The Case for Light Rail Transit on Manhattan's East Side
A new transit mode for New York City
The Case for Light Rail Transit on Manhattan’s East Side
New York City. October 1999 RESEARCH STUDY - STUDIENARBEIT
“The Case for Light Rail Transit on Manhattan’s East Side”
INSTITUTE FOR RATIONAL URBAN MOBILITY, INC. One Washington Square Village, Apt. 5D New York, NY 10012 phone: 212-475-3394, fax: 212-475-5051 e-mail: [email protected]
and
Department of Track and Railway Operations
Technical University Berlin
prepared by:
Philipp Rode Woehlertstr. 15 10115 Berlin
phone: 01149-30-281 9876 e-mail: [email protected] supervised by: George Haikalis, M.S. Dipl.-Ing. Lutz Hübner Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. J. Siegmann
The Case for Light Rail Transit on Manhattan’s East Side Final Report
Contents
Contents
Tables iii
Figures iv
Maps v
Pictures vi
Abbreviations vii
1 Introduction 1-1
2 The Light Rail Transit Mode 2.1-1
2.1 The History of Trolleys in the US and in New York City 2.1-1 2.1.1 Trolleys in the US 2.1-1 2.1.2 History in NYC 2.1-7
2.2 The Revival of Streetcars: Light Rail Transit 2.2-1 2.2.1 The Worldwide Interest in LRT 2.2-1 2.2.2 LRT Revival in the US 2.2-3 2.2.3 Existing Plans for New York City 2.2-7
2.3 Characteristic s of Light Rail Transit 2.3-1 2.3.1 Light Rail Vehicles 2.3-1 2.3.2 LRT Infrastructure 2.3.-9 2.3.3 LRT Operation 2.3-14 2.3.4 LRT Alignments 2.3-16 2.3.5 The role of LRT as part of a transit system 2.3-22
3 The Case for Light Rail Transit on Manhattan’s East Side 3.1-1
3.1 Description of Study Area 3.1-1 3.1.1 Manhattan 3.1-2 3.1.2 The Study Corridor 3.1-8 3.1.2.1 Origins and Destinations of Work Trips 3.1-8 3.1.2.2 Traffic and Transportation 3.1-11
3.2 Existing Problems 3.2-1 3.2.1 Inadequate Transit Service on Manhattan’s East Side 3.2-1 3.2.2 High Traffic Volumes 3.2-5
i
The Case for Light Rail Transit on Manhattan’s East Side Final Report
Contents
3.3 Solutions 3.3-1 3.3.1 Objectives 3.3-1 3.3.2 Proposed Alternatives 3.3-3
3.4 The East Side LRT Line 3.4-1 3.4.1 The Alignment Analysis Area 3.4-10 3.4.2 Description and Impacts of Alignment Alternatives 3.4-18 3.4.2.1 Alignment 1 - One Way Pair Alignment 3.4-19 3.4.2.2 Alignment 2 - Two Way Transit Way Alignment on First Avenue 3.4-27 3.4.2.3 Alignment 3 - Two Way Transit Way Alignment on Second Avenue 3.4-32 3.4.2.4 Alignment 4 - Pedestrian Mall Alignment on Second Avenue 3.4-37 3.4.3 Alignment Evaluation 3.4-43
3.5 The role of the East Side LRT Line 3.5-1 3.5.1 Traffic and Transportation 3.5-1 3.5.2 Economy 3.5-10 3.5.3 Environment 3.5-12
3.6 Possible Implementation of the East Side LRT Line as part of an integrated 3.6-1 Transportation Plan
4 Conclusion 4-1
Appendix A - Pictures A-1
Appendix B - Manhattan Map B-1
Appendix C - The journey time model C-1
Appendix D - Conversion Factors D-1
Appendix E - Addresses E-1
Bibliography F-1
ii
The Case for Light Rail Transit on Manhattan’s East Side Final Report
Contents
Tables
Table 2.2-1 LRT Systems in the US 2.2-6 Table 2.3-1a LRT Alignment Classification 2.3-18 Table 2.3-1b LRT Alignment Classification 2.3-19 Table 2.3-2 LRT comparison with other means of transportation 2.3-23 Table 2.3-3 LRT compared to Bus systems 2.3-28 Table 2.3-4 LRT compared to Subway systems 2.3-29 Table 3.1-1 Top Twenty Origin and Destination Pairs: 3.1-19 Lexington Avenue Nos. 4, 5, and 6 Trains Table 3.4-1 East Side LRT Line, Length of Segments 3.4-2 Table 3.4-2 Ridership Estimates for East Side LRT Line 3.4-8 Table 3.4-3 Potential LRT Trips with Non-Manhattan Origins 3.4-9 Table 3.4-4 Volumes (North) and Turning Volumes (East and West) on 1st 3.4-12 Avenue Table 3.4-5 Volumes (South) and Turning Volumes (East and West) on 2nd 3.4-13 Avenue Table 3.4-6 Scoring Model with weights (First Calculation) 3.4-45 Table 3.4-7 Assessment and Scoring of Alignments (First Calculation) 3.4-46 Table 3.4-8 Scoring Model with weights (Sensitivity) 3.4-47 Table 3.4-9 Assessment and Scoring of Alignments (Sensitivity) 3.4-48 Table 3.5-1 Stops and Running Time Comparison 3.5-2 Table 3.5-2 Capital Cost for the East Side LRT Line, Element 1 and 3 from 3.5-11 Canal Street to 125th Street
iii
The Case for Light Rail Transit on Manhattan’s East Side Final Report
Contents
Figures
Figure 2.1-1 The Electric Conduit 2.1-11 Figure 2.3-1 Dimensions of the Grenoble LRV 2.3-2 Figure 2.3-2 Different types of flexible tracks in pavement 2.3-10 Figure 2.3-3 Transit Line Power Distribution System 2.3-11 Figure 2.3-4 Exclusive Alignments 2.3-19 Figure 2.3-5 Semi-Exclusive Alignments 2.3-20 Figure 2.3-6 Non Exclusive Alignments 2.3-21 Figure 3.1-1 AM Destinations of East Side Zones Residents 3.1-9 Figure 3.1-2 AM Origins of Trips to the East Side Zones 3.1-9 Figure 3.1-3 Hourly ridership volume on the M15 Bus at 60th Street 3.1-12 Figure 3.1-4 M15 Southbound - Weekday 24 hour Ridership 1998 3.1-13 Figure 3.1-5 M15 Northbound - Weekday 24 hour Ridership 1998 3.1-13 Figure 3.1-6 Southbound at 60th Street - 3.1-17 Passengers on the Lex Ave Subway and the M15 Bus Figure 3.1-7 Northbound at 60th Street - 3.1-17 Passengers on the Lex Ave Subway and the M15 Bus Figure 3.1-8 Southbound Lexington Avenue Subway, 24-Hours Turnstile 3.1-18 Registration 1996 Figure 3.1-9 Traffic Volumes on Second Avenue 