Micología Aplicada International ISSN: 1534-2581 [email protected] Colegio de Postgraduados México

Jong, S.-C. The legitimate scientific name of the valuable medicinal mushroom "Niu-Chang- Chih" known only from Taiwan Micología Aplicada International, vol. 24, núm. 2, julio, 2012, pp. 43-52 Colegio de Postgraduados Puebla, México

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The legitimate scientific name of the valuable medicinal mushroom “Niu-Chang- Chih” known only from Taiwan

S.-C. Jong

Consultant for Global Affairs, Emeritus Director of Microbiology, ATCC, 10801 University Blvd., Manassas, VA 20110-2209, U.S.A. Tel: 703-365-2742. Fax: 703-365-2760. E-mails: [email protected] ; [email protected] Internet: http://www.atcc.org/

Accepted for publication July 20, 2012

ABSTRACT

“Niu-Chang-Chih” is a valuable medicinal mushroom known only from Taiwan. It has long been used in folk medicine as an antidote for alcohol and drug intoxication, as an anticancer agent in liver cancer and in the treatment of diarrhea, abdominal pain, hypertension and skin itching. The pharmacological activities and the chemical constituents of crude extract of “Niu-Chang-Chih” are quite different from those reported for ‘Linzhi” ( lucidum ). Thus, a legitimate scientific name for the mushroom is essential for health, trade, conservation, property rights protection, and data retrieval systems. The desirability for use of a legitimate name is not only evident, but such use is becoming increasingly urgent with wider recognition of the important role the mushroom plays in bioindustry and biotechnology. There are four scientific names related to the mushroom “Niu-Chang-Chih” in the commercial and scientific literature: Ganoderma camphoratum Zang et Su, 1990; cinnamomea Chang et Chou, 1995; Antrodia camphorata (Zang et Su) Wu et al., 1997; and Taiwanofungus camphoratus (Zang et Su) Wu et al., 2004. In order to determine the legitimate name from those cited for the mushroom, the nomenclatural standing with regard to legitimacy of each name is critically reviewed in accordance with particular rules of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN, the Melbourne

Editorial note: The main subject of this paper is in process of being solved. The editors are open to editorials, Micol. Apl.letters Int., or 24(2), manuscripts 2012, from pp. colleagues43-52 interested in this constructive discussion. 44 S.-C. Jong

Code of 2011). Clearly they all are effectively and validly published names. However, the name G. camphoratum is legitimate for a “Linzhi” mushroom, but illegitimate for the “Niu-Chang-Chih” mushroom because it is based on a mixed nomenclatural type (HKAS 22294) with two taxonomically discordant elements. The echinulate Ganoderma spore element of the mixed holotype HKAS 22294 was later separated and designated as lectotype of G. camphoratum by Chang and Chou in 2004. In addition, the new combinations A. camphorata (1997) and T. camphoratus (2004) were superfluous names for A. cinnamomea (1995) when published and must be rejected because the name A. cinnamomea was readily available. Each mushroom can bear only one legitimate name and any name that is contrary to rules of the ICN must be rejected unless conserved or sanctioned by the International Botanical Congress. Consequently, A. cinnamomea is the only “legitimate” name now available for the mushroom “Niu- Chang-Chih” with the holotype TFRI 119. It is thus incorrect (wrong) to cite these illegitimate names A. camphorata and T. camphoratus as taxonomic synonyms of the legitimate name A. cinnamomea. Unfortunately, these illegitimate names A. camphorata and T. camphoratum are still frequently cited in the literature, including the patent literature, for “Niu-Chang-Chih”.

Key words: Antrodia cinnamomea, illegitimate names, legitimate name, medicinal mushroom, “Niu-Chang-Chih”, nomenclatural status, Taiwan.

