocksoord areas, no quantities have been recorded for these areas. In Westonaria Local Municipality illegal dumping is experienced in Bekkersdal and Glenharvie. Some illegal dumping sites and private dumps are often poorly managed and can be situated in or close to rivers, wetlands or sensitive ecosystems. Solid waste breaks down slowly and can be harmful to birds and other animals. Pollutants leach out of waste dumps, especially after rain events, which can pollute water resources.

According to the IWMP, 25% of materials recycled are coke bottles, followed by card boxes at 24% and milk bottles at 13%. The demand of waste materials usually dictates what materials will be recycled more than others.

Water Provision According to Community survey 2007 about 53% of households within WRDM have access to piped water in their dwelling this went up from only 40% in 2001 (Figure 2.4) . During the Census 2001 39% of households had piped water inside their yard and it decreased to only 27% household in 2007. It is interesting to note that the percentage of households utilising a community stand increased from 10% in 2001 to 15% in 2007. This may be attributed to an increase in informal settlements were it is challenging to install piped water in each dwelling due to the overcrowded layout of dwelling.

The Global Insight predictions from the WRDM IDP (2009c) shows that Randfontein has 66% of households with access to water in their houses and 25% of households with access to water just in their yards. Mogale City, including the DMA (now incorporated into the MCLMs area of jurisdiction), at 4% has the highest percentage of households at RDP level who fetch water more than 200m from their dwellings, then Merafong City at 13%, Randfontein at 3% and 9% in Westonaria. However, some areas of Mogale City and Randfontein have only 3% of households with no access to piped water; Merafong City and Westonaria have only 1% households also with no access to piped water. Although the percentages are small, the state of the water quality in the rivers and even the groundwater is not sufficient for domestic use.

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Figure 2.4: Access to water (StatsSA, 2003 & 2008)

If communities do not have clean water, they will rely on streams and boreholes for water supply. Water Quality and the risks to human health associated therewith are discussed in Section 2.7.

Cemeteries Map 23 indicates cemeteries located within the WRDM. Most cemeteries are not located on dolomitic rocks except for the Vlakplaats Rural Cemetery in the Mogale City and the Randfontein South Cemetery in Randfontein LM. Cemeteries on dolomitic rocks pose potential impacts to the groundwater.

2.14.3 Tourism A number of existing and proposed tourism routes run through the WRDM. These include: • Magalies Meander - The Magalies Meander links together a number of artist’s studios, restaurants, conference venues, outdoor activities and accommodation facilities just south of the Magaliesberg mountain range. It was initiated and is managed and promoted privately through the Magaliesberg Tourist Association with little or no government involvement; • Crocodile Ramble - The Crocodile Ramble offers similar facilities and activities as the Magalies Meander and is also privately run by the Crocodile Ramble Association. It takes its name from the Crocodile River, which meanders through the region from the Witwatersrand Botanical gardens in the south, to Hartebeespoort Dam, Thabazimbi, and beyond. The region offers six distinct routes, but is divided into two main areas, the Crocodile Ramble in the COHWHS and the Ramble around the Hartebeespoort Dam; • Treasure Route - The Treasure Route, launched in 2001, runs along the N12 highway, which

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is the main Johannesburg-Cape Town route via Kimberley. Its development and promotion has been initiated by the North West Provinces Parks and Tourism Board, which is currently establishing the buy-in of the municipalities through which it passes. In the West Rand, this includes Merafong City and Westonaria. The route is being developed around the mining industry as its primary draw card and aims to benefit local communities through the use of SMMEs, local labour, etc.; and • Tourism Activity Corridor - The West Rand’s Spatial Development Framework has identified a tourism activity corridor linking Tarlton, Magaliesburg, Hekpoort and Krugersdorp utilising the R24, R560 and R563 roads. The tourism activity corridor strengthens linkages between attractions along the Crocodile Ramble and those forming part of the Magalies Meander..

2.15 SOCIAL ASPECTS The socio-economic environment of an area is defined by social factors, such as population growth and education levels as well as the economic situation as it relates to society, for example, income and employment statistics. This information provides an indication of the level of poverty and wellbeing in the community. Poverty has a direct impact on the natural environment, as people rely more heavily on natural resources, which often leads to degradation of the environment. Poverty alleviation is thus a key concern in the welfare of the environment.

The Census 2011 data had not been made available at the district level at the time of this report. The Census 2011 results released for Gauteng demonstrated an increase in population by 3 million since the previous Census in 2001. However, it cannot be deduced that the WRDM has experience a proportionate growth in numbers. It is important once this information becomes available to update this section. It is the population profile and their employment status that drives development and the pressure on natural resources.

2.15.1 Population Profile Population demographics affect many of the social factors in terms of spatial and infrastructural development needs, as well as the level of employment. The incorporation of Merafong Local Municipality (MLM) into the district changed the demographic profile of the WRDM.

The population of the WRDM was approximately 744 161 at the time of Census 2001 (StatsSA, 2003). The Community Survey in 2007 (StatsSA, 2008) indicated there was an increase of approximately 1.4% in population size (Table 2-14). Mogale City is the main contributor to this percentage increase as it is the most urbanised area in the district and has a diverse job market compared to the other municipalities.

The total population of the West Rand region, according to projections by Global Insight in 2008, was

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813 487 as compared to 808 298 in 2007 which shows that, regionally, the total population grew by 5 189 people. It also need to be noted that Merafong contributes 27 % of the population, Mogale City including the DMA contributes 43 %, Randfontein 17 % whilst Westonaria contributes 13 % of the total regional population.

Table 2-14: Population Growth of WRDM (including Merafong) (StatsSA, 2003 and 2008, WRDM, 2009c) Statistics WRDM MCLM RLM WLM WRDMA MLM Census 2001 744 161 289 835 128 731 109 328 5 781 210 481 Community survey 2007 754 903 319 633 117 261 99 214 2 918 215 865 Percentage increase/ decrease 1.4% 9.3% -8.8% -10% -49% 2.5%

Population density is affected by spatial distribution of resources, jobs and development. More urbanised areas show higher densities, for example Krugersdorp has a higher density of people as compared to Westonaria. This is seen in Table 2-15 below, Mogale City has a higher density of people approximately 290.6 people/km² when compared to Westonaria with 161.1 people / km² (CS 2007). The WRDM as a whole has low population density at 185.6 people / km². In comparison, population density in Gauteng Province was 520 people/km2 in 2001. The distribution of the population is not even within the WRDM and this can be attributed to the rural characteristic that the district has maintained over the years.

Table 2-15: Population Density of WRDM (StatsSA, 2008) Density WRDM Mogale City Randfontein Westonaria WRDMA Merafong Size (km²) 4067.2 1100 477.1 616 242.4 1631.5 Population/km² 185.6 290.6 245.8 161.1 12 132 Households/km² 45.9 85.7 34.5 82.3 5.9 54

Figure 2.5 indicates that 48% of the population in the WRDM inhabits formal houses or brick structures. Of the total population in the WRDM 28% lives in informal shacks and only 0.1% lives in traditional dwellings. Workers hostels accommodate 14% of the population. This could be attributed to the fact that the municipality is mostly populated by mine workers, who are originally from other areas. The hostels provide cheap temporary accommodation close to the mines.

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Figure 2.5: Dwelling types in WRDM (StatsSA, 2003 & 2008)

Figure 2.6 compares the formal and informal housing percentages in the WRDM from 2001 to 2007. Households in the WRDM increased from 151 342 to 186 849 between 2001 and 2007. There was a 8% increase in the percentage of informal households from 2001 to 2007.

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Figure 2.6: Informal and formal housing in WRDM

The West Rand District municipal land use pattern has been described as being fragmented due to mining activities and the geotechnical conditions, as well as historical conditions (SoER 2005). These conditions are directly linked to the provision of housing within the municipality as well as the distribution of the population. The percentage increase in housing backlogs is also influenced by these factors; for example, due to increased mining activities people move from rural areas, main urban centres and they migrate from other municipalities to be close to these activities, which in turn increase the number of informal settlements. The change in the percentage of housing backlogs indicates how many houses have been provided and how many are outstanding. This will ultimately influence the available budget needed for providing houses in the municipality.

The WRDM IDP 2009/2010 highlighted tackling the current large housing backlogs as one of the main issues that need to be addressed by 2014. Westonaria has a housing backlog of 26%, while in 2001 Randfontein identified that there was a need for 15 000 houses. A project currently running in the Randfontein municipality is expected to provide 22 300 houses some 7 300 more houses than what was required in 2001. However, the housing requirement changes annually as a result of migration for job opportunities, etc. Merafong City recorded a backlog of 32% in 2004 which equated to 27 326 houses, while the current housing projects are only expected to provide 9 000 houses towards the eradication of the housing backlog. From these statistics it is evident that budget for housing in the WRDM is still an important issue and requires continued evaluation to ensure that the funds are used in the right places. However, with a population growth rate of 1% the demand for

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013 housing should not have increased dramatically in the WRDM since 2001.

2.15.2 Economic Contribution Table 2-16 indicates the WRDM economy was mainly driven by the primary sector with mining contributing approximately 31% of employment. Though mining is still a major employment creating sector is it rapidly declining (GDS 2009).

Table 2-16: Contribution per Sector to the Gross Geographical Product (WRDM IDP 2010/2011) 2008 Average growth in GDP WRDM Merafong Mogale Randfontei Westonaria n Agriculture 17.90% 18.20% 17.70% 18.50% 17.70% Mining -11.70% -11.70% 11.20% - -12.10% Manufacturing 1.30% -1.20% 1.50% 2% -1% Electricity -3.40% 12.30% -1.70% -3.40% -9.40% Construction 13.90% 12.10% 14.30% 14.80% 12.30% Trade -0.60% -1.20% -0.40% 0.20% -2.30% Transport 2.90% 1.80% 2.90% 4.40% 2.80% Finance 6.10% 7.00% 5.90% 6.40% 3.30% Community Services 3.80% 3.90% 3.70% 3.90% 4.00% Total Industries 0.00% -4.40% 3.20% 2.90% -6.50%

The economy of the area has been unstable due to its reliance on sectors such as mining which record high numbers of retrenchment as compared to recruitment. The higher levels of income have also increased slightly which shows that various high paying jobs are increasing in the area. A summary of the income levels on WRDM is included in Table 2-17.

A struggling economy results in job losses and an increase in unemployment, which results in people not being able to afford basic services. If people cannot afford basic services such as electricity, they rely more and more on natural resources like wood as a source of energy. This results in a loss of vegetation, most importantly indigenous vegetation that is harvested for fire wood as well as increasing local air pollution levels and water pollution.

Table 2-17: Income in the WRDM (StatsSA, 2003 and 2008) Monthly income Census 2001 Community survey 2007 Population % Population % No Income 313239 59.3% 154974 44.4% 1 – 400 23408 4.4% 14880 4.3% 401 - 800 47759 9.0% 20221 5.8% 801 - 1600 51693 9.8% 43435 12.4% 1 601 - 3 200 44345 8.4% 39356 11.3% 3 201 - 6 400 26832 5.1% 32378 9.3% 6 401 - 12 800 13766 2.6% 26043 7.5%

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Monthly income Census 2001 Community survey 2007 Population % Population % 12 801 - 25 600 4381 0.8% 12401 3.6% 25 601 - 51 200 1227 0.2% 3623 1.0% 51 201 - 102 400 519 0.1% 1143 0.3% 102 401 - 204 800 503 0.1% 514 0.1% 204 801 + 205 0.0% 304 0.1%

Merafong City has the highest poverty level in the WRDM approximately 48.2% of the population is impoverished, it is followed by Westonaria at 41.8% (Figure 2.7). This could be attributed to the decline in mining activities in both areas. Mogale City (including the WRDMA) is slightly lower at 31.9% of its population experiencing poverty, while Randfontein has 27.7%. These areas are less reliant on the volatile mining industry.

Figure 2.7: Poverty levels in WRDM (WRDM, 2009c)

The Gini coefficient has deteriorated in the WRDM from 0.52 in 1996 to 0.56 in 2005. This is as an important indicator of unemployment and skills shortage to shift the current income distribution within the municipality. The distribution of income in the WRDM is skewed towards the lower income groups with 40% of the population earning below R30 000 per annum (GDS 2009). The Gini coefficient of the WRDM is at 0.56 which indicates that a larger share of wealth in the area accumulates to a smaller proportion of the entire population.

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2.15.3 Employment According to the Community survey 2007, half of the population (51%) in WRDM is employed, with 18% unemployed (Figure 2.8). The unemployed proportion includes people seeking employment and students. Approximately 26% of the population is not economically active (Table 2-18 & Figure 2.8), this would include children below the age of 15 and those persons over 60. Figure 2.8 illustrates that percentage employment has increased by approximately 5% since 2001 and that unemployment has decreased by 6.7% . Unemployment continues to be one of the biggest issues in South Africa as a whole and the government has put it at the forefront of their mandate. Although employment is improving much still needs to be done to alleviate poverty. The current recession will most likely have resulted in a decline in the number of people employed.

Table 2-18: Unemployment in the WRDM (StatsSA, 2003 & 2008) Status 2001(%) 2007(%) Employed 46.8 51.2 Unemployed 24.8 18.1 Not Economically active 29 26.2

Figure 2.8: Employment in the WRDM (StatsSA, 2003 and 2008)

The dominating industries in the WRDM are mining, trade and community services. However, since 2004 mining has declined significantly and the trade sector has been increasing gradually (Table 2-19). With high levels of employment occurring within tertiary sectors, such as trade and community services, focus should be directed into expanding our primary and secondary sectors,

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013 creating job opportunities for the unskilled population and increasing the skills base and literacy (SoER 2004).

Table 2-19: Percentage change in employment sectors (StatsSA, 2003 & 2008) Sector Census 2001 CS 2007 Percentage change Agriculture; hunting; forestry and fishing 7712 13084 41.1% Mining and quarrying 27666 31642 12.6% Manufacturing 29824 20411 -31.6% Electricity; gas and water supply 1693 817 -51.7% Construction 10949 10365 -5.3% Wholesale and retail trade 26083 24896 -4.5% Transport; storage and communication 7644 7306 -4.4% Financial; insurance; real estate and business 22072 15218 -31.1% services Community; social and personal services 28171 40400 69.7%

2.15.4 Safety & Security

Crime continues to one of the biggest challenges for the government of South Africa. Crime statistics seem to increase each year and the government continues to put measures in place in order to fight crime. The Minister of Safety and Security has recently implemented very strict means of fighting crime, and some of these are reducing reports of certain types of crime. According to the South African Police, there are types of crimes that constitute an offense to the system and each of these types has several categories. These types include:

• Contact Crime: These are crimes again a human being

• Contact Related Crime: These are crimes intending to harm a human being indirectly

• Property Related Crime

• Crimes depending on police for detection

The crime rate in the WRDM increased between 2007 and 2009. More recent information devolves only to provincial level. However, these figures show that crime rates have not increased significantly although it still raises concerns as previous crime statistics were high.

Crime is driven by many factors but the most important is poverty. In poor communities the rate of crime is usually higher than in middle-class or wealthy communities. The municipality needs to work with the South African Police Services to come up with campaigns to combat crime.

There are different types of crimes including those that are directed at human beings to those that are directed at a society as a whole. The only type of crime that has decreased in the WRDM is

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013 crimes like arson which is not a direct human contact type of crime but the intention is still to harm people (Figure 2.9). Property crimes continue to increase and this may be attributed to people seeking to sell the goods to make ends meet.

Figure 2.9: Types of crimes (SAPS 2009)

There were approximately 0.47 murders per 1000 people in the municipality during the both the period of 2007-08 and 2008-09 (South African Police Services 2009). Drug-related crimes increased from 596 in 2007-08 to 661 in 2008-09. This may also explain why a number of young people do not finish their schooling in the area. Drug abuse is one of the most concerning issue for the youth of South Africa as a whole especially those closer to main cities.

2.15.5 Health Aspects Health is a very important factor in developing a sustainable community and it directly affects population statistics. It is thus important for the municipality to ensure that other sectors that influence health cooperate in order to achieve a healthy and sustainable population. These sectors include education (HIV/AIDS in schools), infrastructure (service provision to health care facilities) and social development (increase skills transfer).

Poverty impacts significantly on health, especially with diseases like HIV, Tuberculosis and Cholera which have a higher prevalence in poor communities. Poor communities rely heavily on environmental resources, which often lead to degradation of the environment due to over- utilisation of these resources. Pollution of the environment will also affect the health of people. Poor health in humans contributes to poor productivity capacity and increased dependency, thus reinforcing the poverty cycle (WRDM, 2004). In a rapidly growing municipality, such as WRDM, diseases become more prevalent. This is as a result of migration and informal settlements, which

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013 make it easier for transmission of diseases from one area to the next. HIV and Tuberculosis statistics are most concerning because they increase annually and, with a lack of knowledge and awareness, increasing numbers are prone to infections and diseases.

The WRDM 2010/2011 IDP review indicates a maternal mortality rate of 150 in 100 000 deliveries. Further action has been taken in terms of providing Preventive Mother to Child Treatment at all health facilities as well as full immunisation of babies up to 1 year old. Infant mortality will affect the development of the area in the future. If the rate of infant mortality is high then the municipality will in the next 20 years have very few people in the working age groups. These will inevitably affect the economy and development of the area.

According to the WRDM 1010/2011 IDP review there are 16 830 individuals receiving anti-retroviral treatment from public health facilities. This does not give an indication of the number of people affected by HIV as it can go undetected for years before symptoms present themselves. According to the Gauteng SoER (GDACE, 2003a) HIV is most prevalent in the economically active percentage of the population placing strain on the economy as these individuals become sick and cannot fulfil their employment requirements.

The Centre for Actuarial Research (CARe) at the University of Cape Town did a HIV and AIDS impact study for Gauteng (Dorrington, Budlender and Moultrie, 2008). Figure 2.10 and Figure 2.11 indicate their results on the number of HIV+ males and females respectively compared to the total males and females.

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Figure 2.10: HIV+ males compared to the total in WRDM (Dorrington et al., 2008)

Figure 2.11: HIV+ females compared to the total in WRDM (Dorrington et al., 2008)

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According to the WRDM 2010/2011 IDP review there are 67 health facilities available in the West Rand District area, with only 3 public hospitals, 2 district and 1 regional hospital. There are 44 permanent clinics, 6 satellite clinics and 11 mobile clinics. There is uneven distribution and shortage of basic health facilities in rural areas (just 5 permanent clinics). Based on information provided in the WRDM SoER (2005) an additional 8 health facilities have been provided and all health facilities offer the full primary health care package (WRDM, 2010). In addition to private health care facilities, a number of the mines also provide health care facilities for employees and their families. General practitioners and nurses in public service are in short supply. Improving the salaries of nurses should be considered in order to encourage people to choose nursing as a career and therefore improve the quality of medical services offered at hospitals and clinics. Map 23 indicates clinics present in the WRDM.

According to Stefan du Toit of MCLM it is difficult to ascertain the correlation between illnesses and environmental pollution due to the manner in which information is captured by the hospitals and clinics. The MCLM has raised this concern with the Department of Health (Pers Comm, 11 July 2012).

2.15.6 Education Education is one of the most integral elements of community development. The higher the level of education the greater the opportunity for skills development, which in turn promotes a diverse economy. Education, therefore, plays a fundamental role in empowering people and improving employment opportunities, culminating in improved standards of living and economic growth in the district. This will assist the municipality with poverty alleviation and its implications on the economy of the municipality as a whole.

There are approximately 164 schools in the West Rand District and a school-going population of approximately 243 311 people, indicating a significant backlog in the number of schools in the district and a huge shortage of teaching staff in the area. The majority of schools in the area are connected to basic services such as water, sanitation and electricity. However, a number of schools have poor access roads (especially in the rural areas), and some are only accessible by foot.

The adult literacy rate is defined as the percentage of population aged 15 years and over who can read and write, and have an understanding of a short simple statement on his/her everyday life. Adult literacy rates show the accumulated achievement of primary education and literacy programmes in imparting basic literacy skills to the population. Literacy represents a potential for further intellectual growth and contribution to economic-socio-cultural development of society. Illiteracy rates indicate the extent of the need for policies and efforts to organise adult literacy programmes and quality primary education (UNESCO accessed 2010).

Many people still only have primary education, although those reaching secondary school level have increased significantly from 2001. This may be attributed to the change in landscape and jobs

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013 opportunities in the area. The number of children currently attending school, however, has decreased since the 2001 population census by more than 50% (Figure 2.12). The number of people in Grade 12 has, however, increased.

Figure 2.12: Levels of education WRDM (StatsSA, 2003 & 2008)

Education levels are linked with the skills required for particular job opportunities, which in turn is linked to income. A lack of education limits job opportunities, and income levels associated with jobs that require little skill are far less, thereby ensuring a continued reliance on natural resources as well as higher levels of poverty, the impacts of which have been clearly outlined in the sections above.

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3 FUTURE LAND USE PROJECTIONS Policy is the course of action adopted and adhered to by institutions in the government and private sectors. Policy in turn drives subsequent planning and management processes. An understanding of the policy driving forces behind land use change and development enables environmental management interventions that address underlying factors in a proactive manner.

3.1 NATIONAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE The National Spatial Development Perspective (NSDP) (2006) is intended to focus government action and provide a platform for greater alignment and coordination across the three spheres of government. It includes set of principles and mechanisms for guiding infrastructure investment and development decisions: • Principle 1: Rapid economic growth that is sustained and inclusive is a pre-requisite for the achievement of other policy objectives, among which poverty alleviation is key. • Principle 2: Government has a constitutional obligation to provide basic services to all citizens wherever they reside. • Principle 3: Beyond the constitutional obligation government spending on fixed investment should be focused on localities of economic growth and/or potential in order to gear up private-sector investment, to stimulate sustainable economic activities, and to create long- term employment opportunities. • Principle 4: Efforts to address social inequalities should focus on people, not places. In localities where there are both high levels of poverty and demonstrated economic potential, this could include fixed capital investment beyond basic services to exploit the potential of those localities. In localities with low demonstrated economic potential, Government should concentrate primarily on human capital development by providing social transfers such as grants, education and training, and poverty-relief programmes. • Principle 5: In order to overcome the spatial distortions of apartheid, future settlement and economic development opportunities should be channeled into activity corridors and nodes that are adjacent to or that link the main growth centres. Infrastructure investment should primarily support localities that will become major growth nodes in South Africa and the SADC region to create regional gateways to the global economy.

3.2 NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (NSSD) The NSSD (2010) is not explicitly spatial and does not refer directly in detail to the WRDM, but does contain a set of principles to be considered when planning for a sustainable future. It sets the following principles for development: • People-Cantered Development

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• A Sense of Place • Cultural Diversity, Self-Improvement and Enterprise • Holistic Approach • Alignment of Global, National and Local linkages • Sustainable use of Natural Resources • Improved Access to Opportunities • Democratic, Efficient Governance • Biodiversity Preservation

3.3 GAUTENG GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY The Provincial Growth and Development Strategy, 2005 (PGDS) is not a provincial government plan but a development framework for the province as a whole. The aim of the PGDS is to drive implementation within a province and plays a fundamental role in ensuring effectiveness and coordinated delivery on the overall development objectives.

The PGDS includes the following: • Approach and characteristics set by the NSDP; • Direction and scope for province-wide development programmes and projects; • Address the past apartheid space economy, provide sustainable development and ensure poverty reduction and employment; • Set a framework for both private and public sector investment; and • Address implementation issues.

3.4 GAUTENG SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE (GSDP) The Gauteng Provincial Government applied the NSDP principles at a provincial scale in the Gauteng Spatial Development Perspective (2006). The GSDP analysed the provincial space economy using “potential” and “need”, and identified certain key areas for different types of investment and interventions. These are set out in principles in line with the NSDP principles, as follows: • Principle 1: Existing spatial concentrations of economic activity, areas showing potential for the expansion of economic activity and areas that play a supportive role in the regional economy, should be prioritized for public sector fixed investment that support economic activity. • Principle 2: Promote socio-economic inclusion through strengthening the overlaps in economic activity and poverty to address high levels of spatial fragmentation and exclusion. This inclusion will have to be achieved by either (1) improving spatial accessibility profiles of poverty concentrations or (2) concentrating investment in people rather than places in areas spatially fragmented • Principle 3: Stimulate emerging and new spatial overlaps of economic activity and poverty by focused investment in poverty concentrations that show potential for economic

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development in the spatial and socio-economic contexts. • Principle 4: Develop a sustainable urban region through promoting equitable access to basic services, the protection of natural and cultural resources, and an urban form that supports greater efficiencies in land use and service provision.

In terms of this provincial analysis, various economic areas in the WRDM count among the most significant economic areas in the province (measured in terms of contribution to GVA 2004), and also contribute significantly to employment, especially labour intensive employment: Krugersdorp, Randfontein, Muldersdrift and Westonaria. As in the national analysis, it is however pointed out that the WRDM has either experienced low growth or economic decline, especially the Westonaria LM. Westonaria LM has also experienced the greatest decline in employment from 1996 to 2004 in the WRDM, while the rest of the WRDM has either experienced a slight decline in employment (Randfontein LM) or a low growth in employment.

In spite of these negative trends, the WRDM has potential for future development in terms of its favourable location in the Gauteng region. It forms part of the area that has been the focus of private sector investment from 2000-2004, and has significant links with the central economic core of the province as measured by traffic flows. The Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site and a number of environmentally significant areas within the WRDM point to potential for tourism as a way of diversifying its current economic base.

3.5 GAUTENG SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK (GSDF) The Gauteng Spatial Development Framework (2010) places emphasis in the development of a ‘Mega City’ model that hinges on the compact city development and protecting rural areas. The GSDF further states that the interventions in the spatial structure of Gauteng need to: • Focus on ‘city-building’ infrastructural investments predicated on eliciting provincial re- structuring as opposed to getting embroiled in localised, fine-grained urban fabric issues; • Through investing in social, cultural and physical infrastructure; • Investment in the public environment so that it becomes the springboard of economic opportunity; • Through re-tooling and re-thinking subsidies / social grants so that they complement one another; • Introducing economic growth incentives for developers and an approach to urban management predicated on the need for development by the private sector and how this is managed to ensure that the wider provincial re-structuring objectives are being met. The spatial structure that can best achieve this is a polycentric model anchored by nodes of different sizes and serving dedicated functions appropriate to their position in the urban system set within strongly-configured urban corridors. Within this, the role of the province is to: o Ensure the strengthening of this ‘polycentric pattern’ by managing/regulating,

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alongside the municipalities in the province, the development of land in such a way that large-scale development does not happen ‘off the grid’; o Channel and incentivise both large State and non-State investment and spending to the grid, especially large infrastructure investments that could ‘cement’ the grid; o Ensuring that investment on the grid is of such a nature that it utilises/maximises the space on the grid to the fullest, and that investment that is off the grid, does not dilute the drawing power of the grid.

3.6 WEST RAND DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2012-2016) The WRDM IDP (2012-2016) provides guidance for development and planning, with the aim of ensuring comprehensive integrated planning and economic development within the District. In doing so, the WRDM shares in the National and Provincial Spatial Development Perspective Principles with the following twelve key outcomes set by cabinet: • Improved quality of basic education. • A long and healthy life for all South Africans. • All people in South Africa are and feel safe. • Decent employment through inclusive economic growth. • A skilled and capable workforce to support and inclusive growth path. • An efficient, competitive and responsive economic infrastructure network. • Vibrant, equitable and sustainable rural communities with food security for all. • Sustainable human settlements and improved quality of household life. • A responsive, accountable, effective and efficient local government system. • Environmental assets and natural resources that are well protected and continually enhanced. • Create a better South Africa and contribute to a better and safer Africa and World. • An efficient, effective and development orient public service and an empowered, fair and inclusive citizenship.

Furthermore, the key priority areas highlighted in the National, Provincial and District State of the Nation addresses of 2011 provide the focus for the District. These priority areas are as follows: • Merge into a single B1 Municipality by 2016; • Work towards becoming a Unicity (metropolitan form of government) by 2025; • Become the Greenest District in South Africa; • Use the Green Economy to grow the GGP of the West Rand; • Implement increasingly shared services District-wide; • Create jobs to combat poverty and dependence; • Build a united and prosperous non-racial society; • Commit to training and skilling of our communities; • Build better neighbourhoods throughout the District with equitable access to municipal

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services; • Ensure effective and accountable councillors; and • Improve the quality of life for all.

3.7 WEST RAND DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY REGIONAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK (2011) In conjunction with the NSDP principles and the GSDP principles recommended interventions have certain implications for the WRDM’s Regional Spatial Development Framework (Map 29). These are: • Identify areas of economic opportunity and possible future growth, in order to spatially focus investment in economic infrastructure and contribute to growing the economy of the Gauteng region. • Support interventions and investments (e.g. infrastructure and transport solutions) that would support interaction with the central economic core of the province and economic nodes outside the province (e.g. Rustenburg). • Economic infrastructure investment should be tailored to fit the specific needs of the dominating and also developing economic sectors in the District, e.g. mining or eco- and cultural tourism. • Identify areas of deep poverty (inside and in close proximity / with functional linkages to the District), and support ways of making economic opportunity more accessible to the poor who live in these areas. • Recognise the role of the WRDM in the broader region, e.g. (1) support the current interaction between poverty areas in northern Tshwane and the western mining areas in the WRDM and (2) ensure the maintenance of existing services and a good quality environment for the residential areas and local nodes in the WRDM, as these form part of the supportive fabric of the Gauteng region, e.g. housing a portion of the regional (skilled and unskilled) workforce and providing social services to a portion of the Gauteng community. • Ensure that new economic and integrated human settlement development is guided to take place in activity corridors and nodes that are within / adjacent to the areas of economic opportunity.

Further to this the strategy objectives and principles set by SDF to ensure the WRDM: • Is connected – with more people enjoying the benefits of flourishing activity centres where shops, jobs, services and recreation are within walking and travelling distance of their homes; with fast and reliable travel to and from local centres and regional opportunities; with a comprehensive, efficient and networked public transport system and pedestrian routes and access to rural and tourism areas. • Is attractive – with quality urban and rural areas that are well-maintained, new developments which comply with high design standards, clean and safe environments and well-preserved heritage and natural areas. • Is sustainable – with resources well managed and planned for, viable and cost-effective service provision, and where the environment is valued as a vital resource and meaningful

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open space is provided for all. • Is well managed – where development decisions are predictable, fair and cost-effective, partnerships are developed, planning takes place on a continuous basis, formal systems for data collection are in place, and data is used to support and improve planning. . The principles are integral to the manner in which the RSDF should be implemented. They ought to guide decisions on planning, transport and infrastructure investment. The principles are: • Inclusive growth and development – where everybody shares in the benefits from a multi sector and diverse economy and quality developments • Quality designed developments and environments – where new and redeveloped developments contribute positively to creating better urban and rural environments. • Clean and safe environments– where people can enjoy and partake in social and recreation events; be proud of their communities and business are willing to invest and develop. • Viable infrastructure and service provision – Growth and development ought not to put a burden on the financial capacities of the district and infrastructure and services should be planned and developed in a manner that it is affordable for the communities as well as the district. • Adaptability – The district will have to monitor future and past trends in order to be prepared to adapt strategies and policies when faced with changes and unexpected situations.

The SDF outlines four strategies for development within the WRDM. These are: • Managing growth of the district which includes managing the urban edge, infrastructure and services and the development of suburban and rural areas. • Developing quality places which includes the development of places of activity and places of residence (settlements and housing) • Promoting and managing regional and local accessibility • Providing and managing environmental areas and open space networks

The Regional Spatial Development Framework (RSDF) of the WRDM highlights the following key points in terms of development pressures and threats in the WRDM: • The WRDM has concerning levels of low and inappropriate skills and low general income levels. The outflows of human and financial capital to major nodes as well as service and housing backlogs are also a concern. • The development structure if the WRDM is not sufficiently consolidated and aligned with the principles of sustainable development as promoted in national and provincial spatial policy. This needs to be done by keeping in mind the cost implications of current geological conditions as well as ecosystem sensitivities.

The RSDF further highlights the following key points in terms of development opportunities and strengths in the WRDM:

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• The location of the WRDM in its regional context provides the opportunity for the municipality to play an interface role, binding the central and outer nodes of Global City Region. • There are opportunities to expand and diversify the economic base of the municipality. Such opportunities include industrial development and capitalising on tourism potential. • There is a range of established, affordable residential areas and associated services and amenities in the WRDM that could play a supportive function in the city region. This is, however subject to the way housing and service backlogs in some areas are addressed.

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Map 29: Regional Spatial Development Framework for the WRDM

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3.8 CONCLUSION In summary, the National Spatial Development Perspective states that “development opportunities should be channelled into activity corridors and nodes that are adjacent to or link main growth centers”. The Status Quo report identifies the key economic opportunities in the WRDM as: • Mining; • Agriculture; • Industry; and • Tourism.

3.8.1.1 Mining The economy of the WRDM is largely characterized and driven by mining and mineral assets. Even though there is a downward trend in the production of precious minerals such as gold, the opportunity exists to continue and expand mining operations for commercial materials such as sand, clay and aggregate. The WRDM should strictly manage this activity undertaking regular environmental inspections and law enforcement procedures. Mining provides further opportunities for beneficiation and indirect businesses such as: • Suppliers of protective clothing • Cleaning services and equipment • Mine engineering services • The hospitality sector can benefit from this by providing accommodation to mining specialists or consultants coming from far. • Ash processing for the refilling of mines, cement extender, manufacturing of construction aggregate, manufacturing of bricks, production of fertilizer, etc.

