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Macroinvertebrates Assemblages in the Canary Islands and Madeira

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Macroinvertebrates Assemblages in the Canary Islands and Madeira Macroinvertebrates assemblages in the Canary Islands and Madeira Ariadna Elisa Vidaña Glauser April, 2020 Thutors: Dr. Volker Lüderitz Dr. José María Fernández Palacios MSc in Terrestrial Biodiversity and Conservation on Islands Abstract This study describes the freshwater macroinvertebrates assemblages in 17 streams of four of the Canary Islands (Tenerife, Gran Canaria, La Palma and La Gomera) and 10 streams of Madeira Island, at least in two seasons of the year. Without the Diptera, since this group has not been identified, a total of 71 taxa have been found in the Canary Islands belonging to 34 families. In Madeira, a total of 63 taxa belonging to 33 families have been found. The biogeographical origin of the species is mostly Paleartic region and endemic. Endemisms have a significant presence in both archipelagos, being around one third in both cases. The endemicity in Tricoptera and Coleoptera is remarkable. There seems to be a tendency towards greater biodiversity and endemicity in those currents in better conserved areas, that are found within the Natural Parks in the Canary Islands and in the high areas of Madeira. The status of freshwater macroinvertebrates is quite uncertain as recent data on these communities are scarce. The overexploitation of aquifers and the diversion of natural water flows for irrigation have caused the drying up of many of the natural flows, which inevitably endangers the fauna that inhabits them. The protection of a stream with a high conservation value is proposed to contribute to the conservation of the Macaronesian native freshwater macroinvertebrate fauna. Key words: Freshwater streams; Macroinvertebrates; Canary Islands, Madeira, Macaronesia. 2 Index Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…..2 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..4 1.1. Freshwater macroinvertebrates…………………………………..……………….………………….4 1.1.1. Characteristics………………………………………….…………………….………..…………..4 1.1.2. Value of freshwater biodiversity for mankind………………….……………………5 1.1.3. Threats to freshwater biodiversity……………..…………………………………………6 1.1.4. Freshwater macroinvertebrate traits. Life-story strategies……..……………7 1.2. Freshwater ecosystems….…………………………………………….………….………………………9 1.2.1. Characteristics…………………………………………………………..….……….…….………9 1.2.2. State and threats of freshwater ecosystems…..……………….…….……………11 1.2.3. Conservation of freshwater ecosystems……………………….….…………………12 1.3. Legislation for freshwater conservation……………… …………………………….…….…….13 1.4. Objectives……………………………………………………………………………………………………...16 2. Material and methods………………………………………………..……………………………..…….….17 2.1. Study area: The Canary Islands and Madeira.………………………………….………….….17 2.1.1. The Canary Islands…………………………………………………………..………………….17 2.1.1.1. Geology………………………….……………………………………………………….18 2.1.1.2. Climatology……………………………………………………………….…….………19 2.1.1.3. Water resources……………………………………….…………………………….19 2.1.2. Madeiran archipelago………………………………………………………..……………….21 2.1.2.1. Geology…………………..………………………………………………………………21 2.1.2.2. Climatology….……………………………………………………………….…………22 2.1.2.3. Water resources……………………………………………………………..………23 2.2. Sampling sites………………………………………………………………………………………………..24 3. Results………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……..30 3.1. Canary Islands………………………………………………………………….………………………….…30 3.2. Madeira………………………………………………………………………………………………………….32 4. Discussion……………………………………………………………………………………..………………….…36 5. Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………………………………….……40 Acknowledgments…………………………………………………………………………………..………………..41 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………………….…………………..……42 Annex I: List of the species in the Canary Islands Annex II: List of species in Madeira Annex III: List of species by current in the Canary Islands Annex IV: List of species by current in Madeira 3 1. Introduction 1.1. Freshwater macroinvertebrates 1.1.1. Characteristics Macroinvertebrates are a diverse array of animals without backbones, operationally defined as those that are retained by a mesh with a pore size of 0.2 to 0.5 mm. It includes taxa of worms, mollusks, crustaceans, mites and insects (Hussain & Pandit, 2012). Freshwater invertebrates that live linked to running water include representatives of almost every taxonomical group that exist in freshwater. This is because rivers may change and evolve but rarely disappear, but lakes, given their relative shorts periods of existence, usually act as evolutionary traps (Hynes, 1970). On oceanic islands the freshwater fauna is largely represented by insects with taxa that occupy a wide number of niches due to the relative absence of competitors for local resources (Hughes, 2003). Many physical, biological and