INTRODUCTION fying the blood, removing toxic substances, toning kidney, protecting liver, regulating The mushroom “Niu-Chang-Chih” is a intestine, strengthening the heart, adjust- causing brown rot in Cinnamomum ing blood pressure, anti-bacteria, resisting kanehirai Hayata, a large evergreen broad- cold, suppressing cough, eliminating spu- leaf tree native to Taiwan. The strong bit- tum, alleviating pain, tranquilizing, anti- ter taste is believed to originate from the cancer, relieving tumor, expelling toxin, methanol-extract triterpenoids and the ef- and anti-fatigue6,8,14,15, 16,23,24. fective medicinal components3,7,8,23,24. The Because of its host specificity and scar- percentage of methanol extract (30%) ob- city in nature, and the difficulty of obtain- tained from the basidiocarp is ten times ing basidiocarps in artificial cultivation, higher than that of “Linzhi” (Ganoderma this mushroom has become very expen- lucidum)2. The mushroom has long been sive as medicinal material. Basidiocarps of used in folk medicine as an antidote for good quality cost about NT $1,340,000.00 alcohol and drug intoxication, as an an- (ca. US$44,000.00) per kilogram15. Thus, ticancer agent in liver cancer, and in the a legitimate scientific name for the mush- treatment of diarrhea, abdominal pain, hy- room “Niu-Chang-Chih” is essential for pertension and skin itching1,14,15. Like other communication among life scientists, and medicinal mushrooms, the mushroom con- in commercial trade, property rights pro- tains many biologically active ingredients tection, information storage and retrieval, that are believed to exhibit effects of puri- conservation of pure cultures, drafting of

Micol. Apl. Int., 24(2), 2012, pp. 43-52 The medicinal mushroom “Niu-Chang-Chih” 45

government legislation and regulations, as According to the rules of fungal nomencla- well as for quality control, sterility assur- ture governed by the International Code of ance and consumer safety of health food Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants products. Furthermore, scientific names (ICN or the Melbourne Code9,11,13,19,20,21,22), can avoid the confusion that can be created each fungus can bear only one legitimate when attempting to use common names name and any name that is contrary to one to refer to a mushroom species. Common or more rules (e.g., illegitimate) must be re- names often differ even from one part of jected. In order to determine the legitimate a country to another, and certainly vary name of the mushroom “Niu-Chang-Chih”, from one country to another. The scien- the nomenclatural status (effective or inef- tific names in Latin can be used all over fective, valid or invalid, legitimate or ille- the world, avoiding disadvantageous name gitimate) of each name concerned is criti- changes and difficulties of translation into cally reviewed in accordance with particu- different languages. lar rules of the ICN (the Melbourne Code). The mushroom “Niu-Chang-Chih” has cylindrical basidiospores, weakly amyloid skeletal hyphae, cinnamon resupinate to RULES OF FUNGAL pileate basidiocarps, as well as chlamydo- NOMENCLATURE spores and arthroconidia in pure culture. Taxonomically, these morphological and Fungal consists of three distinct cultural characteristics place it in the genus but interrelated areas: classification, no- Antrodia P. Karst., family , menclature, and identification10. and order Polyporales4,5,12,25. Currently (a) Classification is the arrangement of fun- there are four scientific names related to gi into groups called taxa based on their the mushroom “Niu-Chang-Chih” in the overall similarities of phenotypes (phe- literature: netic classification) or the evolutionary Ganoderma camphoratum Zang et Su, pathways derived from genotypes and Acta Bot. Yunnanica 12: 395, 1990. macromolecular sequences (phyloge- Antrodia cinnamomea Chang et Chou, netic or phyletic classification). Mycol. Res. 99: 756, 1995. (b) Nomenclature is the assignment of for- Antrodia camphorata (Zang et Su) Wu et mal names to fungi according to rules al., Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 38: 273, 1997. (which are mandatory) and recommen- Taiwanofungus camphoratus (Zang et Su) dations (non-mandatory but good prac- Wu et al., Fung. Sci. 19 (3-4): 111, 2004. tice) defined in the ICN as adopted by Nomenclatural problems in the use of le- IBC. The Code is designed to provide gitimate fungal names have long been recog- a stable method of naming taxonomic nized internationally. A common complaint groups, avoiding and rejecting use of of those concerned with many different as- names which may cause “disadvanta- pects of applied mycology is the apparently geous name change” or unscientific endless change of fungal names cited in the confusion so that a fungus can bear commercial and scientific literature. For ex- only one legitimate name which is rep- ample, some 100,000 species of fungi seem resented by a nomenclatural type. acceptable at present, though about 300,000 (c) Identification is the practical use of valid names have been applied to them12. classification and nomenclature of