The Regional Mine Closure Strategies (RMCS) has identified various strategies relevant to a range of commodities. The aim of RMCS is to prevent or minimise adverse long-term socio-economic and environmental impacts, and to create a self-sustaining natural ecosystem or alternative land use.

Key strategic principles that were considered important in the development of the RSDF and that will influence the EMF include: • To encourage the development of comprehensive Closure Plans that return all mine sites to viable, and wherever practicable, self-sustaining ecosystems, and that these plans are adequately financed, implemented and monitored within all jurisdictions; • To manage the closure of mines in a demarcated area in an integrated and sustainable manner ; • To encourage mines in a demarcated area to work together to achieve the goal of leaving behind a self-sustaining ecosystem after closure; • To ensure that mines do not impact negatively on the livelihood of adjacent/interconnected mines in a demarcated area;

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Key proposals that were considered important in the RSDF and that will influence the EMF include: • The need to set an environmental critical level for water management; • Development and implementation of monitoring programmes, looking at, but not necessarily limited to, airborne dust and radon gas, groundwater and surface water; radioactivity, seismicity, socio-economic impact; • Set performance criteria for regional mine closure which will culminate into a regional mine closure scorecard; • The need to integrate the regional mine closure with Local Economic Development (LED) initiatives and Integrated Development Plan (IDP) initiatives.

3.8.1.2 Industry Dominant contributing factors to the economy of the WRDM, include mining, agriculture and construction. The opportunity exists for expanding the existing industrial sector. The WRDM has sufficient agricultural land in which crops can be grown. These crops can be sold to the husbandry sector, instead of importing expensive feeds from other regions. Existing feed processors can be expanded to process additional grains and the WRDM can opt to export this feed to other regions.

Commercial products such as sand, clay and aggregate can also be processed into usable products such as bricks, which can be exported to other regions or can be used to expand the construction sector in the Municipality.

3.8.1.3 Agriculture An existing problem in the WRDM is that agriculture takes place in an irresponsible manner, resulting in the reduced availability of quality agricultural land. Agriculture is currently showing the largest growth in the WRDM, and it is important to maintain this growth, sustainably, to increase the development and expansion of the local economy of the Municipality. Focus can be placed on small existing producers of e.g. poultry and vegetable producers, with the aim of funding and expanding their activities.

In order to minimize the ecological impact of agriculture, a mentoring and monitoring group can be established to guide existing and upcoming farmers on sustainable agricultural practices. The help of existing commercial farmers can be invaluable in this regard.

The expansion of agriculture in the WRDM will inevitably lead to an expansion in the secondary sector of feed and food processing. A big advantaged of the Municipality is that it is situated in the economic hub of South Africa, which enables it to provide its products to the end users efficiently and economically. Existing infrastructure such as the N14 national road and the Lanseria Airport provide the opportunity of exporting the products to regions further away.

While the district has an existing primary producing sector, it is very weak in further processing

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013 agricultural products, contributing only a small percentage to the agro-processing industry. The latter indicates that considerable leakages occur in this sector. Opportunities exist for the area to take advantage of its competitive positioning and availability of raw materials. The following type of agro-industries could be established: • Increased poultry and pig feed manufacturing from maize to promote expansion of the chicken industry and piggeries. • Textile cluster (wool and cotton), which would engage in wool washing and further downstream activities such as spinning and weaving, manufacturing of final products such as school wear, knitting wear for the tourism industry, utilisation of waste (lanoline for the chemical industry). • Seed oil processing to process the full range of seed oils available in the region. Medium- term down-stream value-adding activities could further include manufacturing of margarine, mayonnaise, etc. thus, establishment of a food-processing cluster. • Livestock by-product utilisation whereby hides and skins could be sourced from abattoirs for down-stream manufacturing of shoes, bags, safety shoes, furniture and tourism items. • Manufacturing of maize and potato snacks such as chips, popcorn, etc. • Further down-stream manufacturing of paper and plastic packaging for maize products and animal feed; • Manufacturing of plastic containers for items such as mayonnaise and margarine, achieving backward linkage.

3.8.1.4 Tourism The WRDM can be considered to be of national and international importance as the World Heritage Site, the Cradle of Humankind, is situated within its boundaries. The site of the Cradle of Humankind has been developed into a tourism and educational facility, providing some insight and background to the first “modern” human beings.

Within this conservation area, lies the Magalies Meander, which also provides Maropeng and many other educational and tourism facilities to local and international visitors. These features should be positively exploited to expand the tourism sector of the Municipality. In order to ensure the long term conservation of the ecological and heritage features of the WRDM, representatives with knowledge of these features can undertake road shows to schools to educate pupils on the importance of conservation. Young minds are very open to new information, and who better to educate than the adults of tomorrow.

An Environmental Management Framework and Management Plan for the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site is currently being completed to address especially development pressure in the Muldersdrift area. The development control measures of the World Heritage Site has a significant impact on urban and certain types of rural developments, especially by virtually preventing any further developments to the north and north-west of the primary Krugersdorp node of Mogale City. An Environmental Management Framework for the Mogale City is also currently being completed to

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013 address this pressure in the Krugersdorp area. Thus these concerns are not applicable to this EMF specifically but are noted in terms of creating linkages to this existing market and network elsewhere in the WRDM.

As far as nature conservation and tourism is concerned, the western regions of the District pose opportunities in terms of the consolidation of nature reserves. The promotion of tourism opportunities in this region is essential to address the problems of poverty and unemployment affecting this area.

A further principle dictates that open space and environmental considerations should enjoy precedence over development considerations in areas identified with high conservation or recreational potential. Specifically, this refers to: • Ecologically sensitive areas; • Areas where the linking of open spaces to form a continuous system is required; and • Where restoring the ecological balance in a built-up area is required.

Integral to the future land use projections of the municipalities and broader government entities are the views of the residents, business and industry and the general public regarding their needs and desires as it is the consumer pressure and public opinion that will drive change in the municipality.

Thus, the vision for sustainable development for the WRDM would need to consider the following issues typically exerting pressure on the environment: • Lack of road infrastructure to service all areas; • Poor road conditions impacting on safety and accessibility • Mining and quarrying and their associated impacts on the environment but also balanced with the positive economic and social aspects that they bring; • Insufficient burial land and maintenance thereof • Lack of law enforcement and environmental inspections • Groundwater pollution and boreholes drying up. • Water pressure fluctuations • Eradication of hyacinths required • Electricity outages • Illegal dumping and informal settlements at landfill sites • Existing infrastructure capacity taking strain from new developments • Air pollution from dust off mine dumps • Sewerage and sanitation delivery backlogs and maintenance requirements • Improved skills development and job creation required to alleviate poverty • Poor maintenance of open spaces resulting in criminal activity • Stormwater maintenance and flooding • Community service infrastructure (police stations, community halls, libraries, clinics, schools) • Informal settlements and a lack of available housing.

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4 ADMINISTRATIVE LEGAL AND POLICY REQUIREMENTS A number of laws guide the protection and management of the environment within the WRDM. It is important to provide the legal framework within which the EMF operates as well as other applicable legislation governing environmental matters in South Africa. South Africa is also signatory to a number of conventions and treaties that are related to environmental management that must also be considered. These have been largely included in the Acts and will therefore not be mentioned specifically. The following is a summary of the most applicable legislation:

4.1 CONSTITUTION OF SOUTH AFRICA (ACT 108 OF 1996) The constitution of South Africa is the over-arching framework of all other legislation in South Africa and its primary goals is to protect the rights of all citizens of the country. The constitution binds the legislature, the executive and all organs of state.

In terms of the environment, the constitution states that:

(S24) Everyone has the right - • to an environment that is not harmful to their health or well-being; and • to have the environment protected, for the benefit of present and future generation through reasonable legislative and other measures that – - prevent pollution and ecological degradation; - promote conservation; and - secure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources while promoting justifiable economic and social development.

The constitution aims to promote the integration of environmental laws and protection of resources at all levels of government and development and ensure accountability, transparency and participation, the core principles of the EMF.

4.2 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ACT (ACT 107 OF 1998) The objective of this Act is to provide for co-operative environmental governance by establishing principles for decision making on matters affecting the environment, institutions that will provide co-operative governance and procedures for coordinating environmental functions of relevant organs of state.

The Act establishes a number of principles that will apply throughout South Africa to all organizations or persons conducting activities that may have an impact on the environment. These

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013 principles provide a general framework for environmental planning and guide the interpretation, administration and implementation of the Act. Chapter 5 relates specifically to integrating environmental management into the planning and development process and to identify, predict and evaluate the effects that policies, programmes and plans (PPP) may have on the environment. Chapter 6 gives effect to the international agreements to which South Africa is signatory to.

Section 24(2) of NEMA also provides the foundation for Environmental Management Framework. Refer to Section 1.3 for more details.

4.2.1 Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations (2010) Section 24 of the NEMA also allows the Minister of Environmental Affairs to identify and list or delist certain activities or particular areas which require an environment authorisation prior to commencement of activities. Any person who wants to conduct such an activity is subject to completing an assessment of potential effects (positive and negative) of that activity on the environment and is subject to prosecution if he/she does not complete this assessment. EIA regulations 543 – 546 provide the processes to be undertaken to obtain environmental authorisation and lists the activities that the Minister has deemed necessary to require such a process. The EMF identifies areas of varying sensitivity allowing for the listing and delisting of activities according to these identified areas. It is critical that the user understands these activities as they are the basis on which the EMF’s Management Plan is established

4.3 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: BIODIVERSITY ACT (ACT 10 OF 2004) The main objectives of this Act are to provide for the management and conservation of biodiversity and the sustainable use of natural resources. This Act was established under the framework of the National Environmental Management Act and deals with biodiversity planning and monitoring, protection of threatened ecosystems and species, possible invasive species, bio-prospecting and permitting.

The WRDM has recently established a bioregional plan that has been incorporated into the EMF. This Act is critical to managing and conserving biodiversity in the WRDM.

4.4 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: PROTECTED AREAS ACT (ACT 57 OF 2003) The purpose of this Act is to provide for the protection and conservation of ecologically viable areas which represent the biological diversity, natural landscapes and seascapes of South Africa. It also provides for the establishment of a national register of all protected areas, whether national, regional or local, for the management of those areas according to national standards and for the cooperation between government departments and public consultation in matters regarding

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013 protected areas or matters in connection thereto.

The WRDM has protected areas governed by this Act. Furthermore, this Act provides the process that will be required to register new protected areas that may be identified through the EMF process.

4.5 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: AIR QUALITY ACT (ACT 39 OF 2004) A shift from national air pollution control based on source to decentralised air quality management through an effects-based approach is supported by the Air Quality Act. An effects based approach requires the setting of ambient air quality standards. Ambient standards that define satisfactory air quality to ensure human health and welfare, the protection of the natural and build environment, and finally the prevention of significant decline in the quality of air may be established. Such standards provide the objectives for air quality management. Multiple levels of standards provide the basis for both ‘continued improvements’ in air quality and for long term planning in air quality management. Although maximum levels of ambient concentrations should be set at a national level, more stringent ambient standards may be implemented by provincial and local authorities.

Source-based controls, including best practicable means and best available technology not entailing excessive cost, cannot ensure air quality but rather represents one means of achieving and attaining ambient standards. Provision is also made for implementation of alternative regulatory approaches in programmes aimed at the attainment and maintenance of ambient standards. Such alternative approaches include proactive controls, market incentives and disincentives, self regulation, community-based initiatives and awareness and education campaigns. The integration of diverse emission reduction approaches is required to ensure innovative and flexible policies and plans of action tailored to suit local circumstances.

The control and management of all sources of air pollution relative to their contributions to ambient concentrations is required to ensure that improvements in air quality are secured in the most timely, even handed and cost-effective way. The need to regulate diverse source types reinforces the need for varied management approaches ranging from command and control methods to voluntary measures.

Public participation in the air quality management process and public access to information, including information on environmentally harmful practices will be a crucial component of future legislation. It is recognised that the integration of public participation into the decision-making process will be enhanced through education and awareness programmes aimed at the empowerment of communities.

Emphasis is to be placed on the integration of air quality issues into the transportation, housing and land use planning processes in order to ensure that air quality issues are addressed in the long term. Under the Air Quality Act local authorities are held responsible for air quality management planning.

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The decentralisation of air quality management has enabled management strategies aimed at securing ambient standards to be geared towards local environments. Decentralised air quality management is also more conducive to effective public participation in the management process. In decentralised air quality management, caution is however needed to ensure a basis for effective air quality management, in terms of expertise, funds, and the consistent implementation of tools.

4.5.1 Priority Areas By notice in the government gazette the Minister may declare an area a priority area if the minister or MEC reasonably believes that ambient air quality standards are/may be exceeded in an area, and specific management actions need to be implemented in order to rectify the situation. An area may be prioritised if it is considered that it is or may be impacting on the air quality of neighbouring countries, or if it affects the national interest. The MECs of two or more adjoining provinces may by joint action declare an area falling within those provinces a priority area. Once an area has been declared a priority area, an air quality management plan needs to be prepared and submitted to the relevant authority within the time frame specified by that authority. Before approval of the plan a consultative process needs to be followed. The plan must aim to co-ordinate air quality management in the area, address issues related to air quality and provide for the implementation of the plan by a committee. The committee appointed should be representative of the relevant role players.

During the writing of this report only three air quality priority areas had been declared under the National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act, these are the Vaal Triangle, Highveld and Waterberg Priority Areas. The WRDM does not fall within any of these areas. However, the area does experience pressure from poor air quality largely as a result of trans-boundary pollutants from Johannesburg, Rustenburg and other surrounding areas as well as heavy industry and mining activities occurring within the WRDM. Domestic coal and wood use is also an important contributor to the air quality in the WRDM. Thus this Act is critically important to improving air quality in the area.

4.6 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT (ACT 59 OF 2008) This Act was established to reform the laws regulating waste management in order to protect the health and the environment by implementing reasonable measures for the prevention of pollution and ecological degradation and for ensuring sustainable development. It aims to establish national standards for the regulation of waste by all levels of government, provide for control of all waste management activities and implement remediation measures and compliance enforcement for land which has been impacted by waste.

This Act provides the management measures required by the WRDM and it local constituents in managing waste in the area as well as setting standards for waste generators and implications for

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4.7 NATIONAL WATER ACT (ACT 36 OF 1998) The national importance of water and the provision thereof has been acknowledged in the Constitution as a basic human right. The aim of this Act is to ensure that the water resources are protected, used, developed, conserved and controlled by all reasonable measures. The Act deals with the development of strategies to facilitate the proper management of water resources, provides for the protection of water resources, regulation of water use and other matters relating thereto.

Water use can be defined as incorporating surface and groundwater, includes the act of taking water from a water resource, storing water, impeding or diverting the flow of a water course, engaging in stream flow reduction activities, discharging water containing waste or water that has been heated in an industrial process, altering the physical structure or character of a water course or removing, discharging or disposing of underground water for safety purposes.

Generally, water use must be licensed under the Act unless: • It is an existing water use; • It is permissible under a general authorization; • It is listed in Schedule 1 of the Act; or • A responsible authority has waived the need of a license.

This Act also takes into account the prevention of pollution of water resources and places a responsibility on all water users to take all reasonable measures to prevent or minimize water pollution. It also provides for a framework for the remedying of water resources which have been polluted. It is important in the EMF process as it sets the implications for the management, protection and rehabilitation of water resources in the WRDM.

4.8 NATIONAL HERITAGE RESOURCES ACT (ACT 25 OF 1999) The National Heritage Resources Act (Act No. 25 of 1999) (NHRA) defines the heritage resources of South Africa which are of cultural significance or other special value for the present community and for future generations that must be considered part of the national estate to include: • places, buildings, structures and equipment of cultural significance; • places to which oral traditions are attached or which are associated with living heritage; • historical settlements and townscapes; • landscapes and natural features of cultural significance; • geological sites of scientific or cultural importance; • archaeological and palaeontological sites;

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• graves and burial grounds, including: o ancestral graves; o royal graves and graves of traditional leaders; o graves of victims of conflict; o graves of individuals designated by the Minister by notice in the Gazette; o historical graves and cemeteries; and o other human remains which are not covered in terms of the Human Tissue Act, 1983 (Act No. 65 of 1983); • sites of significance relating to the history of slavery in South Africa; • movable objects, including: o objects recovered from the soil or waters of South Africa, including archaeological and palaeontological objects and material, meteorites and rare geological specimens; o objects to which oral traditions are attached or which are associated with living heritage; o ethnographic art and objects; o military objects; o objects of decorative or fine art; o objects of scientific or technological interest; and o books, records, documents, photographic positives and negatives, graphic, film or video material or sound recordings, excluding those that are public records as defined in section 1(xiv) of the National Archives of South Africa Act, 1996 (Act No. 43 of 1996).

Section 35(4) of the NHRA states that no person may, without a permit issued by the responsible heritage resources authority: • Destroy, damage, excavate, alter, deface or otherwise disturb any archaeological or palaeontological site or any meteorite; • Destroy, damage, excavate, remove from its original position, collect or own any archaeological or palaeontological material or object or any meteorite; • Trade in, sell for private gain, export or attempt to export from the Republic any category of archaeological or palaeontological material or object, or any meteorite; • Bring onto or use at an archaeological or palaeontological site any excavation equipment or any equipment that assists in the detection or recovery of metals or archaeological and palaeontological material or objects, or use such equipment for the recovery of meteorites; or • Alter or demolish any structure or part of a structure which is older than 60 years as protected.

Considering the rich heritage of the WRDM, this Act is important in the EMF process to assist with the management and protection of heritage resources in the WRDM.

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4.9 WORLD HERITAGE CONVENTION ACT (ACT 49 OF 1999)

This Act provides for the incorporation of the World Heritage Convention into South African law to allow the enforcement and implementation of the World Heritage Convention and to recognise and establish of World Heritage Sites. The Act provides the basis for establishing Authorities by granting of powers and setting duties of such Authorities to safeguard the integrity of World Heritage Sites.

This Act is of relevance to the WRDM as it includes the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site and specific management thereof is required.

4.10 MINERAL AND PETROLEUM RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT ACT (ACT 28 OF 2002) This Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act (MPRDA) aims to make provision for equitable access to and sustainable development of the nation’s mineral and petroleum resources by vesting custodianship thereof to the state and not to the landowner. In doing so, it wants to expand opportunities for previously disadvantaged persons, promote economic growth and employment and improve social and social security conditions of people.

Schedule II to the Act provides for the treatment of prospecting and mining applications, the continuation of existing rights, and for the continuation of royalty payments in limited circumstances. The Act is supported by guiding regulations (R527) that set out the requirements for social and environmental processes (Part I), social and labour plans (Part II) and mineral development, petroleum exploration and production (Part III).

Regulation 50 of the MPRDA outlines the reporting requirements of EIAs for mining activities. It specifies that the EIA report must ensure, as a minimum, that: • The environment likely to be affected by the proposed mining operation and alternatives thereto is investigated. • Potential impacts, including cumulative impacts of the proposed operation and alternatives are investigated. • An assessment of impacts as described above is carried out. • A comparative assessment of the feasible alternatives is made. • Mitigatory measures are investigated and described for each significant impact. • The stakeholder engagement process is described with an indication of how issues raised have been addressed. • Knowledge gaps, adequacy of predictive methods, underlying assumptions, and uncertainties encountered are reported on. • Arrangements for monitoring and management are described.

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• Technical and supporting information are included as appendices.

The WRDM has a rich mining history and this Act is important to ensure that the mining practices adhere to specific environmental, social and sustainability requirements and what the implications of not meeting these requirements are.

4.11 CONSERVATION OF AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES ACT (ACT NO. 43 OF 1983) The Act aims to provide for the conservation of the natural agricultural resources through maintaining the production potential of land, through combating and preventing erosion or the weakening / destruction of water sources, and through the protection of vegetation by combating weeds and invader plants.

Several alien and invader species of concern are present within the WRDM and these require management.

4.12 THE SUBDIVISION OF AGRICULTURAL LAND ACT (ACT 70 OF 1970) The purpose of this Act is to control the subdivision and use of agricultural land. It is important for food security and the conservation of natural resources that Agricultural land is protected. The Act also promotes sustainable management of agricultural land.

This Act is important for the EMF as areas within the WRDM have high Agricultural potential and it is seen as an important Agricultural Hub.

4.13 NATIONAL FOREST ACT, (ACT NO. 84 OF 1998) The National Forest Act, 1998 (Act No. 84 of 1998) was promulgated to provide for the sustainable management and development of forests for the benefit of all and to promote the sustainable use of these forests. In addition to this function the Act also provides for the protection of trees which are threatened. A protected tree list was published in GN 32731 of 27 November 2009 and is of relevance to proposed developments within the WRDM as some of these trees are present within the study area.

4.14 MUNICIPAL STRUCTURES ACT (ACT 117 OF 1998) The Municipal Structures Act requires the municipality to include a SDF as part of its IDP, which must include the provision of basic guidelines for a land use management system in the municipality. The Act also makes provision for the appropriate division of powers and electoral systems.

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This Act is important in providing alignment of the EMF and SDF and synergy between the land use management guidelines and environmental management guidelines.

4.15 MUNICIPAL SYSTEMS ACT (ACT 32 OF 2000) The Act looks at legal nature and internal relationships of municipalities, municipal powers and functions. It aims to provide for core principles, mechanisms and processes that are necessary to enable municipalities to move progressively towards the social and economic enhancement of local communities and ensure affordable access to essential services.

This Act is important to the WRDM EMF as it incorporates District and Local Municipalities which have different powers and functions in terms of environmental management

4.16 INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS ACT (ACT 13 OF 2005) This Act establishes a framework for the national, provincial and local governments to promote and facilitate intergovernmental relations; to provide for mechanisms and procedures to facilitate the settlement of intergovernmental disputes; and to facilitate co-ordination in the implementation of policy and legislation, including- • coherent government; • effective provision of services; • monitoring implementation of policy and legislation; and • realisation of national priorities.

National, provincial and local governments must seek to • take into account the circumstances, material interests and budgets of other governments and organs of state in other governments, when exercising their statutory powers or performing their statutory functions; • consulting other affected organs of state in accordance with formal procedures, as determined by any applicable legislation, or accepted convention or as agreed with them or, in the absence of formal procedures, consulting them in a manner best suited to the circumstances, including by way of- o direct contact; or o any relevant intergovernmental structures; • co-ordinating their actions when implementing policy or legislation affecting the material interests of other governments; • avoiding unnecessary and wasteful duplication or jurisdictional contests; • taking all reasonable steps to ensure that they have sufficient institutional o to consult, to co-operate and to share information with other organs of state; and • to respond promptly to requests by other organs of state for consultation, co-operation and

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information sharing; and participating- • in intergovernmental structures of which they are members; and • in efforts to settle intergovernmental disputes.

As with the Municipal Systems Act this Act provides the understanding of functions and mechanisms for resolving conflict between government departments and various planning tools

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5 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION

5.1 INTRODUCTION The primary aim of the Public Participation Process (PPP) undertaken during the development of the EMF rev 2 for the WRDM was to identify and record issues, comments and concerns of key stakeholders and Interested and Affected Parties (I&APs) with regards to the EMF. The matters raised during the PPP assisted in the identification of potential environmental impacts and socio- economic aspects that were addressed and incorporated into the EMF. Despite having undertaken a thorough public participation process, a relatively poor response was received by the general public.

The following is an account of the activities that were undertaken as part of the public participation process.

5.2 ADVERTISEMENTS The intention of the WRDM to review and update the EMF was advertised in local newspapers on 24 February 2010. These adverts were placed in the Randfontein Herald and the Carletonville Herald newspapers.

The advertisements provided details of the EMF processes and requested I&APs to register and to become involved in the project (refer to Appendix 2 for copies of the advertisements placed for the full duration of the EMF).

5.3 IDENTIFICATION OF KEY STAKEHOLDERS

Identification of key stakeholders was undertaken through the local authorities involved in the project, existing contacts and databases.

All I&APs, as identified through the response from the newspaper advertisements, and stakeholder information (i.e. contact details) was recorded in a comprehensive database of stakeholder groups. This database (refer to Appendix 2) was updated on an on-going basis through the duration of the project and consists of 529 individuals.

The database includes individuals from all levels of government, mining, industry and the general public.

Another group of stakeholders that was consulted throughout the project was the project steering committee, which consisted of representatives from the local municipalities, the district

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5.4 PUBLIC OPEN DAYS

Public open days were held in Westonaria, Randfontein and Merafong City on 05 and 06 March 2012. Public Open Days were not undertaken in Mogale City or the Cradle due to the confusion that would have been created with regards to the EMF process running concurrently in these two areas. These open days were advertised in the newspapers (refer to Section 5.1 above) and all registered I&APs were notified via email or fax. Posters were used to illustrate the purpose of the EMF and the findings of the initial status quo. The open days provided an early opportunity to contribute towards the information used as the basis for the EMF. Questionnaires were also distributed at the open day to understand the desires of the stakeholders in the area (refer to Section 5.6 below regarding the questionnaires).

5.5 STATUS QUO REVIEW

The draft status quo was issued to key registered stakeholders for review from 17 February 2012 to 21 March 2012. The document was made available through download. An issues response report included in Appendix 2 details comments received during this process

5.6 QUESTIONNAIRE

A questionnaire was compiled for I&APs to determine the desired state of the environment in the WRDM in terms of its residents. This questionnaire asked respondents about how they perceived the current state of the environment in the WRDM and what activities they would most and least prefer in their desired state of the environment. A copy of the questionnaire is included in Appendix 2.

5.7 STATUS QUO & DESIRED STATE GOVERNMENT REVIEW

The draft status quo and desired state report was issued to key government departments on CD for review and verification of the information and data used to establish the status quo and desired state. Government departments involved included Department of Water Affairs (DWA), South Africa Heritage Resource Agency (SAHRA), Agricultural Resource Council (ARC), Council for Geoscience (CfG), Department of Rural Development and Land Reform (DRDLR), Department of Mineral Resources (DMR), Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF), South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), Statistics South Africa (StatsSA), and the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) – Air Quality Section. Departments were given 1 – 18 February to provide comments. No comments were received.

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6 DESIRED STATE OF THE WEST RAND DISTRICT

6.1 INTRODUCTION This Section sets out the desired state of the study area, which is a key step in the development of an EMF. The desired state reports on the environmental goals that various stakeholders in the WRDM wish to achieve for the environment given the current conditions and available resources The determination of these goals are based on the following factors: • The overall environmental ethic of the WRDM • The basic environmental rights of the communities within the area under the jurisdiction of the WRDM • The specific management objectives set for each of the key environmental areas • The realistic desired outcome for the environment in the different areas making up the WRDM and for the WRDM as a whole.

6.1.1 Environmental Ethics and Environmental Rights A common misconception is that the environment is a source of limitless resources that can be used and exploited in order to supply the needs of the human population. However, the by-product of this exploitation is often environmental degradation, pollution and other impacts, which ultimately influence human quality of life.

The environmental ethics adopted by different organisations or communities determines what behaviour is considered acceptable and what is not. These ethics are generally entrenched in legislation, policies and guidelines. The Acts detailed in section 4 are just some examples of the environmental legislation that is applicable in the South African environment:

The Constitution of South Africa (Chapter 2, Section 24) states that: Everyone has the right - (a) to an environment that is not harmful to their health or well-being; and (b) to have the environment protected, for the benefit of present and future generations, through reasonable legislative and other measures that - (i) prevent pollution and ecological degradation; (ii) promote conservation; and (iii) secure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources while promoting justifiable economic and social development. This right must be protected and it places a responsibility on everyone living in the WRDM to ensure that they do not harm the environment to the detriment of their neighbours. In order to achieve the desired state of the environment that is set out in this document, the WRDM

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6.1.2 Management Objectives The desired state of the environment for the WRDM is an ideal (utopia) and may differ from the environment that exists in the area. A holistic approach has been followed in order to identify the desired state of all aspects of the environment with specific reference to the status quo and relevant guidelines, regulations, legislation and international best practice. The environment has been divided into the following categories: • The Biophysical Environment: o Atmosphere and Climate; o Water; o Geomorphology; and o Biodiversity. • The Socio-economic Environment: o Land Use; o Local Economy; o Infrastructure; o Health; o Education; o Tourism; o Safety and Security; and o Integrated and Environmental Management. • The Cultural Environment: o Cultural Heritage.

Each of the main categories have specific requirements to ensure long term sustainability. Therefore, each management area will have its own objectives and these objectives should be regarded as the desired state for each of these areas. The objectives set out in this report are idealistic, however they represent the ultimate goal for which the WRDM should strive. In order to reach these objectives, guidelines will be described in the Environmental Management Framework.

6.1.3 Desired Outcome for the West Rand District Municipality In the determination of the desired state of the environment for the WRDM, it is important that it is aligned with the desired outcome envisaged for the municipality as a whole. The desired outcome of the WRDM is outlined within the district’s vision and mission as stated in the WRDM Integrated Development Plan. The vision and mission of the WRDM are as follows:

Vision Establish a single municipality with the vision of providing integrated district governance and

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The Green IQ vision to be the greenest district in South Africa and to provide an African example that Sustainable Development is not just a good choice, it is the best choice.

Mission The WRDM shall provide a developmental district governance system for a better life for all in the West Rand District.

6.2 DESIRED STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT Sustainability is a desired future state whereby the pressures caused by the scale and impact of human activities, industrialisation and population growth are managed. In order to achieve sustainability, and to avoid ecological collapse, the following strategies must be implemented: • Adopt more globally focussed values; • Reflect these values in political decision-making, supported by improved data and understanding; • Manage and conserve natural resources; • Implement social and environmental best practise; • Promote innovations in technology and approaches to sustainable growth; and • Apply the precautionary principle (i.e. plan for the worst case scenario in the face of inconclusive evidence of the impacts).

In the determination of the desired state of the environment for the WRDM, emphasis has been placed on the biophysical, socio-economic and cultural environment. Stakeholders were requested to complete questionnaires in order to determine the desired state as reflected by the community as a whole.

6.2.1 The Biophysical Environment

6.2.1.1 Atmosphere and Climate

The quality of air and the global climate regime is dependent on the quantities of natural and anthropogenic emissions to the atmosphere, and the atmospheric dispersion and pollutant removal potential.

The desired state for air quality in the district should be such that it is not detrimental to the health and well-being of the municipal residents and should be compliant to the National Standards for ambient air quality in South Africa (2009), as well as any other applicable legislation.

Furthermore, cleaner production technology and the use of renewable energy, resource efficiency

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6.2.1.2 Water

The rivers and tributaries in the WRDM are regarded as zones of conservation and should remain largely in their natural state. Exotic vegetation should be removed and replaced with indigenous vegetation. The natural floodplain of all rivers in the WRDM should be maintained and managed as an open space that is able to fulfil the following hydrological and ecological functions in an unhindered manner: • The drainage of stormwater emanating from the District and upstream areas; • The dispersion of floodwater to the extent that there is no threat to any structures that lie downstream; • Acid mine water should be prevented from decanting and contaminating ground and surface water sources • The provision of a high quality natural fringe along the river channels that should act as an effective ecological connector through the District; and • There should be no development within the natural floodplain of all rivers, especially with regards to the areas below the 1:100 year floodline.

The water quality of rivers in the District should meet the target water quality ranges as specified in the South African Water Quality Guidelines – Volume 2: Recreational Use, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, 1996 (second edition).

6.2.1.3 Geomorphology

The WRDM should ensure that all land use planning and development applications take the underlying geology into account (i.e. geology, slope, risk of mass movement, expansive soils, sinkholes, undermining etc.). A Karst Management Plan should be developed for each local municipality in order to guide development in dolomitic areas.

6.2.1.4 Biodiversity

In order to conserve biodiversity, the WRDM should ensure that areas of high conservation value, such as rivers, ridges and formal and unofficial conservation areas are protected and linked via open spaces. The WRDM should ensure that the land that is conserved is representative of the habitat diversity in the area. The WRDM should ensure that they comply with the relevant legislation and policies of International, National and Provincial government with regards to the conservation of Biodiversity.

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6.2.2 The Socio-economic Environment

6.2.2.1 Land Use

The following objectives with regards to spatial planning and land use are desired: • To create sustainable human settlements and quality environments; • To contain urban sprawl and promote residential intensification; • To encourage settlement integration and redress the imbalances of the past; and • To guide the land use management system. • To ensure that development does not negatively impact on the provisioning function provided by environmental goods and services.

6.2.2.2 Agriculture

The WRDM should promote the agricultural industry within the municipal area, by encouraging the use of different crops and new techniques. The WRDM should also • promote and support small-scale farming and urban agriculture. The agricultural industry should be compliant with all the relevant legislation and policies. • The WRDM should promote agricultural practices on land with high agricultural potential. • The WRDM should promote the development of agro-based tourism expansion and utilisation of agro-processing facilities that utilises locally produced inputs.

6.2.2.3 Industry and Mining

Waste management and pollution in industrial and mining areas should conform to all national, provincial and local norms and standards. Industries and mines should implement Environmental Management Systems.

The WRDM should ensure that all mining areas comply with the relevant regulations and they have up-to-date Environmental Management Programmes and Rehabilitation Plans in place.