3.1-21 Figure 3.1-10 Traffic Volumes on First Avenue 3.1-21 Figure 3.3-1 Goals and Objectives 3.3-2 Figure 3.4-1 Journey Time and Stop Frequency 3.4-5 Figure 3.4-2 Exiting Street Configuration on 2nd and 1st Avenue 3.4-14 Figure 3.4-3 The One-Way-Pair Alignment on Second and First Avenue 3.4-20 Figure 3.4-4 LRT and the existing "Green Wave" on 1st and 2nd Avenue 3.4-22 Figure 3.4-5 LRT and possible "Green Wave" configuration on 1st and 2nd Avenue 3.4-22 Figure 3.4-6 Two-Way-Transit-Way Alignment on 1st Avenue with Station 3.4-27 Figure 3.4-7 Two-Way-Transit-Way Alignment on 1st Avenue without Station 3.4-27 Figure 3.4-8 Possible simultaneous signal configuration, cycle time: 110 s, 3.4-28 green time: 70 s Figure 3.4-9 Two-Way-Transit-Way Alignment on 2nd Avenue with Station 3.4-32 Figure 3.4-10 Two-Way-Transit-Way Alignment without Station 3.4-33 Figure 3.4-11 Two-Way-Transit-Way Alignment on Second Avenue with a 2nd 3.4-35 Avenue Subway Interface Figure 3.4-12 Pedestrian Mall Alignment on 2nd Avenue, two-way 1st Avenue 3.4-38 Figure 3.4-13 Pedestrian Mall Alignment with 2nd Avenue Subway Interface 3.4-40
iv
The Case for Light Rail Transit on Manhattan’s East Side Final Report
Contents
Maps
Map 2.1-1 Trolley Network of the Metropolitan Street Railway Company at 2.1-8 the turn of the century Map 2.2-1 US Cities with LRT Systems in 1979 2.2-4 Map 2.2-2 US Cities with LRT Systems in 1999 2.2-5 Map 2.2-3 Future Development of LRT Systems in the US 2.2-5 Map 2.2-4 Existing LRT Plans for Manhattan 2.2-7 Map 3.1-1 Elements of the Study Area 3.1-1 Map 3.1-2 Predominate Land Use on Census Tract level in Manhattan 3.1-3 Map 3.1-3 Population Density in Manhattan 3.1-4 Map 3.1-4 Income per Capita 3.1-5 Map 3.1-5 Percentage of Persons over 65 Years 3.1-5 Map 3.1-6 1990 Average Commuting Time 3.1-6 Map 3.1-7 Commuted by Rapid Transit 3.1-6 Map 3.1-8 Commuted by Bus 3.1-7 Map 3.1-9 Commuted by Taxi 3.1-7 Map 3.1-10 Commuted by Car 3.1-7 Map 3.1-11 Commuted by Walking 3.1-7 Map 3.1-12 The East Side Zones 3.1-8 Map 3.1-13 Upper East Side Zone - Trips to Work per Square Mile 3.1-10 Map 3.1-14 East Midtown Zone - Trips to Work per Square Mile 3.1-10 Map 3.1-15 Lower East Side Zone - Trips to Work per Square Mile 3.1-10 Map 3.1-16 MTA Buses in Manhattan 3.1-11 Map 3.1-17 Subway Lines in Manhattan 3.1-14 Map 3.2-1 Distance to the next station of a north/southbound subway line 3.2-2 Map 3.3-1 The MESA Alternatives 3.3-4 Map 3.3-2 Metro Link proposal by the Regional Plan Association 3.3-6 Map 3.4-1 Segments of the East Side LRT Line 3.4-1 Map 3.4-2 Proposed LRT Stations between Houston and 125th Street with 3.4-6 existing subway lines and stations Map 3.4-3 Proposed LRT Stations between Houston and 125th Street with 3.4-6 existing subway lines and stations Map 3.4-4 Street Network of the Alignment Analysis Area 3.4-11 Map 3.4-5 Street Network of the Alignment Analysis Area 3.4-11 Map 3.4-6 Curbcuts on 1st and 2nd Avenue 3.4-16 Map 3.4-7 Land-Use along First and Second Avenue 3.4-17 Map 3.5-1 East Side LRT Line Accessibility up to 2 miles Journey times from 3.5-3 42nd Street traveling south Map 3.5-2 Second Avenue Subway Accessibility up to 2 miles Journey times 3.5-3 from 42nd Street traveling south
v
The Case for Light Rail Transit on Manhattan’s East Side Final Report
Contents
Pictures
Picture 2.1-1 Trolleys at Times Square 2.1-10 Picture 2.1-2 Tearing up Trolley Tracks 2.1-13 Picture 2.3-1 The Grenoble LRV 2.3-2 Picture 2.3-2 LRV in Portland 2.3-4 Picture 2.3-3 Incentro LRV (Adtranz) 2.3-5 Picture 2.3-4 LRT and Bike Access 2.3-6 Picture 2.3-5 Wheelchair Access 2.3-6 Picture 2.3-6 Modern LRT Station in Strasbourg 2.3-13 Picture 2.3-7 Multiple entrances, LRV in Berlin 2.3-14 Picture 2.3-8 Touchless checking on board an LRV 2.3-14
vi 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW
$EEUHYLDWLRQV
/LVWRI$EEUHYLDWLRQV
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hapter 1 Introduction 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶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¶VWRXSJUDGHWKHVXEZD\VDQGUHWXUQWKHPWRD³VWDWHRI JRRG UHSDLU´ 7KLV LV WUXO\ DQ RXWVWDQGLQJ DFFRPSOLVKPHQW 7KLV 07$ SURJUDP LQFOXGHG RYHUKDXOLQJ WKH WUDFNV DQG VXEZD\ FDUV UHQRYDWLQJ LWV VWDWLRQV DQG NHHSLQJ WKHP IUHH RI JUDIILWLDVZHOODVLPSURYLQJVXEZD\SHUIRUPDQFH 7RJHWKHU ZLWK WKH VXFFHVVIXO LQWURGXFWLRQ RI 0HWUR&DUG DQ LQQRYDWLYH IDUH SROLF\ FRQFHSW WKDWUHSODFHVWKHIDPRXVWRNHQODVW\HDU¶VVXEZD\ULGHUVKLSUHFRUGHGWKH JUHDWHVW YROXPH VLQFH :LWK D JURZWK VLQFH DQG DQ GDLO\ LQFUHDVH RI ULGHUV IURP WR DORQH1HZ $37$ =XSDQ:HEHU S 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶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¶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¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU,QWURGXFWLRQ $IWHU QHZ LQLWLDWLYHV DQG PRYHPHQWV GHDOLQJ ZLWK WKH LQDGHTXDF\ RI SXEOLF WUDQVLW RQ 0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGHHYROYHGLQWKHODVWWKUHH\HDUVVHYHUDO/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWSRVVLELOLWLHV ZHUHGLVFXVVHG8QIRUWXQDWHO\PRVWRIWKHPZHUH UHMHFWHG DW SXEOLF KHDULQJV VR WKDW RQO\ RQH VHJPHQW LQ /RZHU 0DQKDWWDQ DQG WKH /RZHU (DVW 6LGH ZDV FRQVLGHUHG IRU IXUWKHU DQDO\VLV $W OHDVW WKLV RQH VHJPHQW LV LQFOXGHG LQ RQH RI WKUHH