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fungi, upon which it follows and de- Botanical Congress (IBC) in Melbourne in pends. The objective of identification is July 2011 as part of the Melbourne Code to give a name to an unknown sample which replaces the Vienna Code of 200518. or isolate of a fungus by assigning it, The name of the Code is partly capitalized where possible, to a previously estab- and partly not. The lower-case for “al- lished and named taxon by comparing gae, fungi, and plants” indicates that these a variety of characters that all members terms are not formal names of clades, but of the taxon have, but other taxa do not. indicate group of organisms that were his- Fungal nomenclature is not the same torically known by these names and tradi- as fungal classification, although the two tionally studied by botanists, mycologists, are related. In principle, the names given and phycologists. The ICN can only be to fungal species could be completely in- changed by an IBC every six years. Details dependent of their classification. When a of the Melbourne Code (ICN) will be pub- fungus has different names or is placed in lished by mid-2012. differently named species or genera, i.e., Prof. David Hawksworth has participat- where the confusion is purely nomencla- ed in all International Botanical Congresses tural, the ICN provides rules to settle the since that held in St. Petersburg in 1975, differences; where the confusion is taxo- and served on the Editorial Committee of nomic with regard to accurate classifica- the botanical Code since 1987. His per- tion of genus or species, or with regard to sonal synopsis of the fundamental changes accurate identification of a specimen or made at the Melbourne Congress in 2011 isolate, only scientific research can settle was published in open access journals the differences. Mycologists have often de- MycoKeys and IMA Fungus as a package voted much of their time to disentangling which represents a paradigm shift in how nomenclatural problems in addition to ad- fungi are now named and indicates the im- dressing matters of classification or iden- plications of those changes for working tification. Hence, every fungal taxonomist practices9. Taking effect from January 1, who wishes to avoid “disadvantageous no- 2012, the Melbourne Code permits elec- menclatural change” must study the rules tronic-only publication as a mean of ef- of fungal nomenclature govern by the ICN fectively publishing species names. A new adopted by the IBC9,13,17,19,20,21,22. species name may be published online as Portable Document Format (PDF) with archival standard (ISO 19005) or as book MAJOR CHANGES TO THE with International Standard Serial Number CODE OF NOMENCLATURE IN (ISSN) or an International Standard Book MELBOURNE IN JULY 2011 Number (ISBN). The new Code states “publication on websites or in ephemeral The application of fungal nomencla- documents available over the Internet; ture is now govern by the International publications in journals without a regis- Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, tered ISSN or e-ISSN and publication in and plants (ICN9,11,17,19,20,21,22). It was for- books without a register ISBN or e-ISSN merly called the International Code of will not result in effective publication of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN18); the novelties”. In an effort to make the pub- name was changed at the International lication of new names more accurate and

Micol. Apl. Int., 24(2), 2012, pp. 43-52 The medicinal mushroom “Niu-Chang-Chih” 47

efficient, the mandatory requirement for a into Chinese, Portuguese, Russian and Latin validating diagnosis or description is Spanish13. changed to allow either English or Latin for All mycologists are obliged to adhere to these essential components of the publica- a set of rules of the ICN, even if the rules tion of new species. However, the scientif- are not acceptable to everyone. The Code ic name (binomial name or binomial of any does not rule on the taxonomy, placement, species) - its formal system of naming spe- position, or rank of a fungus, but only on cies of living things by giving each a name the legitimate name for use when a fungus composed of two parts - will continue to is considered to belong in a species at a giv- be in Latin. Commencing January 1, 2013, en point in time. The word “name” in the the principle of “one fungus, one name” Code means a name that has been validly must be adopted for the fungal nomen- published, whether it is “legitimate” or “il- clature to discontinue the dual nomencla- legitimate”. The four scientific names G. ture for pleomorphic fungi. In order to be camphoratum, A. cinnamomea, A. cam- validly published, all new names of fungi phorata and T. camphoratus cited in the must include in the protologue (everything scientific and commercial literature for the associated with a name at its valid publica- mushroom “Niu-Chang-Chih” are all valid tion) the citation of a unique identifier is- names because they all are effectively and sued by a recognized name repository such validly published under the ICN. The “le- as MycoBank (IMA) and Index Fungorum gitimate name” means a name of a taxon (CABI). The Melbourne Congress also re- with a particular circumscription, position ferred mechanical typification issues and and rank which must be adopted. The lim- governance of fungal nomenclature to spe- its of a taxon are called its “circumscrip- cial committees and approved the NCF tion” (e.g., G. camphoratum based on the (Nomenclature Committee for Fungi) rec- nomenclatural type HKAS 22294 and A. ommendations on the conservation and re- cinnomomea based on the nomenclatural jection of notable fungal names. type TFRI 119). In order to disseminate these signifi- cant changes to wider community of sci- entists, another highly important article RULES OF TYPIFICATION AND entitled “Changes in Melbourne - what PRIORITY does e-publication mean for you?” was published simultaneously or will As indicated, a fungal species is named be re-published in a wide range of lead- by a specific “epithet” placed after a ge- ing academic journals13, including BMC nus name to form a “binomial” and the Evolutionary Biology, Botanical Journal of name of the author of the species is added the Linnean Society, Brittonia, Cladistics, in all formal citations of the fungal name MycoKeys, Mycotaxon, New Phytologist, (e.g., Antrodia cinnamomea Chang et North American fungi, Novon, Opuscula Chou, 1995). If a species was transferred Philolichenum, PhytoKeys, Phytoneuron, to another genus to form a new name, Phytotaxa, Plant Diversity and Resources, the author(s) of the first name are given Systematic Botany and Taxon. In addition, in parentheses, followed by the author(s) the journals PhytoKeys and MycoKeys of the new names [e.g., Antrodia cam- published the same paper translated phorata (Zang et Su) Wu et al., 1997 and