6.2.2.4 Housing

The WRDM should meet the required backlog in terms of housing provision and adequate service delivery. The WRDM should ensure that residential areas are built suitably zoned land and that the surrounding land uses are compatible in order to ensure quality of life.

6.2.2.5 Open Space

An open space system in the WRDM should be an integral part of spatial planning, resource conservation, biodiversity protection, sensitive land use planning and land use management. WRDM should have an integrated formal and informal open space system that fulfils both natural and social

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The development of open spaces into formal and informal parts of the system should be done in such a way that they compliment adjoining land uses. The open space system should be both accessible and defensible. It should also create opportunities for human development. The open space system should be formed in such a way that it is owned and protected by the surrounding communities. The following principles should be adapted in integrating open space into the urban system:

• Throughout the WRDM a series of ridges or steep areas are present creating impassable mountainous terrain, which is barely inhabited. These areas are environmentally very sensitive. These areas form an integral link in open space planning and maintaining the existing high levels of biodiversity; • The rivers in the WRDM are regarded as zones of conservation. Therefore, no major settlement should take place around rivers. Where settlements do occur they should be carefully managed to ensure limited / no pollution; • The establishment of a network system of open space areas at a municipal level assists in addressing some of the ecological issues at hand and will help to ensure that, in particular, river corridors are able to function ecologically. The safeguarding of biophysical environment is likely to have a positive impact on social, cultural and economic aspects of the environment; • Where possible, the open space areas within towns and urban areas should be developed to ensure safety for users. This can be achieved by creating overlooking structures such as housing on the edge, lighting and security personnel; • Major recreational parks and facilities within the network of open spaces should be easily accessible by public transport; • All the protected natural areas (COHWHS, Krugersdorp Nature Reserve, Abe Bailey Nature Reserve, etc.) must be formally proclaimed and linked to this Network of Open Spaces. • These linkages must be maintained and managed effectively; and • Urban areas should be greened and made aesthetically pleasing and linked to the Network of Open Spaces.

6.2.2.6 Local Economy

The WRDM should strive for the following desired states with regards to the local economy: • A decrease in the unemployment rate through job creation and the promotion of entrepreneurship; • Stimulation of economic development opportunities in the rural areas; and • Promotion of the tourism industry.

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• Promotion of upstream and downstream economic opportunities arising from existing industries.

6.2.2.7 Bulk Service Infrastructure

The West Rand Municipality should ensure that all residents have access to acceptable bulk services of at least level 1 services. The acceptable standards with regards to level 1 services are that every household shall have a Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) latrine and access to piped water within 200 m walking distance. All households should have access to weekly waste removal services.

6.2.2.8 Waste Management

Waste produced in the WRDM should be reduced, reused and recycled as far as possible. All remaining waste should enter the formal waste stream for disposal in the correct manner at appropriately licensed waste disposal facilities. Waste should not be allowed to be illegally disposed on open spaces. No liquid waste should enter into the stormwater system.

Where appropriate, and if found to be feasible, the employment creation opportunities of sustainable waste recycling should be fully explored. Medical waste should be responsibly disposed of by all medical practitioners in the District and should be disposed of through dedicated health care waste disposal methods. Hazardous waste should be responsibly disposed of at an appropriately licensed hazardous waste disposal facility and in accordance with all relevant legislation and policies.

6.2.2.9 Health

The WRDM should ensure that they give effect to the Constitution of South Africa, 1996 (Act No. 108 of 1996) in that, everyone has the right to: • Health care services, including reproductive health care; and • No one may be refused emergency medical treatment.

Furthermore, the WRDM should ensure that they comply to the WHO guidelines with regards to access to health facilities.

6.2.2.10 Education

The WRDM should ensure that they give effect to the Constitution of South Africa, 1996 (Act No. 108 of 1996) in that, everyone has the right to: • A basic education, including adult basic education; and

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• Further education, which the State, through reasonable measures, should make progressively available and accessible.

The WRDM should ensure that every person in the WRDM is aware of their environmental rights and responsibilities and should act according to these rights and responsibilities. The WRDM should also insist that environmental justice is pursued in all decision-making affecting the quality of their environment. The WRDM should strive to fulfil the spatial guidelines for the provision of schools, obtained from the Gauteng Department of Education, i.e. one primary school of 2.4 ha in size per 1 000 erven and one secondary school of 3.8 ha in size for every 3 primary schools or 3 000 erven.

6.2.2.11 Tourism

The WRDM should: • Use tourism as a tool for developing economies. Tourism has the ability to integrate diverse strengths and improve socio-economic conditions; • Promote environmental tourism throughout the district; • Develop the tourism potential of the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site; • Develop the tourism potential of the Magaliesberg area; and • Market the WRDM as an entity.

6.2.2.12 Safety and Security

The WRDM should strive to ensure that the district is a secure, crime free place to live and visit by: • Improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the criminal justice system as a deterrent to crime and as a source of relief and support to victims; • Improving the access of dis-empowered groups to the criminal justice process; and • Promoting non-violent conflict resolution, awareness of gender issues and the empowerment of sectors prone to victimisation.

The WRDM should ensure that the appropriate measures are taken in order to ensure that the roads in the district are safe. This should include a road safety awareness programme.

The WRDM should ensure that all companies, industries etc. comply with the requirements and regulations as set out by the Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993 (Act No. 85 of 1993).

6.2.2.13 Integrated and Environmental Management

The WRDM should strive to fulfil the following principles: • Promote accountable, open and transparent decision–making;

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• Improve co-operative governance and information sharing; • Promote the implementation of Environmental Management Systems throughout the industrial and commercial sector; • Promote environmental awareness education within the district; and • Improve and rehabilitate the mining areas and related mining activities.

6.2.3 The Cultural Environment The WRDM should ensure that all cultural, historical and archaeological areas and sites are conserved and protected in accordance with all the relevant legislation and policies.

6.3 CONCLUSION The status quo assessment identified a range of attributes within the WRDM. Assets represent features in the study area that have importance. These attributes are defined in terms of their extent, significance, sensitivity and inter-relationship as well as the opportunities and constraints. The following tables (Table 6-1 to Table 6-10) feature a set of management objectives which aim to advance the integrated environmental management and sustainable development in the management area and an ultimate desired state for the attributes in the WRDM. These management objectives are based on a set of fundamental principles that must be applied in order to realise the vision for the area. Section 2 of the NEMA provides the following guidance: • Environmental management must place people and their needs first, serving their physical, psychological, developmental, cultural and social interests equitably; • Development must be socially, environmentally and economically sustainable; • The use and exploitation of non-renewable natural resources must be responsible and equitable, and should take into account the consequences of resource depletion, while renewable resources are utilised in a manner that does not jeopardise their integrity or that of the ecosystem; • The negative impacts of development on the environment and on people's environmental rights must be anticipated and prevented, and where they cannot be prevented, minimised and remedied; • Equitable access to environmental resources, benefits and services to meet basic human needs and ensure human well-being must be pursued, and special measures must be taken to ensure access to categories of persons disadvantaged by unfair discrimination; • Widespread participation of interested and affected parties in environmental governance must be promoted, and all people must be given the opportunity to develop the ‘understanding, skills and capacity necessary for achieving equitable and effective participation; • Community well-being and empowerment must be promoted through environmental education, the raising of environmental awareness, the sharing of knowledge and experience and other appropriate means;

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• Decision-making must be open and transparent, and access to information provided in accordance with the law; • There must be intergovernmental co-ordination and harmonisation of policies, legislation and actions relating to the environment; • The beneficial use of environmental resources must serve the public interest and the environment must be protected as the people's common heritage; and • Sensitive, vulnerable, highly dynamic or stressed ecosystems require specific attention in management and planning procedures, especially if subject to significant human resources usage and development pressure.

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Table 6-1: Air Air 2 Extent Merafong shows levels of PM10 below residential threshold of 600 mg/m /day. 98% of air emissions in the WLM are PM10 while in Mogale City PM10 only contributes 11% of the air

emissions. 61% of Mogale City’s air emissions is from SO2, 17% CO. 78% of air emissions in

Randfontein are PM10 dust particulate, 15% from SO2 Air Quality in the area is also affected by transboundary pollutants blowing into the area from predominantly Gauteng. However, equally so the emissions generated in WRDM affect areas outside of the municipality. Significance Key emission sources are: • Unrehabilitated Mine Tailings • Household fuel burning in mostly informal settlements. • Vehicle emissions along roads, railway lines and airports as well as emissions from petrol stations. • Emissions from agricultural practices. • Industrial and commercial process emissions. • Incineration operations. • Landfills and sewage works. • Veld Fires. The WRDM is affected by emissions generated outside of the municipality but those generated within the WRDM also affect other areas outside of the municipality. Sensitivity Poor air quality impacts on human health, biodiversity and ecosystem health as well as certain economic activities. Pollution in the air can result in acid rain which impacts on agricultural production and soil properties. Emissions impact climate change which will result in altered rainfall and temperature affecting agricultural practices as well as water resources, biodiversity and ecosystem function. Inter-relationship Land use. Biodiversity & Ecology. Water Resources. Socio-Economic – Health Opportunities Air Quality Act provides strict standards to be adhered to that will ensure a reduction in pollution levels. Thus, in order to increase production, companies must introduce greener technology, making it more accessible and affordable. The Act has brought about greater awareness of air quality issues in the area. This awareness has resulted in consumer demand for cleaner production technology. Compliance and enforcement can identify potential problems before they create air quality problems Continually improving technology and awareness resulting in increasing energy efficiency, recycle and reuse and decreasing emission concentrations. A focus on cleaner production technology. Changing to solar, wind and other renewable energy sources provides an opportunity to improve the air quality by reducing emissions associated with fossil fuel burning Encourage green building principles for development to reduce emissions from buildings Constraints Strict standards may discourage industry or restrict expansion of existing operations which will impact on the economy of the area. Strain on medical facilities and the state where people cannot afford medical treatment. Global warming and climate change uncertainties to future sustainability and survival of

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species. Risks of droughts and floods due to variations in climatic conditions Impacts on the tourism and agricultural industries due to the impacts of poor air quality on aesthetic and crop yields and quality of produce Management Promote cleaner production technology and the use of renewable energy Objectives Promote resource efficiency and limited emissions / disposal of waste. Promote sustainable economic activities that will strengthen local livelihoods, SMME development and reduce poverty. Determine the impact of climate change and develop an adaption plan for climate change Desired State Air quality should pose no threat to human or ecological health

Table 6-2: Land Use Land Extent 62% of Merafong, 42% of Mogale City, 35% of Westonaria and 26% of Randfontein are still natural with a total of 63% for the WRDM. Cultivation accounts for 28% of the WRDM with urban and mining making up the remaining 9%. The WRDM has a long history of gold mining. A by-product of gold mining is uranium and many of the old gold tailings facilities are being reworked to extract more gold and uranium. Refer to Table 6.9 for more details on Mining in the WRDM Large areas of high agricultural potential particularly in the central and northern areas of the WRDM. Refer to Table 6.8 for more details on Agriculture in the WRDM Industrial and Urban developments have been identified and maps together with the associated infrastructure that allow the socio-economic aspects of the WRDM to sustain the livelihoods of its residents. Undermining and dolomites of the WRDM limit development of land as well as the topography particularly in the north in the Magaliesburg area and east-west through the southern central extent of ridges in the Westonaria and Merafong LMs. Seismic activities are another concern that would need to be further understood in order to put in place management measures and development guidelines. Significance Competing land uses places pressure on sensitive environments and resources, such as wetlands. Potential conflict places pressure on decision makers. Sensitivity Inappropriate land uses such as mining, intensive agriculture and deforestation, could negatively impact on an area’s function and productivity. Isolated developments could impact on sensitive environments which can in turn curtail other economic opportunities. Inter-relationship Socio-economics. Cultural heritage. Water. Aquatic and wetland ecology. Terrestrial ecology. Agriculture. Mining Resource economics. Opportunities Refer to all opportunities in the agricultural potential, minerals, water and biodiversity sections below. Under natural conditions, the dolomitic formations underlying the WRDM used to store large quantities of pure water. Constraints Refer to all constraints in the agricultural potential, minerals, water and biodiversity sections

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below. Restricted land for development as a result of dolomitic and undermined conditions making these areas prone to sinkhole development and a risk to safety Acid Mine Drainage increases the occurrence of sinkhole formation. Increased seismic activity with increased rewatering and dewatering as well as mining workings. Restricted land for development due to the slope steepness Management Put in place programmes aimed at raising awareness about environmental issues Objectives Discourage the expansion of informal settlement and sprawl Promote dialogue between government departments and neighbouring countries to manage cross boundary issues. Allow for development that serves the people of the WRDM in a sustainable manner. Ensure that development does not negatively impact on the provisioning function provided by environmental goods and services. Ensure the alignment of policies aimed at sustainable development. Promote environmental awareness. Ensure that environmental impacts of new development are assessed and the EIA process informs decision making. Mainstream environmental considerations in the development and spatial planning processes. Ensure compliance to environmental requirements by all developments. Desired State Maximum benefit of the areas geographic location should be realised. Land use is to make maximum use of its potential without detrimental impacts to the environment. Sustainable use of land is to be ensured. Land uses should not conflict with each other.

Table 6-3: Socio-economics Socio-economics Extent The population of WRDM was approximately 754,903 in 2007. Waste sites in the area, are largely unlicensed with limited air space remaining. New regional landfill sites are being investigated in the WRDM. Based on Water Quality data it is evident that the Waste Water Treatment Works (WWTWs) are generally over-capacitated and require upgrading as the water quality discharged from these works is having a major impact on water quality. Mogale City and Westonaria have 1% of households with no access to piped water, while Randfontein and Merafong had 3% of households still rely on raw water resources. This is of concern given the poor quality of natural water resources in the WRDM. Most households (69%) use electricity for lighting purposes, however, cheaper sources of energy (such as wood, coal, paraffin and candles) are still being more widely used for heating, and cooking. Most of the roads in the WRDM are in a reasonable state, however, traffic volumes and heavy vehicle movement on main arterial roads are placing pressure on road infrastructure. There is a poor distribution of health facilities (public hospitals, mobile clinics and primary health care clinics) within the WRDM Employment comes mainly from community, social and personal services, mining and quarrying, and wholesale and retail trade. There is low employment in the area (51%) Persons not economically active make up 26% of the total population Significance The majority of the population is concentrated in urban areas with dense informal settlements establishing on the outskirts of these urban centres and in close proximity to mines. There are often low levels of service delivery in these informal settlements.

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The lower the level of service delivery, the higher the impacts on the environment caused by human activity. The state of roads is critical to allow for the movement of people and goods, which impacts on socio-economic development. Housing backlogs require greater housing options in all segments of the market. Housing will necessitate land and the transformation of this land from its original condition into developed service property. Impacts of poor health and illness will result in, amongst others, increasing number of orphans, worsening of skills shortage, and pressure on health budgets. Health is directly impacted on / exacerbated by lack of services, e.g. sanitation, health care and water supply. Poor air quality resulting from household fuel burning, mining operations and power stations also pose a risk to health. Livelihoods are significantly constrained through lack of an income. Poverty limits people’s access to shelter, services, health care and educational opportunities. Sensitivity Inappropriate development can impact the safety and health of communities, as well the functioning of natural systems. Poor state of services and infrastructure could impact on sensitive environments through, amongst others, surface- and groundwater contamination. This could ultimately impact human health and well-being. Inappropriate siting of bulk service and transport infrastructure can impact the safety and health of communities, as well the functioning of natural systems. Poor health results in high levels of vulnerability, and undermines household livelihoods. Unemployment and poverty results in high levels of vulnerability. Higher reliance on ecosystem services, with a potential for over utilisation of resources. Inter-relationship Water. Aquatic and wetland ecology. Terrestrial ecology. Opportunities Improvement in local eco-tourism. Conservation of biodiversity through formally protected areas, extent of natural, cultural and historical heritage resources and the associated potential for tourism diversification provides scope for economic development and opportunities for employment, skills development, and poverty alleviation. Creation of secondary economic spin-offs. Reduction of services and housing backlogs. Secondary economic spin-offs emanating from mining i.e. guest houses and local procurement of goods and services. Improved cooperation between institutions. Improved transport systems and road conditions. Social development obligations of mines will assist community projects. Food security from agricultural activities. Constraints Minimal infrastructure development. Lack of services and maintenance. Overgrazing. Inadequate land management practices leading to damage of biodiversity. Lack of knowledge of the value of natural and cultural heritage environment. Increase in demand for water limit some economic sectors. Minimal protection of the natural environment impacting on eco-tourism potential. Increase in waste production and pressure on landfill sites. Lack of environmental awareness and management and adherence to applicable legislation. Increase in traffic, and pollution from vehicle emissions.

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Loss of local culture and way of life. Services and housing backlogs reduce the integrity of the area. Environmental, visual and noise impacts on other economic activities (mining, saw mills, etc.). Threats to security and safety Water quality, disease or bad sanitation. Health impacts. Basic services backlog.

Management Provide infrastructure and services without negatively impacting on the ecosystem goods and Objectives services. Promote sustainable development maximising job creation. Ensure that suitable land is set aside for the provision of housing. Promote the establishment of upstream and downstream economic opportunities arising from existing industries. Optimise the use of existing service and transport infrastructure through effective maintenance. Desired State Poverty elimination Development is to be undertaken and managed in a sustainable manner. Land use changes should optimise the sustainable use of the natural resource base and not negatively impact on the provisioning function provided by environmental good and services.

Table 6-4: Cultural Heritage Cultural Heritage Extent The WRDM has been inhabited by hominids (early humans) since early Pilocene times approximately 2.5 million years ago with Early Stone Age (ESA) tools from this era being found mainly within riparian areas. The area’s history is documented through fossilised remains, rock art, graves, monuments and historic buildings. Evidence of farming and mining evolution has been developed based on findings from the area. Stories of the battles fought in the area have also been written. There is a rich history that has been documented but there are many more not yet discovered or written. Significance Heritage belongs to the nation. All cultural heritage resources older than 60 years are protected by law, even if they are not formally declared a heritage site. These resources are important assets for the country as well as for tourism opportunities in the area. Sensitivity The area has a rich natural and cultural heritage that although supports tourism development must be properly managed to ensure that these assets are safeguarded for the future. Developments in the area must assess the heritage impact of the site prior to and during construction to ensure no heritage artefacts are damaged. Inter-relationship Socio-economics. Resource economics (specifically tourism). Opportunities The area has a rich history and thus the development of its cultural heritage sites is not fully formed providing an opportunity to expand the tourism industry in the area. Opportunities also exist for research that could lead to the identification and development of other cultural sites. Heritage resources in the cradle of human kind have been declared a World Heritage Site. Opportunities for the tourism industry Compliance and enforcement can identify potential problems before they result in damage and loss to cultural heritage resources Constraints Limited information available and limited funds for academic research.

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Tourism could impact on the cultural heritage resources. Development could cause damage and/or disruption to cultural heritage resources. Poor preservation and protection of cultural heritage resources. Poor management of heritage resources restraints the optimal use for tourism and socio-economic benefits. Private ownership of cultural resources makes it difficult to conserve, access and monitor preservation. Lack of awareness for cultural heritage resulting in a loss of local culture and way of life Discovery of cultural heritage resources during development results in major delays in developments. Damage to cultural heritage resources during development could also result where these resources have not previously been identified Management Promote research on cultural heritage. Objectives Ensure Heritage Impact Assessments are undertaken as part of the EIA process where necessary to limit damage to sites and improve the identification of new sites. Identify and formally protect cultural heritage sites and the landscape within which they occur Encourage landowners to participate in the conservation of cultural heritage resources as well as participate in advancing the tourism potential of these resources, thereby, improving access to cultural heritage sites on private property. Coordinate efforts between authorities to manage heritage resources Desired State Cultural Heritage Sites should be formally protected and well maintained A rich body of literature should exist on the cultural heritage in the area. Tourism, including cultural heritage tourism should become one of the key economic drivers in the area.

Table 6-5: Water Water Extent The WRDM is situated in the divide between two major water management areas, namely the Crocodile (West) Marico WMA and the Upper Vaal WMA and is thus the divide between water feeding into the Indian and Atlantic Oceans. Overall quality of rivers in the region is generally poor and areas that are particularly problematic include mining areas, urban areas and more specifically informal settlements where potable water supply is poor. Effluent outflow from over-capacitated WWTWs as well as from mining and agricultural practices are the main causes of the poor water quality conditions. Groundwater yields vary in WRDM, however, dolomitic aquifers yielding high groundwater yields are also found in the District. These areas are at risk of sinkhole development if dewatered. Where dolomitic aquifers occur surface water is often less accessible. Acid Mine Drainage is a key concern for the future. Significance Water scarcity compounded by the pollution of water resources in the WRDM could reduce the potential for other land uses and economic activities including conservation, tourism and agriculture. There is a concerning trend to declining water quality and flow volumes in most Water Management Areas(WMAs),which is associated with mining, industry, agriculture and human settlement. Acid Mine Drainage solutions for the future are currently under investigation, however, the sludge waste volumes generated is a cause for concern. . Radiation pathways both in the water and air borne need further investigation and are a key area of concern Sensitivity Over utilisation and pollution of water resources will have significant downstream impacts on socio-economics, such as human settlements, agricultural yields as well as on the biophysical environment. Polluted water resources can create health problems such as cholera as well as toxicological

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issues. Radiation as a result of the uranium content in the water is also a key health concern. It can also impact irrigation through salination of soils. Decanting of mine water into groundwater and surface water has already lead to massive impacts on the environment. For example, calcium sulphate salts are dominant in rivers, indicating water quality influences from acid mine wastes and other industrial processes. Land uses likely to affect the groundwater quality include: human settlement; commercial and subsistence agriculture; and operational and non-operational mines. Inter-relationship Socio-economics. Aquatic and wetland ecology. Terrestrial ecology. Agriculture. Mining. Opportunities Agriculture and mining are reliant on the availability of water and the area has a high level of assurance of water based on the climatic conditions. Eco-tourism potential related to water resources (i.e. bird watching, fishing and other water sports, etc.). The legislative framework sets in place the opportunity for effective catchment management structures including the development of Catchment Management Agencies (CMA) and Catchment Management Strategies (CMS) for the WMA. A strong CMA will provide direction and focus for towards Integrated Catchment Management (ICM). Partnerships between government and stakeholders who have an interest in a well managed water resource, such as Rand Water eco-tourism initiatives, irrigation boards and Water Use Areas (WUAs), ESKOM , and conservation groupings can be strengthened. Catchment basins in the study area are shared by other municipalities, provinces and countries, deriving pressure to ensure downstream quality and quantity. Programmes to enhance ecological integrity i.e. Working for Water (WfW), Working for Wetlands (WfWet) and Working for Fire. These programmes contribute to increased water availability to a variety of users, as well as job creation. Acid mine drainage can be tretaed and become a water source Nature reserves in the municipality contributes to the improvement of water quality and provides important habitats for aquatic life Compliance and enforcement can identify potential problems before they contaminate the water resource The legal backing to put in place effective catchment management structures that can provide direction and focus for the catchment areas and to protect water resources Eco-tourism and tourism potential related to water resources (water sports, fishing, bird watching, etc.). Programmes to enhance ecological integrity (i.e. Working for Water and Working for Wetlands) These programmes contribute to water availability and water quality but also to job creation Constraints High risk of flooding. Health risks from poor water quality. Minimal infrastructure development / service delivery and a lack of maintenance. Physical limitation on development. Acid Mine Drainage and Acid Rain impacts as well as other water quality issues from mining and industry. Agriculture – over grazing, use of fertilisers and the impacts on water quality. Poverty ensures a continued reliance on raw water resources for water with concerns for human health from current water quality as well as continued impacts on water quality due to sanitation services and general washing in raw water resources.

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Development of other economic sectors. Inadequate land management practices leading to damage of biodiversity. Lack of knowledge of value of natural and heritage environment. Increase in demand for water. Poor development planning and law enforcement. Poor cooperation between the various spheres of government (i.e. Mining being approved by Department of Mineral Resources (DMR) without consideration of the water impacts by Department of Water Affairs (DWA). Catchment basins in the study area are shared resources complicating the management of these resources. Poor implementation of the legislative framework. Water availability: • Increasing demand for water • Limited availability of freshwater resources Water quality • Acid mine drainage • Radioactive contamination • Agricultural activities • Poor management of sewage and a lack of sanitation and services in informal settlements • Health risks and risks to biodiversity from poor water quality and availability • Restricted development of economic sectors due to poor water quality and availability • Water Quality from upstream water resources outside of the WRDM • Salination and eutrophication Aquatic • Impacts to riparian areas and wetlands result in impacts to the ecosystem function of water resources. These can result from urban developments, agriculture and mining in or near the water course Water management • Threats to the water resource as a result of poor service delivery • Catchment basins are shared resource complicating the management of these resources • Poor compliance and enforcement of the legislation Prioritisation of short-term political gains and not longer term and slower development options Management Avoid development in riparian areas and wetlands and encourage conservation of these areas Objectives to avoid impacts on upland areas Improve service delivery to communities Promote sustainable economic activities that will strengthen local livelihoods, SMME development and reduce poverty. Develop partnerships with civil society to promote integrated water resource management Promote dialogue within government departments to manage cross boundary water resource issues. Ensure land use changes optimise the sustainable use of the natural resource base and does not negatively impact on the provisioning function provided by environmental good and services Determine the impact of climate change and develop an adaption plan for climate change Utilise existing programmes such as Working for Water, etc. to rehabilitate the riparian and wetland areas Improve monitoring and enforcement of environmental legislation

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Desired State Adequate water should be available for the ecological reserve Water quality standards should not exceeded Acid mine drainage should be properly managed

Table 6-6: Aquatic & Wetland Ecology Aquatic & Wetland Ecology Extent Wetlands are important features within the WRDM. Wetland types are as follows: • hillslope seepage wetlands; • valley bottom wetlands; • floodplains; and • pans. A map showing these is presented illustrating their widespread distribution within the WRDM Significance The importance of aquatic and wetland ecosystems goes beyond biodiversity support as the underlying value of these systems is the water that they contain. They are important in providing water and food security. Aquatic and wetland ecosystems are vulnerable to land use activities including livestock grazing, dryland cultivation and mining. Sensitivity Cultivation of these wetland areas poses a threat to their survival as well as to water supply. Development in wetland areas poses a threat of flooding Surface mining leads to the irreversible destruction of wetlands, while both opencast and underground mining can have significant impacts on water quality and quantity. During underground mining operations, drawdown of groundwater level may cause wetlands to dry up. Inter-relationship Socio-economics. Water. Terrestrial ecology. Mining Agriculture Opportunities Avoidance of development in the wetlands and riverine systems. The development of tourism needs to be done to maximise opportunities for local people without significantly impacting the water resources. Provide important environmental services Constraints Wetlands and riverine systems pose a physical limitation on the development potential of the area Management Avoiding activities in wetland areas. Objectives Minimising development in and around wetlands and pans. Avoiding impacts on upstream areas with catchments. Restricting mining to areas not considered sensitive. Protect wetlands and watercourses. Desired State Maximum ecosystem services should be provided through fully functioning wetland systems.

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Table 6-7: Biodiversity Biodiversity Extent The irreplaceable sites within the WRDM (8%) are mainly situated mainly in the northern and central areas of the WRDM. There is wide spread areas of important sites across the WRDM. Most of the WRDM consist of vulnerable and endangered vegetation types. The WRDM has very few formally protected areas, however, a number of private conservancies and the proposed Magaliesberg Biosphere Reserve all promote the protection of sensitive areas. International value and interest in cultural heritage in the area has also helped support sensitive areas in their natural state. According to the Draft WRDM Bioregional Plan, 63% of the WRDM is still in a natural state. Significance The WRDM has a high ecological and conservation importance, and is rich in biodiversity due to the variety of grassland and wetland habitats. These high biodiversity areas provide essential ecological services which indirectly support the livelihoods of many communities. These high biodiversity areas also contain many endemic and Red Data flora and fauna species. A large portion of sensitive habitats are not protected, and thus could be impacted upon by inappropriate development. The significant area of natural land may not all be sensitive but they do pose an important natural resource base for medicinal and food harvesting as well as fuel sources particularly of alien invasive species for heating and cooking needs in particularly low income households. Sensitivity Natural vegetation and associated faunal habitats are under pressure due to agricultural, mining, rural residential and other activities. Red Data and endemic species cannot be replaced if they are destroyed. Inter-relationship Aquatic and wetland ecology. Water. Resource economics. Socio-economics. Opportunities The natural goods and services are provided by the ecosystems of the area and benefit the community (i.e. wetlands acting as a natural water filtering system; natural food, medicinal and fuel sources, etc.). Development of eco-tourism and the creation of secondary economic spin-offs, i.e.: Promotion of traditional skills (e.g. bead work, arts and crafts) to be marketed to tourists). Job creation and poverty alleviation. Nationwide, one job is created for every eight tourists visiting the country. The extensive legislative framework pertaining to environmental conservation and protection provides the backing to protect sensitive areas adding to the visual and aesthetic appeal of the area. Proximity to Cradle of Humankind and other Natural Environment and Cultural Heritage Resources in the area as well as proximity to the OR Tambo International Airport, Johannesburg. The legal backing to protect sensitive areas. Compliance and enforcement can identify potential problems before they lead to biodiversity loss Economic impacts due to the destruction of ecosystems, pollution and alien invasion can provide motivation to protect biodiversity Constraints Need of land for housing places pressure on sensitive areas in close proximity to urban areas. Increase in waste production and pressure on landfill sites. Lack of environmental awareness and management and adherence to applicable legislation. Increase in traffic, pollution and water needs. Littering and human waste problems (tourists and locals). Water pollution (physical or biological).

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Loss of local culture and way of life. Transformation and degradation of the vegetation. Environmental, visual and noise impacts of economic activities (mining, saw mills, etc.). Potential negative impact of visitors on the characteristics, integrity and biodiversity of the place, local access and the social/economic/cultural well-being. Lack of funds and capacity to drive tourism. Tourism can provide local employment but badly managed tourism projects may result in a decline in natural resources. This, in turn, will impact tourism and employment figures. Threats to personal security and safety adversely affect tourism demand. A sense of personal security is also affected by the prevalence of violent crime, petty theft, water quality, disease or bad sanitation Low income and high levels of poverty places increasing pressure on natural resources. Government is pressurised to prioritise short term political gains (i.e. service delivery and employment opportunities) and not longer term and slower development options (i.e. protecting the natural environmental goods and services). Mining is threatening sustainable land use in the area as well as the quality of the natural resources Acid Mine Drainage is becoming an important aspect for mining in the area, which has detrimental consequences for the natural environment and ecosystems. Lack of environmental enforcement and adherence to applicable legislation. Lack of environmental information to inform and guide decision making regarding development applications. Minimal infrastructure development / service delivery and a lack of maintenance. Agriculture is threatening the natural environment as well as the quality of the natural resources through poor land use practices (i.e. over grazing which causes compaction and erosion). Poverty impacts on the quality of the natural environment and the increased pressure on natural resources for fuel, food and shelter. Increased impacts resulting from tourism (i.e. waste, traffic, etc.). Transformation of land leading to fragmentation of natural resources Aesthetic and noise impacts from economic activities disturbs the sense of place of natural areas Restricts economic growth in terms of land available for mining and agriculture Prioritisation of short-term political gains and not longer term and slower development options Downstream impacts from human habitation, particularly where poor service provision is made. Infrastructure developments opening up previously inaccessible natural areas, increase pressure for development Management Avoid development in riparian areas and wetlands as well as in sensitive ecological areas and Objectives encourage conservation of these areas. Conserve a representative sample of each threatened habitat type Encourage landowners to participate in conservation Maintain ecological corridors within a network of formally protected environmental areas Promote environmental awareness Social and political support to ensure that development does not negatively impact on the provisioning function provided by environmental goods and services Align policies aimed at sustainable development Mainstream environmental considerations in the development and spatial planning processes Encourage farmers to increase earnings from Agro-tourism Discourage urban sprawl and informal settlement

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Regenerate CBDs and ensure sufficient land is provided for housing needs Protect sensitive landscape features and functions Optimise the use of existing services and transport infrastructure through effective maintenance Promote resource efficiency and limited emissions / disposal of waste. Identify and formally protect cultural heritage sites and the landscape within which they occur Promote sustainable economic activities that will strengthen local livelihoods, SMME development and reduce poverty. Ensure land use changes optimise the sustainable use of the natural resource base and does not negatively impact on the provisioning function provided by environmental good and services Regulate and monitor the tourism industry Develop a management plan with the SAPS to deal with theft and other crimes facing the area to ensure the safety of tourists. Promote dialogue between the various stakeholders. Improve monitoring and enforcement of environmental legislation Desired State Tourism, mainly eco and agro – tourism should become one of the key economic drivers in the area. All sensitive ecological areas and critical natural resources should be legally conserved and protected.

Table 6-8: Agriculture Agriculture Extent Agriculture potential throughout the study area is medium to high and high. There is intense cultivation and hydroponic farming in the Mogale City and Cradle areas with more extensive dry land crop production and cattle grazing in the southern areas of the WRDM. Rural areas and informal settlement areas depend on subsistence farming. This often leads to overgrazing particularly on communal grazing areas in informal settlement. Significance Agriculture is an important engine of economic growth. Local businesses relating to agriculture are important in job opportunities and food security, alleviating poverty in the area. Subsistence agriculture is a very important part of people’s livelihoods. Sensitivity Crops are sensitive to soil and climatic changes as well as water quality. Poor crop yields will impact national food security and subsistence livelihoods. Land is limited; thus the demand for land is often driven by economic development and population growth to the detriment of agricultural land. There is limited communal land for subsistence farmers, resulting in grazing constraints. These areas are often overstocked leading to a decrease in the carrying capacity resulting in poor stock quality and erosion. Inter-relationship Air. Land use. Socio-economic. Water. Aquatic and wetland ecology. Terrestrial ecology. Opportunities Development of Agro-Tourism will have a positive impact in terms of general tourism attraction to the area and the economic spin-offs of tourism. Development of Agri- Processing Industries within the area to ensure that the economic gain stays within the area as well as job creation.