WUDQVLW LPSURYHPHQW DOWHUQDWLYHVSURSRVHGE\1HZ 7KH VWXG\ LQ KDQG LQWHQGV WR LGHQWLI\ WKH QHJOHFWHG SRVVLELOLWLHV IRU /LJKW 5DLO 7UDQVLW RQ 0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGHDQGH[DPLQHVDFRPSUHKHQVLYHOLQHWKDWZRXOGVHUYHWKHHQWLUH(DVW 6LGHRI0DQKDWWDQ 7KHVWXG\LVGLYLGHGLQWRWZRPDMRUVHFWLRQV7KHILUVWVHFWLRQ&KDSWHUSURYLGHVJHQHUDO LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW /57 LQFOXGLQJ WKH KLVWRU\ LQ WKH 86 LQ JHQHUDO DQG 1HZ 7KHVHFRQGVHFWLRQ&KDSWHUGHDOVZLWKWKHDFWXDOFDVHIRUOLJKWUDLORQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW 6LGH ,W EHJLQV ZLWK WKH GHVFULSWLRQ RI WKH 6WXG\ $UHD LGHQWLILHV DQG H[DPLQHV H[LVWLQJ SUREOHPVIRUPXODWHVREMHFWLYHVDQGSURSRVHVVROXWLRQV7KHFRUHRIWKLVVHFWLRQFRQVLVWVRI WKHGHVFULSWLRQDQGHYDOXDWLRQRIDOLJQPHQWDOWHUQDWLYHV)LQDOO\WKHUROHRIDQ(DVW6LGH/57 /LQHLQDEURDGHUFRQWH[WLVGLVFXVVHG 3DJH Chapter 2 The Light Rail Transit Mode 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶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¶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³VWUHHW UDLOZD\´ RSHQHG LQ 1HZ ,Q PRVW $PHULFDQ FLWLHV SDUWLFXODUO\ LQ WKH 1RUWK WUDPZD\ OLQHV VRRQ DSSHDUHG RQ PDMRU VWUHHWV DQG EHFDPH D PDMRU FRPSRQHQW LQ WKH VXEXUEDQ ODQGVFDSH RI WKH SRVW&LYLO :DU ERRP 7KH(IIRUWWR0HFKDQL]H6WUHHW7UDQVLW 7KHOLPLWDWLRQVRIWKHH[LVWLQJWUDQVLWV\VWHPZLWKLWVXQHFRQRPLFDOGHSHQGHQF\RQKRUVHV DVWKHSRZHUVRXUFHUHVXOWHGLQSUHVVXUHWRVHHNIXUWKHUGHYHORSPHQW8VLQJOLYHDQLPDOVIRU SRZHU SUHVHQWHG PDQ\ GLVDGYDQWDJHV VXFK DV WKH KLJK FRVW RI SXUFKDVLQJ IHHGLQJ DQG VWDEOLQJ KRUVHV ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKH LQHYLWDEOH SUREOHPV VWHPPLQJ IURP GHUDLOPHQWV JUDGLHQWVRSHUDWLRQLQVQRZDQGDVFKHGXOHGVSHHGRIXQGHUVL[PLOHVSHUKRXUWKHWUDQVLW RSHUDWRUVZHUHFRQIURQWHGZLWKDKLJKUDWHRIHTXLQHGHDWKFDXVHGE\GLVHDVH ,QWKH *UHDW (SL]RRWLF DQ HTXLQHLQIOXHQ]D HSLGHPLF FDXVHG WKH GHDWK RI KRUVHV LQ 1HZ 7KH VHDUFK IRU D UHSODFHPHQW WR KRUVHV TXLFNO\ WXUQHG WRZDUGV D ZHOOHVWDEOLVKHG SRZHU VRXUFHWKHVWHDPHQJLQH+LVWRULDQVSRLQWRXWWKDWDWYDULRXVWLPHVWKHUHPD\KDYHEHHQDV 39XFKLF S 4+LOWRQ'XH S 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH+LVWRU\RI7UROOH\V PDQ\ DV VWHDP WUDPV LQ WKH 86 PRVW RI WKHP XVHG DV OLJKW UDLOZD\V LQ VSDUVHO\ SRSXODWHGUXUDODUHDV 6LQFHWKHVWHDPWUDPVHPLWWHGDJUHDWDPRXQWRIQRLVHDQGGLUWFLWL]HQVDQGSROLF\PDNHUV ZHUHQRWDWDOOHQWKXVLDVWLFDERXWWKLVWHFKQRORJ\ )XUWKHUPRUHWKHKLJKIUHTXHQF\RIVWRSV UHTXLUHGE\WKHWUDP¶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¶VWHFKQRORJ\UDQDVD GHPRQVWUDWLRQ DW %HUOLQ¶V 7UDGH )DLU 'HYHORSHG DQG EXLOW E\ :HUQHU YRQ 6LHPHQV WKLVWHFKQRORJ\ZDVDUHVXOWRIUHVHDUFKDQGGHYHORSPHQWFRQGXFWHGIRUWKHG\QDPR DQG HOHFWULF PRWRU GXULQJ WKH ¶V $ORQJ ZLWK :HUQHU YRQ 6LHPHQV =7 *UDPPH &) %UXVKDQG3DFLQRWWLFRQWULEXWHGWRWKLVGHYHORSPHQW ,Q WKH ZRUOG¶V ILUVW UHJXODU RSHUDWLQJ HOHFWULF VWUHHWFDU OLQH GHYHORSHG E\ 6LHPHQV +DOVNHRSHQHGDW/LFKWHUIHOGHQHDU%HUOLQ6$QLPSRUWDQWLPSURYHPHQWRI6LHPHQV¶HOHFWULF VWUHHWFDUV\VWHPZDVGHPRQVWUDWHGDWWKH3DULV([SRVLWLRQRI7KLVOLQHZDVHTXLSSHG 59XFKLF S 6&DUWHU S 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH+LVWRU\RI7UROOH\V ZLWKDQRYHUKHDGFRRSHUZLUHFRQGXFWRUWKDWUHSODFHGWKHGDQJHURXVXVDJHRIWKHUXQQLQJ UDLOVDVSRVLWLYHDQGQHJDWLYHFRQGXFWRUV7KLVV\VWHPIRXQGLWVILUVWRSHUDWLRQDODSSOLFDWLRQ ZLWKWKHVWUHHWFDULQ&KDUORWWHQEXUJ%HUOLQ ,QWKH86HOHFWULFVWUHHWFDUGHYHORSPHQWEHJDQLQZLWK7KRPDV(GLVRQ¶VH[SHULPHQWDO UDLO FRQGXFWRU WUDPZD\ LQ KLV 0HQOR 3DUN 1HZ -HUVH\ IDFWRU\ ,Q WKH ILUVW UHJXODU HOHFWULFVWUHHWFDUVHUYLFHRSHQHGLQ&OHYHODQG2KLR7KHV\VWHPLQ&OHYHODQG XVHG D VPDOO ³SORXJK´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¶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¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH+LVWRU\RI7UROOH\V 7KH ODVW PDMRU WUROOH\ GHYHORSPHQW LQ WKH ILUVW KDOI RI WKH WK FHQWXU\ UHVXOWHG IURP WKH HIIRUWVRIWKHVWUHHWUDLOZD\RIILFLDOVLQWKH86ZKRUHFRJQL]HGWKHQHFHVVLW\IRUDQDGYDQFHG OHVVFRVWO\DQGVWDQGDUGL]HGUDLOYHKLFOH,QWKH ¶VWKHLUFRPPLWWHHGHYHORSHGJXLGHOLQHV IRU WKH 3&& 3UHVLGHQWV¶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¶VWKHGHPDQG IRU XUEDQ WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ VHUYLFH ZDV VKDUHG DPRQJ HOHFWULF UDLOZD\V EXVHV DQG DXWRPRELOHV 'XH WR WKHLU VORZ SHUIRUPDQFH LQ PL[HG VWUHHW WUDIILF DQG ZLWK WKH GUDPDWLF LQFUHDVH RI DXWRPRELOHRZQHUVKLSWUROOH\ULGHUVKLSOHYHOVEHJDQWRVWHDGLO\IDOO ³,Q.DQVDV&LW\LQ FDUVDQGWUROOH\VPRYHGDWWKHVDPHVSHHGWKURXJKGRZQWRZQ¶VUXVKKRXUWUDIILFEXWDWWZR PLOHVIURPWKHFLW\FHQWHUFDUVKDGJDLQHGDILYHPLQXWHDGYDQWDJHZKLFKH[SDQGHGWR PLQXWHVDWVHYHQPLOHV ,QWHUUDQWH ´10 $V D UHVXOW VWUHHW UDLOZD\ FRPSDQLHV ZHUH FRQIURQWHG ZLWK D GHFOLQH RI SURILWDELOLW\ ZKLFK FRXOGQRWEHEDODQFHGZLWKWKHLQFUHDVHRIIDUHVGXHWRIUDQFKLVHUHVWULFWLRQV11'XHWRPDQ\ FRUUXSWLRQ LQFLGHQWV D ZLGHVSUHDG GLVWUXVW HUXSWHG DJDLQVW WKH PDVVWUDQVLW FRPSDQLHV UHVXOWLQJ LQ ODFN RI SXEOLF VXSSRUW %RWWOHV 12 (TXLSPHQW FRQGLWLRQV GHWHULRUDWHG EHFDXVH RI GHIHUUHG PDLQWHQDQFH FDXVLQJ SDVVHQJHUV WR ORRN HOVHZKHUH IRU WKHLU WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ QHHGV %HWZHHQ DQG D WKLUG RI DOO WUDQVLW FRPSDQLHV ZHQW 89XFKLF S 986'27 S 10*RUGRQ S 1186'27 S 12*RUGRQ S 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH+LVWRU\RI7UROOH\V EDQNUXSW ,Q DGGLWLRQ WUROOH\ RSHUDWRUV ZHUH IDFHG ZLWK IXUWKHU HFRQRPLF SUREOHPV GXH WR WKH JUHDW GHSUHVVLRQ LQ WKH ¶V VR WKDW