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Taiwanofungus camphoratus (Zang et Su) ent types (i.e., HKAS 22294 versus TFRI Wu et al., 2004]. Binomial nomenclature is 119), they were decided to be synonyms thus an important part of fungal taxonomy on taxonomic grounds, and are taxonomic as it is the system by which fungal species synonyms which all taxonomists may not are named. The specific “epithet” directly necessarily accept. Thus, if there are two or links with the physical specimen of the no- more competing names for the same spe- menclatural type. The purpose of typifica- cies of mushrooms, only one of them can tion is to fix permanently the application of be adopted according to the “one fungus, names of all ranks of fungi governed by the one name” system of the ICN9,13. ICN to prevent the same name being used The “legitimate” name was published for different fungi. Thus, typification of earliest with the same circumscription, fungal names is based on the protologue, position and rank. According to the Code, which includes everything associated with whenever the type material is heteroge- a name at its valid publication, including neous (mixed), one part must be selected as the holotype (i.e., the original specimen). a “lectotype”. This lectotype must be cho- The nomenclatural type is a single speci- sen from among elements which were defi- men that is a gathering, or part of a gather- nitely studied by the original author(s) up ing, of a single specimen made at one time. to the time the species was published, and For example, the genus Taiwanofungus included in it when it was published. For Wu et al.(2004) is based on the basionym example, the echinulate Ganoderma spore Ganoderma camphoratum Zang et Su element of the mixed type HKAS 22294 (1990) which becomes T. camphoratus was separately designated as lectotype of (Zang et Su) Wu et al. (2004) based on the G. camphoratum by Chang & Chou in mixed nomenclatural type HKAS 22294. 20045. When the original type specimen An unaccepted “valid” name applying is lost or none was ever designated as lec- to the same species as the accepted name totype, a substitute specimen may be pro- is called “synonym”. A synonym is rejected posed as “neotype”. It should possess the for either of two reasons: (a) because it is same characteristics as detailed in its origi- “illegitimate” (i.e., contrary to the rules nal description. Once the neotype is fixed of the ICN); or (b) because of taxonomic and cannot be changed without a detailed judgment (i.e., a particular author rejects argument. An “epitype” is to serve as an in- the classification represented by the syn- terpretative type when the holotype, lecto- onym). There are two kinds of synonyms: type, or previously designated neotype, or homotypic (nomenclatural) synonyms all original material associated with a valid based on the same type, and heterotypic name cannot be critically identified for (taxonomic) synonyms with different types. purposes of the precise application of the When Wu et al. in 1997 and 2004, respec- name of a taxon. When an epitype is desig- tively, transferred the epithet “camphora- nated, the holotype, lectotype, or neotype tum” to Antrodia and to Taiwanofungus, that the epitype supports must be explicitly they used the same mixed holotype of the cited. A holotype has priority over a lec- name of the species, therefore these three totype, which has priority over a neotype, binomials are always nomenclatural syn- which in turn has priority over an epitype. onyms. Since the epithets “camphoratum” For a lectotypification to have priority, and “cinnamomea” are based on differ- the element chosen must be directly cited