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Job security in the agriculture is high due to the long term nature of the industry. The soil and climate in the area yields high quality produce and a variety of crops. Geographic Location to markets in Gauteng, North West and Free State. The well established road network mainly developed by the mines ensures that farms are easily accessible for collection of produce to be taken to the markets. Constraints Threats to the natural environment as well as the quality of natural resources (i.e. fertilisers and overgrazing impacts on water resources and soil conditions). Loss of grassland and wetland habitat leading to loss of biodiversity and fragmentation of natural resources. Pesticide and mechanical ploughing and harvesting practices impact on faunal species. Poor conditions of some of the roads due to coal transport limits transport of agricultural produce. Crime and stock theft are risks faced by farmers. Poor management of farm land results in reduced agricultural productivity and environmental impacts (e.g. soil erosion and increased water runoff). Loss of high potential agricultural land to mining and housing. Poor road conditions increases travelling distance to farms as well as the cost of transporting produce due to the higher wear and tear costs involved. Water &Air quality lowers the quality of agricultural produce. Fertilisers, pesticides irrigation and poor agricultural practices such as overgrazing impact on water and soil resources as well as the organisms that depend on these resources. Unresolved land claims Loss of high potential agricultural land to mining The loss and increasing pressure on high potential agricultural land for urban expansion Poor water quality and water availability as well as poor air quality impacts on the yield and quality of the produce The uncertainty of the effects of climate change on agricultural practices is a concern of farmers in the area Management Protect high agricultural land from any other use Objectives Better utilise animal products in the local and international markets Encourage farmers to increase earnings from Agro-tourism Encourage Agri-processing in the area Avoid agriculture in riparian areas and wetlands as well as in sensitive ecological areas and encourage conservation of these areas Encourage organic farming activities Optimise the use of existing services and transport infrastructure through effective maintenance Improve water and air quality Settle land claims and promote partnerships to build the capacity of emerging farmers Determine the impact of climate change and develop an adaption plan for climate change Develop a management plan with the SAPS to deal with stock theft and other crimes facing farmers (i.e. farm murders). Encourage sustainable farm practices to reduce over grazing and the need for fertilisers and pesticides. Support initiatives aimed at soil conservation and land management, particularly in rural areas. Ensure land use changes optimise the sustainable use of the natural resource base and does not negatively impact on the provisioning function provided by environmental good and services Promote dialogue between farmers, financial institutions and government. Restrict forestry activities

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Desired State Maximum use of high agricultural land should be prioritised Tourism, mainly eco and agro – tourism should become one of the key economic drivers in the area. Maximum economic benefits of agriculture should be realised by developing Agri processing industries within the area that make use of local / regional agricultural products.

Table 6-9:Mineral Resources Mineral Resources Extent Large areas of the WRDM are underlain by gold reserves, with gold mining having been established in the WRDM for hundreds of years. Other minerals are also found in the WRDM some of which are being extracted for their value (i.e. uranium, nickel, manganese and chrysotile, etc.). Significance Gold is one of the country’s major mining commodities exported, resulting in mainly deep level underground mining and associated uranium mining across the District. Sensitivity Mining contributes significantly to the economy of the District as well as the socio-economic status of the people living in the District, however, as the resources are being depleted or too deep to mine concern for the area is growing as to other economic activities that could generate the income and employ the people elsewhere.. Land is limited; thus the demand for land is often driven by economic development and population growth bringing about conflict over land use. Undermining, Surface rights and subsurface/mineral rights further complicate this conflict as mining often sterilises the land for agriculture, impacts the soil and water quality and leaves the land unstable for development. Inter-relationship Air. Land use. Socio-economic. Water. Aquatic and wetland ecology. Terrestrial ecology. Opportunities Contributes to the economic and social upliftment. Employment opportunities. Secondary economic spin-offs emanating from mining (i.e. guest houses and local procurement of goods and services). Improved infrastructure. Constraints Loss of high potential agricultural land and sensitive natural environments. Air emissions could impact on agricultural productivity as well as human health. Contamination of surface and groundwater (i.e. acid mine drainage). Attraction of job seekers leading to social impacts of housing shortage, illegal occupation of land, competition with local residents for jobs, crime. Degradation of the roads due to the volume of heavy haulage vehicles between the mines and power stations in the area. Impact on tourism due to the poor aesthetic appeal and environmental impacts. The quality and depth of resources can make mining less economically viable and more intrusive. Decreasing economic viability of mining due to the depth and quality of available un-mined minerals Illegal mining practices that result in issues of safety as well as concerns to environment resources depending on the nature of the practices. Management Protect high agricultural land from any other use Objectives Optimise the use of existing services and transport infrastructure through effective

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maintenance Promote sustainable economic activities that will strengthen local livelihoods, SMME development and reduce poverty. Ensure land use changes optimise the sustainable use of the natural resource base and does not negatively impact on the provisioning function provided by environmental good and services Maximise on the upstream and downstream economic opportunities arising from mining Enforce the standards set by the Highveld Air Quality Management Plan. Improve monitoring and enforcement of environmental legislation Discourage urban sprawl and informal settlement Regenerate CBDs and ensure sufficient land is provided for housing needs Protect sensitive landscape features and functions Desired State Mining should be restricted to non-sensitive areas (outside wetlands, riparian areas, high agricultural areas and areas of high ecological importance) Pollution of ground - and surface water should be properly managed Air emissions should also be properly managed

Table 6-10:Resource Economics Resource Economics Extent Key direct resource uses in the WRDM include ecology and biodiversity, agriculture potential, cultural heritage, mining potential. Key indirect uses (ecosystem services) in the WRDM are those associated with a healthy and sustainably utilised natural environment. Significance The key direct resource uses in the WRDM have the potential to clash with each other as well as to destroy/degrade the natural capital or ecological infrastructure that flows from natural areas (both terrestrial and aquatic). The water environment is important given the area’s poor water quality and critical water availability. Services associated with natural terrestrial environments and the biodiversity they support are prominent and help to maintain land productivity. Sensitivity Mining primarily impacts on water quantity and quality, land degradation, air quality, biodiversity and road conditions. The potential impacts associated with agriculture include disturbance caused by land clearing, deterioration of soil quality, water quality impacts from siltation and agricultural wastes, and contamination of surface and groundwater from fertiliser and pesticide runoff. In order to conserve biodiversity, conservation programmes must be implemented. There is a lack of acknowledgement of the importance of natural capital or ecological infrastructure. Inter-relationship Land use. Socio-economics. Water. Aquatic and wetland ecology. Terrestrial ecology. Agriculture. Opportunities The opportunity to establish a diversified, robust and sustainable economy that achieves a balance between the maintenance of natural capital and its use in agriculture, mining, tourism. Presence of tourism assets in the form of natural and cultural heritage resources. Economic benefits from ecosystem services that can be sustained at relatively minimal cost. Critical area for the maintenance of water security in the region and further afield in South Africa.

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Ecosystem services provision from areas containing natural capital and tourism are largely compatible. There is thus an opportunity to derive significant ecosystem and tourism values by limiting mining and other forms of land conversion in particularly sensitive environments. Constraints Level of economic need can result in skewed focus on short term gains at the cost of longer term sustainable economic development. This can result in ‘quick fixes’ that are likely to be to the detriment of long term development. Low levels of awareness of the economic benefits associated with healthy environments tend to create a bias towards potentially unsustainable development. Careful consideration will have to be given to the preservation of the assets upon which tourism growth relies. Tourism development seems constrained by a lack of resources and limited institutional capacity at a local and regional level. To this can be added a lack of a clear tourism strategy and dedicated tourism staff. The threat of serious ecological impacts in which the natural capital of the area is damaged to the point where it is no longer adaptable and no longer delivers economic benefits and can only be repaired at great cost, if at all. Exceeding environmental thresholds and having to pay a heavy price for rehabilitation and restoration of critical ecological functions. Pressure to allow coal mining and other land conversion in particularly sensitive areas containing significant natural capital. Allowing alien invasive plants to spread thereby threatening indigenous vegetation and water security. The precautionary principle is thus particularly valid in sensitive areas where key ecosystem services are threatened along with other more sustainable land use options. Degraded systems with limited connectivity between natural areas will be more vulnerable to climate changes not only impacting on species in natural areas but also on the agricultural systems that rely on natural areas for supporting ecosystem services. Limited availability of quantified estimates of economic value associated with natural assets. Although quantified estimates are not a prerequisite for making strategic decisions, they can provide key insights regarding the sustainable use and protection of natural assets.

Management Promote long term economic activities that make use of environmental resources in a Objectives sustainable manner. Ensure land use changes optimise the sustainable use of the natural resource base and does not negatively impact on the provisioning function provided by environmental good and services

Ensure that development does not negatively impact on the provisioning function provided by environmental goods and services. Conduct primary research to determine the economic value associated with natural assets.

Desired State Development should be undertaken and managed in a sustainable manner. Land use changes should optimise the sustainable use of the natural resource base.

The desired state of the environment in the WRDM is an environmental goal that should be achieved. In order to achieve this goal the community, the WRDM management structure, consultants, project leaders and all other stakeholders must unite their efforts.

Whilst the attainment of the desired state of the environment must remain the ultimate goal, it

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7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ZONES OF THE WEST RAND DISTRICT

7.1 INTRODUCTION Environmental sensitivity assists in the delineation of zones of constraint to development, known as Environmental Management Zones. These Environmental Management Zones are the product of the integration of baseline information layers, as contained in the Status Quo section of this report, current policies and consultations with key stakeholders. Baseline information is then transformed into secondary information through a process of sensitivity analysis rating of the importance of various environmental features, in order to establish the development suitability of land parcels, conservation and ecotourism, socio-economic viability (i.e. mining/industrial, urban or agricultural areas) in terms of the population, which is supported by the land and the activities performed on it. Zonation is a crucial step and becomes particularly important in spatial planning. Zonation will make it easier to establish how the land can be used in a more sustainable and desirable way. It is important not to be too broad in the formation of zones as they may become too generalised and miss important individual issues. However, if divided correctly and concisely, zonation is a very effective method in the evaluation of environmental sensitivity and hence can greatly assist in management and decision making pertaining to development.

7.2 ZONATION Ratings of various environmental sensitivities are based on a multi-criteria approach, whereby areas most at risk to development as a result of exposure to pollutants or those most at risk from development as a result of their environmental sensitivity are rated High (5) compared to those least at risk which are rated as Low (1) as indicated in Table 7-1.

Various zonation parameters have been used in the rating system to identify preferred activities for specific sensitivities. These parameters include the broad land use classes in the WRDM, i.e. conservation / ecotourism, agriculture, urban / peri-urban, industrial and mining. Each of the sensitivity features presented in Table 7-1 have been categorized into one of the above parameters. For example, wetlands which have a high sensitivity rating will fall under the conservation focus area to protect them from development, while existing industrial areas will fall under mining and industry to protect residential developments from these areas where the exposure to pollutants is higher. This area then concentrates similar activities in one area reducing the impact in other areas. A balance of pollutants in these areas needs to be ensured so as not to exceed national standards and impact the health of workers in these areas.

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Table 7-1: Sensitivity rating of features within the study area

Sensitivity Rationale for Inclusion Management Objective Sensitivity Rating Feature/Asset Rank Rating Conservation / EcoTourism Class 1 Ridges Development on these Further development 5 High slopes reduces visual activities and subdivisions impact, are often will not be permitted on associated with sensitive Class 1 ridges (GDACE, vegetation and increase 2001). the risk of slope instability Class 2 Ridges Development on these The subdivision of property 4 Moderate to slopes reduces visual on Class 2 ridges will not High impact, are often be permitted. associated with sensitive Development activities and vegetation and increase uses that have a high the risk of slope instability environmental impact on a but are already slightly Class 2 ridge will not be impacted on permitted (GDACE, 2001).

Class 3 Ridges Development on these The guidelines for Class 2 2 Low to slopes reduces visual ridges will be applied to Moderate impact, are often areas of the ridge that associated with sensitive have not been significantly vegetation and increase impacted on by human the risk of slope instability activity. but are already moderately The guidelines for Class 4 impacted on ridges will be applied to areas of the ridge that have been significantly impacted on by human activity (GDACE, 2001) Class 4 Ridges Development on these The subdivision and 1 Low slopes reduces visual development of property impact, are often on Class 4 ridges will not associated with sensitive be permitted in areas of vegetation and increase the ridge where the the risk of slope instability remaining contiguous but are already highly extent of natural habitat is impacted on 4ha or more (GDACE, 2001). Rivers and drainage lines Disruption of the water Maintain river system 5 High courses leads to functioning. Rehabilitate

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Sensitivity Rationale for Inclusion Management Objective Sensitivity Rating Feature/Asset Rank Rating downstream impacts on degraded river systems to supply and water quality a natural or near natural state, and manage for no further degradation. 32 m river and drainage Development in close Maintain floodplains (e.g. 4 Moderate to line buffers proximity to the rivers and areas within the 1:100 year High drainage lines increases floodline), riparian areas the risk of impacts on (e.g. as a minimum, the water and riverine ecology 32m around rivers), in and flood plains are accordance with the NEMA important for flood EIA listed activity attenuation specifications to ensure that these remain in a natural state or are rehabilitated to this state.

Protected areas (nature Gazetted conservation Maintain natural land. 5 High reserves areas Rehabilitate degraded areas to a natural or near natural state, and manage for no further degradation. Maintain or obtain formal conservation protection (SANBI 2012). Conserved areas (private Areas that focus on Maintain land and 3 Moderate game reserves, conservation but are not ecological processes to conservancies) formally protected strengthen the network of protected areas as well as corridors of ecological importance. Rehabilitate degraded areas to a natural or near natural state. Maintain or obtain formal conservation protection (SANBI 2012).

Wetlands Support high diversity of Maintain wetland system 5 High aquatic and terrestrial functioning. Rehabilitate ecology and contains degraded wetlands to a water that feeds major natural or near natural rivers state, and manage for no further degradation.

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Sensitivity Rationale for Inclusion Management Objective Sensitivity Rating Feature/Asset Rank Rating 100 m wetland buffer Wetland buffer areas In the absence of a 4 Moderate to zone national protocol, a generic High 100m buffer should be established around wetland This 100m buffer is considered adequate from a water quality perspective in providing functional filtering capacity to the wetland. This generic buffer has the potential to be reduced following a site-based level assessment and consideration of risk of proposed development and the proposed mitigation measures (WRC, 2011). Critical Biodiversity 1 Cannot be replaced if it is Maintain natural land and 5 High destroyed ecological processes. Rehabilitate degraded areas to a natural or near natural state, and manage for no further degradation. Obtain formal conservation protection where possible. Implement appropriate zoning to avoid net loss of intact habitat or intensification of land use. Critical Biodiversity 2 and Areas that contain Maintain current ecological 4 Moderate to Ecological Support Zone 1 biodiversity that are / agricultural activities. High deemed highly significant Ensure that land use is not intensified and that activities are managed to minimize impact on threatened species. Avoid conversion of land to more intensive land uses which may have a negative impact on threatened species or ecological

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Sensitivity Rationale for Inclusion Management Objective Sensitivity Rating Feature/Asset Rank Rating processes. Implement appropriate zoning and land management guidelines to avoid impacting ecological processes (SANBI, 2012).

– Ecological support zone Areas that provide an Avoid additional impacts 3 Moderate 2 important link with on ecological processes. irreplaceable and Avoid intensification of important sites land use, which may result in additional impact on ecological processes. Historic Site Site of historic significance Ensure that these sites are 2 Low to and form the basis for protected Moderate religious and/or tourism activities Historic site – 15 m buffer Inappropriate Control development 1 Low development in areas within the buffer area around these sites can impact on adjoining historic sites Stone Age Sites Record of human history Ensure that these sites are 4 Moderate to and important for tourism protected High development Iron Age Sites Record of human history Ensure that these sites are 4 Moderate to and important for tourism protected High development 30 m buffer on all other Inappropriate Restrict development 3 Moderate heritage sites development in areas within the buffer area around heritage sites can impact the aesthetic and symbolic quality Tourism Routes Inappropriate Restrict inappropriate 3 Moderate development in areas development along along tourism routes can tourism routes impact the aesthetic and symbolic quality Agriculture High agricultural Farming particularly The sub-division of 5 High potential land commercial farming, is a agricultural land with a big contributor to the high agricultural potential economy of the area and is not supported. The sub-

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Sensitivity Rationale for Inclusion Management Objective Sensitivity Rating Feature/Asset Rank Rating inappropriate division of high potential development on this high agricultural land may result agricultural potential land in the creation of will impact on the uneconomical and non- productivity of the land viable agricultural units. Farming units should be retained to a land size that will render agricultural production as a viable enterprise (GDACE, 2006).

Moderate agricultural Such areas are marginal The rural nature of such 3 Moderate potential land and can be used for areas is to be upheld agricultural practices but except where development would require investment planning identifies a in good land practices, greater need. This is to irrigation, fertilisers, etc. to protect agricultural land be viable. Other higher (from unrealistic increases priority land uses to be in land value due to considered commercial / development value attached there to) and scarce ecological resources (GDACE, 2006). Low agricultural potential Although this land is not The rural nature of such 2 Low to land ideal for agricultural areas is to be upheld Moderate purposes much of this land allowing residents to is used for subsistence sustain livelihoods in the agriculture in the more face of poverty. Where rural areas. development planning identifies a greater need for growth and poverty alleviation this should be given priority Very Low agricultural Although this land is not The rural nature of such 1 Low potential ideal for agricultural areas is to be upheld purposes much of this land allowing residents to is used for subsistence sustain livelihoods in the agriculture in the more face of poverty. Where rural areas. development planning identifies a greater need for growth and poverty alleviation this should be given priority

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Sensitivity Rationale for Inclusion Management Objective Sensitivity Rating Feature/Asset Rank Rating Mining & Industry Mineral Reserves and Mining is a big contributor In the absence of more 4 Moderate to Mine land to the economy of the area detailed information High and areas with mining regarding mining potential potential should be in the West Rand the considered for future mineral reserves must be mining operations. In accessible to future mining addition old mine areas unless they pose a direct have high levels of conflict with ecologically contamination and sensitive or high potential undermining which needs agricultural land. to be investigated and addressed before development can proceed. Industrial areas Industry is a big These areas should be in 4 Moderate to contributor to the socio- close proximity to the work High economic environment of force without impacting on the area. However, heavy the health and wellbeing industries also have high thereof. air emissions, and water and energy requirements. It must be ascertained what the ambient air limitations are, if the air quality will impact the product and if the bulk infrastructure has sufficient capacity for further expansion. Urban / Peri-urban Geology – Dolomite Prone to sinkholes. Limit development on 3 Moderate dolomite geology. Ensure that national guideline for dolomite is properly considered Slope greater than 11 Instability of developments Limit development on 5 High degrees on these slopes slopes greater than 11 degrees Towns / Settlements The bulk of the population Reduce urban sprawl and 1 low Urban Edge live in these areas which ensure a function network Towns / Settlements are nodes of potential between towns 3 Moderate economic development Transport infrastructure These are important for Maintain and upgrade the 2 Moderate to

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Sensitivity Rationale for Inclusion Management Objective Sensitivity Rating Feature/Asset Rank Rating the movement of goods infrastructure which will Low and people as well as create job opportunities development corridors. Air Quality Industrial Footprint Area not suitable to urban 5 High or residential development Minimum alert zone Limit urban activities 4 Moderate to within this zone. Not High suitable for residential development Maximum alert zone Limit urban and residential 3 Moderate developments within this zone

The outcome of the zonation process is a set of maps that defines the extent of each environmental asset and the various sensitivities ranges associated with each asset grouped together into supported development categories that present desired activities per zone within the study area based on available data.

It should be noted that sensitivity criteria (Maps 30 – 33) must be applied separately from the preferred management zone criteria (Map 34). Thus, even though the area may be designated as preferred for agricultural activities, the management of that area must still be in line with the underlying sensitivities.

7.2.1 Conservation / Ecotourism Rating The ecological sensitivity of the West Rand District was determined by a combination of habitat types (ridges and wetlands), Red Data faunal and floral presence, as determined by C-plan 3.3 (GDACE, 2011), the West Rand Bioregional Plan (WRDM, 2012) and existing protected areas. In addition known cultural heritage sites and eco-tourism routes were also incorporated into this category as they are often linked to ecologically sensitive landscapes or require protection for development. As a result the following ratings applied: • High –Rivers and Wetlands, Class 1 ridges (GDACE, 2001a), Critical Biodiversity 1 (WRDM, 2012), and existing protected areas; • Moderate to High – 32m buffer for rivers, 100m buffer for wetlands, Class 2 ridges, Critical Biodiversity 2 and Ecological Support Zone 1, Stone Age and Iron Age Sites • Moderate – conserved areas, Ecological Support Zone 2, 30m stone and iron age site buffer, tourism routes • Low to Moderate – Class 3 ridges, historic sites and 50m buffer to tourist routes • Low –Class 4 ridges, 15m historic sites buffer.

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Tourism is considered a powerful tool for developing economies, with the ability to integrate diverse strengths and improve socio-economic conditions. As such, the development of tourist facilities around the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site and in ecologically sensitive landscapes is highly beneficial for the protection of these natural and cultural resources while still contributing to the local economy. Tourism not only generates income and creates employment opportunities, but also provides a sound base for the development of associated industries to service this sector.

Map 30: Conservation / Ecotourism rating for the West Rand District Municipality

7.2.2 Agricultural Rating The preservation of high potential agricultural land is of great importance in Gauteng in light of the fact that the remaining parcels are under immense pressure from development.

The Gauteng Agricultural Potential Atlas (GAPA3) (GDACE, 2007) was used to determine the agricultural potential for the West Rand District. GAPA included in its analysis of agricultural potential soil drainage, soil depth, mechanical limitations, erosion susceptibility, soil texture, soil structure, slope and land capability as determined by the National Department of Agriculture (DoA, 2002). Land capability, determined by the collective effects of soil, terrain and climate features, shows the most intensive long-term use of land for rain-fed agriculture and at the same time

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GAPA was only undertaken for the Gauteng Province. However, for the purposes of this study, the areas of West Rand falling outside the boundary of the province were assigned ratings based only on the land capability study (DoA, 2002). Although not ideal, this provides some indication of the agricultural potential for the area. Refer to the GAPA report for the methodology used to analyse and rate agricultural potential (GDACE, 2002). It is critical that the Merafong area undergo intensive agricultural studies to more accurately determine the agricultural potential as this area is under pressure from large tracts of mineral reserves and conflict with mining activities could result in loss of high agricultural potential land.

Map 31: Agricultural rating for the West Rand District Municipality

7.2.3 Industrial / Mining Rating Existing industrial areas and the known mineral reserves forms the basis for this category. As there is no available information in terms of the mining potential remaining in the WRDM. Furthermore, the commercial value of this information is such that it cannot be made available to refine the mineral reserve area into more detailed categories to get a more realistic picture of the potential and the area needed in future. What is evident is that Gold production is declining due to the Gold price at present. Mining on the West Rand is

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It is important none-the-less to understand that this area has mining potential and in many instances has been mined in the past. Thus, in order to undertake other land uses the extent of contamination and undermining should be assessed. Although employees should stay close to their place of work to optimise transport needs and infrastructure, one must be mindful of the potential pollution of air, soil and water resources in the vicinity of large industries and mining sites. Furthermore, the proper care needs to be taken for employees working in these areas to ensure the proper Health and Safety requirements are adhered to and that cumulative impacts to these resources do not exceed national standards which could place employees at risk. Strict compliance and regular enforcements needs to be focused in this area.

Map 32: Mining/Industrial rating for the West Rand District Municipality

7.2.4 Urban / Peri-urban Rating Urban areas primarily focus on establishing economic development as well as ensuring integrated high density residential developments close to places of work. Despite this open spaces are required for social and recreational use as well as to protect ecologically sensitive sites and connectivity. Thus, these areas

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• areas on dolomite due to the instability of this geology as well as the cost of securing foundations – although not a fatal flaw to development due consideration must be given in order to avoid catastrophic disaster;

• areas where slope steepness is greater than 11 degrees as development stability on such slopes is problematic; and

• areas subject to poor air quality, (i.e. areas close to industrial and mining areas) due to the health impacts associated with air pollution.

• Areas of urban sprawl are also problematic in terms of service delivery which can lead to negative environmental impacts. These areas need to be managed to reduce further expansion and urban sprawl.

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Map 33: Urban & Peri-urban rating for the West Rand District Municipality

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8 STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

Based on the above four development categories and the environmental assets and sensitivities associated with each, a consolidated zonation map has been developed which illustrates the areas most suited to each category. For example, the high and moderate to high rated assets and sensitivities from Table 7-1 above have been grouped together as the best suited areas for conservation and ecotourism. Conservation and eco-tourism has been given the top priority in this Environmental Management Framework as these areas are considered critical areas for habitat and ecosystem function and protection of these natural resources is critical to the sustainability of our environment and the health and wellbeing of not only ourselves but to all species that inhabit the WRDM. Priority is also given to agricultural areas with high agricultural potential to ensure that these areas are protected for agricultural use and food security. The remaining less sensitive areas can be used for urban and peri-urban activities as well as industrial and mining activities under careful management of environmental assets and consideration of surrounding land uses in terms of possible pollution impacts. These recommended zones are a support tool for decision-makers and do not preclude the need for site-specific studies.

Map 34: Management Zones for the West Rand District Municipality

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The four management zones identified for the WRDM group development activities in line with their environmental assets and sensitivities, current land use and pollution influences. To this end, development activity guidelines have been prepared for the four zones to ensure that future development and management of these areas takes place in a sustainable manner without compromising the integrity of the environment (Table 8-1). These guidelines aim to facilitate government with the task of evaluation development applications and assisting with future planning for the WRDM by indicating which activities are supported and not supported in particular zones. These guidelines are also intended to assist developers during the planning and design phases of proposed developments to identify areas of potential conflict between development proposals and critical/sensitive environments such that these can be mitigated, managed and designed to be appropriate. A more detailed look at the EIA Regulations listed activities (GN R 544 – 546), in terms of which are required to be fulfilled and those not supported per zone is provided in Appendix 4.

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Table 8-1: Guidelines for development activities per management zone in the WRDM

Environmental attribute Undesirable types of Types of activities that Types of activities that are Specialist investigations Relevant policy and activities: Not allowed may have a significant unlikely to have a required guideline documents at all impact: Requires significant impact: for environmental Environmental management Authorisation / No Environmental Specialist Investigations Authorisation Required

Conservation / Any activity that will Any land use or activity Any land use or activity • Ecological specialist • National Ecotourism Zone have an impact on the that may have a that may not have a studies Environmental vegetation cover or significant impact on the significant impact on the Management Act • Wetland This area encompasses ecological functioning of vegetation cover or vegetation cover or (Act No. 107 of delineations irreplaceable, priority the area, including: ecological functioning of ecological functioning of 1998) and protected terrestrial the area, including: the area, including: • Aquatic specialist • Mining • EIA Regulations biodiversity, including studies • Ecotourism facilities • Conservation (GN 543 - 547 of protected areas and • Industry (conservation • Surface water and NEMA) important habitat • Infrastructure linkages. • Urban development activities) groundwater roads, powerlines, • National / township studies pipelines water • Remediation & Environmental establishment supply and related rehabilitation • Heritage Impact Management • Infrastructure & engineering Assessment Biodiversity Act This area also services (large services) encompasses wetlands, • Visual Assessment (Act No. 10 of cemeteries, landfill 2004) rivers and drainage lines • Services (airfields; Biodiversity and their associated sites, Waste Water • conservation • National buffer zones Treatment Facilities) Management Plans related facilities; Environmental institutional Management

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This area includes activities; on-site Protected Areas natural and cultural sewage treatment Act (Act No. 57 of heritage sites especially and waste disposal; 2003) the Cradle of parking areas; picnic • National Forests Humankind. It is areas; tourism and Act (Act No. 84 of important that these hospitality facilities 1998 as amended areas and sites are and sites, and in September protection in their related engineering 2008) natural state and setting services) in order to entrench and • Government • Low density enrich the landscape Notice 2007 or residential character of area and Critically developments preserve our heritage. Endangered, • Agricultural Endangered,

Vulnerable and

All these assets are of Protected Species considerable value to in accordance the tourism industry and with the National can generate significant Environmental income for the area Management

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• Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (1973)

• National Heritage Resource Act (Act No. 25 of 1999)

• National Water Act (Act No. 36 of 1998)

• Department of

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Water Affairs and Forestry (2003): A practical field procedure for identification and delineation of wetlands and riparian areas

• WRDM Bioregional Plan

Any land use or activity Any land use or activity Any land or activity that • Agricultural • Conservation of Agricultural Zone that will have a that may have a negative may not have a significant Economic Study Agricultural This area encompasses significant negative impact on agricultural impact on agricultural Resources Act (Act • Soil Specialist Study high potential impact on agricultural potential land but which potential land, including: No. 43 of 1983) agricultural areas potential land and are generally supports the • Heritage Impact • Agriculture (crop • Subdivision of therefore not supported, primary function of the Assessment production; wildlife Agricultural Land includes: zone, could be production; livestock Act (Act No. 70 of considering, including: • Mining production) 1970)

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• Industry • Agri-industrial activities; • Residential / township • Business establishment development

• Infrastructure & • Infrastructure& services (large services (linear cemeteries, landfill infrastructure (i.e. sites, Waste Water pipelines, roads and Treatment Facilities) powerlines), family cemeteries, on-site sewage treatment, bulk storage facilities for fuel, service stations)

• Eco & Agri - tourism facilities

• Farm workers housing

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Any land use or activity Any land use or activity Any land use or activity • Social Impact • By Laws regarding Urban / Peri-urban Zone that may have a that may have a that may not have a Assessment land use: significant impact on the significant impact on the significant impact on the • Traffic impact • Spatial urban and peri-urban urban and residential urban and residential assessment Development areas, including: areas, including: areas, including: Frameworks, • Heritage impact • Mining, spoil and • Industry (light) • Infill development Integrated assessment waste disposal, Development • Medium and Large • Residential dredging and • Noise specialist Plans, Land Use Business prospecting • Open Space study Management development Scheme. • Livestock agriculture • infrastructure • Air Quality specialist • Agriculture (crop networks study • WRDM Dolomite • Industry (heavy) production) • Micro, Small Business • Visual impact Manual • Agri-industry • Tourism Facilities development assessment

• Geotechnical study

Any land use or activity Any land use or activity Any land use or activity • Air Quality Impact • Minerals and Industrial / Mining Zone that may have a that may have a that may not have a Assessment Petroleum significant impact on the significant impact on the significant impact on the Resources • Traffic Impact

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industrial and mining industrial and mining industrial and mining Assessment Development Act areas, including: areas, including: areas, including: (Act No. 28 of • Social Impact 2002) • Residential • Mining • Business Assessment Development • NEM: Air Quality • Urban development • Industry (heavy) • Ecological Specialist Act • Industry (Light) Studies • Infrastructure (bulk water and waste • Agriculture (not listed • Heritage Impact

water treatment in terms of the EIA Assessment facilities, transfer regulations) • Surface and stations, pipelines, Groundwater roads, powerlines, specialist studies power substations • Noise impact • Agriculture assessments • Tourism Facilities • Wetland delineations

• Traffic Impact Assessment

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• Visual Impact Assessment

• Aquatic Specialist studies

• Air Quality specialist studies

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8.1 GENERAL GUIDELINES In addition to consulting the maps and tables, general administrative guidelines and existing planning / policy documentation need to be consulted to determine whether there are specific requirements that apply to development in a specific geographic area. Administrative document that need to be consulted include but are not limited to:

8.1.1 Integrated Development Plans Consult the both the applicable local and WRDM IDPs in order to ensure that the proposed development complies with the general planning goals and strategies at a local and district level.

8.1.2 Spatial Development Frameworks Consult with the Gauteng, WRDM and local SDFs to ensure that the development is supported by the broad strategic planning objectives at a regional and local level. Development within the primary development nodes should proceed with cautions, taking the various sensitivities into considerations at a site-specific level.

8.1.3 Zoning schemes Consult with the local municipality with regards to the land use zoning of the site and any density controls attached to the site proposed for development. In the event that the land is not zoned for the activity proposed, a rezoning application will need to be made to the Town Planning Department of the local municipality.

8.1.4 Land claims Consult with the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform in order to determine if there are any land claims pending on the land proposed for development. In the event that land claims are pending for the proposed land portion, the way forward should be to hold discussions with the relevant Land Claims Commissioner of the Department Rural Development and Land Reform; however, it may be necessary to investigate alternative sites.

8.1.5 Mining activities Consult with the Department of Mineral Resources (DMR) with regards to Section 53 of the MPRDA, 2002 (Act No. 28 of 2002), the use of land surface rights. Information regarding existing mineral rights can also be sourced from the Department. The DWA can be consulted regarding any risks associated with the decanting or abstraction of underground mine water and general surface and ground water quality.