E\ WKH HQG RI ¶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¶V DQG ¶V WR SULYDWH PRGHV RI FRPSHWLQJ YHKLFXODU WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ RQ SXEOLF URDGV DQG KLJKZD\VOHGWRWKHGHFOLQHRIWKHWUROOH\ 13*RUGRQ S 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH+LVWRU\RI7UROOH\V +LVWRU\LQ1<&14 7KHKLVWRU\RIVXUIDFHUDLOZD\LQ1HZ 3XWWLQJ7UDFNVRQWRWKH6WUHHWV 7KHKLVWRU\RI1HZ 2SHUDWLQJRPQLEXVHVDQGKRUVHUDLOZD\VEHFDPHDSURILWDEOHEXVLQHVVUHVXOWLQJLQQXPHURXV FRPSDQLHVEDWWOLQJIRULWVFRQFHVVLRQV$WWKHWLPHDIUDJPHQWHGDQGVRPHWLPHVFRUUXSWFLW\ JRYHUQPHQWDZDUGHGLQDGHTXDWHIUDQFKLVHV ³%\JRLQJE\KRUVHFDUIURPULYHUWRULYHU RQWK6WUHHWPHDQWWRULGHRQIRXUGLIIHUHQWOLQHVHDFKZLWKDFKDQJHRIFDUVDQGDQRWKHU IDUH´16 'XULQJ WKLV SHULRG VHYHQWHHQ VXUIDFH DQG HOHYDWHG FRPSDQLHV RSHUDWHG LQGHSHQGHQWO\XQWLO ZKHQWKHLUQXPEHUXOWLPDWHO\LQFUHDVHGWRWZHQW\IRXU 147KHSULQFLSDOVRXUFHVIRUWKLVFKDSWHUDUH &KHDSH S -DFNVRQ S .DKQ S 1-,QWHUQDWLRQDO S 15&KHDSH S 16&KHDSH S 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH+LVWRU\RI7UROOH\V &RQGLWLRQV GLG QRW LPSURYH XQWLO WKH 0HWURSROLWDQ6WUHHW5DLOZD\V\QGLFDWHVWDUWHG WRWDNHRYHUVPDOOHURSHUDWRUV%\WKHWLPHLW DFTXLUHG WKH ODUJH UG $YHQXH V\VWHP LQ LW DFKLHYHG D YLUWXDO PRQRSRO\ FRQWUROOLQJ D QHWZRUN H[WHQGLQJ IURP 6RXWK )HUU\ WR 7DUU\WRZQ DQG :KLWH 3ODLQV LQ :HVWFKHVWHU 0DS %HVLGHVWKHDERYHPHQWLRQHGSUREOHPZKLFK ZDV FDXVHG E\ SULYDWHO\ UXQ WUDQVLW FRPSDQLHV DQRWKHU ZHOO NQRZQ WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ LVVXH HPHUJHG WKH EHWWHUPHQW RI IDFLOLWLHV JHQHUDWHV JUHDWHU WUDIILF DQG LQ WXUQ WKLV GLPLQLVKHV LPSURYHPHQW,Q/RZHU0DQKDWWDQZKLFKDW WKHWLPHZDVFRQVLGHUHGWKHFHQWHURIUHWDLO WUDYHOVSHHGVRIPRUHWKDQPLOHVSHUKRXU ZHUH XQDWWDLQDEOH IRU KRUVH FDUV 7KLV ZDV FDXVHGE\KHDY\WUDIILFDOUHDG\EORFNLQJWKH VWUHHWV17 0DS 7UROOH\ 1HWZRUN RI WKH 0HWURSROLWDQ 6WUHHW 5DLOZD\ &RPSDQ\ DW WKH WXUQ RI WKH FHQWXU\ 6RXUFH 1HZ 17&KHDSH S 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶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¶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¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH+LVWRU\RI7UROOH\V )LJXUH 7KH(OHFWULF&RQGXLW 6RXUFH 1HZ 7KHHQJLQHHUVDGDSWHGWKHHOHFWULFFRQGXLWV\VWHPDOUHDG\XVHGLQ%XGDSHVW7KLVPHWKRGRI FXUUHQW FROOHFWLRQ XVHG D ³SORZ´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¶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¶VVWUHHWFDUV\VWHPSHDNHGDWPLOHV NP DQGVWUHHWFDUVFDUULHG PRUH SDVVHQJHUV WKDQ ERWK WKH HOHYDWHG OLQHV DQG WKH VXEZD\V WKH 1HZ 3RVW 7KH'HFOLQHRI1<&¶V7UROOH\V 7KH GHFOLQH RI WUROOH\V LQ 1HZ ,Q ZKHQ1HZ 23.DKQ S 24-DFNVRQ S 25&KHDSH S 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH+LVWRU\RI7UROOH\V ,Q 1HZ 3LFWXUH 7HDULQJXS7UROOH\7UDFNV 261<6WUHHWFDU1HZV ,VVXHS 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH5HYLYDORI6WUHHWFDUV 7KHUHYLYDORI6WUHHWFDUV /LJKW5DLO7UDQVLW $OWKRXJKWKHHIIRUWVWRUHLQWURGXFHVXUIDFHUDLOZD\VDWWKHHQGRIWKH ¶VLVZLGHO\TXRWHG DVD³UHYLYDO´RUD³UHQDLVVDQFH´LWLVLQPDQ\ZD\VDQLQWURGXFWLRQRIDQHZV\VWHP7KLVLV HPSKDVL]HGE\WKHXVHRIDQHZWHUP:KDWRQFHKDGEHHQNQRZQDVDWUROOH\VWUHHWFDURU WUDPZD\LVQRZFRQVLGHUHGWREH³/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLW´ /57 7KH:RUOGZLGH,QWHUHVWLQ/57 'XULQJWKHVHFRQGKDOIRIWKHWKFHQWXU\WKHHFRQRP\RILQGXVWULDOQDWLRQVKDVEHHQJRLQJ WKURXJK DQ H[WHQGHG SHULRG RI VWUXFWXUDO FKDQJH DQG WKH SURIHVVLRQDO RU ³LQIRUPDWLRQ´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¶V LQWHUHVW LQ SXEOLF WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ ZDV VWLOO FRQFHQWUDWHG RQ FRQYHQWLRQDO UDLOUDSLGWUDQVLW$VWKLVVHUYLFHLVFDSLWDOLQWHQVLYHDQGEHVWVXLWHGIRUKLJKULGHUVKLSUDQJHV LW ZDV DSSOLFDEOH IRU RQO\ D OLPLWHG QXPEHU RI $PHULFDQ FLWLHV 6LPLODUO\ XQVXLWDEOH IRU ZLGHVSUHDG XVH ZHUH QHZ WUDQVLW PRGHV VXFK DV PRQRUDLOV UXEEHUWLUHG JXLGHG FDUV DQG SHUVRQDOUDSLGWUDQVLWV\VWHPVDVVKRZQE\JHQHUDOO\XQVXFFHVVIXOH[SHULPHQWDWLRQ2 1 /DQGJUDI S 286'27 S 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH5HYLYDORI6WUHHWFDUV ,Q WKH ¶V DORQJ ZLWK RWKHU VHUYLFHV DQG WHFKQLTXHV VXFK DV GHPDQGUHVSRQVLYH WUDQVSRUWDWLRQDQGSUHIHUHQWLDOWUHDWPHQWIRUEXVHVDQGFDUSRROVLQWHUHVWLQ/57JUHZDVD TXLFNO\LPSOHPHQWDEOH WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ VROXWLRQ ZKLFK PDGH PRUH HIILFLHQW XVH RI H[LVWLQJ WUDQVSRUWDWLRQLQIUDVWUXFWXUH3$GGLWLRQDOO\WKHQDWLRQDOLQWHUHVWLQHQHUJ\FRQVHUYDWLRQDVD UHVXOWRIWKHHQHUJ\FULVLVFRPELQHGZLWKWKHULVLQJFRQFHUQVDERXWWKHTXDOLW\RIXUEDQOLIH DQG WKH HQYLURQPHQW DW WKH HQG RI WKH ¶V VWLPXODWHG D UHQHZHG LQWHUHVW LQ YDULRXV WUDQVLWDOWHUQDWLYHVHYHQPRUH4 6XPPDUL]HG WKH VXFFHVV RI /57 KDV UHVXOWHG IURP LWV DELOLW\ WR PHHW WKUHH PDMRU QHHGV ORZFRVWFDSDFLW\VHUYLFHTXDOLW\DQGHQYLURQPHQWDODSSHDO5'HILQLWLRQVRI/57VKRZFOHDUO\ WKDW WKLV PRGH VKRXOG EH GLVWLQJXLVKHG IURP WKH ³ROGIDVKLRQHG´ WUROOH\ SDUWLFXODUO\ ZLWK UHIHUHQFHWRLWVXVHLQPL[HGWUDIILF ³OLJKWUDLOWUDQVLWDJHQHULFQDPHIRUDWUDQVLWPRGH FRQVLVWLQJ RI HOHFWULFDOO\ SRZHUHG VWHHOZKHHOHG UDLO YHKLFOHV RSHUDWLQJ SUHGRPLQDQWO\ RQ H[FOXVLYHULJKWVRIZD\´6 :KLOHVWUHHWUDLOZD\V\VWHPVYLUWXDOO\GLVDSSHDUHGLQPDQ\RIWKHZRUOG¶VODUJHVWFLWLHVOLNH /RQGRQ7RN\RDQG1HZ 386'27 S 486'27 S 5/DQGJUDI S 686'27 S 75|KOHHI /57&RQIHUHQFH%HUOLQ 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH5HYLYDORI6WUHHWFDUV /575HYLYDOLQWKH86 ,QWKH VRQO\HLJKW/57V\VWHPVLQWKH86DV0DSVKRZVKDGVXUYLYHGWKHZDYH RIWUROOH\DEDQGRQPHQWVIURPWKH ¶VWRWKH ¶V:LWKWKHH[FHSWLRQRIWKHV\VWHPLQ 1HZ 2UOHDQV DQG 3KLODGHOSKLD¶V 5HG $UURZ 'LYLVLRQ RQO\ 3&& FDUV ZHUH XVHG WR SURYLGH VWUHHWFDU VHUYLFH ,Q DERXW RI WKHP ZHUH VWLOO LQ VHUYLFH DQG ZDLWHG IRU UHSODFHPHQWWKURXJKVWDWHRIWKHDUWOLJKWUDLOYHKLFOHV 8 7KH,QWURGXFWLRQRI/57 7KHILUVWQHZ/57YHKLFOHVLQWKH86ZHUHRUGHUHGE\%RVWRQDQG6DQ)UDQFLVFRLQWKH ¶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¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH5HYLYDORI6WUHHWFDUV ([FHSWIRU6HDWWOHZKHUHQHZ/57OLQHVDUHLQDGHWDLOHGSODQQLQJVWDJH0DSVKRZV H[WHQVLRQV WR DOO H[LVWLQJ V\VWHPV WKDW DUH LQ D ILQDO GHVLJQ RU FRQVWUXFWLRQ SKDVH DV $GGLWLRQDOO\ WKLV PDS SRUWUD\V VHYHQ FLWLHV ZLWKRXW DQ H[LVWLQJ /LJKW 5DLO 6\VWHP ZKHUH SURMHFWVIRULPSOHPHQWDWLRQDUHLQWKHILQDOGHVLJQRUFRQVWUXFWLRQSKDVH 0DS 86&LWLHVZLWK/576\VWHPVLQ BostonBoston ClevelandCleveland BostonBoston PittsburghPittsburgh NewarkNewark SanSan FranciscoFrancisco PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia FortFort WorthWorth NewNew OrleansOrleans 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH5HYLYDORI6WUHHWFDUV 0DS 86&LWLHVZLWK/576\VWHPVLQ SeattleSeattle PortlandPortland PortlandPortland BuffaloBuffalo BostonBoston ClevelandCleveland BostonBoston PittsburghPittsburgh NewarkNewark SanSan FranciscoFrancisco DenverDenver PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia SacramentoSacramento St.St. LouisLouis BaltimoreBaltimore SanSan JoséJosé MemphisMemphis LosLos AngelesAngeles FortFort WorthWorth SanSan DiegoDiego DallasDallas NewNew OrleansOrleans 0DS )XWXUH'HYHORSPHQWRI/576\VWHPVLQWKH86 City - existing system, conceptual planning for further extension City - existing LRT system, final design or construction of extension City - final design or construction of a new LRT system SeattleSeattle Minneapolis/St.Minneapolis/St. PaulPaul PortlandPortland PortlandPortland MilwaukeeMilwaukee BuffaloBuffalo BostonBoston ClevelandCleveland PittsburghPittsburgh HartfordHartford SaltSalt LakeLake CityCity NewarkNewark SanSan FranciscoFrancisco SanSan FranciscoFrancisco DenverDenver PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia DenverDenver KansasKansas CityCity PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia SacramentoSacramento KansasKansas CityCity St.St. LouisLouis BaltimoreBaltimore SanSan JoséJosé NorfolkNorfolk MemphisMemphis LosLos AngelesAngeles FortFort WorthWorth SanSan DiegoDiego DallasDallas NewNew OrleansOrleans OrlandoOrlando 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH5HYLYDORI6WUHHWFDUV 7DEOH /576\VWHPVLQWKH86 Town/City11 Transit Agency Year of Year of Manufacturer of the latest System length One-way Line One-way Line Number of Percentage of Semi- Opening Extension LRT vehicles in route-miles in in km, 1995 in miles, 1995 cars in Exclusive and Non- 1976 (USDOT) (TRB) (TRB) operation, Exclusive under 35 1995 (TRB) MPH, 1996 (TRB) Baltimore MD Mass Transit Administration, Maryland DOT 1992 Adtranz 35.4 22 35 18% Boston MA Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority 1856 Kinki-Sharyo 28.5 40.1 24.9 220 42% Boston MA Mattapan Ashmont - 4.3 2.7 12 - Buffalo NY Niagara Frontier Transit Metro System 1984 Tokyu Car Corp. 10.3 6.4 27 20% Cleveland CH Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority 1913 1996 Breda, Tokyu Car Corp. 13.1 21.1 13.1 48 - Dallas TX Dallas Area Rapid Transit Authority 1996 Kinki-Sharyo ---- - Denver CO Regional Transportation District 1994 Siemens 8.5 5.3 11 - Fort Worth - -1.21.618- Los Angeles CA Los Angeles County Metropolitan 1990 Siemens 35.4 22 54 23% Transit Authority Memphis, TN Memphis Area Transit Authority 1993 - - 4.3 -- - New Orleans LA Regional Transit Authority of Orleans & Jefferson 1835 1990 CKD T6C5 Double-Ended 6.5148.741- Tram Newark NJ New Jersey Transit Corporation 1935 Kinki Sharyo, Alstom 4.2 6.9 4.3 24 - Philadelphia PA Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation 1906 Adranz 27 19.2 11.9 29 - Authority Philadelphia PA - 1858 - 82 35.9 22.3 112 - Pittsburgh PA Port Authority of Allegheny County 1859 1985 Siemens 24.9 31.2 19.4 71 - Portland OR Tri-County Metropolitan Transportation District of 1986 Bombardier, Siemens 24.3 15.1 26 52% Oregon Sacramento CA Sacramento Regional Transit District 1987 Siemens 29.5 18.3 36 26% San Diego CA San Diego Trolley 1981 1991 Siemens 55.4 34.4 71 11% San Francisco CA San Francisco Municipal Railway 1860 1980 Breda 36 39.1 24.4 128 74% San Jose CA Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority 1987 UTDC (Bombardier) 32.2 20 50 47% Seattle WA King County Department of Transportation 1982 - - 3.7 -- - St Louis MO Bi-State Development Agency 1993 Siemens 29 18 31 - Total 255.6 469.2 324.2 984 11*HQHUDO6RXUFH 75%/57QHZVS ,QWHUQHW ZZZWUDPZD\FRP ZZZDSWDFRP 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH5HYLYDORI6WUHHWFDUV ([LVWLQJ3ODQVIRU1HZ 7RWKLVGD\1HZ 0DS ([LVWLQJ/573ODQVIRU0DQKDWWDQ ∋∋∋ ∋∋∋ 49th49th StreetStreet TrolleyTrolley ∋ 49th49th StreetStreet TrolleyTrolley (CBT)(CBT)(CBT) 2nd2nd AvenueAvenue LRTLRT (CBT)(CBT)(CBT) MidtownMidtown LoopLoop (RPA)(RPA)(RPA) 42nd42nd StreetStreet LRTLRT (42nd(42nd(42nd St.St.St. Devlp.Devlp.Devlp. Corp.)Corp.)Corp.) 8th8th StreetStreet CorridorCorridor (VCTC)(VCTC)(VCTC) 11 milemile LowerLower EastEast