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including the term “type” or an equivalent, room species5,25,26, namely, Ganoderma and mere exclusion of all other elements camphoratum whose echinulate basidio- does not constitute priorable typification. spores were used as a basis for the genus When an epitype and the type it supports assignment27 and a mushroom which ap- differ taxonomically, the specific name pears to be Antrodia cinnamomea4 on the may be proposed for conservation with a basis of different type material (TFRI 119). conserved type (e.g., A. camphorata and The echinulate Ganoderma spore element T. camphoratus)19. For purposes of prior- of the mixed type HKAS 22294 was lately ity only “legitimate” names are taken into selected and designated as the lectotype consideration (e.g., A. cinnamomea for type of the legitimate name G. camphor- the “Niu-Chang-Chih” mushroom). Thus, atum by Chang and Chou in 20045. Wu the linking of each name to a nomencla- et al. in 200426 claimed that the basidio- tural type is the keystone of stability in the spores that are closely related to those of application of fungal names. G. ochrolaccatum were lost or destroyed, but neither neotype nor epitype was desig- nated as a substitute for the nomenclature NOMENCLATURAL STATUS OF type of G. camphoratum. Because of this Ganoderma camphoratum problem with its mixed type material, even if G. camphoratum is a legitimate name The original diagnosis in the descrip- in Ganoderma, it is illegitimate as a taxo- tion and illustrations of G. camphoratum nomic (heterotypic) synonym of Antrodia were based on the type specimen HKAS cinnamomea and must be rejected and can 22294 deposited at the Kunming Institute not be adopted and used for the mushroom of Botany in Yunnan25,26,27, which was “Niu-Chang-Chih” in accordance with the associated with a sample of the mush- ICN Code. room “Niu-Chang-Chih” in the cortices of Cinnamomum camphora collected in Taipei, on July 25, 1978. The diagnosis of NOMENCLATURAL STATUS OF a new fungal species is a statement which Antrodia cinnamomea in the opinion of its original author(s) dis- tinguishes the new species from others and In 1995, Chang and Chou described the the description of any new species should mushroom “Niu-Chang-Chih” as Antrodia mention the ways in which the species cinnamomea sp. nov., based on the type seems distinct, especially from those near- specimen TFRI 119 collected in 1992 at ly related. The newly described species Hsinchu on the trunk of Cinnamomea kane- Ganoderma camphoratum is, putatively, hirai, which was deposited at the Taiwan closely related to Ganoderma ochrolacca- Forest Research Institute (TFRI) in Taipei4. tum (Mont.) Pat. as evident from the proto- It is now evident that it is the “legitimate” logue of the species27. It is thus a legitimate scientific name for the mushroom “Niu- name in genus Ganoderma represented by Chang-Chih” under the rules of the ICN echinulate basidiospores similar to those Code. The “ex-type” isolated from the ho- of G. ochrolaccatum. lotype TFRI 119 has been deposited at the However, the holotype HKAS 22294 was American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), later proven a mixed specimen of two mush- Manassas, Virginia, as ATCC 200183 and

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at the Bioresouce Collection and Research on basionym G. camphoratum are, there- Center (BCRC) of the Food Industry fore, nomenclaturally illegitimate for the Research and Development Institute mushroom “Niu-Chang-Chih”. A name (FIRDI), Hsinchu, Taiwan, as BCRC 35396. which according to the Code is “illegiti- They are permanently preserved in a meta- mate” when published cannot become bolically inactive state in liquid nitrogen at “legitimate” later unless it is conserved or -196 C or liquid nitrogen vapor at -170 C and sanctioned by the IBC19. below, and now readily available for general For purposes of priority, however, only distribution to the public for use in genetic “legitimate” names and epithets published analysis, molecular breeding and develop- in legitimate combinations are taken into ment of innovative process techniques and consideration. Because of problems with commercial products. the original holotype HKAS 22294, none of these names G. camphoratum27, A. camphorata25 and T. camphoratus26 are NOMENCLATURAL STATUS OF technically taxonomic synonyms of the Antrodia camphorata and Taiwanofungus legitimate name A. cinnamomea4 for the camphoratus mushroom “Niu-Chang-Chih”. In addition, the new combinations A. camphorata (cre- This is a purely nomenclatural issue since ated in 1997) and T. camphoratus (created the two new combination names, even in 2004) were superfluous when published though validly published, have no status and must be rejected because the name A. and no claim to being recognized as “le- cinnamomea (created in 1995) was read- gitimate” for the mushroom “Niu-Chang- ily available and should have been adopted Chih” under the ICN Code. The guiding and used. principle is the lectotype of HKAS 22294 which controls the application of the le- gitimate name G. camphoratum. When CONCLUDING REMARKS transferring the epithet “camphoratum” from genus Ganoderma P. Karst. to the ge- The basic objectives of fungal nomencla- nus Antrodia P. Karst. in 1997 and to the ture9,10,13,18,19 are provisions of stability in genus Taiwanofungus Wu et al. in 2004, the application of fungal names, so there respectively, Wu et al. did not change the can only be one name for every fungus that original type HKAS 22294 of the name of is legitimate under the ICN (e.g., Antrodia the species, which is still Zang and Su’s cinnamomea for the mushroom “Niu- specimen HKAS 22294 that contains, Chang-Chih”). For naming a fungus, there from a nomenclatural perspective, two is a Code, but for defining a fungus, there legitimate mushrooms, G. camphoratum is no Code. In principle, the name given to Zang et Su (1990)27 and A. cinnamomea a fungus is an identifier supplying a means Chang et Chou (1995)4. Since the echi- of referring to it and indicating its taxo- nulate Ganoderma spore element of the nomic circumscription, position and rank. mixed holotype KHAS 22294 has been Although the “species epithet” links with designated as the lectotype of the names its holotype, the holotype is not necessarily G. camphoratum, the combination names the most typical representative element of A. camphorata and T. camphoratus based the species since it consists of a gathering,