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8.1.6 Transport and roads The current and planned road and public transport network should be investigated at local and provincial levels to ascertain whether the current or future transport network in terms of the Integrated Transport Plan/s can support the proposed development.

Where development activities will result in large volumes of vehicle traffic, a traffic impact assessment must be undertaken by a professional traffic assessment specialist.

8.1.7 Linear developments Linear developments may impact on more than one environmental management zone. It is imperative that the alignment alternatives consider the connectivity of the natural areas and farm boundaries.

8.1.8 Servitudes The local authority and service providers should be consulted regarding the presence of servitudes on the proposed development property/land portion. Servitudes could include existing powerlines and water/sewer/fuel/gas pipelines, as well as registered servitudes not yet in use (e.g. roads).

8.1.9 Infrastructure and service provision Developers should consult the local authority to determine the presence of services, such as energy supply, water supply, sanitation and waste removal in or near the proposed development site. It is necessary to also enquire about any capacity constraints that infrastructure and services may be experiencing and whether the proposed development will impact on current demand levels.

The applicant must obtain permission from the local municipality to dump waste at a registered landfill site should the development site be located in areas that do not have municipal waste collection. All developments must be aligned with the relevant local authority waste management plan.

A geohydrological investigation should be conducted for a proposed development that is located in an area where there is no water or sanitation bulk services provision. This investigation will ascertain that quality of the water is safe for human consumption and that the area can sustain the use of septic tanks/soak away systems/package plants or boreholes, etc.

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Bulk services must be available for all developments in dolomitic, weathered granite and alluvium areas as well as previously mined areas due to the risk of groundwater pollution and instability.

If the development site is proposed in an area where electricity is not provided, alternative means of energy supply must be investigated.

8.1.10 Social environment Development activities can impact on the social environment. In order to ascertain the nature of the impact, stakeholder engagement should be used to identify issues of concern.

Stakeholder engagements should be organized through ward councillors in order to ensure that the affected community is aware and understands the implications of the proposed development.

The requirements of stakeholder engagement are presented in the NEMA 2010 EIA Regulations as well as subsequent guideline documents. Where the social impacts are deemed to be substantial (e.g. the physical or economic displacement of people or siting of a scheduled activity close to residential areas), a social impact assessment should be undertaken. The scope of this study will be determined by the nature of the proposed development.

8.1.11 Visual impact Visual impact assessment is required for all developments that occur within 5 km of a protected area or within any of the buffers for heritage, eco-tourism and biodiversity. Furthermore, visual impacts may also be necessary for large mining or heavy industry type developments.

8.1.12 Noise impact For large industrial and mining activities, a noise impact assessment should be undertaken within 5 km of any residential area. Should there be uncertainty about whether or not to undertake this assessment, WRDM or GDARD should be consulted for verification. If a noise impact assessment is required, this assessment should be undertaken by a noise specialist in accordance with relevant legislation, regulations and standards. Noise levels should be monitored during construction and operation phases of the approved development in line with the approved Environmental Management Programme (EMPr).

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8.1.13 Heritage A heritage impact assessment is a prerequisite for development applications and sub-division applications where the site exceeds 5 ha, structures older than 60 years, infrastructure exceeding 300m or where the character of a heritage building, feature or site may be altered according to Section 38 of the NHRA (Act No. 25 of 1999). Such studies are to be undertaken by a professional anthropologist, archaeologist and/or palaeontologist in consultation with the Gauteng Provincial Heritage Resources Agency. The assessment is deemed necessary given that the heritage sites depicted in the EMF only represent those sites that are known. New heritages sites may be discovered during more detailed investigations at a site-specific scale.

Any heritage artefacts found during the construction phase of a development, not previously identified, must be reported and construction must be stopped until authorisation to proceed has been granted by the relevant authority.

8.1.14 Tourism The Environmental Management Zones for the WRDM focuses on eco-tourism opportunities due to their important contribution to conservation of sensitive areas and cultural heritage. However, other tourism opportunities (i.e. mining and industry history, foreign business tourism related to the mining and industry activities, farm-stay agricultural tourism, etc.) exist in the area, which should be explored to expand the overall tourist attraction to the area.

8.1.15 Air quality All mining, industrial and scheduled activities require an air quality assessment. However, the necessity for an air quality assessment for other development proposals should be decided on a project-by-project basis, based on the nature of the proposed development and proximity to sensitive receptors. In the event of uncertainty, the WRDM or GDARD should be consulted for verification. Should an assessment be required, the study must be undertaken by an air quality specialist and in accordance with the relevant legislation, regulations and standards in line with the approved Environmental Management Programme (EMPr) or existing Air Quality License conditions. Dust and other air quality levels should be monitored during construction and operation phases of the approved development in line with the approved Environmental Management Programme (EMPr).

8.1.16 Removal of alien vegetation All new developments must ensure the removal of alien vegetation categorized in terms of the CARA (Act No. 43 of 1983).

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8.1.17 Agricultural Potential Subdivision of any land currently under agriculture requires authorisation from DAFF. Application for subdivision must be supported by information regarding the agricultural potential and economic viability impacts of the subdivision.

8.1.18 Hydrological Where the hydrological constraint rating is high and moderate to high (i.e. rivers, wetlands, pans and associated buffer areas) no clearing of indigenous vegetation should take place in order for these systems to fulfil their ecological functions (Map 30). Rehabilitation of these systems should also be carried out. New development applications which have wetlands or river frontage should include a rehabilitation plan for these areas even if the development will not impact on them. Such developments should be outside the 1:100 year floodline. A wetland delineation study as per the DWA Guidelines should be undertaken where a wetland occurs on the development site to ensure that the footprint area is beyond of the temporal zone of the wetland. A Water Use Licence is also required for development within 500m of a wetland.

Where developments will trigger Section 21 - Water Uses, of the National Water Act (Act No. 36 of 1998) authorisation from the Department of Water Affairs will be required. Hydrological, Aquatic Ecology, Water Quality and Wetland delineation studies may be necessary in application to the DWA.

The water resources in the WRDM are one of the key limiting factors to development in the area due to the poor quality of this water as a result of runoff from mine tailings, poor sanitation provision in townships and rural areas, poor sewerage maintenance as well as the decanting acid mine drainage (AMD) from the mine void near Randfontein. Government has put short term measures in place recently (2012) to reduce the impact of the decanting AMD but this intervention still allows for sulphate levels much higher than the required water standard and is merely a short term intervention. More needs to be done to deal with AMD and diffuse sources of AMD (such as runoff from mine tailings) to improve the water quality in the WRDM. Therefore, it is important that the strictest water quality release standards are applied and transgressors dealt with in terms of the “Polluter Pays” principle set out in NEMA.

AMD presents an opportunity as a new water resource subject to appropriate treatment. Consultation and licensing is required through DWA.

8.2 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN The success of the EMF as a decision-support tool depends on its efficient implementation by the DEA, GDARD, WRDM and the relevant local municipalities in all decision making process as well as by

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8.2.1 Awareness raising and training An awareness raising campaign should be embarked on before the EMF is implemented. This would typically entail a workshop, hosted by GDARD, WRDM and the local municipalities, where all stakeholders (e.g. landowners, developers, NGOs and authorities) that play an active role in the municipality participate. The workshop should provide practical guidance on the purpose, implementation and application of the tool.

GDARD, the district and local authorities need to hold internal training in the use of the EMF as a decision- support tool for environmental and planning officials involved in the decision making for proposed developments in the study area. As and when new staff are appointed, skills transfer sessions should take place as part of their induction.

8.2.2 Information availability An understanding of the relationship between the spatial (GIS) tool and the associated guidelines of the report is vital to the success of the EMF. Stakeholders should be able to easily access the EMF report and the GIS information to inform decisions. A liaison officer should be available at the local and district municipalities in order to attend to any queries that stakeholders may raise regarding the EMF. This function could be located in the planning department to ensure that there is synergy between the SDF and EMF processes.

8.2.3 Review cycle The EMF forms an essential part of the district and local municipalities’ vision for future development planning. However, over time the EMF will become outdated as new information and data becomes available. As and when new or improved information and data becomes available the respective layers of the EMF GIS tool must be updated and relevant stakeholders notified of these changes. This process should be guided by the relevant authorities’ planning and GIS section.

An EMF review should be completed prior to the completion of the review of the SDF to ensure that all updated environmental information and spatial data is reflected in the SDF. This will ensure that the environment is taken into consideration in the planning process within the municipality.

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8.2.4 Implementation guide The EMF serves different purposes, depending on the type of end-user. The information contained within the EMF can be used to proactively guide planning at the broader district and local authority levels as well as to guide site-specific development plans and the authorization thereof.

1. The EMF should be incorporated into the SDF and LUMS to ensure due consideration is given to environmental attributes in the broad district and local level planning processes.

2. The EMF should guide developers / consultants with regards to the choice of location and layout of the proposed development (i.e. at the planning stage of a proposed development). For more information about the process, refer to Figure 8.1.

3. The EMF should guide the decision-making process of authorities who are mandated to assess proposed activities, as listed in the NEMA Regulation (i.e. upon receipt of the development application). For more information about the process, refer to Figure 8.2.

The manner in which the EMF is consulted follows a similar process in both cases and is described in more detail in Figure 8.1 and Figure 8.2.

Step 1: Consult the environmental management zone maps to determine in which zone the proposed development falls. Refer to the relevant management zone guidelines to determine which activities are:

• Desirable;

• Undesirable;

• May be supported with further assessment and mitigation measures.

Step 2: Consult the general management and rating guidelines to highlight sensitivities that must be investigated further to ensure that adequate measures are put in place to ensure that any potential impacts are avoided, minimized and/or mitigated in order to achieve sustainable development.

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Proposed Activity

Environmental Management Zones

Find a more Activity is suitable site for Activity is desirable with or the activity / undesirable without further activity for the studies site

Sensitivity Ratings

Constraints can Constraints be adequately cannot be mitigated mitigated

General Guideline

No further Further studies studies required required

SUBMIT APPLICATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AUTHORISATION / NECESSARY LICENSES INCLUDING ALL NECESSARY STUDIES / INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR A DECISION Figure 8.1: Flow Diagram of the EMF implementation process for developers

EIA Application

Environmental Management Zones

Activity is desirable with or Activity is without further undesirable studies

Sensitivity Ratings

Negative EA

Constraints Constraints adequately cannot be mitigated adequately mitigated

General Guideline

No further information Required additional required information/ motivation Positive included EA

Figure 8.2: Flow Diagram of the EMF implementation process for authorities

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8.3 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES The EMF will be implemented by the WRDM, with the support of the Local Municipalities, GDARD and DEA.

8.3.1 Local / District municipalities The roles and responsibilities of local and district government are outlined in Chapter 7 and Schedules 4 and 5 of the Constitution. These responsibilities include implementation of by-laws, enforcement, and cooperation with other spheres of government.

Protection functions such as the creation and implementation of environmental management plans and management functions to include service provision and associated management of impacts associated with the provision of services.

The local and district municipalities are therefore required to manage not only the environmental impacts resulting from their activities such as service provision but also to proactively implement measures to ensure environmental degradation does not occur. The SEMP is therefore the local and district municipalities’ environmental sector plan to the IDP.

8.3.2 Provincial government departments/agencies The Constitution creates the essential structure for environment governance. As indicated above, implementation of the SEMP rests with local and district municipalities; however the Constitution creates ‘one system of government’ consisting of three spheres namely local, provincial and national government. The Bill of Rights, places a duty on all three spheres of government to create ‘reasonable legislative and other measures’ in delivering the environmental right as contemplated by the Constitution. This duty means that government as a whole is responsible for ensuring sustainable development. The Constitution also places a duty on government to cooperate on environmental matters and introduces principles of cooperative government and intergovernmental relations.

The Constitution therefore requires that provincial government supports and cooperates with local and district municipalities in the implementation of the SEMP.

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8.3.3 National departments As for provincial government, the Constitution places a duty on national government to support the local and district municipality to implement the SEMP. DEA is the main role player in environmental management at a national level and is the key to providing concurrency and gazetting the EMF, thereby giving it legal standing in terms of the EIA Regulations. The DoA, DWA & DMR will also need to provide support to the implementation of the SEMP especially as it pertains to agricultural practices, water resources management and mining.

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9 REFERENCES

Albrecht, C. (2010). Carte Blanche story on acid mine drainage. (B. Bingwa, Interviewer) BCAssociates (Pty) Ltd. (2007). Assessment of the Radiological Impact of Mine Water Discharges to Members of the Public Living around Wonderfontein Catchment Area. Centurion: National Nuclear Regulator. Coetzee, H. (2004). An assessment of sources, pathways, mechanisms and risks of current and potential future pollution of water and sediments in gold-mining areas of the Wonderfonteinspruit catchment WRC Report No 1214/1/06, Pretoria, 266 pp Collins Dictionary (2012). Definition of Agrotourism. Accessed at: http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/agrotourism Craig, M H, and B L Sharp. (2000). "Health Section. Part 1: Malaria. South African Country Study on Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment", Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria. DEA&DP. (2005). Provincial Urban Edge Guideline. http://www.capegateway.gov.za/other/2006/11/page1_18_urban_edge_guidelines.pdf DEAT. (2006). South Africa Global Outlook. http://soer.deat.gov.za. DMR. (2009). The National Strategy for the Management of Derelict and Ownerless Mines in South Africa. Dorrington, Budlender and Moultrie. (2008). Gauteng HIV and AIDS impact study. Gauteng Multisectoral AIDS Unit, Gauteng Province. DRDLR. (2010). Department of Rural Development and Land Reform. Land Claims in the West Rand District Municipality. Du Toit, M. A., Prinsloo S., Marthinus, A. (2001). El Niño-southern oscillation effects on maize production in South Africa: a preliminary methodology study. In: Rosenzweig C., Boote K. J., Hollinger S., Iglesias A., Phillips J. G., (eds), Impacts of El Niño and Climate Variability on Agriculture. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy; p. 77-86. ASA Special Publication 63. Du Toit, S. (2012). Pers Comm. Biomonitoring Data Mogale City Durand, J., Meeuvis, J., & Fourie, M. (2010). The treat of mine effluent to the UNESCO status of the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site. The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa 6(1) , 73-92. DWA (2010). Flow Volume Information from Resource Quality Services, Department of Water Affairs (DWA). Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa. DWA (2011). Ground Water Quality Information from Resource Quality Services, Department of Water Affairs (DWA). Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa. DWA (2012). Surface Water Quality Information from Resource Quality Services, Department of Water Affairs (DWA). Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa. DWAF (1996). South Africa Water Quality Guidelines; Second Edition, Volume 1, Domestic Use. Pretoria: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. DWAF (2003). Upper Vaal Water Management Area: Overview of Water Resources Availability and Utilisation. Report No. P WMA 08/000/00/0203. BKS. DWAF (2005). State-of-Rivers Report: Monitoring and Managing the Ecological State of Rivers in the Crocodile (West) Marico Water Management Area. River Health Program. Pretoria: DEAT

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Engelbrecht, F. (2005). Simulations of climate and climate change over southern and tropical Africa with the Conformal-Cubic Atmospheric Model, in R. E. Schulze (ed.), Climate Change and Water Resources in Southern Africa: Studies on Scenarios, Impacts, Vulnerabilities and Adaptation, Water Research Commission, WRC Report 1430/1/05, pp 57-74. GDACE. (2002). Gauteng Buffer Zones Project GDACE. (2003a). Gauteng State of the Environment Report. Johannesburg: Gauteng Provincial Government. GDACE. (2003b). Gauteng Buffer Zones for Industry GDARD. (2010a). Gauteng Conservation Plan Version 3 GDARD. (2010b). Red Data Listed Species. GDARD. (2011a). Gauteng Conservation Plan Version 3.3 GDARD. (2011b) Mine Residue Deposits Study GDARD. (2012). Magaliesberg Biosphere Project Grant, B. (2009). Henderson, L. (2007). Invasive, naturalized and casual alien plants in southern Africa: a summary based on the Southern African Plant Invaders Atlas (SAPIA). ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute. Bothalia 37-2. Henning, G. (2010). Information on endemic invertebrate species. Personal communication, unpublished. P.ROOS & G.HENNING cc, South Africa. Hewitson, B., Engelbrecht, F., Tadross, M. and Jack, C. (2005). General conclusions on development of plausible climate change scenarios for southern Africa, in: R. E. Schulze (ed.), Climate Change and Water Resources in Southern Africa: Studies on Scenarios, Impacts, Vulnerabilities and Adaptation, Water Research Commission, WRC Report 1430/1/05, Pretoria, South Africa. IPCC. (2007). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, in: S. D. Solomon, M. Qin, Z. Manning, M. Chen, K. B. Marquis, M. Avery, Tignor and H. L. Miller (eds.), Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Kiker, G. (2000). South African Country Study on Climate Change: Synthesis Report for the Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment Section. Report to the National Climate Change Committee, Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria, South Africa. 74 pp. Kotze, D., G. Marneweck, A. Batchelor, D. Lindley, & N. Collins. (2008). Wet-Ecoservices. WRC Report TT 339/08 MCLM. (2012). Mogale City EMF Mucina, L & Rutherford, M.C. (2006). The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. News24. (2010a). South Africa measures four earthquakes. 22 April 2010. News24. (2010b). Earthquake hits Joburg. 14 June 2010 NNR. (2010). Surveillance report of the upper Wonderfontein Catchment Area. Pretoria. Pers Comm, Stefan du Toit, Mogale City Local Municipality. 11 July 2012.

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Pers Comm, Mariette Liefferink, FSE. 11 July 2012 Pulles, W., D. Howie, D. Otto, J. Easton. (1996). A Manual on Mine Water Treatment and Management Practices in South Africa. Report to the Water Research Commission by the Chamber of Mines. WRC Report No. 527/1/96. REMT. (2012). Renewable Energy Management Transformation Project. www.remtproject.org Ross, . (2007). SANBI. (2009). National Land Cover Data. Accessed at: www.bgis.sanbi.org. SANBI. (2010). Information on endemic plant species. Personal communication, unpublished. South Africa. Scholes, R J, Van der Merwe, M R, Kruger, A J & Crookes, D. (2000). Mitigation of climate change through land use practices. South African Country Studies on Climate Change. Pretoria, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. Schulze, R., J. Meigh and M. Horan. (2001). Present and potential future vulnerability of eastern and southern Africa’s hydrology and water resources. South African Journal of Science, 97, 150- 160. StatsSA. (2003). Census in brief, 2001, Statistics South Africa, http://www.statssa.gov.za/census01/html/default.asp. StatsSA. (2008). Community Survey. Statistics South Africa, http://www.statssa.gov.za/community_new/content.asp?link=interactivedata.asp Sutton, M.W. (2006). A GIS-based history of Gold Mine Residue Deposits and Risk Assessment of Post Mining Land Uses on the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa. In: Mine Closure 2006. Australian Centre of Geomechnics, Perth. Terblanche A. P. S. (1994). Global Climate Change and South Africa, Environmental Scientific Association, Cleveland, 160pp. Walsh, .(2008). WASA. (2012). Wind Atlas for South Africa Project. www.wasaproject.info Winde, F. (2010). Carte Blanche story on acid mine drainage. (B. Bingwa, Interviewer) WRDM. (2005). State of the Environment Report. WRDM. (2009a). West Rand District Municipality: Dolomite Risk Management Strategy Incorporating A Risk Management Data Base System And Related Functions. VGIconsult WRDM. (2009b). Integrated Waste Management Plan for the West Rand District Municipality. DoT WRDM. (2009b). West Rand District Municipality Integrated Waste Management Plan 2010 - 2020 WRDM. (2009c). IDP 2010/2011. WRDM. (2009d). District Integrated Transport Plan WRDM. (2009e). Regional Housing Master Plan WRDM. (2009f). Terms of Reference for the review, update and amend the State of the Environment Report and the Environmental Management Framework for the West Rand District Municipality and its constituent municipalities. WRDM. (2011 updated). West Rand District Municipality Air Quality Management Plan WRDM. (2011a) West Rand Regional Spatial Development Framework WRDM. (2011b) Emissions Inventory for the WRDM

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WRDM. (2012). Draft Bioregional Plan

GIS DATA SOURCES Map Number Data Set Custodian/ Source Year Version World Heritage Site DEA 2010 1- Locality Map Municipal Boundaries MDB 2011 Provinces MDB 2009 2 - Wind Energy Potential – SANERI, CSIR, UCT, DTU, SAWS not in GIS Wind Atlas South Africa www.wasaproject.info 2012 3 - Irradiation Potential – European communities not in GIS Irradiation Potential for South Africa www.remtproject.org 2006 4 – Biomass Potential – not CSIR, Eskom & Minerals and Energy in GIS Biomass Potential for South Africa www.remtproject.org 2011 5 – Land Cover SANBI 2009 6 - Topography elev_01 40m DEM Created 40m DEM from NGI 20m Contours 2012 7 - Management Areas NFEPA_subWMA CSIR 2010 8- Ridges Ridge_v7_1012_ge GDARD 2010 7 9- Degree of Slope Slope Created degree of slope from elev_01 2012 geology RSAMETMAP (council for Geoscience) 2001 10- Geology geolin WRDM EMF 2006 Dolomite_1012_ge GDARD 2010 32m River Buffer (River_buf1003220_101208_ge) GDARD 2010 11 - Water Resources Aquatic Sampling points Captured from excel spreadsheet Quartenary Catchments DWAF National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment 12 - Water Quality river_status (CSIR) 2004 13- Soil soil_classes AGIS

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Map Number Data Set Custodian/ Source Year Version 14- Protected Areas Protected Areas (PA_1108_ge) GDARD 2011 15- CPLAN CPlanV33_1110_ge GDARD 2011 3.3 16 - Bioregional Plan West Rand CBA (WRD_cba_Feb2012_ddw) West Rand 2012 1 17 & 18 - Veg Map VegMap Mucina and Rutherford (SANBI) 2006 32m River Buffer 19 - Wetlands (River_buf1003220_101208_ge) GDARD 2010 Wetland_buf3403050_1101_ge GDARD 2010 NFEPA Wetlands CSIR 2010 20 - Wetland Types Wetland_buf3403050_1101_ge GDARD 2010 West Rand Mapped Alien Vegetation Working for Water 21 - Alien Vegetation Plotted from excel spreadsheet (CARA categories) SANBI Historic J Van Schalkwyk 2010 2 Stone Age J Van Schalkwyk 2010 2 22 - Heritage Iron Age J Van Schalkwyk 2010 2 Cemeteries J Van Schalkwyk 2010 2 Mining History J Van Schalkwyk Urban_Edge_2010_ge GDARD 2010 23- Urban Edge Dot density derived from WRDM_EMF_SBC_ESKOM_2009 ESKOM (West Rand) 2009 Agricultural Potential GDARD 2007 24 - Agricultural Potential Land Capability AGIS (ARC) 2006 min_region RSAMETMAP (council for Geoscience) 2001 minerals RSAMETMAP (council for Geoscience) 2001 25 - Mines and Minerals Mineareas_dolomite Mining Data Areamines2 Mining Data

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Map Number Data Set Custodian/ Source Year Version 26 - Industrial Buffers GDARD GIDS v 5 Landfill Captured from excel spreadsheet Clinic / Hospital West Rand (SA Explorer) Court Captured from map Police Station Planet GIS (topographic information) 27 - Infrastructure Solid Waste Transfer Station Captured from map Powerlines ESKOM Cemetery Planet GIS (topographic information) Schools West Rand (SA Explorer) Railway Lines NGI 2006 Roads NGI 2006 28- Transport Infrastructure Proposed Provincial Routes WRDM RSDF 2010 Airfields WRDM RSDF 2010 29 – Regional Spatial Development Framework – no in GIS WRDM RSDF 2010

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

APPENDIX 1: WATER QUALITY DATA MOGALE CITY Water quality parameter Domestic Guideline Values Groundwater (2010) Surface water (2010) Surface water (2012) (Department of Water Affairs)

Median Minimum Maximum Median Minimum Maximum Median Minimum Maximum Rietspruit; lower reaches Crocodile River; lower reaches Crocodile River; lower reaches TDS (mg/l) 450 mg/l 586.032 550.48 668.806 442.7 240.1 510.4 448.083 172 527 EC (mS/m) 70 mS/m 80.3 67.4 82.9 61.4 36 598 60.4 27.6 598 Nitrates (mg/l) 6 mg/l 11.1515 8.796 14.073 4.4975 0.062 19.455 4.374 0.02 21.82

Phosphates (mg/l) 0.012 0 0.195 0.134 0.02 0.808 0.057 0.003 0.808

Sulphates 200 mg/l 121.7875 101.768 188.6 78.2505 43.518 116.073 82.8585 41.8 130.5 pH 8.119 7 8.583 7.5215 7.423 8.086 8.23 5.92 8.8 Rietspruit; middle reaches Crocodile River; Middle reaches Crocodile River; Middle reaches TDS (mg/l) 450 mg/l 168.428 146.238 205.782 272 161 412.7 282.7825 90 528 EC (mS/m) 70 mS/m 23.5 21.6 32 31.95 13.2 501 43.8 15 501 Nitrates (mg/l) 6 mg/l 2.341 0.04 3.298 2.795 0.02 10.849 2.684 0.02 16.95

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Water quality parameter Domestic Guideline Values Groundwater (2010) Surface water (2010) Surface water (2012) (Department of Water Affairs)

Median Minimum Maximum Median Minimum Maximum Median Minimum Maximum Phosphates (mg/l) 0.014 0 0.067 0.14 0.006 0.938 0.151 0.003 18.5

Sulphates 200 mg/l 19.254 7.887 52.574 27.02 11.547 89.983 30.2 6.6 167.8 pH 7.817 6.463 8.314 8.055 7.633 8.533 7.917 4.74 8.82 Rietspruit; upper reaches Crocodile River; upper reaches Crocodile River; upper reaches TDS (mg/l) 450 mg/l 2952.277 2503.201 4263.462 182.2 94.1 278.7 171.513 52.06 528 EC (mS/m) 70 mS/m 574 297 652 206 35.2 461 24.4 9.7 289 Nitrates (mg/l) 6 mg/l 0.418 0 2.818 0.7015 0.02 1.679 0.554 0.02 8.92

Phosphates (mg/l) 0.024 0 0.107 0.029 0.006 0.494 0.024 0.003 2.464

Sulphates 200 mg/l 3532.938 2 5166.376 13.918 2 41.373 13.5505 2 96.1 pH 2.927 2.629 4.784 8.178 7.667 8.665 7.9695 4.59 9.45 Rietspruit; lower reaches Rietspruit; lower reaches

TDS (mg/l) 450 mg/l 1149.7 516.8 2593.9 1025.218 516.834 2593.894

EC (mS/m) 70 mS/m 166 77.5 353 162 77.5 333

Nitrates (mg/l) 6 mg/l 0.975 0.055 3.275 0.9455 0.055 2.857

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Water quality parameter Domestic Guideline Values Groundwater (2010) Surface water (2010) Surface water (2012) (Department of Water Affairs)

Median Minimum Maximum Median Minimum Maximum Median Minimum Maximum Phosphates (mg/l) 0.0135 0.006 0.303 0.012 0.006 0.303

Sulphates 200 mg/l 852.3795 28.195 2431.232 788.996 28.195 2431.232 pH 7.7135 7.336 8.242 7.187 3.137 8.11 Rietspruit; Middle reaches Rietspruit; Middle reaches TDS (mg/l) 450 mg/l 2049.5 1479.8 3443.3 2049.48 1479.762 3443.284

EC (mS/m) 70 mS/m 275.5 67 451 275.5 67 451

Nitrates (mg/l) 6 mg/l 0.787 0.04 5.4 0.789 0.04 5.4

Phosphates (mg/l) 0.013 0.006 0.141 0.013 0.006 0.141

Sulphates 200 mg/l 1410.08 279 2633.804 1408.658 279 2633.804 pH 7.505 6.531 8.296 6.237 2.638 7.552 Rietspruit; upper reaches Rietspruit; upper reaches TDS (mg/l) 450 mg/l 2712.2 610.8 4315.5 2712.739 2094.181 4315.535

EC (mS/m) 70 mS/m 331 153 538 332.5 153 538

Nitrates (mg/l) 6 mg/l 0.247 0.04 3.015 0.28 0.04 3.015

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Water quality parameter Domestic Guideline Values Groundwater (2010) Surface water (2010) Surface water (2012) (Department of Water Affairs)

Median Minimum Maximum Median Minimum Maximum Median Minimum Maximum Phosphates (mg/l) 0.014 0.006 0.077 0.0135 0.006 0.077

Sulphates 200 mg/l 2025.973 192.541 3446.045 2052.429 1161.795 3446.045 pH 7.3035 7.092 8.459 4.184 2.65 8.045

MERAFONG Water quality Domestic Guideline Values Groundwater (2010) Surface water (2010) Surface water (2012)

parameter (Department of Water Affairs)

Median Minimum Maximum Median Minimum Maximum Median Minimum Maximum Wonderfontein eye Mooirivierloop; lower Mooirivierloop; lower reaches reaches TDS (mg/l) 450 mg/l 461.3 262.1 532.6 783.2 270.1 1162 943 162 2527 EC (mS/m) 70 mS/m 0.5 0.1 1.9 108 17 176 125.5 17 353.7 Nitrates (mg/l) 6 mg/l 0.5 0.1 1.9 1.2 0 7.5 3.0515 0.02 73.61

Phosphates (mg/l) 0.1 0 0.2 0.6 0 5.4 0.419 0.003 24.9

Sulphates 200 mg/l 109.8 48.6 138.9 275 5 645 431.20 5 1383.1 3

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Water quality Domestic Guideline Values Groundwater (2010) Surface water (2010) Surface water (2012)

parameter (Department of Water Affairs)

Median Minimum Maximum Median Minimum Maximum Median Minimum Maximum pH 8.2 7.3 8.6 8.1 4 9.1 7.84 3.7 9.631 Kraalkop eye Mooirivierloop; upper Mooirivierloop; upper reaches reaches TDS (mg/l) 450 mg/l 30.5 20.3 77.1 663.6 108.4 1165 506 34 1164.945 EC (mS/m) 70 mS/m 0.7 0 1.6 90.8 16 200 67.3 3.8 200 Nitrates (mg/l) 6 mg/l 0.7 0 1.6 1 0 4.9 0.674 0.02 4.931

Phosphates (mg/l) 0 0 0.3 0.3 0.1 1 0.03 0.003 1.039

Sulphates 200 mg/l 3 0.4 23.7 224.5 9.3 351.8 117.45 4.7 351.783 pH 7.1 5.9 8.1 8.3 7.5 9.3 8.4545 7.2 9.25 Mooirivier catchment eye Loopspruit; lower reaches Loopspruit; lower reaches TDS (mg/l) 450 mg/l 375 365.8 379 484.1 138.5 982.7 EC (mS/m) 70 mS/m 1.2 0.9 1.4 72 18.6 119.2 Nitrates (mg/l) 6 mg/l 1.2 0.9 1.4 0.2 0 11.9

Phosphates (mg/l) 0.1 0 0.2 0.1 0 7.5

Sulphates 200 mg/l 10 5 10 112.8 11.8 217.1 pH 7.6 7.5 8.2 8.2 6.1 9.5

RANDFONTEIN Water quality Domestic Guideline Values Groundwater (2010) Surface water (2010) Surface water (2012)

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013 parameter (Department of Water Affairs)

Median Minimum Maximum Median Minimum Maximum Median Minimum Maximum Randfontein Brandvlei River Brandvlei River TDS (mg/l) 450 mg/l 69.2 69.2 69.2 31.9 13.4 47 EC (mS/m) 70 mS/m 8.8 8.8 8.8 4 1 10.1 Nitrates (mg/l) 6 mg/l 0 0 0 0.1 0 0.3 Phosphates (mg/l) 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 Sulphates 200 mg/l 2 2 2 5 2 16.6 pH 6-9 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.1 6.6 8 Elandsfontein Randfontein police station Randfontein police station TDS (mg/l) 450 mg/l 86.6 86.6 86.6 EC (mS/m) 70 mS/m 11.5 11.5 11.5 21 10 79 21 10 79 Nitrates (mg/l) 6 mg/l 1.3 1.3 1.3 0.6 0.1 0.9 0.6 0.05 0.9 Phosphates (mg/l) 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.05 0.05 0.2 Sulphates 200 mg/l 4.7 4.7 4.7 14 5 21 14 5 21 pH 6-9 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.6 7 8.2 7.6 7 8.2 Sterkfontein Mohlakeng itereleng centre Mohlakeng itereleng centre TDS (mg/l) 450 mg/l 214.6 214.6 214.6 EC (mS/m) 70 mS/m 35.2 35.2 35.2 21 19 28 21 19 28 Nitrates (mg/l) 6 mg/l 0 0 0 0.5 0.1 1.2 0.5 0.05 1.2 Phosphates (mg/l) 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.05 0.05 0.5 Sulphates 200 mg/l 26.7 26.7 26.7 14 5 24 14 5 24 pH 6-9 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.7 6.4 8.5 7.7 6.4 8.5 Bloubankspruit; sewage Bloubankspruit; sewage treatment treatment plant plant

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Water quality Domestic Guideline Values Groundwater (2010) Surface water (2010) Surface water (2012) parameter (Department of Water Affairs)