chemical factors regulate the composition and distribution of invertebrates in freshwater ecosystems (Hussain & Pandit, 2012). The most important ones are the stream speed, temperature, substratum, vegetation, dissolved substances and zoogeography (Hynes, 1970). Most invertebrates are important components of stream ecosystems. They are a link in the transfer of material and energy from producers to top level consumers (Hussain & Pandit, 2012): They graze periphyton, assist in the breakdown of organic matter and cycling of nutrients, and may become food to predators (Hynes, 1970). Macroinvertebrates are the organisms most commonly used for biological monitoring of freshwater ecosystems. The premise of biological monitoring is that in relatively complex biotic associations, certain species respond to an environmental disturbance by some measurable effect on community properties such as their abundance. In addition, the level of disturbance is relative to the level of change in populations (Hughes, 2010). The composition and distribution of stream macroinvertebrates is a reflection of the stream health and thus can be used as robust bioindicators (Hussain and Pandit, 2012). This can happen because they have the following features: They are found in most habitats, generally have limited mobility, easy to collect and have well-established sampling techniques and have a great diversity of forms with a wide range of sensitivities to changes. 4 Value Definition Function Example Utilitarian Practical and material Physical Fish biodiversity as a source of food exploitation sustenance/security Naturalistic Direct experience and Curiosity, discovery, Sport fishing, scuba diving or other exploration recreation nature experiences Ecologist- Systematic study of Knowledge, Understanding the spatial and Scientific structure, function, and understanding, temporal patterns of aquatic relationship observational skills biodiversity distribution. Education. Aesthetic Physical appeal and beauty Inspiration, harmony, Appreciation of breaching whale, or of nature security salmon spawning runs Symbolic Use of nature for language Communication, mental Symbolic value of fish in haida art of and thought development native Americans Humanistic Strong emotional Bonding, sharing, Appreciation of aquarium pets, koi attachment and “love” for cooperation, carp aspects of nature companionship Moralistic Spiritual reverence and Order, meaning, The spiritual importance of salmon ethical concern for nature kinship, altruism runs and fish conservation for native Americans Dominionistic Mastery, physical control, Mechanical skills, River flood control, hydropower dominance of nature physical prowess, ability generation, water storage for to subdue irrigation Negativistic Fear, aversion, alienation Security, protection, Fear of waterborne disease for nature safety, awe Table 1. Typology of nine basic values of aquatic biodiversity for mankind (Kellert (1997), modified by Geist (2011)). 1.1.2. Value of freshwater biodiversity for mankind. The importance and value of freshwater biodiversity is easy to understand since it provides crucial services for human societies, some of them irreplaceable (Ninan, 2009). Nine types of aquatic biodiversity values for humanity -or ways in which humanity can perceive these ecosystems- can be found (Table 1). Some of these values provide sustenance for more than one billion people living in extreme poverty (Turner et al., 2007). Although measuring the level of biodiversity in monetary terms could be inadequate, from an economic point of view it has different values: direct use values, as fauna stock; indirect use values, as a recreational space; option values which corresponds to the activities that will be 5 exploited in the future; and existence values or what people will pay to avoid destruction of these habitats. 1.1.3. Threats to freshwater biodiversity Freshwater ecosystems are hotspots of human use and alteration (Monroe et al., 2009). Studies conducted in North America on the extinction rate of freshwater organisms estimate an average of 0.5% per decade and, according to projections, it could reach 4% per decade, five times more than any other terrestrial fauna (Postel and Ritchter, 2003). Into freshwater organisms, invertebrates reveals the highest extinction rates, especially mussels where it reach between 2- 7% per century (Strayer et al., 2004). Threats to freshwater macroinvertebrates (and biodiversity in general) include five main interacting groups: overexploitation, water pollution, invasion of exotic species, flow modification and habitat degradation (Naiman and Turner, 2000; Malmqvist and Rundle, 2002; Dudgeon et al., 2006). o Overexploitation: Mainly affects fish but any species with any or some of the following characteristics are also sensitive: high economic value, low fecundity, late reproduction, large body
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