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or part of a gathering, of a single specimen, based on the holotype TFRI 119. The name but should be the most representative. For Antrodia cinnamomea Chang et Chou example, the echinulate Ganoderma spore (1995) has correctly been adopted and rec- element was legitimately separated and ommended as the official scientific name designated according to the rules and rec- by the Council of Agriculture in Taiwan ommendations of the ICN as the lectotype (COA Announcement No. 1000118279 of the mixed nomenclatural type HKAS dated April 1, 2011). Consequently, it is 22294 of G. camphoratum which is com- incorrect (wrong) to cite the illegitimate posed of two different fungal elements5. names A. camphorata and T. camphora- As discussed, nomenclature is not the tus as taxonomic (heterotypic) synonyms same as classification, although the two of the legitimate name A. cinnamomea for are related. In principle, the names given the “Niu-Chang-Chih” mushroom. to species could be completely indepen- dent of their classification. The confusion of the four valid names frequently cited in ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS the commercial and scientific literature for the mushroom “Niu-Chang-Chih” is pure- The author appreciates the helpful comments provided by ly nomenclatural (i.e., involving issues pre-submission reviewers: Dr. Frank N. Dugan of USDA- of typification, priority, and synonymy). Agricultural Research Service (Pullman, Washington); Dr. Yu-ming Ju of Academia Sinica-Institute of Plant The only way the “illegitimate” names A. and Microbial Biology (Nankang, Taipei); Dr. Liang H. camphorata and T. camphoratus could Huang, former principal mycologist of Pfizer Inc. (Los be made “legitimate” (priorable) would Angeles, California); and Mr. Mark Miller of Lambert be by action of the International Botanical Spawn Co. (Coatesville, Pennsylvania). The author also thanks three anonymous reviewers and Editor-in-Chief Congress through conservation with a con- Dr. Daniel Martinez-Carrera for making most valuable 19 served type . The guidelines on propos- comments and suggestions to improve the text. This als to conserve or reject names are now study has resulted in part from the Taiwan BioCentury available online at http://www.iapt-taxon. Project on Enterprise and Innovation supported in part by Mr. Simon Chang, President of the Union BioMed Inc. org/downloads/guideline_proposals.pdf (Taipei, Taiwan) and American Type Culture Collection, (Taxon 61: 248-151, 2012). Provisions for ATCC (Manassas, Virginia, U.S.A.). the conservation of name under the ICN are quite precise (Art. 14 and 56). The prime criterion for conservation and rejec- LITERATURE CITED tion of names is the avoidance of “disad- vantageous nomenclatural change” (Art. 1. Ao, Z. H., Z. H. Xu, Z. M. Lu, H. Y. Xu, X. M. Zhang and W. F. Dou. 2009. Niuchangchih 14.1, 56.1). (Antrodia camphorata) and its potential If a fungal name is validly published then in treating liver diseases. Journal of it is either “legitimate” or “illegitimate”. If Ethnopharmacology 121(2): 194-212. it is legitimate then it is used either correct- 2. Arisawa, M., A. Fujita, M. Saga, H. Fukumura, T. Hayashi, M. Shimizu and N. Morita. 1986. ly or else incorrectly. For example, the le- Three new lanostanoids from Ganoderma gitimate name G. camphoratum is correct- lucidum. Journal of Natural Products 49: ly adopted for a “Linzhi” mushroom based 621-625. on the lectotype of HKAS 22294 and A. 3. Chang, T. T. 2009. Biological characteristics and application of Antrodia cinnamomea. cinnamomea is legitimately accepted and Fungal Science 24: 181-185. (Chinese with used for a “Niu-Chang-Chih” mushroom English abstract).

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