Median Minimum Maximum Median Minimum Maximum Median Minimum Maximum TDS (mg/l) 450 mg/l EC (mS/m) 70 mS/m 62 62 95 62 7 95 Nitrates (mg/l) 6 mg/l 1.4 1.4 10.7 1.4 0.05 10.7 Phosphates (mg/l) 0.6 0.6 10 0.6 0.05 10 Sulphates 200 mg/l 81 81 175 74.5 18 175 pH 6-9 7.4 7.4 8.2 7.4 6.2 8.2

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

WESTONARIA Water quality Domestic Guideline Values Groundwater (2010) Surface water (2010) Surface water (2012) parameter (Department of Water Affairs)

Median Minimum Maximum Median Minimum Maximum Median Minimum Maximum Zuurbekom RWB1 Wonderfonteinspruit Wonderfonteinspruit TDS (mg/l) 450 mg/l 342.3 258.6 396.4 761.3 249.8 1172. 740 174 1888 1 EC (mS/m) 70 mS/m 48.1 24.1 52.5 100.1 38.3 164 99.85 24.6 215.8 Nitrates (mg/l) 6 mg/l 6.9 0 9.2 0.1 0 16.2 0.062 0.018 16.159

Phosphates (mg/l) 0 0 0 0.1 0 2.4 0.0375 0.003 2.4

Sulphates 200 mg/l 93.4 41 107.1 229.5 5 544.1 242.674 5 1295.4 pH 8 7.6 8.4 8.2 6.2 8.7 8.2 5.05 8.87 Water quality Domestic Guideline Values Groundwater (2010) Surface water (2010) Surface water (2012) parameter (Department of Water Affairs)

Median Minimum Maximum Median Minimum Maximum Median Minimum Maximum Zuurbekom No. 8 Brge Kinross rd Brge Kinross rd

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Water quality Domestic Guideline Values Groundwater (2010) Surface water (2010) Surface water (2012) parameter (Department of Water Affairs)

Median Minimum Maximum Median Minimum Maximum Median Minimum Maximum 1417. TDS (mg/l) 450 mg/l 269.8 212.3 299.6 879.2 229.3 6 EC (mS/m) 70 mS/m 38.6 29.6 40 681.5 293 795 689 293 900

Nitrates (mg/l) 6 mg/l 3.4 1.9 5.8 1.3 0.1 11.5 1.6 0.1 12.2

Phosphates (mg/l) 0 0 0 0.7 0.1 3.9 0.5 0.1 6

Sulphates 200 mg/l 42.3 27 57.3 84.5 36 165 85 2.5 195 pH 40338 8 7.1 8.4 7.6 6.8 8.9 8.2 7.3 8.8 Kloof mine mix of sewege Kloof mine mix of sewege and

and effluent effluent TDS (mg/l) 450 mg/l 879.2395 229.281 1536.033 EC (mS/m) 70 mS/m 123.5 25 123.5 123.5 25 231

Nitrates (mg/l) 6 mg/l 9.8 0.4 9.8 10.3 0.4 20.8

Phosphates (mg/l) 1.8 0 1.8 1.75 0.006 6.809

Sulphates 200 mg/l 321 21 321 321 21 1925 pH 8.1 7.3 8.1 7.55 6.519 8.9

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

APPENDIX 2: PUBLIC PARTICIPATION Adverts

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Example Notification of Draft Status Quo Report

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Example invitation for registered stakeholders of the Public Open Days

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Attendance Registers for Public Open Days

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Database of Registered Stakeholders

Surname Initial Title Organisation van Zyl B.G. Dr Acusolv Ah Shene C. Adv Advocate Pienaar N. Mr Aggregate & Sand Producers Association of S A Stoch E. J. Mr Agricultural Forum Stronkhorst L. Mrs Agricultural Research Council (ARC) Mtembu S. Ms AKE Uzame Construction and Projects Venjakob N. Mrs Alberts Farm Conservancy Ambroso J. Mr Ambrosio Stairs (Pty) Ltd Hollesen P. Mr Anglo Gold Ashanti Ellis J. Mr Anglogold Ashanti Human C. Mr Anglogold Ashanti Keitebetse V Ms Anglogold Ashanti Hlabangane M.. Mr ASA Molebatsi D. Mr Bekkersdal Development Forum de Waal D.J.P. Dr BKS (Pty) Ltd Jonker O. Mr Blyvooruitzicht Gold Mine Montshiwa M.. Mr Bokamoso Greeners cc Mynhardt D. Mr Bulk Mining Explosives Dlamini E. Mr Buyisa e Bag Rammutle O. Mr CDW Supervisor Segoe M.. CDW: Ward 1 Pheane S. E. CDW: Ward 12 Ramutla L. A. CDW: Ward 14 Ramaleba I. CDW: Ward 17 Sangweni N. CDW: Ward 6 Semino G. CDW: Ward 9 Ramarutsi P A Cllr Chairperson of MPAC van Schalkwyk W. Mr Chas Everitt Segakweng M E Cllr Cllr: Ward No 10 Salane P. Cllr Cllr: Ward No 24 Ncube P. Mr CMRE Brokers Kantey M.. Mr Coalition Against Nuclear Energy Pienaar H. Mr COHWHS Cheltiar S. Ms COHWHS MA Phomane M.. Mr Collect a Can Lanbert S. Mr Concor Mining Hotlzhausen F. Mr Continental Oil Mills Coetzee H. Dr Council of Geoscience Galekhutle S. M.. Cllr Councillor Janse Van Rensburg J. Cllr Councillor Kimane T Cllr Councillor Pannall J. Cllr Councillor Pannall L. Cllr Councillor

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Perryman T. Cllr Councillor Phiri J. N. Cllr Councillor Piliso D. Cllr Councillor Plaatjie M.. Cllr Councillor Pretorius D. Cllr Councillor Raubenheimer A. M.. Cllr Councillor Samson G. Cllr Councillor Sebiloane K. Cllr Councillor Seerane K. Cllr Councillor Sebolao M.. Mr CWP Mampane E. Ms DAFF Dorling D. Mr DD Science Baloyi O. Mr DEA Fourie W. Mr DEA Hlela S. Ms DEA Mampye A. Mrs DEA Mkhonto P. Mr DEA Mtolo K. Mr DEA Nethonda B. Mr DEA Tshitwamulomoni S. Mr DEA Zwane S. Mr DEA Nkosi T. Mr Deneliz Timber supplies import & export cc. Bosoga L. Ms Department of Agriculture Fick L. Mrs Department of Water Affairs (DWA) Matwa S. Mr Dept of Local Governmnt and Housing Mhlanga E. Mr Dept of Rural Dev & Land Reform Monnakgotla T. Mr Dept of Rural Dev & Land Reform Makgalemele N. P. Dr Dept of Rural Development and Land Reform Phoshoko M.. Ms Deputy Director: AQM & CC Loabile T. Ms Dir: Land Use and Soil Management Anderson M.. Mr Director Mabogo R. Mr DMR Maduka M.. Ms DMR Malebe M.. Ms DMR de Blocq B. Mr DRD Gold Kruger K. Mr DRD Gold Mine SA Malele C. Mr Driefontein Pillay B. Mr Driefontein Gold Mine Jaclyn Ms Drift Super Sand Dlamini T. Mr DWA Govender B. Mr DWA Jay J Ms DWA Mataboge T. Ms DWA Mngoma N. Ms DWA Adatia R. Ms Earthlife Africa Taylor J. Ms Earthlife Africa Johannesburg Branch Mentzel C. Ms Endangered Wildlife Trust Smolly J. Mr Endangered Wildlife Trust

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Friedmann Y. Ms Endangered Wildlife Trust (EWT) Rex H. Mr Environmental Manager Morais B. Ms Eskom Lucas D. Mr Eskom Head Office Greyling A. Mrs EWT Seerane K C Mr Exec Mayor Nicolson K. Mr Ezulwini Mining Company Limited Liefferink M.. Ms Federation for Sustainable Environment (PEA) Fourie J. Mr First Uranium Nicolfan K. Mr First Uranium Ezulwini Mine Bredenkamp I. Mr Fochville Business Chamber de Kock C. Mr Gauteng Master Builders Association Jiyane F. Mr GDARD Kapsosideris A. Mr GDARD Lungu C. Mr GDARD Manaka B. Mr GDARD Mathabathe A. Mr GDARD Mkwana L. Mr GDARD Moila E. Mr GDARD Mokoena S. Mr GDARD Moletsane E. Mr GDARD Motaung D. Mr GDARD Ncube P. Mr GDARD Nkuna J. Mr GDARD Setshedi T. Mr GDARD Smale Z. Ms GDARD Taviv R. Mr GDARD Zwane M.. Mr GDARD Dunn J. Mr Gert Sibande District Municipality Makgotla J. Ms Goldfield South Deep Jacobs P. Mr Goldfields Mlipha R. Ms Goldfields Nkwe S. Mr Goldfields Walker G. Mr Green Scorpions Sequiera V. Mr Greenway Farm (Pty) Ltd Peek B. Mr Ground Work Kubayi P. Ms Gugulethu Gilmure R. Mr Harmony Maluleke K. Mr Harmony Stevens B. Mrs Harmony Gold Mine van Niekerk A. Mr Holmes Properties Myburgh F. Mr Infraset Moiloa J. Mr ITOSE cc Moiloa H. Mr Itsose Waste and Recycling Gumede J. E. Mr JEG Mining Services &Project Modishane M.. Ms JROX Trading Dlamini S. Mr Khutsong Business Forum Naude T. Mrs Kloof Goldmine Gold Fields

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Cathro R. Mrs L2B Lephuting J. Mr Lephuting Construction Gobodo N. Mrs LRC De Andrade A. Mr Mahata Mmoho Agricultural Organisation Sayce G. Mr Manager Matthee D. Mr Matthee Attorneys Visser T. Mr Merafong Agricultural Forum & Gatsrant Lion M.. Mr Merafong City Elderly People’s Forum Smith J. Ms Merafong City LM Bhele C. Ms Merafong Community Enterprise Badenhorst J. D. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Badenhorst R. D. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Baloyi M.. Mr Merafong Local Municipality De Beer M.. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Dodo N. Merafong Local Municipality Dyonase M.. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality efe J. Mr Merafong Local Municipality Evans J. Ms Merafong Local Municipality Gaabonwe N. Mr Merafong Local Municipality Ganda J. Mr Merafong Local Municipality Gcwalangobuthi W. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Giwu Z. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Jansen Van Vuuren J. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Kawe M.. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Kwabeni S. Mr Merafong Local Municipality Lauralee I. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Lephuting B. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Leseane E. M. Mr Merafong Local Municipality Letsie M.. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Letsie T. Mr Merafong Local Municipality Lwana H. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Maboe T. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Madikizela N. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Madubela Z. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Makaka N. M.. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Makhaya N. D. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Makoba V. L. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Mangali S. G. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Mantjane E. Mr Merafong Local Municipality Mapefane N. V. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Martin M.. Mr Merafong Local Municipality Mathikge M.. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Mathiso Z. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Matshe N. Mr Merafong Local Municipality Mbazana T. Mr Merafong Local Municipality Mbesi S. Mr Merafong Local Municipality Mchunu M.. C. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Mdlalose B. Merafong Local Municipality

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Medupe W. Ms Merafong Local Municipality M.. S. Mngceke L. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Mohlahlobi T. Mr Merafong Local Municipality Mokgethi N E Ms Merafong Local Municipality Mokgethi T. Ms Merafong Local Municipality Mokwena M.. K. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Molamu P. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Moleko Merafong Local Municipality Molokwane P. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Molubi L. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Mpeka Z. Mr Merafong Local Municipality Mposi M.. Merafong Local Municipality Murray J. J. Mr Merafong Local Municipality Nduma A. Merafong Local Municipality Ngantweni V. H. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Ngcobo F. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Ngxabani X. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Niewoudt A. Mr Merafong Local Municipality C. W. Niewoudt A. Mr Merafong Local Municipality Nkayitshana M H Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Nongcula L. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Ntibi M.. Mr Merafong Local Municipality Ntshabele A. C. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Obakeng P. Mr Merafong Local Municipality Olifant P. Mr Merafong Local Municipality Sesing O. P. Merafong Local Municipality Sibiya L. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Sibiya M.. C. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Spies L. C. Mr Merafong Local Municipality Takane M.. E. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Thibedi A. Mr Merafong Local Municipality Tyobeka Merafong Local Municipality Tyrone C. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality van der Merwe H. M.. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality van der Merwe J. Mr Merafong Local Municipality van Der Merwe J. F. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Van Rensburg J. Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Vermaak J. Mr Merafong Local Municipality Wienekus T. Mr Merafong Local Municipality Zwart J D Cllr Merafong Local Municipality Chademana F. Ms Mintails Matuwane P. Cllr MMC:Social Service Mmutte S. Mr MMR Recycling Ford M.. Mr Mogale Alloys van Vuuren N. J. Mr Mogale Alloys Baloyi M Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Bhayat F. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Bouwer R. Mr Mogale City Local Municipality Caldeira O. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Chohledi F. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Cindi E. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Daniel J. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality De Beer K. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Dietsiso P. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Dingwezweni L Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Dube S. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality f M Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Fourie A. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Friedman B. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Galekhutle M.. Mogale City Local Municipality Hattingh H. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Hurter L. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Kekae R. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Khuzwayo M Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Lebesa L. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Lekone B. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Letsie D. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Loonat Z. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Mahlangu F. Ms Mogale City Local Municipality Mahuma L. Mr Mogale City Local Municipality Makgatho F. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Makola M.. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Mangena K. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Mangole N. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Mashitisho D. Mr Mogale City Local Municipality Mathe E. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Mathebula S. Ms Mogale City Local Municipality Mathibe M.. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Matlhaku M.. Ms Mogale City Local Municipality Mdlalose S. Mr Mogale City Local Municipality Mes C. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Modise E. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Modise W. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Moeketsi P. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Mohube M.. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Mojaki K. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Mokoena D. Mr Mogale City Local Municipality Mokoena M.. Ms Mogale City Local Municipality Mokotedi M.. Mr Mogale City Local Municipality Mokotla R. J. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Molefi S. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Molele V. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Molulwa N. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Monyane M.. Ms Mogale City Local Municipality More L. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Mosetle P. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Motingoa S. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Naude J. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Ndamane M.. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Ndlovu T. Mr Mogale City Local Municipality Ngubane N. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Ngutshana D. Mr Mogale City Local Municipality Ntamane N. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Ntlatlane C. M.. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Nyokana D. Mr Mogale City Local Municipality Selebi M.. Mr Mogale City Local Municipality Setswalo-Moja A. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Sloan E. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Snyman J. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Starkey P. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Steenkamp T. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Steenkamp T. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Thabe D. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Thelejane M.. Mrs Mogale City Local Municipality Thobela C. MMC Mogale City Local Municipality Turner G. Ms Mogale City Local Municipality Zagagana C. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality Nkosiyane L. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality & WRDM Thupane S. Cllr Mogale City Local Municipality & WRDM Kruger P. Mr Mogale Gold Ravuku R. Mr Mondi Genlloud G Mr Muldersdrift Sustainable Development Forum Grobelaar J. Mr Muldersdrift Sustainable Development Forum Kleyn D. Mr National Department of Agriculture (DoA) Collete A. Mrs NDA Mokwena M.. Mr Nestle Mlindeni Nkgotiseng Construction Projects Mbhele M.. Mr Nqobani Construction and Projects Tselane T. Mr NRR Perkins L. Mrs Office Manager Horak D. Mr Pamodzi Resources Gilbert D. Mr Pelindaba Working Group Booker B. Ms Petco Raphalane M.. Cllr PH: Finance Ramokgoatedi J Cllr PH: Housing & Transport Ranoka C. Cllr PH: Water & Electricity Steyn D. Mr Plastic Federation of South Africa Pienaar E. Mr Private Ramazan G. Mr Private Vahrmeijer T. Mr Private van der Merwe L. Mr Private Vetten J. Ms Private Ramatlhape M.. Ms Rand fontein Local Municipality

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Keller S. P. Mr Rand Uranium Andrews G. Mrs Rand Water Foundation (RWF) Sedibe N. Mr Randfontein LM Bassy F. Randfontein Local Municipality Batyi S. Randfontein Local Municipality Beaufort J. Cllr Randfontein Local Municipality Bezuidenhout P. Cllr Randfontein Local Municipality Blake B. Cllr Randfontein Local Municipality Dlamini B. Cllr Randfontein Local Municipality Erasmus S. Cllr Randfontein Local Municipality Faku P. K. Mr Randfontein Local Municipality Gama M.. Cllr Randfontein Local Municipality Gerber T. Cllr Randfontein Local Municipality Handula N. Cllr Randfontein Local Municipality Harrison C. Cllr Randfontein Local Municipality Hutamo P. Ms Randfontein Local Municipality Julius J. Cllr Randfontein Local Municipality Kaptein M.. Mr Randfontein Local Municipality Lebopa I Cllr Randfontein Local Municipality Leping L. Mr Randfontein Local Municipality Liesabon H. Randfontein Local Municipality Madisebo S. M.. Randfontein Local Municipality Mahuma B. Cllr Randfontein Local Municipality Makunyula J. Cllr Randfontein Local Municipality Malepe T. Mr Randfontein Local Municipality Mananiso T. Cllr Randfontein Local Municipality Mangope R. Cllr Randfontein Local Municipality Mashigo I. Mr Randfontein Local Municipality Mataboge M.. Cllr Randfontein Local Municipality Matakane S. Cllr Randfontein Local Municipality Mavuso N. Cllr Randfontein Local Municipality Mgengo N. Mr Randfontein Local Municipality Mgwana G. Ms Randfontein Local Municipality Mhlongo Z. Ald Randfontein Local Municipality Mkhaliphi N. Mr Randfontein Local Municipality Mkruquli S. Cllr Randfontein Local Municipality Mochumi-Motsau L. Cllr Randfontein Local Municipality Mogale N. Adv Randfontein Local Municipality Molao R. Mr Randfontein Local Municipality Molawa M.. Ms Randfontein Local Municipality Molawa M.. Ms Randfontein Local Municipality Molawa M.. Ms Randfontein Local Municipality Molebatsi D. Randfontein Local Municipality Molefe T. Randfontein Local Municipality Motlhabe V. Mr Randfontein Local Municipality Nchupetsang L. Randfontein Local Municipality Ndlala N. Ms Randfontein Local Municipality Ngcobo S. Mr Randfontein Local Municipality

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Nomandla M.. Cllr Randfontein Local Municipality Norton J. Cllr Randfontein Local Municipality Norton L. Mr Randfontein Local Municipality Ntsepo X. Cllr Randfontein Local Municipality Odendaal S. Cllr Randfontein Local Municipality Olivier I. Ms Randfontein Local Municipality Plessis E. Cllr Randfontein Local Municipality Steenkamp S. Cllr Randfontein Local Municipality Stevens C. Mr Randfontein Local Municipality Thebenare S. Cllr Randfontein Local Municipality Tshwale H. Cllr Randfontein Local Municipality van Staden H. Cllr Randfontein Local Municipality Watton-Blake B. Cllr Randfontein Local Municipality Le Grange F. Mr REAG Marais M.. Mr REDCO Daigun A. Mr Rhenosterspruit Nature Conservancy Stroh L. Mrs SA Civil Aviation Authority January N. Mr SAHRA Mukhoro M.. Mr SANBI Sekoba N. Ms SANGOCO Makola D. Mr SARCC Mahaye P. Mr Sasol Ketcher A. Mr Seeff Properties Lesufi N. Mr Senior Chamber of Mines Nake P. Mr Seriti Consulting De La Rey R. Mr Springbokdraai Farm Louw J. Mr Team Syndicate Properties Bijou L. Ms Tiger Brand Dyasi L. I. Mr TTDNM Civil Engineers Akoojee E. Mr Unit Manager Dube P. Mr Vukasakele Building Construction Louw W. Mr W. G. Wearne Liphadzi S. M.. Dr Water Research Commission Badehorst J. P. Cllr WDRM De Beer J. D. Cllr WDRM De Jager H. K. Cllr WDRM De Jager T. L. Cllr WDRM Foteng T. K. Cllr WDRM Harris R. J. Cllr WDRM Hibbert L. A. Cllr WDRM Kgoleng P. M. Cllr WDRM Kimane M.. T. Cllr WDRM Mokhatla T. Mr WDRM Tshwale M.. H. Cllr WDRM Webb K. Mrs WESSA Dlamini G. Ms West Rand District Municipality Hamer H. Ms West Rand District Municipality Hendrikse R. Mr West Rand District Municipality

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Kome L. Ms West Rand District Municipality Ngidi S. Ms West Rand District Municipality Stoffberg S. Ms West Rand District Municipality Modise W. M.. Mr Westonaria Development & Trading Enterprise Bell S. Ms Westonaria Local Municipality Coetzee J. Mr Westonaria Local Municipality Gasayi T. Cllr Westonaria Local Municipality Gela A. Ms Westonaria Local Municipality Genani S. C. Westonaria Local Municipality Hesi V. Ms Westonaria Local Municipality Hlanganyana C. Westonaria Local Municipality Khenene S. Cllr Westonaria Local Municipality Khoza G. Ms Westonaria Local Municipality Khumalo M.. Ms Westonaria Local Municipality Khwatshiwe C. Cllr Westonaria Local Municipality Kolisi K. Cllr Westonaria Local Municipality Lethae M. B. Westonaria Local Municipality Mabuela L. Westonaria Local Municipality Machaba M.. Mr Westonaria Local Municipality Majola D. Mr Westonaria Local Municipality Majola N. A. Westonaria Local Municipality Mankayi M.. Mr Westonaria Local Municipality Mapalala E. Cllr Westonaria Local Municipality Matela N. Mr Westonaria Local Municipality Matshaya W. Cllr Westonaria Local Municipality Matwa S. Westonaria Local Municipality Mjikelo C. W. Mr Westonaria Local Municipality Mkhonza J. Westonaria Local Municipality Mkhungekwana P. Cllr Westonaria Local Municipality Mncube T. Cllr Westonaria Local Municipality Mndayi N. Mr Westonaria Local Municipality Mnqwazana B. Ms Westonaria Local Municipality Mnqwazana V. Westonaria Local Municipality Modise T. Westonaria Local Municipality Mofokeng J. Mr Westonaria Local Municipality Mohlakoane S. D. Westonaria Local Municipality Mokgothu O. Westonaria Local Municipality Mokobane T O Westonaria Local Municipality Mokwana M.. Ms Westonaria Local Municipality Molatshwa E. Cllr Westonaria Local Municipality Molebatsi L. Ms Westonaria Local Municipality Morolo T. Ms Westonaria Local Municipality Moses M.. Mr Westonaria Local Municipality Mosimane M.. Ms Westonaria Local Municipality Motsepe J. Cllr Westonaria Local Municipality Msindwana S. Westonaria Local Municipality Nkosi S. J. Cllr Westonaria Local Municipality Ntoelengoe I. F. Mr Westonaria Local Municipality

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Ntshiba A. Mr Westonaria Local Municipality Ntshontsho J. Westonaria Local Municipality Seitheiso C. Cllr Westonaria Local Municipality Sekgobela K. Ms Westonaria Local Municipality Soxokashe M.. Westonaria Local Municipality Turner C. Cllr Westonaria Local Municipality van Brakel M.. Mr Westonaria Local Municipality van der Hoff A Ms Westonaria Local Municipality van Graan M.. Ms Westonaria Local Municipality van Niekerk B. Mr Westonaria Local Municipality Viljoen G. Mr Westonaria Local Municipality Ngweventsha S. Cllr Westonaria Local Municipality & WRDM Wildlife & Environment Society of South Africa Rossaak M.. Ms (WE Mbona N. Ms Working For Wetlands (SANBI) P P. Mr WQM: Principal Officer Dlamini Z. Mr WRDM Govender D. Mr WRDM Hibbert L. Cllr WRDM Kome L Mr WRDM Lipudi N. Cllr WRDM Madlala M Cllr WRDM Mathiso Z. Cllr WRDM Matshikiza F. Cllr WRDM Mojaki K I Cllr WRDM Mokeona M.. D. Mr WRDM Mpanza B. Cllr WRDM Myburgh W. Mr WRDM Nawa M.. Cllr WRDM Nonzaba R. Cllr WRDM Ntsie D. Cllr WRDM Odendaal S. W. Cllr WRDM Ravuluma K. Mr WRDM Smith J. J. Cllr WRDM Swanevelder H. Mr WRDM Thabe D. S. Cllr WRDM Thundzi N. Cllr WRDM Turner C. D. Cllr WRDM van der Berg P. J. Mr WRDM Zagagana C. Cllr WRDM Zwane M.. Mr WRDM Tabane D. Cllr WRDM & Merafong Local Municipality Madlala S. M.. Cllr WRDM & Mogale City Local Municipality Lwabi V. Cllr WRDM & Westonaria Local Municipality Nondzaba T. Cllr WRDM & Westonaria Local Municipality Du Plooy E. Mrs Zardfontein Farm Adeleide Ditlhakanyane E. T. Cllr Kalako A. Mr

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Matlhaku Nomandla M.. N. Cllr Nqina V. Park J. Ms Pelser C. Mr Phele H. Mr Scott G. Mr

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Issues Response Report

Issue Method / Date Raised By Response I, on behalf of the Federation Raised by M Liefferink Noted for a Sustainable Federation for a CEO Environment, a leading Sustainable environmental non-profit Environment organisation, laud the (FSE) as part of endeavours of the WRDM in the key this matter and the stakeholder professional Status Quo review of the Report which was prepared draft Status by the esteemed BKS Quo Report, consulting company June 2012 I propose that the Raised by M Liefferink The studies have been consideration of the findings Federation for a CEO obtained and the of the academic paper “A Sustainable status quo report has GIS-Based History of Gold Environment been updated to Mine Residue Deposits and (FSE) as part of include reference to Risk Assessment of Post the key these studies. Mining Land Uses on the stakeholder Witwatersrand Basin, South review of the Africa by MW Sutton. The draft Status academic paper by H Coetzee Quo Report, (Council for Geoscience) et al June 2012 on South Africa’s Strategy for the Management of Derelict and Ownerless Mines. I furthermore propose the Raised by M Liefferink Some studies were consideration of the findings Federation for a CEO referenced in the draft and recommendations of the Sustainable status quo already. The following peer reviewed Environment mine closure reports academic and government (FSE) as part of for the western and far reports: the key western basins have • WRC Report stakeholder been obtained and the 1214/1/06. H review of the status quo report has Coetzee et al. An draft Status been updated to Assessment of Quo Report, include reference to Sources, Pathways June 2012 these studies. Mechanisms and

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Risks of Current and Potential Future Pollution of Water and Sediments in Gold Mining Areas of the Wonderfonteinspruit Catchment • NNR Report TR-RRD- 07-0006 Radiological Impacts of the Mining activities to the public of the Wonderfonteinspruit Catchment area • Radiometric surveying in the vicinity of the Witwatersrand Gold Mines. Mine Closure 2008 • A remote Sensing and GIS-Based Integrated Approach for Risk Based Prioritisation of Gold Tailings Facilities – Witwatersrand South Africa. Mine Closure 2008 • DMR (2008) Draft Regional Mine Closure Strategies for the West and Far West Rand Goldfields • South African Legislation Pertinent to gold Mine Closure and Residual Risk. Mine Closure 2007.

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

I am in possession of the above mentioned reports and a significant number of relevant reports, either electronic or hard copies. I am willing to make these available to you and to assist with the relevant findings and recommendations. If you require the contact details of the above-mentioned authors, I shall make it available to you.

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

APPENDIX 3: LIST OF HERITAGE SITES IN THE WRDM

Site ID Classification Site Name Description Farm Name Y_COORD X_COORD 81 LIA Albert's Stonewall Albert's -25.82639 27.59833 LIA Aloe Ridge Stonewall -25.96417 27.83611 7 RA Altyd Mooi Engravings -25.91306 27.60028 79 LIA Ambulanskop Ambulanskop -25.81028 27.63083 2475 Historic Berlin Mission: Ebenezer Doornkloof 393jq -25.91361 27.49583 1678 Geological Bolt's Farm Sterkfontein 173iq -26.02722 27.71611 5 SA Bolt's Farm AL SITE -26.03356 27.71361 3 SA Bolt's Farm BRECCIA OUTCROP -26.03258 27.71106 1 SA Bolt's Farm ET -26.03142 27.71522 4 SA Bolt's Farm FEMUR DUMP -26.03481 27.71269 12 SA Bolt's Farm PIT11 -26.03033 27.71506 13 SA Bolt's Farm PIT12A -26.03036 27.71428 14 SA Bolt's Farm PIT12B -26.03086 27.71328 15 SA Bolt's Farm PIT13 -26.02894 27.71633 16 SA Bolt's Farm PIT15 -26.02939 27.71625 17 SA Bolt's Farm PIT23 -26.03456 27.71275 6 SA Bolt's Farm PIT3 -26.02814 27.71706 7 SA Bolt's Farm PIT4 -26.03189 27.71564 11 SA Bolt's Farm PIT5 -26.02842 27.71722 9 SA Bolt's Farm PIT6 -26.03281 27.71144 10 SA Bolt's Farm PIT7 -26.03197 27.71283 SA Bolt's Farm Q -26.02681 27.71419

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Site ID Classification Site Name Description Farm Name Y_COORD X_COORD 2 SA Bolt's Farm TT -26.02928 27.71608 18 SA Bolt's Farm W160 -26.03389 27.71389 Early Man/ Bones Cave -25.97584 27.77613 8 RA Bridge Water Engravings -25.90639 27.60722 77 LIA Calabash Calabash -25.80306 27.63472 9 RA Clifton Engravings -25.90556 27.60917 1676 Stone Age Coopers B Palaeontological Site Zwartkrans 172iq -26.01278 27.74694 20 Historic Damhoek -25.81500 27.61833 90 LIA Doornhoek Stonewall -25.89694 27.52639 6 RA Doornhoek 1 Engravings -25.89722 27.47639 7 RA Doornhoek 2 Engravings -25.89722 27.48472 8 RA Doornhoek 3 Engravings -25.89500 27.49278 9 RA Doornhoek 4 Engravings -25.87778 27.49861 10 RA Doornkloof 1 Engravings -25.91361 27.47444 12 RA Doornkloof 3 Engravings -25.92778 27.45778 87 RA Doornspruit Engravings -25.91111 27.52222 1675 Stone Age Drimolen Sterkfontein 519jq -25.96889 27.75583 21 Historic Foundation -25.82528 27.60444 7 ESA Game Reserve -26.08333 27.71667 LIA Gelden 1 Open -26.02278 27.79111 LIA Gelden 2 Open -26.02361 27.79111 ESA Gelden 3 -26.01667 27.77417 ESA/LSA Gelden 4 -26.02278 27.77306 Historic Gelden 5 -26.02389 27.77306 1677 Stone Age Gladysvale Uitkomst 499jq -25.89500 27.77306 4 RA Hekpoort Engravings -25.87444 27.60444

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Site ID Classification Site Name Description Farm Name Y_COORD X_COORD 1372 Historic Hekpoort Blockhouse: Bartons Fol Hekpoort 504jq -25.91731 27.62083 56 LIA Hippospruit, JHB Ridge Sur Stonewall -26.30806 27.48194 55 LIA JHB Ridge Survey Stonewall -26.30111 27.48194 Early Man/ Kemps Cave -26.08056 27.70556 8 Historic KGM Graveyard -26.09639 27.75111 88 EIA, LIA Klipkraal Open -25.89861 27.63333 57 LIA Kliprivier, JHB Ridge Surv Stonewall -26.31694 27.48056 10 RA Kloof View Engravings -25.91889 27.60333 80 LSA, IA Klopper Klopper -25.81500 27.63333 6 Early Man Kromdraai -26.01111 27.76167 Early Man Kromdraai -26.01083 27.75222 Early Man/ Kromdraai -26.01057 27.75195 Early Man Kromdraai farm -25.97528 27.77778 Early Man Kromdraai farm -25.97000 27.77167 Early Man Kromdraai farm -25.99333 27.77639 778 Stone Age Kromdraai Paleontological Reserv Kromdraai 520jq -26.01056 27.75028 694 Historic Krugersdorp Blockhouse Krugersdorp Town -26.09707 27.78867 Historic Long Trench -26.01225 27.74474 Historic Longhouse and Kraal -25.98611 27.70583 5 SA Magalies Station -26.00111 27.53833 76 LIA Mamba Mamba -25.80306 27.64028 6 MSA Middelvlei -26.22500 27.66083 5 RA Mimosa Engravings -25.89806 27.47333 3002 Historic Mine headgear Krugersdorp -26.13931 27.73858 1679 Geological Minnaar's Cave Kromdraai 520jq -25.99000 27.77306 11 RA Mocking Bird Hill Engravings -25.91806 27.60472

