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THEJEUROIEAN IMPACT UPON NORTHERN T ^ ^ CH M TO 1 THEJEUROIEAN IMPACT UPON NORTHERN T^^CHmTO01<B^J^0^1910. Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of London by J.M. Chirenje. University of London m 3 School of Oriental and African Studies M3IBL.\ J.ONMN.I VUSIV./ ProQuest Number: 11010429 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11010429 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 2 ABSTRACT Recent works on Tswana history have tended to be preoccupied with political history, with the result that the gamut of forces that have shaped the history of Botswana (until 1966 known as Bechuanaland Pro­ tectorate) have only been partially revealed. This thesis seeks to shed more light on the history of northern Bechuanaland by taking into account some of the social and economic processes that beset that region in the nineteenth century. From about the middle of the nineteenth century up to the turn of the twentieth century a host of external factors, in varying degrees, impinged upon social and economic institutions of the Tswana. And of these factors the advent of Europeans was the most significant; Europeans brought new ideas that interacted with those of the Tswana. The white newcomers also had tendencies to expand the British sphere of influence throughout southern Africa, a trend that resulted in the annexation of northern Bechuanaland in 1885 . By 1910 British rule in Bechuanaland had become firmly entrenched. A special feature of the interaction between the Tswana and the Europeans was that the latter group introduced its religious and secular ideas to the Tswana with an enthusiasm that was matched by Tswana reti­ cence to abandon their traditional way of life in favour of an alien culture. Yet, in spite of their conservatism, the Tswana felt the impact of European ideas. Even in a study that tries to reconstruct a social and economic his­ tory of northern Bechuanaland, it has been found necessary to include Chapter Four, which deals with the creation of the Protectorate and indi­ cates government intervention in some aspects of Tswana life and how the latter group responded to some measures introduced by the new rulers. It is hoped that Chapter Four, though largely dealing with political history, should enhance an understanding of Tswana history as too often Tswana responses to government intervention mirrored the kind of responses that were evinced by the new social and economic ideas. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deep gratitude to Mr. Anthony Atmore who supervised me during the time this thesis was under preparation; to Dr. Richard Gray and Professor Isaac Schapera for drawing my attention to northern Bechuanaland and helping me in delineating * the scope of this thesis during the first term of my enrolment at the School of Oriental and African Studies. I would also like to thank Mr. H.M. Reinfried, a native of Zurich, Switzerland and a student at the School of Oriental and African Studies for translating into English parts relating to Bechuanaland in Georg Haccius1 work on Hanoverian missionaries; Miss Leloba Molema of Royal Holloway College, and Rev. Christopher Nteta of the Divinity School, Harvard University, for translating Tswana texts into English. I owe much to Librarians and Archivists in the various places I visited. Among them are MLss Irene Fletcher of the London Mission­ ary Society; Mrs. I.M. Leonard of Selly Oak Colleges Library, Birm­ ingham; Mr. I.C. Cunningham of the National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh; and Mr. Eliatham Gwabini of the Botswana National Archives, Gaborone. Finally, I would like to record my thanks to the Association of Commonwealth Universities, which awarded me a scholarship to pursue post-graduate work at the University of London; to Harvard University for providing me with funds that enabled me to carry out research in Botswana. 4 ABBKE VI AT IONS L.M.S. - London Missionary Society P.R.O. - Public Record Office C.O. - Colonial Office B.D.C. - Bechuanaland District Committee of the L.M.S. B.N.A. - Botswana National Archives U.D.C. - United District Committee, comprising of the B.D.C. and Matebeleland District Committee of the L.M.S. M.D.C. - Matebeleland District Committee of the L.M.S. B.S.A. Co. - British South Africa Company J.R.A.I. - Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute J.R.G.S. - Journal of the Royal Geographical Society N.R.L.T.U.C. - Native Races and Liquor Traffic United Committee S.A.N.A.C. - South Africa/iNative Affairs Commission, 1903-5 C.M.M. - Cape Monthly Magazine f i i | i 5 CONTENTS Page Abstract. 