Island Biogeography and Habitat Loss 1

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Island Biogeography and Habitat Loss 1. Habitat loss and fragmentation 2. Lessons from islands • Effects of patch area and shape on species richness • Macarthur-Wilson equilibrium theory of island biogeography Old Growth Forest 300 years Aboveground Woody Biomass AREA effects: Species – Area Curves z S = c Az log(c) S = # of species A = area z and c are fitted constants log(S) = log(c) + z log(A) Data from habitat patches is similar to data from islands Boreal mountain patches z ≈ 0.15 – 0.35 50% S 90% A 10|2 Rule for z = 0.25 As Area ↓ Population sizes ↓ As Area ↓ Wide ranging species ↓ Patch area AND shape affect species richness through edge effects As A decreases, edge:interior ratio increases Minimum All edge edge:interior ratio Edge species Figure 19.18 Gray catbird American robin As area increases, occurrence decreases for the edge species Interior species Worm-eating warbler Detection or occurrence Detection Ovenbird As area increases, occurrence increases for ground-nesting interior species Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography Island size and connectivity determine species richness MacArthur and Wilson 1963 Theory Rate Number of species on island (S) S is a balance between immigration of new species and extinction of resident species Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography I Theory Rate P = Size of source pool Number of species on island (S) Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography I Theory E Rate P Size of source pool Number of species on island (S) Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography I Theory E ^ Rate T ^ P S Size of source pool Number of species on island (S) # of species present is a balance between immigration of new spp. and extinction of resident spp.; species composition continually changing, but total number of species constant ) yr Data for birds in Solomon Islands Shapes of I and E curves: r/K selected species Rate of immigration or extinction (species/ extinction or of immigration Rate Number of species, S The Distance Effect: Theory I n E If Rate Source pool Source Sf Sn P Number of species on island (S) n = near f = far The Distance Effect: Data Dispersal Distance from source Odum 1959; Wolfenbarger 1976 The Area Effect: Theory I Es EL Rate Source pool Source Ss SL P Number of species on island (S) L = large DATA: S-A curves s = small The Area Effect: Data MW Equilibrium Model of Island Biogeography combined distance-area effects Modifying Effects for MW model Target effect X = immigration is higher on large islands Rescue effect X 2005 = extinction is lower on near X 2006 islands X 2007 Simberloff’s mangrove island experiments “Defaunation” Island E9 Pre: 29 species Post: 24 species Overlap: 8 species .

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