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Site ID Classification Site Name Description Farm Name Y_COORD X_COORD LIA difaqu Mooiplaats Stonewall -25.91586 27.85164 Early Man/ Motstets Stonewall -25.90806 27.83307 5 RA Mountainview Engravings -25.86833 27.57444 2 RA Msokwane Engravings -25.88806 27.55556 93 RA Nooitgedacht Engravings Nooitgedacht -25.88056 27.53611 1 RA Nooitgedacht Engravings -25.87722 27.55333 91 LIA Nooitgedacht Stonewall Nooitgedacht -25.88278 27.58583 11 LIA Nooitgedacht -25.98361 27.90833 Nooitgedacht 2652 Historic Nooitgedacht-Wes Blockhouse 2 471jq -25.85694 27.52611 2 SA Nr Sterkfontein Caves, Koppie -26.02722 27.71639 779 Historic Nzasm Station Building Krugersdorp Town -26.10917 27.77056 693 Historic Paardekraal Krugersdorp Town -26.09367 27.77884 78 LIA Peninsula Peninsula -25.80917 27.63333 1680 Geological Plover's Lake Kromdraai 520jq -25.97694 27.77639 971 Historic Pullingerskag Venterspost -26.27111 27.63333 58 LIA Quarry, JHB Ridge Survey Stonewall -26.29667 27.48361 Rectangular Historic Rectangular Kraal Kraal -25.91065 27.84509 14 LIA Rietfontein -25.97833 27.82222 LIA Rietfontein -25.97750 27.82306 LIA Rietfontein Walling Stonewall -25.97639 27.82583 LIA Rietfontein Walls -25.97528 27.82667 Historic Rietfontein cemetery -25.97667 27.82250 Historic Rietfontein Compound Stonewall -25.97861 27.82306 Historic Rietfontein Kraal -25.97222 27.82639 LIA Rietfontein, Swartkop Terraced She -25.98083 27.82778

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Site ID Classification Site Name Description Farm Name Y_COORD X_COORD 5 ESA, MSA Roodekrans -26.10167 27.83139 17 Historic School -25.84667 27.65194 970 Geological Sinkgat Venterspost -26.29778 27.64389 Historic Spioenkop Base Foundation -25.96611 27.71917 Historic Spioenkop Low Stone Arcs -25.96417 27.71917 MSA/LSA Spioenkop Saddle -25.96472 27.72028 Early Man/ Sterkfontein -26.01611 27.73667 Early Man/ Sterkfontein -26.01501 27.73473 SA Sterkfontein KP Zwart -26.02667 27.71667 SA Sterkfontein RB -26.01194 27.74750 692 Stone Age Sterkfontein Caves Zwartkrans 172iq -26.01590 27.73452 2478 Iron Age Stone Walled Settlement Doornkloof 393jq -25.90414 27.49167 LIA difaqu Swartkop Hill top Stonewall -25.97917 27.83056 LIA difaqu Swartkop II S Stonewall -25.98056 27.83444 Historic Swartkop Terraced Swa -25.98083 27.82778 Early Man/ Swartkrans -26.01640 27.72363 Early Man Swartkrans farm -26.01833 27.74722 1673 Stone Age Swartkrans Palaeontological Site Zwartkrans 172iq -26.01694 27.72389 Tweefontein Historic Tweefontein Homestead Homestead -25.93274 27.82915 LIA difaqu Tweefontein Wall I T -25.91867 27.84506 LIA difaqu Tweefontein Wall II -25.91825 27.84708 SA/IA Uitkomst Cave -25.88333 27.78250 89 LIA Vaalbank Stonewall -25.97278 27.52944 3 RA Vaalkop Engravings -25.86972 27.57972 2972 Stone Age Witpoortjie -26.10944 27.83222 1674 Geological Wonder Cave Kromdraai 520jq -25.97028 27.77194

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Site ID Classification Site Name Description Farm Name Y_COORD X_COORD Early Man/ Wonders Cave -25.97584 27.77141 Circular Stone LIA Wall -25.93452 27.66478 Circular Stone LIA Wall -25.93704 27.66247 Circular Stone LIA Wall -25.93217 27.66926 Circular Stone LIA Wall -25.91821 27.67988 Circular Stone LIA Wall -25.92574 27.81586 Circular Stone LIA Wall -25.91733 27.84857 Circular Stone LIA Wall -25.90931 27.86075 Circular Stone LIA Wall -25.90854 27.86187 Circular Stone LIA Wall -25.90637 27.86522 Circular Stone LIA Wall -25.90534 27.86496 Circular Stone LIA Wall -25.90316 27.86709 ESA Open Scatter -25.90854 27.82587 MSA Open Scatter -25.90967 27.84950 LSA Rock Shelter -25.89134 27.76834 1 SA z -25.97372 27.66583 2 SA z -25.97397 27.66619

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Site ID Classification Site Name Description Farm Name Y_COORD X_COORD 3 Historic z -25.97853 27.66256 4 Historic z -25.97372 27.66606 5 Historic z -25.96425 27.66325 6 Historic -25.96339 27.66325 7 Historic -25.96461 27.66544 8 Historic -25.96433 27.66372 9 Historic -25.96456 27.66350 10 Historic -25.96511 27.66386 11 Historic -25.96544 27.66372 12 Historic -25.96786 27.65894 13 Historic -25.96786 27.65964 14 Historic -25.96708 27.66181 15 Historic -25.96850 27.65797 Early Man -25.91000 27.83889 Early Man -25.96694 27.75694 Early Man/ -25.98863 27.77891 Early Man/ -25.98530 27.76834 Early Man/ -25.96724 27.73362 Early Man/ -25.98195 27.77640 Early Man/ -25.95419 27.77891 Early Man/ -25.95168 27.79808 Early Man/ -25.89001 27.77585 Early Man/ -25.89891 27.79835 Early Man/ -25.91279 27.82836 2487 Iron Age Doornkloof 393jq -25.90222 27.49722 2488 Stone Age Doornkloof 393jq -25.90417 27.49250

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Site ID Classification Site Name Description Farm Name Y_COORD X_COORD 2499 Iron Age Doornkloof 393jq -25.90861 27.49972 Iron Age Doornspruit 507jq -25.93333 27.55000 Weltevreden Iron Age 517JQ -25.95944 27.66611 Iron Age Hekpoort 504jq -25.93722 27.61861 Iron Age Stone Walled Settlement Doornkloof 393jq -25.90414 27.49167 Iron Age Doornkloof 393jq -25.90444 27.48472 Iron Age Stone Walled Site Doornkloof 393jq -25.92028 27.50583 Iron Age Doornkloof 393jq -25.90222 27.49722 Iron Age Doornkloof 393jq -25.90417 27.49250 Iron Age Doornkloof 393jq -25.90417 27.48917 Iron Age Doornkloof 393jq -25.90444 27.49472 Iron Age Doornkloof 393jq -25.90861 27.49972 Iron Age Corner site Doornbosch 508jq -25.95222 27.59994 Waterval West Iron Age Valley view site 510jq -25.95631 27.59722 Iron Age Uitkomst Cave Uitkomst 499JQ -25.88333 27.78250 Iron Age Vaalbank 512JQ -25.97278 27.52944 Hartebeestfontein Iron Age Ambulanskop 47 -25.81028 27.63083 Hartebeestfontein Iron Age Alberts 47 -25.82639 27.59833 Nooitgedacht Iron Age Cattle outpost 534JQ -25.98418 27.90856 Hartebeesthoek Iron Age 502JQ -25.91821 27.67988 Iron Age Lepalong Kleinfontein 141IQ -26.47586 27.23716

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Site ID Classification Site Name Description Farm Name Y_COORD X_COORD Iron Age Stone circle Rietfontein 522JQ -25.95612 27.81524 Rhenosterspruit Iron Age Walled sites 495J -25.89167 27.89167 Iron Age Complex of sites Jachtfontein 344IQ -26.40000 27.73732 Iron Age Jachtfontein 344IQ -26.41559 27.73858 Iron Age Jachtfontein 344IQ -26.41596 27.74102 Historic Fasade Van Stadshuis Randfontein Town -26.18227 27.69997 Historic Van Riebeeck School Randfontein Town -26.17976 27.69548 Botanical Roy Harris Hasiepark Randfontein Town -26.16944 27.70000 Historic Randfontein Gold Mine Du Randfontein Town -26.13556 27.70389 Historic Paardekraal Krugersdorp Town -26.09367 27.77884 Historic Krugersdorp Blockhouse Krugersdorp Town -26.09707 27.78867 Historic Nzasm Station Building Krugersdorp Town -26.10917 27.77056 Historic City Hall Krugersdorp Town -26.10078 27.77249 Historic The Homestead House Randfontein Town -26.17250 27.69833 Historic Pump House Zuurbekom 297IQ -26.30132 27.81368 Wonderfontein Historic Lime works 103IQ -26.31576 27.37873 Historic Ou Poskantoor En Polisie Randfontein Town -26.16944 27.70000 Historic Randgate Hall Randfontein Town -26.16944 27.70000 Botanical Con Joubert Bird Sanctur Randfontein Town -26.17194 27.66667 Historic Jonker House Randfontein Town -26.16750 27.69333 Historic Mynkommissaris en Poskan Middelvlei 255IQ -26.22118 27.64645 Historic Berlin Mission: Ebenezer Doornkloof 393jq -25.91361 27.49583 Historic Farmstead Doornkloof 393jq -25.90361 27.48278 Historic Gen. De Wet's Office Doornkloof 393jq -25.90972 27.49444 Historic Dam Doornkloof 393jq -25.91639 27.48972

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Site ID Classification Site Name Description Farm Name Y_COORD X_COORD Historic Doornkloof 393jq -25.90111 27.49722 Historic Doornkloof 393jq -25.90417 27.49250 Historic Doornkloof 393jq -25.90417 27.48917 Nooitgedacht Historic Nooitgedacht-Wes Blockho 471jq -25.85694 27.52611 Historic Stone Wall Paardeplaats 177iq -26.08028 27.81472 Historic Dutch Reformed Church Krugersdorp Town -26.10149 27.77502 Waterval West Historic 510jq -25.96607 27.60024 Historic Old Magistrates Building Krugersdorp Town -26.10190 27.77139 Historic Stone wall Rietfontein 189IQ -26.04375 27.86013 Historic Church Hekpoort 504 JQ -25.89616 27.60045 Historic Nederduitsch Hervormde K Krugersdorp Town -26.09907 27.77223 Historic Fountain Krugersdorp Town -26.10175 27.77315 Historic War Memorial Krugersdorp Town -26.10536 27.77100 Historic Jail Krugersdorp Town -26.10423 27.76229 Weltevreden Historic Battle of Dwarsvlei 517JQ -25.95000 27.69000 Stone Age Spioenkop Danielsrust 518JQ -25.96472 27.72028 Stone Age Magaliesburg Station Blaauwbank 505JQ -26.00111 27.53833 Stone Age Middelvlei 255IQ -26.22500 27.66083 Historic Station site Middelvlei 255IQ -26.23730 27.64000 Historic Kocksoord cemetery Middelvlei 255IQ -26.22265 27.65095 Iron Age Vaalbank 512JQ -25.97278 27.52944 Historic Cemetery Doornkloof 3939JQ -25.91390 27.47427 Historic Cemetery Doornspruit 507JQ -25.90594 27.52261 Geologica Motsetse Tweefontein -25.90806 27.83307

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Site ID Classification Site Name Description Farm Name Y_COORD X_COORD 523JQ Stone Age Roodekrans 183IQ -26.10167 27.83139 Historic Sterkfontein Cemetery Krugersdorp Town -26.06590 27.76700 Historic Police station Hekpoort 504JQ -25.89598 27.61754 Hartebeesthoek Historic CSIR Hartebeeshoek Radio 502JQ -25.89000 27.68620 Hartebeesthoek Historic Satellite Earth Station 502JQ -25.90750 27.69500 Historic Water reservoirs Krugersdorp Town -26.11498 27.75541 Historic Semi-detached housing Krugersdorp Town -26.10673 27.77476 Historic Semi-detached houses Krugersdorp Town -26.11668 27.75511 Historic Hotel Krugersdorp Town -26.10226 27.77310 Historic Strijdom Monument Krugersdorp Town -26.10185 27.77325 Historic Mogale Monument Krugersdorp Town -26.10155 27.77225 Historic Pres. Kruger monument Krugersdorp Town -26.09200 27.77860 Historic Strijdom Monument Krugersdorp Town -26.09240 27.77820 Historic St Pauls Anglican Church Munsieville -26.07983 27.75357 Historic Pentacostal Church Munsieville -26.07420 27.75848 Historic Mosque Krugersdorp Town -26.09815 27.75646 Historic St Ursulas Krugersdorp Town -26.08981 27.77479 Historic Desmond Tutu House Munsieville -26.07845 27.75450 Historic Old Police Station Krugersdorp Town -26.09965 27.76585 Historic Police and SANDF Memoria Krugersdorp town -26.06708 27.76311 Luipaardsvlei Historic Memorial 246IQ -26.15625 27.76065 Luipaardsvlei Historic Memorial 246IQ -26.15546 27.75760

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Site ID Classification Site Name Description Farm Name Y_COORD X_COORD Historic Heroes Square Kagiso -26.15138 27.78703 Historic Married quarters hostel Kagiso -26.13944 27.79208 Historic Single quarters hostel Kagiso -26.14152 27.79009 Historic Houses Munsieville -26.08223 27.75497 Historic Semi-detached houses Munsieville -26.07874 27.75352 Historic House Munsieville -26.07552 27.75343 Historic House Krugersdorp Town -26.10126 27.76535 Historic Semi-detatched house Krugersdorp Town -26.09623 27.75427 Historic House Kagiso -26.14057 27.79846 Historic Semi-detached house Kagiso -26.13989 27.79624 Historic House Kagiso -26.13980 27.79600 Historic Jameson Raid Memorial Krugersdorp Town -26.10270 27.76000 Historic Concentration Camp Memor Krugersdorp Town -26.10315 27.75930 Historic Anglo Boer War Memorial Krugersdorp Town -26.10240 27.75925 Historic Kilmarnoch House Krugersdorp Town -26.08495 27.77785 Historic Victorian House Krugersdorp Town -26.08744 27.77780 Victorian House Krugersdorp Town -26.09292 27.77364 Suikerboschfontein Historic Hotel 1 -26.00439 27.52911 Historic Trading post Vaalbank 512JQ -25.98758 27.54032 Historic Memorial Hekpoort 504JQ -25.93182 27.59904 Post Office Kleinfontein 141IQ -26.48642 27.24649 Historic Cattle kraal Rietfontein 522JQ -25.96448 27.81372 Historic House Rietfontein 522JQ -25.95215 27.81110 Historic Secondary pump house Zuurbekom 297IQ -26.29591 27.81316 Nooitgedacht Historic Old house 534JQ -26.00171 27.89613

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Site ID Classification Site Name Description Farm Name Y_COORD X_COORD Historic Water reservoir Gemspost 288IQ -26.29729 27.64455 Historic Electrical substation Gemspost 288IQ -26.31208 27.64733 Elandsfontein Historic Battle of Modderfontein 346IQ -26.36628 27.66929 Historic Munsieville hostel Munsieville -26.08342 27.75792 Historic Greenhills Cemetery Randfontein Town -26.15083 27.69771 Historic Barrage Kaalplaats 577IQ -26.76463 27.68451 Hisotic Railways Museum Krugersdorp Town -26.13082 27.72475 Historic Pullingerskag Venterspost -26.26667 27.63333 Historic Randfontein Gold Mine Du Randfontein Town -26.13556 27.70389 Wonderfontein Historic Lime works 103IQ -26.31576 27.37873 Nooitgedacht Historic Nooitgedacht-Wes Blockho 471jq -25.85694 27.52611 Historic Stone Wall Paardeplaats 177iq -26.08028 27.81472 Historic Dutch Reformed Church Krugersdorp Town -26.10149 27.77502 Luipaardsvlei Historic Mine Headgear 246IQ -26.13931 27.73858 Historic Kromdraai Gold Mine Kromdraai 520IQ -26.00389 27.77590 Luipaardsvlei Historic Hoist 246IQ -26.12288 27.80366 Luipaardsvlei Historic Hoist 246IQ -26.12815 27.75357 Historic Married quarters hostel Kagiso -26.13944 27.79208 Historic Single quarters hostel Kagiso -26.14152 27.79009 Luipaardsvlei Historic Tudor Shaft 246IQ -26.13293 27.80096 Historic Hotel Suikerboschfontein -26.00439 27.52911

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Site ID Classification Site Name Description Farm Name Y_COORD X_COORD 1 Suikerboschfontein Historic Blaauwbank mine 1 -26.01737 27.53234 Historic Mine dump Krugersdorp Town -26.11380 27.76500 Historic Old mine Rietfontein 522JQ -25.94933 27.80938 Historic Randfontein Cemetery Randfontein Town -26.15134 27.69650 Historic 2 Graves Randfontein Town -26.11861 27.73333 Historic Graves Doornspruit 507JQ -25.92339 27.55324 Historic Graves Hekpoort 504JQ -25.91009 27.58081 Historic Cemetery Vlakfontein 494JQ -25.90999 27.90555 Historic Cemetery Rietfontein 189IQ -26.04394 27.86534 Historic Cemetery Rietfontein 189IQ -26.05696 27.87045 Historic Graves De Pan 51IQ -26.21250 27.43810 Historic Graves Holfontein 49IQ -26.16039 27.44282 Historic Graves Houtkop 43IQ -26.09598 27.44975 Historic Graves Houtkop 43IQ -26.10075 27.45902 Maloney's Eye Historic Grave 169IQ -26.01158 27.57190 Historic Grave Sterkfontein 173IQ -26.02215 27.71100 Historic Grave Zwartkrans 172IQ -26.01855 27.73005 Historic Grave Sterkfontein 173IQ -26.05380 27.70650 Historic Large informal cemetery Vlakplaats 160IQ -26.07282 27.65318 Historic Burgershoop Cemetery Krugersdorp Town -26.10250 27.76150 Stinkhoutboom Historic Grave 101IQ -26.33000 27.31130 Kalbasfontein Historic Grave 365IQ -26.48478 27.70065

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Site ID Classification Site Name Description Farm Name Y_COORD X_COORD Kalbasfontein Historic Grave 365IQ -26.48490 27.69700 Modderfontein Historic Grave 345IQ -26.42050 27.70631 Hartebeestfontein Historic Grave 36 -26.43960 27.72070 Historic Grave Jachtfontein 344IQ -26.42774 27.72389 Historic Grave Jachtfontein 344IQ -26.42069 27.73057 Historic Grave Poortje 340IQ -26.44798 27.74449 Historic Grave Waterpan 292IQ -26.34155 27.74053 Historic Grave Waterpan 292IQ -26.36235 27.69309 Elandsfontein Historic Grave 340IQ -26.38488 27.64629 Historic Cemetery Gemspost 288IQ -26.32115 27.61423 Historic Grave Venterspos 284IQ -26.29910 27.59899 Historic Grave Panvlakte 291IQ -26.30818 27.71685 Historic Grave Witkleigat 353IQ -26.35447 27.63510 Historic Grave Uitvalgrond 280IQ -26.34905 27.58805 Historic Grave Uitvalgrond 280IQ -26.36469 27.55254 Historic Grave Panvlakte 291IQ -26.34223 27.65000 Elandsfontein Historic Grave 277IQ -26.26153 27.50960 Elandsfontein Historic Grave 277IQ -26.25952 27.51070 Historic Grave Blaauwbank 278IQ -26.31075 27.54445 Historic Grave Blaauwbank 278IQ -26.30867 27.56354 Historic Grave Blaauwbank 278IQ -26.30900 27.55800

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Site ID Classification Site Name Description Farm Name Y_COORD X_COORD Historic Grave Blaauwbank 278IQ -26.30392 27.53776 Historic Grave Blaauwbank 278IQ -26.30826 27.56139 Carletonville Historic Grave Dorpsg -26.37168 27.52566 Gemsbokfontein Historic Cemetery 290IQ -26.27610 27.69635 Carletonville Historic Cemetery Townla -26.35180 27.43445 Historic Kocksoord cemetery Middelvlei 255IQ -26.22265 27.65095 Historic Cemetery Doornkloof 3939JQ -25.91390 27.47427 Historic Cemetery Doornspruit 507JQ -25.90594 27.52261 Historic Sterkfontein Cemetery Krugersdorp Town -26.06590 27.76700 Historic Grave Hekpoort 504JQ -25.89450 27.58180 Historic Graves Mooiplaats 524JQ -25.93463 27.86550 Historic Cemetery Rietfontein 522JQ -25.97749 27.80648 Luipaardsvlei Historic Kagiso Cemetery 246IQ -26.15630 27.75915 Luipaardsvlei Historic Graves 246IQ -26.15533 27.76273 Historic Cemetery Rietfontein 522JQ -25.96528 27.81390 Historic Cemetery Rietfontein 522JQ -25.94781 27.81186 Historic Cemetery Rietfontein 522JQ -25.96260 27.81076 Historic Cemetery Rietfontein 522JQ -25.95254 27.80541 Nooitgedacht Historic Cemetery: Duvenhage 534JQ -26.00246 27.89461 Elandsfontein Historic Cemetery 277IQ -26.25890 27.50904 Historic Cemetery Witfontein 262IQ -26.19998 27.55838

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Site ID Classification Site Name Description Farm Name Y_COORD X_COORD Nooitgedacht Historic Cemetery 534JQ -25.98720 27.92265 Nooitgedacht Historic Graves 534JQ -25.98141 27.92425 Nooitgedacht Historic Graves 534JQ -25.97822 27.92106 Historic Greenhills Cemetery Randfontein Town -26.15083 27.69771 Kalbasfontein Historic Cemetery 365IQ -26.48126 27.69034 Historic Cemetery Tweefontein 523IQ -26.59472 27.65575 Iron Age Complex of sites Jachtfontein 344IQ -26.40000 27.73732 Historic Cemetery Vlakplaats 160IQ -26.06912 27.65476 Historic Cemetery Vlakplaats 160IQ -26.08608 27.66999 Stone Age Hekpoort 504JQ -25.93194 27.61667 Nooitgedacht Stone Age 471JQ -25.88111 27.56667 Stone Age Doornspruit 507JQ -25.93194 27.56667 Stone Age Kafferskraal 501JQ -25.91500 27.73333 Stone Age Doornkloof 393JQ -25.93333 27.49972 Stone Age Doornhoek 392JQ -25.89722 27.48472 New Thorndale Stone Age 394JQ -25.96667 27.48333 Stone Age Brandvlei 261IQ -26.15250 27.58333 Stone Age Sterkfontein Caves Zwartkrans 172iq -26.01590 27.73452 Stone Age Kromdraai Paleontologica Kromdraai 520jq -26.01056 27.75028 Stone Age Swartkrans Palaeontologi Zwartkrans 172iq -26.01694 27.72389 Geologica Wonder Cave Kromdraai 520jq -25.97020 27.77088

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Site ID Classification Site Name Description Farm Name Y_COORD X_COORD Stone Age Drimolen Sterkfontein 519jq -25.96889 27.75583 Stone Age Coopers B Palaeontologic Zwartkrans 172iq -26.01278 27.74694 Stone Age Gladysvale Uitkomst 499jq -25.89500 27.77306 Geologica Bolt's Farm Sterkfontein 173iq -26.02722 27.71611 Geologica Minnaar's Cave Kromdraai 520jq -25.99000 27.77306 Geologica Plover's Lake Kromdraai 520jq -25.97694 27.77639 Stone Age Doornkloof 393jq -25.91194 27.49361 Stone Age Doornkloof 393jq -25.90444 27.48472 Stone Age Doornkloof 393jq -25.90111 27.49722 Stone Age Doornkloof 393jq -25.90222 27.49722 Stone Age Doornkloof 393jq -25.90417 27.49250 Stone Age Doornkloof 393jq -25.90500 27.48944 Stone Age Doornkloof 393jq -25.90417 27.48917 Stone Age Doornkloof 393jq -25.90444 27.49472 Stone Age Doornkloof 393jq -25.90111 27.49583 Stone Age Doornkloof 393jq -25.90861 27.49972 Stone Age Witpoortjie -26.10944 27.83222 Stone Age Doornhoek 392jq -25.89722 27.47639 Stone Age Doornhoek 392jq -25.89500 27.49278 Stone Age Doornhoek 392jq -25.87778 27.49861 Stone Age Spioenkop Danielsrust 518JQ -25.96472 27.72028 Stone Age Magaliesburg Station Blaauwbank 505JQ -26.00111 27.53833 Stone Age Middelvlei 255IQ -26.22500 27.66083 Tweefontein Geologica Motsetse 523JQ -25.90806 27.83307 Stone Age Roodekrans 183IQ -26.10167 27.83139 Stone Age Doornkloof 393JQ -25.92917 27.45555

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Site ID Classification Site Name Description Farm Name Y_COORD X_COORD Stone Age Doornkloof 393JQ -25.92778 27.45778 Nooitgedacht Stone Age 471JQ -25.88056 27.53611 Nooitgedacht Stone Age 471JQ -25.87722 27.55333 Nooitgedacht Stone Age Msokwane 471JQ -25.88806 27.55555

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

APPENDIX 4: APPLICABLE LISTED ACTIVITIES PER ZONE

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

GN R 544 – Listing Notice 1

The construction of facilities or infrastructure for the generation of Conservation & Eco-tourism - required

electricity where: Urban & Peri-urban - required

1 (i) the electricity output is more than 10 megawatts but less than Agriculture - required 20 megawatts; or (ii) the output is 10 megawatts or less but the total extent of the Mining & Industry – required facility covers an area in excess of 1 hectare. Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported The construction of facilities or infrastructure for the storage of ore or coal that requires an atmospheric emissions license in terms of Urban & Peri-urban - not supported 2 the National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act (Act No. Agriculture – not supported 39 of 2004). Mining & Industry – required

Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported The construction of facilities or infrastructure for the slaughter of animals with a product throughput of: Urban & Peri-urban - not supported 3 (i) the poultry exceeding 50 poultry per day; or Agriculture – required (ii) game and red meat exceeding 6 units per day. Mining & Industry – required The construction of facilities or infrastructure for the concentration Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported 4 of animals for the purpose of commercial production in densities Urban & Peri-urban - not supported that exceed –

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

(i) 20 square metres per large stock unit and more than 500 Agriculture – required units, per facility; Mining & Industry – required (ii) 8 square meters per small stock unit and; a. more than 1 000 units per facility excluding pigs where (b) will apply; b. more than 250 pigs per facility excluding piglets that are not yet weaned; (iii) 30 square metres per crocodile at any level of production, excluding crocodiles younger than 6 months; (iv) 3 square metre per rabbit and more than 500 rabbits per facility; or (v) 250 square metres per ostrich or emu and more than 50 ostriches or emus per facility; or 2500 square metres per breeding pair. The construction of facilities or infrastructure for the concentration Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported of: Urban & Peri-urban - not supported 5 (i) the more than 1 000 poultry per facility situated within an urban area, excluding chicks younger than 20 days Agriculture – required (ii) more than 5 000 poultry per facility situated outside an urban Mining & Industry – required area, excluding chicks younger than 20 days, The construction of facilities, infrastructure or structures for Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported 6 aquaculture of: Urban & Peri-urban - not supported (i) finfish, crustaceans, reptiles or amphibians where Agriculture – required such facility, infrastructure or structures will have a

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

production output exceeding 20 000 kg but less than 200 000 Mining & Industry – required kg per annum (wet weight); (ii) molluscs where such facility, infrastructure or structures will have a production output exceeding 30 000 kg but not exceeding 150 000 kg per annum (wet weight); (iii) aquatic plants where such facility, infrastructure or structures will have a production output exceeding 60 000 kg but not exceeding 200 000 kg per annum (wet weight); excluding where the construction of facilities, infrastructure or structures is for purposes of offshore cage culture in which case activity 7 in this Notice will apply. The construction of facilities, infrastructure or structures for Delist – Not applicable aquaculture of offshore cage culture of finfish, crustaceans, reptiles, amphibians, molluscs and aquatic plants where the facility, 7 infrastructure or structures will have a production output exceeding 50 000 kg but not exceeding 100 000 kg per annum (wet weight). Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported

The construction of a hatchery or agri-industrial infrastructure Urban & Peri-urban - not supported 8 outside industrial complexes where the development footprint covers an area of 2 000 square metres or more. Agriculture – required Mining & Industry – required The construction of facilities or infrastructure exceeding 1 000 Conservation & Eco-tourism – required 9 metres in length for the bulk transportation of water, sewage or

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

storm water – Urban & Peri-urban - required

(i) with an internal diameter of 0,36 metres or more; or Agriculture – required (ii) with a peak throughput of 120 litres per second or more, excluding where: Mining & Industry – required a. such facilities or infrastructure are for bulk transportation of water, sewage or storm water or storm water drainage inside a road reserve; or b. where such construction will occur within urban areas but further than 32 metres from a watercourse, measured from the edge of the watercourse. The construction of facilities or infrastructure for the transmission Conservation & Eco-tourism – required and distribution of electricity – Urban & Peri-urban - required 10 (i) outside urban areas or industrial complexes with a capacity of more than 33 but less than 275 kilovolts; or Agriculture – required (ii) inside urban areas or industrial complexes with a capacity of Mining & Industry – required 275 kilovolts or more.

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

The construction of: Conservation & Eco-tourism – required

(i) canals; Urban & Peri-urban - required (ii) channels; (iii) bridges; Agriculture – required (iv) dams; Mining & Industry – required (v) weirs; (vi) bulk storm water outlet structures; (vii) marinas; 11 (viii) jetties exceeding 50 square metres in size; (ix) slipways exceeding 50 square metres in size; (x) buildings exceeding 50 square metres in size; or (xi) infrastructure or structures covering 50 square metres or more where such construction occurs within a watercourse or within 32 metres of a watercourse, measured from the edge of a watercourse, excluding where such construction will occur behind the development setback line. Conservation & Eco-tourism – required The construction of facilities or infrastructure for the off-stream storage of water, including dams and reservoirs, with a combined Urban & Peri-urban - required 12 capacity of 50 000 cubic metres or more, unless such storage falls Agriculture – required within the ambit of activity 19 of Notice 545 of 2010; Mining & Industry – required The construction of facilities or infrastructure for the storage, or for Conservation & Eco-tourism – required 13 the storage and handling, of a dangerous good, where such storage

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

occurs in containers with a combined capacity of 80 but not Urban & Peri-urban - required exceeding 500 cubic metres; Agriculture – required

Mining & Industry – required The construction of structures in the coastal public property where Delist the development footprint is bigger than 50 square metres, excluding (i) the construction of structures within existing ports or harbours that will not increase the development footprint or 14 throughput capacity of the port or harbour; (ii) the construction of a port or harbour, in which case activity 24 of Notice 545 of 2010 applies; (iii) the construction of temporary structures within the beach zone where such structures will be demolished or disassembled after a period not exceeding 6 weeks. The construction of facilities for the desalination of sea water with Delist 15 a design capacity to produce more than 100 cubic metres of treated water per day. Construction or earth moving activities in the sea, an estuary, or Delist within the littoral active zone or a distance of 100 metres inland of the high-water mark of the sea or an estuary, whichever is the 16 greater, in respect of – (i) fixed or floating jetties and slipways; (ii) tidal pools;

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

(iii) embankments; (iv) rock revetments or stabilising structures including stabilising walls; (v) buildings of 50 square metres or more; or (vi) infrastructure covering 50 square metres or more – but excluding (i) if such construction or earth moving activities will occur behind a development setback line; or (ii) where such construction or earth moving activities will occur within existing ports or harbours and the construction or earth moving activities will not increase the development footprint or throughput capacity of the port or harbour; (iii) where such construction or earth moving activities is undertaken for purposes of maintenance of the facilities mentioned in (i)-(vi) above; or (iv) where such construction or earth moving activities is related to the construction of a port or harbour, in which case activity 24 of Notice 545 of 2010 applies. The planting of vegetation or placing of any material on dunes and Delist exposed sand surfaces, within the littoral active zone for the purpose of preventing the free movement of sand, erosion or 17 accretion, excluding where the planting of vegetation or placement of material relates to restoration and maintenance of indigenous coastal vegetation or where such planting of vegetation or placing of material will occur behind a development setback line.

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

The infilling or depositing of any material of more than 5 cubic Conservation & Eco-tourism – required metres into, or the dredging, excavation, removal or moving of soil, Urban & Peri-urban - required sand, shells, shell grit, pebbles or rock of more than 5 cubic metres from Agriculture – required (i) a watercourse; Mining & Industry – required (ii) the sea; (iii) the seashore; (iv) the littoral active zone, an estuary or a distance of 100 metres 18 inland of the high-water mark of the sea or an estuary, whichever distance is the greater – but excluding where such infilling, depositing, dredging, excavation, removal or moving (i) is for maintenance purposes undertaken in accordance with a management plan agreed to by the relevant environmental authority; or (ii) occurs behind the development setback line. Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported

Any activity which requires a prospecting right or renewal thereof Urban & Peri-urban - not supported 19 in terms of section 16 and 18 respectively of the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act, 2002 (Act No. 28 of 2002). Agriculture – not supported Mining & Industry – required Any activity requiring a mining permit in terms of section 27 of the Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported 20 Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act, 2002 (Act No.