2 Acknowledgments. Abbreviations• Chapter One. Early Tswana Contacts with White 7 Travellers and Agents of the London Missionary Society, 1800-1852. Chapter Two. Tswana Intercourse with Traders; kk German Missionaries come to Bechuanaland, 1850 - i860. Chapter Three. The L.M.S, Takes Over German 77 Stations in Bechuanaland; Response to Missionary Work in Northern Bechuanaland, 1862 - 1880. Chapter Four. Events Leading to Declaration of a 132 Protectorate; Tswana Resistance to British Rule; Government Intervention in Tribal Affairs. Chapter Five. "To Make a Book Talk": Problems 179 and Progress in Tswana Education, 1880 - 1910. Chapter Six. The Boikgololo Movement in Northern 235 Bebhuana:j.ah<iv 1898rl910 • Chapter Seven. Aspects of Tswana Transformations. 277 Bibliography. 353 M/VPS Tswana Settlements, C.1800 - 1902. Long Distance Trade Routes in the Tswana Region, C.l8*+0 - 1890 . 7 CHAPTER ONE Early Tswana Contacts with White Travellers and Agents of the London Missionary Society, l800 - 1832. '6WNR saTTLEmNr^c WJ)£B€Lg fHeleMclg o *i@chbaoMn£, 1 . ' \ , 4 N $ W n K E T S & 2: ~’~*W ". —S. _ » \ Ptebcte1 Vryburj ^^^pafek/ncj t m ) icu'nq / Ihy nQ ( i-^Hmymcn jZ Q u & ^ O , Kjfmberh<j ® Gr'l^aieojn 9 In 18^9, when David Livingstone, the London Missionary Society1s adventurous agent, toured the northwest portion of Tswana chiefdoms,^- he had crossed a region that was slowly recovering from the pangs of over a half century of strife. Even before the Difaqane had made itself felt, it appears that political stability evaded both the larger and smaller Tswana p chiefdoms. Examples of the breaking up of tribes, either premeditated or spontaneous, far exceeded tendencies to unite, even when the Tswana were threatened by a common enemy. Oral traditions and written accounts alike provide evidence for the fissiparous tendencies within Tswana society. It was among these strife-torn communities that white missionaries and lay­ men made their appearance. 1. David Livingstone, Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa (London, 1857)» PP» 61-87; David Livingstone, Living-" stonefs Missionary Correspondence, 1841-1856, edited by Isaac Schapera (London, 19^1), pp. 131-166. 2. The four principal tribes with which this thesis concerns itself are the Kwena, Ngwaketse, Ngwato, and the Tawana; all have a common origin. For the traditional history of Tswana tribes and their customs, see Isaac Schapera, The Tswana (London, 1952); The Ethnic Composition of Tswana Tribes (L.S.E. Monographs on Social Anthropology, No. 11, 1952); A Handbook of Tswana Law and Custom (London, 1938t reprinted 1955, 1970); Anthony Sillery, The Bechuanaland Protectorate (London, 1952), pp. 104-19^; J. Tom Brown, Among the Bantu Nomads, a record of forty years spent among the Bechuana (London, 1926); passim; George Stow, The Native Races of South Africa, edited by G.M. Theal (London, 1905), pp. ^04- i+59; John Machkenzie, Austral Africa, Losing it or ruling it (London, 1887 ), Chapters I, II, and III; Isaac Shcapera, editor, Ditirafalo fsa Merafe ya Batswana (Loyedal^ 19^0). 10 I The early white travellers to southern Bechuanaland widely reported the ravages of war. One of the earliest of such tra­ vellers (Borcherds, secretary to the Truter-Sommerville mission) was told in 1801 by Molehabangwe, the Thlaping Chief, how the Korana, aided by the fire arms of the mixed white-Khoikhoi under Jan Bloem, had defeated the Thlaping. According to Borcherds, the Thlaping's numerical superiority proved ineffectual as the Korana forced them to "succumb, owing to the inferiority of their arms.The Thlaping were impressed by the effectiveness of fire arms*4’ and in due course sought them from any white traveller who visited their chiefdom; they also tended to impute all white new­ comers from the south with hostile motives. In 1805 an embassy from the Cape which was accompanied by the German University 3. Petrus Borchedus Borcherds, An Autobiographical Memoir (Cape Town, l86l), p. 8U; Robert Moffat, Missionary Labours and Scenes in Southern Africa (New York, 1850 ), p. 150. Tswana weapons of war (see George Thompson, Travels and Adventures in Southern Africa, London, 1827 , p. 99) consisted of bows and arrows, assegais, battle axes, and shields made of skins. 4. See for example the Thlaping response to a gun-trap that killed (see Borcherds, op. cit., p. 8 3 ) a wolf that had terrorised them: "Great was the astonishment of these people to find that such destruction was effected without the presence of any human being. Such was their abhorance of the animal that each visitor administered it a stroke with a stick or trap..." See also Henry Lichtenstein, Travels in Southern Africa in the years 1803 , l80^, l8Q5 and 1806, translated by Anne Plumptre (London, l8l5), Volume Two, pp.
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