SideSide 11 kmkm LRTLRT ShuttleShuttle (MTA)(MTA) LibertyLiberty LoopLoop (CBT)(CBT)(CBT) 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH5HYLYDORI6WUHHWFDUV 7KHQG6WUHHW/57/LQH 7KH PRVW DGYDQFHG SURSRVDO WR UHLQWURGXFH VWUHHWFDUV RQ 0DQKDWWDQ¶V VWUHHWV LV XQTXHVWLRQDEO\WKHQG6WUHHW/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLW/LQHSURMHFW)URPWKHEHJLQQLQJRI/57¶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¶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¶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¶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¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH5HYLYDORI6WUHHWFDUV XQXVHG FRQQHFWLRQ EHWZHHQ &DQDO DQG &HQWUH 6WUHHW VXEZD\V 7KH /59V ZRXOG XVH WKH HDVWHUQPRVWSODWIRUPVLQWKH1DVVDX6XEZD\¶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³1HZ 7KH/LEHUW\/RRS8 $V D WUROOH\ OLQH FLUFOLQJ LQ /RZHU 0DQKDWWDQ WKH /LEHUW\ /RRS VKRXOG OLQN EXVLQHVV UHVLGHQWLDOWRXULVWDQGWUDQVSRUWDWLRQKXEVLQ0DQKDWWDQ¶VGRZQWRZQ,QWKHVKDGRZRIWKH :RUOG7UDGH&HQWHUWKLVPLOHVORQJOLQHZRXOGVHUYH1HZ 71<6WUHHWFDU1HZV ,VVXHS 81<6WUHHWFDU1HZV ,VVXHS 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH5HYLYDORI6WUHHWFDUV 1H[W WR UHVLGHQWV DQG ZRUNHUV WKLV /LJKW 5DLO /LQH ZRXOG SURYLGH DQ DSSURSULDWH WUDQVSRUW IDFLOLW\IRUWRXULVWVYLVLWLQJWKHQXPHURXVDWWUDFWLRQVDQGKLVWRULFDOVLWHVRI/RZHU0DQKDWWDQ 2QH RI 1HZ 6HFRQG$YHQXH/57 &%7¶VPRVWH[WHQVLYH/57SURSRVHGIRU0DQKDWWDQLVWKHSODQIRUD6HFRQG$YHQXH/577KLV OLQH ZRXOG VHUYH WKH HQWLUH (DVW 6LGH RI 0DQKDWWDQ ZKLFK LV LQ WHUPV RI VXEZD\ DFFHVVLELOLW\LVWKHOHDVWWUDQVLWGHYHORSHGDUHDLQ0DQKDWWDQ7KHVXJJHVWHGOLQHZRXOGUXQ IURP WKH 0HWUR 1RUWK &RPPXWHU 5DLO 6WDWLRQ DW 3DUN $YHQXH DQG WK 6WUHHW LQ +DUOHP DORQJ WKH HQWLUH OHQJWK RI 6HFRQG $YHQXH WKURXJK WKH /RZHU (DVW 6LGH DQG &KLQDWRZQ HQGLQJDW)XOWRQ6WUHHWZKHUHLWZRXOGFRQQHFWZLWK&%7¶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³0DNLQJ 7UDFNV´ HYHU\ WKUHH PRQWKV PDLQO\WRFRPPXQLW\OHDGHUVDQGWRUHWDLOEXVLQHVVHVORFDWHGDORQJWKHSURSRVHG/57OLQH 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH5HYLYDORI6WUHHWFDUV ³0DNLQJ7UDFNV´SURYLGHVLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHSURSRVHGWUROOH\OLQHDVZHOODVWKHKLVWRU\ RIWUROOH\VLQWKHDUHDDQGJHQHUDOWHFKQLFDOLQIRUPDWLRQDERXW/57 9&7&¶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³ZLOO SURYLGH ERWK FRQYHQLHQW WUDQVSRUWDWLRQWRDQGEHWZHHQH[LVWLQJUHWDLOVKRSSLQJDUHDVDQGDFFHVVIURPWUDQVLWVWDUYHG UHVLGHQWLDODUHDVWRUDSLGWUDQVLWOLQHVVHUYLQJWKHHQWLUHFLW\´9 7KHOLQHZRXOGVHUYHPDMRUFRQFHQWUDWLRQVRIVPDOOVKRSVJDOOHULHVERXWLTXHVRII%URDGZD\ WKHDWHUV UHVWDXUDQWV DQG FDIpV $GGLWLRQDOO\ LW ZRXOG OLQN WKH (DVW 5LYHU 3DUN 7RPSNLQV :DVKLQJWRQ DQG 6KHULGDQ 6TXDUHV DV ZHOO DV HGXFDWLRQDO LQVWLWXWLRQV VXFK DV 1HZ 90DNLQJ7UDFNV ,VVXHS 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH5HYLYDORI6WUHHWFDUV 7KH&URVVWRZQ/RRS10 7KH 5HJLRQDO 3ODQ $VVRFLDWLRQ 53$ RQH RI WKH PDMRU QRQJRYHUQPHQWDO SODQQLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQVLQ1HZ 7KHSURSRVHG/LQHZRXOGUXQDORQJ%URDGZD\VWDUWLQJDW/LQFROQ&HQWHU :HVWWK6WUHHW FLUFOLQJ&ROXPEXV&LUFOHFURVVLQJ7LPHV6TXDUHDQGWXUQLQJHDVWLQWRWK6WUHHWDW+HUDOG 6TXDUH ,W ZRXOG IROORZ WK 6WUHHW WR WKH +XGVRQ 5LYHU DQG FRQWLQXH DORQJ WK $YHQXH QRUWKERXQGWRQG6WUHHWZKHUHLWZRXOGFRQQHFWZLWKWKHQG6WUHHW/57OLQH 7KHVHFWLRQDORQJ%URDGZD\IURP/LQFROQ&HQWHUWR+HUDOG6TXDUHZRXOGEHUHDOL]HGE\WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIDWUDQVLWPDOOFORVHGIRUYHKLFXODUWUDIILF2QWK6WUHHWDQGWK$YHQXH WKH/57OLQHZRXOGUXQRQWKHVWUHHWDORQJZLWKH[LVWLQJWUDIILF 7KLV FURVVWRZQ /57 ORRS ZRXOG ³VHUYH WR FRQQHFW DOO WKH HOHPHQWV RI WKH H[LVWLQJ WUDQVLW V\VWHP´ DW VWUHHW OHYHO %HVLGH DOO 0LGWRZQ VXEZD\ OLQHV WKLV LQFOXGHV 0HWUR 1RUWK DW *UDQG&HQWUDO7HUPLQDO $PWUDN/RQJ,VODQG5DLOURDGDQG-HUVH\7UDQVLWDW3HQQ6WDWLRQDV ZHOODVWKH3$7+WUDLQRQUG6WUHHW ,QDGGLWLRQWR/57VHUYLFHRQQG6WUHHWWKH/RRSZRXOGDOVRVHUYHWKH-DYLWV&RQYHQWLRQ &HQWHU WKH SODQQHG +XGVRQ 5LYHU (VSODQDGH 0DF\¶V 0DGLVRQ 6TXDUH *DUGHQ WKH (PSLUH 6WDWH %XLOGLQJ &HQWUDO 3DUN DQG /LQFROQ &HQWHU 7KHUHIRUH WKH ³&URVVWRZQ /RRS´ ZRXOG HQFRPSDVVDOOEXVLQHVVUHVLGHQWLDOWUDQVSRUWDWLRQHQWHUWDLQPHQWDQG FXOWXUDO HOHPHQWV LQ 0DQKDWWDQ¶V0LGWRZQ 10 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRI/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLW &KDUDFWHULVWLFVRI/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLW 7KHLQWURGXFWLRQRIWKHQHZWHUP³/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLW´EHLQJXVHGIRUZKDWRQFHZDVNQRZQ DV D WUROOH\ VWUHHWFDU RU WUDP FDXVHG QRW RQO\ FXULRVLW\ DQG LQWHUHVW LQ WKLV ³PRGHUQ´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¶VLQWKH86DQGWKRVHLQ(XURSH7KRVHLQ1RUWK $PHULFDDUHXVXDOO\KHDYLHUDQGGHVLJQHGIRUH[FOXVLYHULJKWRIZD\ZLWKKLJKHUVSHHGV,Q (XURSHRSHUDWLRQZLWKORZIORRUOLJKWHUDQGVORZHUYHKLFOHVLVPRUHFRPPRQ 1 6FKXPDQQ7LGULFN S 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRI/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLW 3LFWXUH 7KH*UHQREOH/59 )LJXUH 'LPHQVLRQVRIWKH*UHQREOH/59 'LPHQVLRQVDQG:HLJKWV 7KH IROORZLQJ )LJXUH VKRZV D W\SLFDO H[DPSOH RI DQ (XURSHDQ ORZIORRU /59 VHH 'LJUHVVLRQ /RZ)ORRUDWWKHHQGRIWKLVFKDSWHU $OHQJWKEHWZHHQWRIHHW WR PHWHUV LVDOVRFRPPRQIRU86/59¶V FRPSDUHZLWK)LJXUH 9HKLFOHVDUHW\SLFDOO\WR IHHW WR PHWHUV LQ ZLGWK DQG GR QRW H[FHHG IHHW PHWHUV LQ KHLJKW 9HKLFOHZHLJKWVXVXDOO\YDU\IURPWRWRQV 