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

28 of 2002) or renewal thereof. Urban & Peri-urban - not supported

Agriculture – not supported

Mining & Industry – required Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported

The establishment of cemeteries of 2 500 square metres or more in Urban & Peri-urban - required 21 size. Agriculture – not supported

Mining & Industry – required The construction of a road, outside urban areas, Conservation & Eco-tourism – required

(i) with a reserve wider than 13,5 meters or, Urban & Peri-urban - required (ii) where no reserve exists where the road is wider than 8 22 metres, or Agriculture – required (iii) for which an environmental authorisation was obtained for Mining & Industry – required the route determination in terms of activity 5 in Government Notice 387 of 2006 or activity 18 in Notice 545 of 2010. The transformation of undeveloped, vacant or derelict land to – Conservation & Eco-tourism – required

(i) residential, retail, commercial, recreational, industrial or Urban & Peri-urban - required institutional use, inside an urban area, and where the total area to be transformed is 5 hectares or more, but less than 20 Agriculture – required 23 hectares, or Mining & Industry – required (ii) residential, retail, commercial, recreational, industrial or institutional use, outside an urban area and where the total area to be transformed is bigger than 1 hectare but less than 20 hectares; –

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

except where such transformation takes place – (i) for linear activities; or (ii) for purposes of agriculture or afforestation, in which case Activity 16 of Notice No. R. 545 applies. The transformation of land bigger than 1 000 square metres in size, Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported to residential, retail, commercial, industrial or institutional use, Urban & Peri-urban - required 24 where, at the time of the coming into effect of this Schedule or thereafter such land was zoned open space, conservation or had an Agriculture – required equivalent zoning. Mining & Industry – required

The release of genetically modified organisms into the Conservation & Eco-tourism – required environment, where assessment for such release is required by the Urban & Peri-urban - required 25 Genetically Modified Organisms Act, 1997 (Act No. 15 of 1997) or the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 Agriculture – required (Act No. 10 of 2004). Mining & Industry – required Conservation & Eco-tourism – required

Any process or activity identified in terms of section 53(1) of the Urban & Peri-urban - delist 26 National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 (Act No. 10 of 2004). Agriculture – delist Mining & Industry – delist The decommissioning of existing facilities or infrastructure, for - Conservation & Eco-tourism – required

27 (i) electricity generation with a threshold of more than 10MW; Urban & Peri-urban - required (ii) electricity transmission and distribution with a threshold of more than 132kV;

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

(iii) nuclear reactors and storage of nuclear fuel; Agriculture – required (iv) activities, where the facility or the land on which it is located is Mining & Industry – required contaminated ; (v) storage, or storage and handling, of dangerous goods of more than 80 cubic metres; but excluding any facilities or infrastructure that commenced under an environmental authorisation issued in terms of the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, 2006 made under section 24(5) of the Act and published in Government Notice No. R. 385 of 2006, or Notice No. 543 of 2010. The expansion of or changes to existing facilities for any process or Conservation & Eco-tourism – required activity where such expansion or changes to will result in the need Urban & Peri-urban - required for a permit or license in terms of national or provincial legislation governing the release of emissions or pollution, excluding where Agriculture – required 28 the facility, process or activity is included in the list of waste Mining & Industry – required management activities published in terms of section 19 of the National Environmental Management: Waste Act, 2008 (Act No. 59 of 2008) in which case that Act will apply. The expansion of facilities for the generation of electricity where: Conservation & Eco-tourism – required

(i) the electricity output will be increased by 10 megawatts or Urban & Peri-urban - required 29 more, excluding where such expansion takes place on the original development footprint; or Agriculture – required (ii) regardless the increased output of the facility, the Mining & Industry – required development footprint will be expanded by 1 hectare or more;

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported The expansion of facilities for the slaughter of animals where the daily product throughput will be increased by more than: Urban & Peri-urban – not supported 30 (i) 50 poultry or Agriculture – required (ii) 6 units of red meat and game. Mining & Industry – required The expansion of facilities for the concentration of animals for the Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported purpose of commercial production in densities that will exceed – Urban & Peri-urban – not supported (i) 20 square metres per large stock unit, where the expansion will constitute more than 500 additional units; Agriculture – required (ii) 8 square meters per small stock unit, where the expansion will Mining & Industry – required constitute more than: a. 1 000 additional units per facility or more excluding pigs where (b) will apply; 31 b. 250 additional pigs, excluding piglets that are not yet weaned; (iii) 30 square metres per crocodile at any level of production where the expansion will constitute an increase in the level of production, excluding crocodiles younger than 6 months; (iv) 3 square metre per rabbit where the expansion will constitute more than 500 additional rabbits; or (v) 250 square metres per ostrich or emu where the expansion will constitute more than 50 additional ostriches or emus; and (vi) 2 500 square metres per breeding pair, where the facility will be increased by 2 500 square metres or more.

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

The expansion of facilities for the concentration of poultry, Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported excluding chicks younger than 20 days, where the capacity of the Urban & Peri-urban – not supported facility will be increased by: Agriculture – required 32 (i) more than 1 000 poultry where the facility is situated within an urban area; or Mining & Industry – required (ii) more than 5 000 poultry per facility situated outside an urban area. The expansion of facilities, infrastructure or structures for Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported aquaculture of- Urban & Peri-urban – not supported (i) finfish, crustaceans, reptiles or amphibians, where the production output of such facility, infrastructure or structures Agriculture – required will be increased by 20 000 kg (wet weight) or more; Mining & Industry – required 33 (ii) molluscs where the production output of such facility, infrastructure or structures will be increased by 30 000 (wet weight) or more; (iii) aquatic plants where the production output of such facility, infrastructure or structures will be increased by 60 000 kg (wet weight) or more. The expansion of facilities, infrastructure or structures for Delist aquaculture of offshore cage culture of finfish, crustaceans, 34 reptiles, amphibians, molluscs and aquatic plants where the production output of such facility, infrastructure or structures will be increased by 50 000 kg (wet weight) or more.

35 The expansion of facilities for agri-industrial purposes outside Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

industrial complexes, where the development footprint of the Urban & Peri-urban – not supported facility will be increased by a 1 000 square metres or more, with the Agriculture – required exception of hatcheries, where activity 36 in this Notice applies. Mining & Industry – required Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported

The expansion of hatcheries, outside industrial complexes, where Urban & Peri-urban – not supported 36 the development footprint of the hatchery will be increased by 2 000 square metres or more. Agriculture – required Mining & Industry – required The expansion of facilities or infrastructure for the bulk Conservation & Eco-tourism – required transportation of water, sewage or storm water where: Urban & Peri-urban - required (a) the facility or infrastructure is expanded by more than 1 000 metres in length; or Agriculture – required (b) where the throughput capacity of the facility or infrastructure Mining & Industry – required 37 will be increased by 10% or more – excluding where such expansion: (i) relates to transportation of water, sewage or storm water within a road reserve; or (ii) where such expansion will occur within urban areas but further than 32 metres from a watercourse, measured from the edge of the watercourse. The expansion of facilities for the transmission and distribution of Conservation & Eco-tourism – required 38 electricity where the expanded capacity will exceed 275 kilovolts Urban & Peri-urban - required and the development footprint will increase.

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

Agriculture – required

Mining & Industry – required The expansion of Conservation & Eco-tourism – required

(i) canals; Urban & Peri-urban - required (ii) channels; (iii) bridges; Agriculture – required (iv) weirs; Mining & Industry – required (v) bulk storm water outlet structures; 39 (vi) marinas; within a watercourse or within 32 metres of a watercourse, measured from the edge of a watercourse, where such expansion will result in an increased development footprint but excluding where such expansion will occur behind the development setback line. The expansion of Conservation & Eco-tourism – required

(i) jetties by more than 50 square metres; Urban & Peri-urban - required (ii) slipways by more than 50 square metres; (iii) buildings by more than 50 square metres; or Agriculture – required 40 (iv) infrastructure by more than 50 square metres Mining & Industry – required within a watercourse or within 32 metres of a watercourse, measured from the edge of a watercourse, but excluding where such expansion will occur behind the development setback line.

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

Conservation & Eco-tourism – required The expansion of facilities or infrastructure for the off-stream storage of water, including dams and reservoirs, where the Urban & Peri-urban - required 41 combined capacity will be increased by 50 000 cubic metres or Agriculture – required more. Mining & Industry – required Conservation & Eco-tourism – required

The expansion of facilities for the storage, or storage and handling, Urban & Peri-urban - required 42 of a dangerous good, where the capacity of such storage facility will be expanded by 80 cubic metres or more. Agriculture – required Mining & Industry – required The expansion of structures in the coastal public property where Delist the development footprint will be increased by more than 50 43 square metres, excluding such expansions within existing ports or harbours where there would be no increase in the development footprint or throughput capacity of the port or harbour. The expansion of facilities for the desalination of sea water where Delist 44 the design capacity will be expanded to produce an additional 100 cubic metres or more of treated water per day. The expansion of facilities in the sea, an estuary, or within the Delist littoral active zone or a distance of 100 metres inland of the high- 45 water mark of the sea or an estuary, whichever is the greater, for – (i) fixed or floating jetties and slipways;

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

(ii) tidal pools; (iii) embankments; (iv) rock revetments or stabilising structures including stabilising walls; (v) buildings by more than 50 square metres; (vi) infrastructure by more than 50 square metres; (vii) facilities associated with the arrival and departure of vessels and the handling of cargo; (viii) piers; (ix) inter- and sub-tidal structures for entrapment of sand; (x) breakwater structures; (xi) coastal marinas; (xii) coastal harbours or ports; (xiii) structures for draining parts of the sea or estuary; (xiv) tunnels; or (xv) underwater channels – where such expansion will result in an increase in the development footprint of such facilities, but excluding where such expansion occurs: (a) behind a development setback line; or (b) within existing ports or harbours where there will be no increase in the development footprint or throughput capacity of the port or harbour. The expansion of cemeteries by an additional 2 500 square metres Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported 46 or more.

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

Urban & Peri-urban - required

Agriculture – not supported

Mining & Industry – required The widening of a road by more than 6 metres, or the lengthening Conservation & Eco-tourism – required of a road by more than 1 kilometre – Urban & Peri-urban - required

47 (i) where the existing reserve is wider than 13,5 meters; or (ii) where no reserve exists, where the existing road is wider than Agriculture – required 8 metres – Mining & Industry – required excluding widening or lengthening occurring inside urban areas.

The expansion of facilities for the refining, extraction or processing Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported of gas, oil or petroleum products where the installed capacity of Urban & Peri-urban – not supported 48 the facility will be increased by 50 cubic metres or more per day, excluding facilities for the refining, extraction or processing of gas Agriculture – not supported from landfill sites. Mining & Industry – required The expansion of facilities or infrastructure for the bulk Conservation & Eco-tourism – required transportation of dangerous goods: Urban & Peri-urban - required (i) in gas form, outside an industrial complex, by an increased throughput capacity of 700 tons or more per day; Agriculture – required 49 (ii) in liquid form, outside an industrial complex or zone, by an Mining & Industry – required increased throughput capacity of 50 cubic metres or more per day; or (iii) in solid form, outside an industrial complex or zone, by an increased throughput capacity of 50 tons or more per day.

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

Conservation & Eco-tourism – required

The expansion of airports where the development footprint will be Urban & Peri-urban – not supported 50 increased. Agriculture – required

Mining & Industry – required The expansion of facilities or infrastructure for marine Delist 51 telecommunication where there will be an increased development footprint. The expansion of facilities or infrastructure for the transfer of water Conservation & Eco-tourism – required from and to or between any combination of the following: Urban & Peri-urban - required (i) water catchments; (ii) water treatment works; or Agriculture – required 52 (iii) impoundments; Mining & Industry – required where the capacity will be increased by 50 000 cubic metres or more per day, but excluding water treatment works where water is treated for drinking purposes. 1. The expansion of railway lines, stations or shunting yards Conservation & Eco-tourism – required where there will be an increased development footprint – Urban & Peri-urban - required excluding: 53 Agriculture – required (i) railway lines, shunting yards and railway stations in industrial complexes or zones; Mining & Industry – required (ii) underground railway lines in mines; and (iii) additional railway lines within the reserve of an existing

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

railway line.

The expansion of an island, anchored platform or any other Delist 54 permanent structure on or along the sea bed, where the expansion will constitute an increased development footprint. The expansion of a dam where: Conservation & Eco-tourism – required

(i) the highest part of the dam wall, as measured from the Urban & Peri-urban - required outside toe of the wall to the highest part of the wall, was 55 originally 5 metres or higher and where the height of the wall Agriculture – required is increased by 2,5 metres or more; or Mining & Industry – required (ii) where the high-water mark of the dam will be increased with 10 hectares or more. Phased activities for all activities listed in this Schedule, which Conservation & Eco-tourism – required commenced on or after the effective date of this Schedule, where Urban & Peri-urban - required any one phase of the activity may be below a threshold but where a combination of the phases, including expansions or extensions, Agriculture – required will exceed a specified threshold; – Mining & Industry – required 56 excluding the following activities listed in this Schedule: 2; 11(i)-(vii); 16(i)-(iv); 17; 19;

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

20; 22(i) & 22(iii); 25; 26; 27(iii) & (iv); 28; 39; 45(i)-(iv) & (vii)-(xv); 50; 51; 53; and 54.

GN R 545 – Listing Notice 2

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported

Urban & Peri-urban – required

Agriculture – required

The construction of facilities or infrastructure for the generation of Mining & Industry – required 1 electricity where the electricity output is 20 megawatts or more.

Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported

Urban & Peri-urban – not supported

Agriculture – not supported The construction of facilities or infrastructure for nuclear reaction including energy generation, the production, enrichment, Mining & Industry – required 2 processing, reprocessing, storage or disposal of nuclear fuels, radioactive products and nuclear and radioactive waste.

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported

Urban & Peri-urban – required

The construction of facilities or infrastructure for the storage, or Agriculture – not supported storage and handling of a dangerous good, where such storage Mining & Industry – required 3 occurs in containers with a combined capacity of more than 500 cubic metres.

Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported

Urban & Peri-urban – not supported

The construction of facilities or infrastructure for the refining, Agriculture – not supported extraction or processing of gas, oil or petroleum products with an Mining & Industry – required 4 installed capacity of 50 cubic metres or more per day, excluding facilities for the refining, extraction or processing of gas from landfill sites.

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

Conservation & Eco-tourism – required

The construction of facilities or infrastructure for any process or Urban & Peri-urban – required activity which requires a permit or license in terms of national or provincial legislation governing the generation or release of Agriculture – required emissions, pollution or effluent and which is not identified in Notice Mining & Industry – required 5 No. 544 of 2010 or included in the list of waste management activities published in terms of section 19 of the National Environmental Management: Waste Act, 2008 (Act No. 59 of 2008) in which case that Act will apply.

The construction of facilities or infrastructure for the bulk Conservation & Eco-tourism – required transportation of dangerous goods – Urban & Peri-urban – required (i) in gas form, outside an industrial complex, using pipelines, exceeding 1000 metres in length, with a throughput capacity Agriculture – required of more than 700 tons per day; Mining & Industry – required 6 (ii) in liquid form, outside an industrial complex, using pipelines, exceeding 1000 metres in length, with a throughput capacity more than 50 cubic metres per day; or (iii) in solid form, outside an industrial complex, using funiculars or conveyors with a throughput capacity of more than 50 tons day.

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

Conservation & Eco-tourism – required

The construction of Urban & Peri-urban – not supported 7 (i) airports, or Agriculture – required (ii) runways or aircraft landing strips longer than 1,4 kilometres. Mining & Industry – required

Conservation & Eco-tourism – required

The construction of facilities or infrastructure for the transmission Urban & Peri-urban – required 8 and distribution of electricity with a capacity of 275 kilovolts or Agriculture – required more, outside an urban area or industrial complex. Mining & Industry – required

Delist The construction of facilities or infrastructure for marine 9 telecommunication.

The construction of facilities or infrastructure for the transfer of 50 000 cubic metres or more water per day, from and to or between any combination of the following: (i) water catchments, 10 (ii) water treatment works; or (iii) impoundments, excluding treatment works where water is to be treated for drinking purposes.

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

Conservation & Eco-tourism – required The construction of railway lines, stations or shunting yards, excluding – Urban & Peri-urban – required

(i) railway lines, shunting yards and railway stations in industrial Agriculture – required 11 complexes or zones; (ii) underground railway lines in a mining area; and Mining & Industry – required (iii) additional railway lines within the reserve of an existing railway line;

The construction of facilities, infrastructure or structures for Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported aquaculture of - Urban & Peri-urban – not supported (i) finfish, crustaceans, reptiles or amphibians where the facility, infrastructure or structures will have a production output of Agriculture – required 200 000 or more kg per annum (live round weight); Mining & Industry – required (ii) molluscs where the facility, infrastructure or structures will have a production output of 150000 or more kg per annum 12 (live round weight); (iii) aquatic plants where the facility, infrastructure or structures will have a production output of 200 000 or more kg per annum (live round weight); excluding where the construction of facilities, infrastructure or structures is for purposes of offshore cage culture in which case activity 13 in this Notice will apply.

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

delist The construction of facilities, infrastructure or structures for aquaculture of offshore cage culture of finfish, crustaceans, 13 reptiles, amphibians, molluscs and aquatic plants where the facility, infrastructure or structures will have a production output of 100 000 or more kg per annum (live round weight).

The construction of an island, anchored platform or any other Delist permanent structure on or along the sea bed excluding 14 construction of facilities, infrastructure or structures for aquaculture purposes.

Physical alteration of undeveloped, vacant or derelict land for Conservation & Eco-tourism – required residential, retail, commercial, recreational, industrial or Urban & Peri-urban – required institutional use where the total area to be transformed is 20 Agriculture – required hectares or more; 15 except where such physical alteration takes place for: Mining & Industry – required (i) linear development activities; or (ii) agriculture or afforrestation where activity 16 in this Schedule will apply.

Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported The physical alteration of virgin soil to agriculture, or afforestation 16 for the purposes of commercial tree, timber or wood production of Urban & Peri-urban – not supported 100 hectares or more. Agriculture – required

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

Mining & Industry – required

Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported

The extraction or removal of peat or peat soils, including the Urban & Peri-urban – required 17 disturbance of vegetation or soils in anticipation of the extraction Agriculture – required or removal of peat or peat soils. Mining & Industry – required

The route determination of roads and design of associated physical Conservation & Eco-tourism – required infrastructure, including roads that have not yet been built for Urban & Peri-urban – required which routes have been determined before 03 July 2006 and which have not been authorised by a competent authority in terms of the Agriculture – required Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, 2006 or 2009, Mining & Industry – required made under section 24(5) of the Act and published in Government 18 Notice No. R. 385 of 2006,— (i) it is a national road as defined in section 40 of the South African National Roads Agency Limited and National Roads Act, 1998 (Act No. 7 of 1998); (ii) it is a road administered by a provincial authority; (iii) the road reserve is wider than 30 metres; or (iv) the road will cater for more than one lane of traffic in both directions.

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

Conservation & Eco-tourism – required The construction of a dam, where the highest part of the dam wall, Urban & Peri-urban – not supported as measured from the outside toe of the wall to the highest part of 19 the wall, is 5 metres or higher or where the high-water mark of the Agriculture – required dam covers an area of 10 hectares or more. Mining & Industry – required

Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported

Any activity which requires a mining right or renewal thereof as Urban & Peri-urban – not supported 20 contemplated in sections 22 and 24 respectively of the Mineral and Agriculture – not supported Petroleum Resources Development Act, 2002 (Act No. 28 of 2002). Mining & Industry – required

Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported

Any activity which requires an exploration right or renewal thereof Urban & Peri-urban – not supported as contemplated in sections 79 and 81 respectively of the Mineral 21 Agriculture – not supported and Petroleum Resources Development Act, 2002 (Act No. 28 of 2002). Mining & Industry – required

Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported

Any activity which requires a production right or renewal thereof as Urban & Peri-urban – not supported 22 contemplated in sections 83 and 85 respectively of the Mineral and Agriculture – not supported Petroleum Resources Development Act, 2002 (Act No. 28 of 2002). Mining & Industry – required

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported Any activity which requires a reconnaissance permit as Urban & Peri-urban – not supported contemplated in section 74 of the Mineral and Petroleum 23 Resources Development Act, 2002 (Act No. 28 of 2002), excluding Agriculture – not supported where such reconnaissance is conducted by means of a fly over. Mining & Industry – required

Construction or earth moving activities in the sea, an estuary, or Delist within the littoral active zone or a distance of 100 metres inland of the high-water mark of the sea or an estuary, whichever distance is the greater, in respect of: (i) facilities associated with the arrival and departure of vessels and the handling of cargo; (ii) piers; (iii) inter- and sub-tidal structures for entrapment of sand; (iv) breakwater structures; 24 (v) coastal marinas; (vi) coastal harbours or ports; (vii) structures for reclaiming parts of the sea; (viii) tunnels; or (ix) underwater channels; but excluding — (a) activities listed in activity 16 in Notice 544 of 2010, (b) construction or earth moving activities if such construction or earth moving activities will occur behind a development setback line;

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

(c) where such construction or earth moving activities will occur in existing ports or harbours where there will be no increase of the development footprint or throughput capacity of the port or harbour; or (d) where such construction or earth moving activities takes place for maintenance purposes.

Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported The expansion of facilities for nuclear reaction including energy Urban & Peri-urban – not supported generation, the production, enrichment, processing, reprocessing, 25 storage or disposal of nuclear fuels, radioactive products and Agriculture – not supported nuclear and radioactive waste. Mining & Industry – required

Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported Commencing of an activity, which requires an atmospheric emission license in terms of section 21 of the National Urban & Peri-urban – not supported 26 Environmental Management: Air Quality Act, 2004 (Act No. 39 of Agriculture – required 2004), except where such commencement requires basic assessment in terms of Notice of No. R. 544 of 2010. Mining & Industry – required

GN R 546 – Listing Notice 3

Conservation & Eco-tourism – required 1 The construction of billboards exceeding 18 square metres in size outside urban or mining areas or outside industrial complexes.

Conservation & Eco-tourism – required The construction of reservoirs for bulk water supply with a capacity 2 of more than 250 cubic metres. Urban & Peri-urban – required

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

The construction of masts or towers of any material or type used Conservation & Eco-tourism – required for telecommunication broadcasting or radio transmission purposes where the mast: Urban & Peri-urban – required is to be placed on a site not previously used for this purpose, and 3 will exceed 15 metres in height, but excluding attachments to existing buildings and masts on rooftops.

Conservation & Eco-tourism – required The construction of a road wider than 4 metres with a reserve less 4 than 13,5 metres. Areas zones open space

Agriculture – required

Conservation & Eco-tourism – required The construction of resorts, lodges or other tourism 5 accommodation facilities that sleep less than 15 people. Agriculture – required

The construction of resorts, lodges or other tourism Conservation & Eco-tourism – required 6 accommodation facilities that sleep 15 people or more. Agriculture – required

The conversion of existing structures to resorts, lodges or tourism Conservation & Eco-tourism – required 7 accommodation facilities that sleep 15 people or more. Agriculture – required

The construction of aircraft landing strips and runways 1.4 Conservation & Eco-tourism – required 8 kilometres and shorter. Agriculture – required

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

Areas zoned open space

Conservation & Eco-tourism – required The construction of above ground cableways and funiculars; 9

The construction of facilities or infrastructure for the storage, or Conservation & Eco-tourism – required storage and handling of a dangerous good, where such storage 10 occurs in containers with a combined capacity of 30 but not exceeding 80 cubic metres. The construction of tracks or routes for the testing, recreational use Conservation & Eco-tourism – required or outdoor racing of motor powered vehicles excluding conversion 11 of existing tracks or routes for the testing, recreational use or Areas zoned open space outdoor racing of motor powered vehicles.

The clearance of an area of 300 square metres or more of Conservation & Eco-tourism – required vegetation where 75% or more of the vegetative cover constitutes 12 indigenous vegetation.

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

The clearance of an area of 1 hectare or more of vegetation where Conservation & Eco-tourism – required 75% or more of the vegetative cover constitutes indigenous vegetation, except where such removal of vegetation is required for: (1) the undertaking of a process or activity included in the list of waste management activities published in terms of 13 section 19 of the National Environmental Management: Waste Act, 2008 (Act No. 59 of 2008), in which case the activity is regarded to be excluded from this list. (2) the undertaking of a linear activity falling below the thresholds mentioned in Listing Notice 1 in terms of GN No 544 of 2010.

The clearance of an area of 5 hectares or more of vegetation where Conservation & Eco-tourism – required 75% or more of the vegetative cover constitutes indigenous vegetation, except where such removal of vegetation is required Urban & Peri-urban – required for: Agriculture – required (1) purposes of agriculture or afforestation inside areas identified in spatial instruments adopted by the Mining & Industry – required competent authority for agriculture or afforestation 14 purposes; (2) the undertaking of a process or activity included in the list of waste management activities published in terms of section 19 of the National Environmental Management: Waste Act, 2008 (Act No. 59 of 2008) in which case the activity is regarded to be excluded from this list; (3) the undertaking of a linear activity falling below the

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

thresholds in Notice 544 of 2010.

The construction of facilities, infrastructure or structures of any size Conservation & Eco-tourism – required 15 for any form of aquaculture.

The construction of: Conservation & Eco-tourism – required (i) jetties exceeding 10 square metres in size;

(ii) slipways exceeding 10 square metres in size; (iii) buildings with a footprint exceeding 10 square metres in size; or 16 (iv) infrastructure covering 10 square metres or more where such construction occurs within a watercourse or within 32 metres of a watercourse, measured from the edge of a watercourse, excluding where such construction will occur behind the development setback line.

The expansion of reservoirs for bulk water supply where the Conservation & Eco-tourism – required 17 capacity will be increased by more than 250 cubic metres. Areas zoned open space

The expansion of a resort, lodge, hotel and tourism or hospitality Conservation & Eco-tourism – required 18 facilities where the development footprint will be expanded. Agriculture – required

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

The widening of a road by more than 4 metres, or the lengthening Conservation & Eco-tourism – required 19 of a road by more than 1 kilometre. Agriculture – required

The expansion of runways or aircraft landing strips where the Conservation & Eco-tourism – required expanded runways or aircraft landing strips will be longer than 1,4 20 Agriculture – required kilometres in length. Areas zoned open space

The expansion of above ground cableways and funiculars where the Conservation & Eco-tourism – required 21 development footprint will be increased.

The expansion of tracks or routes for the testing, recreational use Conservation & Eco-tourism – required or outdoor racing of motor powered vehicles excluding conversion Areas zoned open space of existing tracks or routes for the testing, recreational use or 22 outdoor racing of motor powered vehicles, where the development footprint will be expanded.

The expansion of facilities or infrastructure for the storage, or Conservation & Eco-tourism – required storage and handling of a dangerous good, where such storage Areas zoned open space 23 facilities will be expanded by 30 cubic metres or more but less than 80 cubic metres.

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

The expansion of Conservation & Eco-tourism – required a) jetties where the jetty will be expanded by 10 square metres in size or more; b) slipways where the slipway will be expanded by 10 square metres or more; c) buildings where the buildings will be expanded by 10 24 square metres or more in size; or d) infrastructure where the infrastructure will be expanded by 10 square metres or more where such construction occurs within a watercourse or within 32 metres of a watercourse, measured from the edge of a watercourse, excluding where such construction will occur behind the development setback line.

The expansion of facilities, infrastructure or structures of any size Conservation & Eco-tourism – required 25 for any form of aquaculture.

Phased activities for all activities listed in this Schedule and as it Conservation & Eco-tourism – required applies to a specific geographical area, which commenced on or Agriculture – required after the effective date of this Schedule, where any phase of the Areas zoned open space 26 activity may be below a threshold but where a combination of the phases, including expansions or extensions, will exceed a specified threshold.

National Environmental Management: Waste Act – Listed Activities GN R 718

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

Conservation & Eco-tourism – required

The storage, including the temporary storage, of general waste at a Urban & Peri-urban – required A1 facility that has the capacity to store in excess of 100m3 of general waste at any one time, excluding the storage of waste in lagoons Agriculture – required Mining & Industry – required Conservation & Eco-tourism – required The storage including the temporary storage of hazardous waste at a facility that has the capacity to store in excess of 35m3 of Urban & Peri-urban – required A2 hazardous waste at any one time, excluding the storage of Agriculture – required hazardous waste in lagoons. Mining & Industry – required Conservation & Eco-tourism – required

The storage including the temporary storage of general waste in Urban & Peri-urban – required A3 lagoons Agriculture – required

Mining & Industry – required Conservation & Eco-tourism – required

Urban & Peri-urban – required A4 The storage of waste tyres in a storage area exceeding 500m2 Agriculture – required

Mining & Industry – required

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

Conservation & Eco-tourism – required The sorting, shredding, grinding or bailing of general waste at a facility that has the capacity to process in excess of one ton of Urban & Peri-urban – required A5 general waste per day Agriculture – required

Mining & Industry – required Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported

The scrapping or recovery of motor vehicles at a facility that has an Urban & Peri-urban – required A6 2 operational area in excess of 500m Agriculture – required

Mining & Industry – required Conservation & Eco-tourism – required

The recycling or re-use of general waste of more than 10 tons per Urban & Peri-urban – required A7 month Agriculture – required

Mining & Industry – required The recovery of waste including the refining, utilisation, or co- Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported processing of the waste at a facility that has the capacity to process in excess of three tons of general waste or less than 500kg of Urban & Peri-urban – required A8 hazardous waste per day, excluding recovery that takes place as an Agriculture – required integral part of an internal manufacturing process within the same premises Mining & Industry – required

100

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

Conservation & Eco-tourism – required

The biological, physical or physic-chemical treatment of general Urban & Peri-urban – required A9 waste at a facility that has the capacity to process in excess of 10 tons of general waste per day. Agriculture – required Mining & Industry – required Conservation & Eco-tourism – required

Urban & Peri-urban – required A10 The processing of waste at biogas installations with a capacity to process in excess of five tons per day of bio-degradable waste. Agriculture – required

Mining & Industry – required Conservation & Eco-tourism – required

The treatment of effluent, wastewater or sewage with an annual Urban & Peri-urban – required A11 3 3 throughput capacity of more than 2000m but less than 15000m . Agriculture – required

Mining & Industry – required Conservation & Eco-tourism – required

Urban & Peri-urban – required A12 The remediation of contaminated land Agriculture – required

Mining & Industry – required

101

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

Conservation & Eco-tourism – required

Urban & Peri-urban – required A13 The extraction, recovery or flaring of landfill gas Agriculture – required

Mining & Industry – required Conservation & Eco-tourism – required The disposal of inert waste in excess of 25 tons and with a total capacity of 25000 tons, excluding the disposal of such waste for the Urban & Peri-urban – required A14 purposes of levelling and building which has been authorised by or Agriculture – required under other legislation Mining & Industry – required Conservation & Eco-tourism – required

The disposal of general waste to land covering an area of more Urban & Peri-urban – required A15 than 50m2 but less than 200m2 and with a total capacity not exceeding 25000 tons. Agriculture – required Mining & Industry – required Conservation & Eco-tourism – required

The disposal of domestic waste generated on premises in areas not Urban & Peri-urban – required A16 serviced by the municipal service where the waste disposed does not exceed 500kg per month Agriculture – required Mining & Industry – required

102

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

Conservation & Eco-tourism – required

The storage, treatment or processing of animal manure at a facility Urban & Peri-urban – required A17 with a capacity to process in excess of one ton per day Agriculture – required

Mining & Industry – required Conservation & Eco-tourism – required

Urban & Peri-urban – required A18 The construction of facility for activities listed above Agriculture – required

Mining & Industry – required Conservation & Eco-tourism – required The expansion of facilities of or changes to existing facilities for any process or activity, which requires an amendment of an existing Urban & Peri-urban – required A19 permit or license or a new permit or license in terms of legislation Agriculture – required governing the release of pollution effluent or waste. Mining & Industry – required Conservation & Eco-tourism – required

Urban & Peri-urban – required A20 The decommissioning of activities listed above Agriculture – required

Mining & Industry – required

103

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported

The storage including the temporary storage of hazardous waste in Urban & Peri-urban – not supported B1 lagoons Agriculture – not supported

Mining & Industry – required Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported

Urban & Peri-urban – not supported B2 The reuse and recycling of hazardous waste Agriculture – not supported

Mining & Industry – required The recovery of hazardous waste including the refining, utilisation Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported or co-processing of waste at a facility with a capacity to process more than 500kg of hazardous waste per day excluding recovery Urban & Peri-urban – not supported B3 that takes place as an integral part of an internal manufacturing Agriculture – not supported process within the same premises or unless the Minister has approved re-use guidelines for the specific waste stream Mining & Industry – required Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported

The biological, physical or physic-chemical treatment of hazardous Urban & Peri-urban – not supported B4 waste at a facility that has the capacity to receive in excess of 500kg of hazardous waste per day Agriculture – not supported Mining & Industry – required

104

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported

The treatment of hazardous waste using any form of treatment Urban & Peri-urban – not supported B5 regardless of the size or capacity of such a facility to treat such waste Agriculture – not supported Mining & Industry – required Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported

Urban & Peri-urban – not supported B6 The treatment of hazardous waste in lagoons Agriculture – not supported

Mining & Industry – required Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported

The treatment of effluent, wastewater or sewage with an annual Urban & Peri-urban – not supported B7 3 throughput capacity of 15000 m or more Agriculture – required

Mining & Industry – required Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported

Urban & Peri-urban – required B8 The incineration of waste regardless of the capacity of such a facility Agriculture – required

Mining & Industry – required

105

West Rand District Environmental Management Framework March 2013

Activity Activity description Recommendation per Zone number

Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported

Urban & Peri-urban – not supported B9 The disposal of any quantity of hazardous waste to land Agriculture – not supported

Mining & Industry – required Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported

The disposal of general waste to land covering an area in excess of Urban & Peri-urban – not supported B10 2 200m Agriculture – not supported

Mining & Industry – required Conservation & Eco-tourism – not supported

Urban & Peri-urban – not supported B11 The construction of facilities for activities listed above Agriculture – not supported

Mining & Industry – required

106