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRI/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLW &DSDFLW\DQG(QWUDQFHV $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH YHKLFOH¶V OHQJWK FDSDFLW\ RI /59¶V YDULHV H[WHQVLYHO\ 6KRUWHU 9HKLFOHV SURYLGH VSDFH IRU XS WR SDVVHQJHUV ZLWK VHDWV ORQJ WUDLQV FDUU\ XS WR SDVVHQJHUV ZLWK VHDWV $ W\SLFDO PD[LPXP FDSDFLW\ RI D VLQJOH DUWLFXODWHG OLJKW UDLO YHKLFOHLVWRSDVVHQJHUV 0RVW/59¶VKDYHGRRUVRQRQHVLGHZKLFKDOORZVRQO\RQHRSHUDWLQJGLUHFWLRQ7KHVHYHKLFOHV KDYHWREHRSHUDWHGDURXQGDORRSWUDFNDWWKHWHUPLQXV7\SLFDOO\DYHKLFOHKDVIURPWR GRRUV$OWHUQDWLYHO\OLJKWUDLOYHKLFOHVPD\EHELGLUHFWLRQDOZLWKGRRUVRQERWKVLGHV 3URSXOVLRQ /LJKW UDLO YHKLFOHV DUH W\SLFDOO\ HOHFWULFDOO\ SRZHUHG 7KLV W\SH RI SURSXOVLRQ SURYLGHV DQ ³H[FHOOHQWG\QDPLFSHUIRUPDQFHRIYHKLFOHV´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ð PSKSV )RU HPHUJHQF\ EUDNLQJDGHFHOHUDWLRQRIPVHFð PSKSV LVPDGHSRVVLEOHWKURXJKWZREUDNHVD SK\VLFDORQHDQGDHOHFWURPDJQHWLFRQH 7XUQLQJUDGLLUDQJHIURPDPLQLPXPRI IHHW PHWHUV WRDPD[LPXPRIIHHW PHWHUV 3 29XFKLF S 3+DELE5RVHQ S, 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRI/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLW ',*5(66,21 /RZIORRUVDQLPSRUWDQWTXDOLW\ ([DPSOHRIDQ/RZ)ORRU/LJKW5DLO9HKLFOH3RUWODQG 6LHPHQV 3LFWXUH /59LQ3RUWODQG 'LPHQVLRQVDQG:HLJKWV /HQJWK IHHW P :LGWK IHHW LQFKHV )ORRUKHLJKW LQFKHV LQFKHV :HLJKW W 3HUIRUPDQFH 0D[LPXP6SHHG PSK NPK 6HUYLFH$FFHOHUDWLRQ PSKV PVð &DSDFLW\ 1XPEHURI6HDWV 7RWDO3DVVHQJHUV 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRI/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLW ([DPSOHRIDQ/RZ)ORRU/LJKW5DLO9HKLFOH,QFHQWUR $GWUDQ] 3LFWXUH ,QFHQWUR/59 $GWUDQ] 'LPHQVLRQVDQG:HLJKWV /HQJWK IHHW P IHHW P :LGWK IHHW P IHHW P )ORRUKHLJKW LQFKHV PP :HLJKW WW 3HUIRUPDQFH 0D[LPXP6SHHG PSK NPK 6HUYLFH$FFHOHUDWLRQ PSKV PVð &DSDFLW\ 1XPEHURI6HDWV 7RWDO3DVVHQJHUV 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRI/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLW 0RGHUQORZIORRUUDLOYHKLFOHV /)/59V ILUVWHQWHUHGUHYHQXHVHUYLFHLQ(XURSHGXULQJWKH PLG ¶V4 ,Q WKH 86 PDQXIDFWXUHUV ZHUH FRQFHUQHG ZKHWKHU /)/59¶V FRXOG PHHW WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV IRU ERWK KLJKHU FDUERG\ VWUHQJWK DQG KLJKHU RSHUDWLQJ VSHHGV ,Q 3RUWODQGZDVWKHILUVW86FLW\WRRSHUDWH/)/59¶V5DOWKRXJKQRWORZIORRU /RZIORRUVDUHW\SLFDOO\LQFKHV PP RUOHVVDERYHWKHWRSRIUDLO 725 FRPSDUHG WR LQFKHV PP RU PRUH IRU KLJK IORRUV 2QO\ D VLQJOH VWHS LV QHHGHG WR ERDUG /)/59¶VIURPFXUEOHYHOFRPSDUHGZLWKWKUHHRUIRXUVWHSVIRUFRQYHQWLRQDO/59V,QVWDOOLQJ SODWIRUPVZKLFKPLJKWEHVRPHWKLQJDVVLPSOHDVDUDLVHGFXUEFDQSURYLGHOHYHOERDUGLQJ RIWKH/)/59 6)XUWKHUPRUHZKHHOFKDLUDFFHVVDVZHOODVEDE\FDUULDJHDQGELNHDFFHVVLV VLJQLILFDQWO\LPSURYHG 3LFWXUH /57DQG%LNH$FFHVV 3LFWXUH :KHHOFKDLU$FFHVV 43RUWHU S 53RUWHU S 6=HEDUWK S 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRI/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLW 7KHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKHORZIORRUFRQFHSWLVDOVRH[SUHVVHGE\WKHPRVWFRPPRQGLVWLQFWLRQRI /59¶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¶V FXUUHQWO\ FRVW PRUH WKDQ WUDGLWLRQDO /59¶V 7KH KLJKHU FRVW PD\ EH RIIVHW E\ OHVV FDSLWDO FRVW IRU VWDWLRQV QRW UHTXLULQJ KLJK SODWIRUPV DQG ORZHU RSHUDWLQJ FRVW GXH WR UHGXFHGURXQGWULSWLPHVEHFDXVHRIIDVWHUERDUGLQJ)XUWKHUPRUH/)/59¶VDUHDSSUHFLDWHGE\ WKHSXEOLFVRWKDWDQLQFUHDVHLQULGHUVKLSLVSRVVLEOH 8 2EVWDFOHVIRUWKH,QWURGXFWLRQRI/RZ)ORRU/59WR1RUWK$PHULFD 2SHUDWLQJVSHHG 0DQ\(XURSHDQ/)/59VOLNHWKH³,QFHQWUR´/59 3LFWXUH DUHGHVLJQHGIRURSHUDWLQJ VSHHGV XS WR NPK PSK ZKLFK LV VXEVWDQWLDOO\ ORZHU WKDQ VRPH 1RUWK $PHULFDQ WUDQVLWV\VWHPV:KHQRSHUDWLQJHQWLUHO\LQFLW\VWUHHWVZLWKIUHTXHQWVWRSVDVLVFRPPRQLQ (XURSHKLJKHUVSHHGVDUHQRWQHFHVVDU\9 7=HEDUWK S 8=HEDUWK S 9=HEDUWK S 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRI/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLW &RPSOLDQFHZLWK1RUWK$PHULFDQ6SHFLILFDWLRQV 6RIDULPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI&DWHJRU\ORZIORRU/59VLQ1RUWK$PHULFDQFLWLHVKDVQRWWDNHQ SODFHEHFDXVHRIGLIILFXOWLHVWRDFKLHYHWKH1RUWK$PHULFDQVSHFLILFDWLRQV7ZRDVSHFWVDUH FRQVLGHUHGWREHWKHPRVWH[SHQVLYHWRPHHWEXIIORDGDQGILUHUHVLVWDQFH $%XII/RDGDQG&RPSUHVVLRQ6WUHQJWK $VWKHVWDWLFORQJLWXGLQDOIRUFHWKDWDUDLOYHKLFOH³PXVWEHFDSDEOHRIZLWKVWDQGLQJZLWKRXW SHUPDQHQW GHIRUPDWLRQ´10 EXII ORDGV LQ 1RUWK $PHULFD YDU\ IURP WR RI WKH YHKLFOH¶VWDUHZHLJKW7KLVLVGXHWRWKHUHTXLUHPHQWWRLQWHUDFWZLWKDQ\RWKHUYHKLFOHXVLQJ WKHVDPHULJKWRIZD\%XIIORDGVRIPRVWORZIORRU/59DUHEHWZHHQDQGRIWDUH ZHLJKW 1HZ H[FOXVLYH ULJKWRIZD\ /57 V\VWHPV DUH IUHH WR VSHFLI\ ORZHU EXII ORDGV 7KHUH LV QR WHFKQLFDO UHDVRQ WR PDNH /59V VWURQJHU WKDQ WKH KHDYLHVW YHKLFOHV ZLWK ZKLFK WKH\ VKDUH WKHLURSHUDWLQJVSDFHQDPHO\EXVHVRUWUXFNV+RZHYHUWUDQVLWRSHUDWRUV³ZLOOSUREDEO\QRW ZDQWWRGHJUDGHWKHFRPSUHVVLRQVWUHQJWKVWDQGDUGRISUHYLRXVYHKLFOHVSHFLILFDWLRQVIRUIHDU RIOHJDOUHSHUFXVVLRQVLQWKHHYHQWRIDQDFFLGHQWWKDWFDXVHVLQMXU\´11 %)LUH5HVLVWDQFH 7KHPRVWGLIILFXOWFKDOOHQJHZLWK1RUWK$PHULFDQVSHFLILFDWLRQVIRUILUHUHVLVWDQFHVHHPVWR EH WKH IORRU ILUH UHVLVWDQFH RI (XURSHDQ /59V $OXPLQXP WKH SULQFLSDO PDWHULDO XVHG IRU WKHVHIORRUVKDVDORZPHOWLQJSRLQWDQGWRGDWHFDQQRWPHHWWKHSHUWLQHQWUHTXLUHPHQWV12 1075% D6 1175% D6 1275% D6 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶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¶V GRPLQDWH IXQFWLRQ LV WR FRQWURO WKH YHKLFOHV VSHHG 7KH PDLQ SULQFLSOH RI UDLO WHFKQRORJ\DUHWKHYHKLFOH¶VIODQJHGFRQLFDOVKDSHGVWHHOZKHHOVUXQQLQJRQWZRVWHHOUDLOV 7KHW\SHRIUDLOJXLGDQFHXVHGIRU/57SURYLGHVWKHIROORZLQJDGYDQWDJHV 1 • /RZHVWHQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQSHUWRQRIZHLJKWGXHWRH[WUHPHO\ORZUROOLQJUHVLVWDQFH RIVWHHORQVWHHOFRQWDFW • *UHDWHU SHUIRUPDQFH DQG VWURQJHU LGHQWLW\ ZKLFK LV LPSRUWDQW IRU KLJK SDVVHQJHU DWWUDFWLRQDQGLPSDFWRQXUEDQGHYHORSPHQW • 7KH RQO\ JXLGDQFH WHFKQRORJ\ WKDW DOORZV ERWK DWJUDGH FURVVLQJV DQG RQVWUHHW UXQQLQJ • /RZPDLQWHQDQFHUHTXLUHPHQWVDQGKLJKGXUDELOLW\ • 5HODWLYHLQGHSHQGHQFHIURPZHDWKHUFRQGLWLRQV • 6WDEOHVPRRWKULGLQJFRPIRUW • 6LPSOHVWIDLOVDIHDQGIDVWHVWVZLWFKLQJRIDOOJXLGHGWHFKQRORJLHV • 3HUPLWVXWLOL]DWLRQRIHOHFWULFWUDFWLRQ 1 9XFKLF 6I 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRI/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLW 1HJDWLYHVRIWKLVWHFKQRORJ\DUH 2 • 5DLOJXLGDQFHUHTXLUHVKLJKHULQYHVWPHQWFRVWV • 7KHJXLGHZD\QHWZRUNUHVWULFWVPRYHPHQWRIYHKLFOHV • 7KHORZHUDGKHVLRQFRHIILFLHQWRIVWHHORQVWHHOFRPSDUHGWRUXEEHURQGU\FRQFUHWH VXUIDFHUHVXOWVLQDGLPLQLVKHGJUDGLHQWDQGEUDNLQJSHUIRUPDQFH ,Q PRVW FDVHV WKH VWDQGDUG UDLOURDG JDXJH RI IHHW LQFK P LV XVHG IRU /57 V\VWHPV7RGDPSHQVRXQGDQGYLEUDWLRQXVXDOO\/57WUDFNVLQURDGZD\SDYHPHQWDUHODLG RQDFRQFUHWHEDVHZLWKDQLQWHUPHGLDWHOD\HURIDVSKDOWIRUDIOH[LEOHFRQQHFWLRQ3'LIIHUHQW W\SHVRIIOH[LEOHWUDFNVLQSDYHPHQWDUHVKRZQLQ)LJXUH )LJXUH 'LIIHUHQWW\SHVRIIOH[LEOHWUDFNVLQSDYHPHQW 6RXUFH Ã9XFKLF 29XFKLF 6I 39XFKLF 6 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRI/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLW (OHFWULFLW\6XSSO\ 7RSURYLGHHOHFWULFLW\IRUWKHHOHFWULFSRZHUHG/59VDSRZHUGLVWULEXWLRQV\VWHPLVHVVHQWLDO 7KLV V\VWHP FRQWDLQV WKUHH PDMRU HOHPHQWV WUDFWLRQ SRZHU VXEVWDWLRQV IHHGHU FDEOHV DQG WKHRYHUKHDGZLUHV\VWHP )LJXUH Electric Power Plant Distribution network (ac) Substations Subdivision I Subdivision II )LJXUH 7UDQVLW/LQH3RZHU'LVWULEXWLRQ6\VWHP 6RXUFH Ã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¶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¶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¶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¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRI/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLW 9HKLFOH7UDYHO&RQWURO 0RVW /57 V\VWHPV XVH YLVXDO YHKLFOH FRQWURO DV WKH FRQWURO PHWKRG 7KH GULYHU¶V YLVLRQ LV XWLOL]HG WR FRQWURO VSHHG GULYLQJ RU VWRSSLQJ 7KHUHIRUH WKLV PHWKRG LV RQO\ DV VDIH DV WKH GULYHU¶VFDSDELOLWLHVDQGMXGJPHQW7KHGULYHUFDQFKRRVHDQ\GLVWDQFHWRWKHYHKLFOHGULYLQJ DKHDG DQG FRQVHTXHQWO\ D KLJK FDSDFLW\ FDQ EH DFKLHYHG WKURXJK VKRUW KHDGZD\V 7KLV KRZHYHUOHDGVWRORZVSHHGVZKHQFDSDFLW\OHYHOLVDSSURDFKHGÃ 6ZLWFK3RLQW3RVLWLRQLQJ ,Q FRQWUDVW WR PRVW RWKHU UDLO V\VWHPV ZKHUH VZLWFKSRLQW SRVLWLRQLQJ LV HLWKHU GRQH UHPRWHO\ E\ D FHQWUDO FRQWURO WUDLQ GLVSDWFKHU RU DXWRPDWLFDOO\ E\ SUHSURJUDPPHG VLJQDOV IURPYHKLFOHVWKH/59GULYHUXVXDOO\RSHUDWHVVZLWFKHVWKURXJKDUHPRWHHOHFWULFDOFRQWURO WKDWVWDUWVDQHOHFWULFPRWRURQWKHVZLWFKSRLQWPHFKDQLVP 9XFKLF S 9XFKLF S 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶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³([FOXVLYH $OLJQPHQWV XVH IXOO JUDGH VHSDUDWLRQ RI ERWK PRWRU YHKLFOH DQG SHGHVWULDQFURVVLQJIDFLOLWLHVWKHUHE\HOLPLQDWLQJJUDGHFURVVLQJDQGRSHUDWLQJFRQIOLFWVDQG PD[LPL]LQJVDIHW\DQGRSHUDWLQJVSHHGV´ 75% DS 75% DS 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRI/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLW 7\SH E ³6HPLH[FOXVLYH DOLJQPHQWV XVH OLPLWHG JUDGH FURVVLQJV WKHUHE\ PLQLPL]LQJ FRQIOLFWVRQWKRVHVHJPHQWVZKHUHFRQIOLFWVFDQQRWEHHOLPLQDWHGHQWLUHO\2SHUDWLQJVSHHGV RQVHJPHQWVRWKHUWKDQWKRVHZKHUHDXWRPDWLFJDWHVDUHLQVWDOOHGDUHJRYHUQHGE\YHKLFOH VSHHGOLPLWVRQWKHVWUHHWVRUKLJKZD\V2QVHJPHQWV RI WKLV W\SH RI DOLJQPHQW ZKHUH WKH ULJKWRIZD\LVIHQFHGRSHUDWLQJVSHHGVDUHPD[LPL]HG KRZHYHUWKHVHKLJKHUVSHHGVDUH W\SLFDOO\PDLQWDLQHGIRUVKRUWHUGLVWDQFHVRIWHQRQVHJPHQWVEHWZHHQJUDGHFURVVLQJV´ 7\SH F ³1RQH[FOXVLYH DOLJQPHQWV DOORZ IRU PL[HG IORZ RSHUDWLRQ ZLWK PRWRU YHKLFOHV RU SHGHVWULDQV UHVXOWLQJ LQ KLJKHU OHYHO RI RSHUDWLQJ FRQIOLFWV DQG ORZHUVSHHG RSHUDWLRQV 7KHVH DOLJQPHQWV DUH RIWHQ IRXQG LQ GRZQWRZQ DUHDV ZKHUH WKHUH LV ZLOOLQJQHVV WR IRUJR RSHUDWLQJVSHHGVLQRUGHUWRDFFHVVDUHDVZLWKKLJKSRSXODWLRQGHQVLW\DQGPDQ\SRWHQWLDO ULGHUV´ 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRI/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLW 7DEOHD /57$OLJQPHQW&ODVVLILFDWLRQ &/$66 &$7(*25< '(6&5,37,212)$&&(66&21752/ ([FOXVLYH 7\SHD $ULJKWRIZD\ZLWKRXWDWJUDGHFURVVLQJWKDWLVVHSDUDWHGRUSURWHFWHGE\ D IHQFH RU VXEVWDQWLDO EDUULHU DV DSSURSULDWH WR WKH ORFDWLRQ LQFOXGHV VXEZD\VDQGDHULDOVWUXFWXUHV 3HGHVWULDQVELF\FOHVDQGPRWRUYHKLFOHV DUHSURKLELWHGZLWKLQWKLVULJKWRIZD\ 6HPL 7\SHE $ ULJKWRIZD\ ZLWK DWJUDGH DXWRPRELOH ELF\FOH DQGRU SHGHVWULDQ ([FOXVLYH FURVVLQJVSURWHFWHGEHWZHHQFURVVLQJVE\IHQFLQJRUVXEVWDQWLDOEDUULHUV LIDSSURSULDWHWRWKHORFDWLRQ0RWRUYHKLFOHVELF\FOHVDQGRUSHGHVWULDQV FURVVWKLVULJKWRIZD\DWGHVLJQDWHGORFDWLRQVRQO\ 7\SHE $Q /57 DOLJQPHQW ZLWKLQ D VWUHHW ULJKWRIZD\ EXW SURWHFWHG E\ LQFK KLJKFXUEVDQGIHQFHVEHWZHHQFURVVLQJV7KHIHQFHVDUHORFDWHGRXWVLGH WKH WUDFNV 0RWRU YHKLFOHV ELF\FOHV DQG SHGHVWULDQV FURVV WKLV ULJKWRI ZD\DWGHVLJQDWHGORFDWLRQVRQO\ 7\SHE $Q /57 DOLJQPHQW ZLWKLQ D VWUHHW ULJKWRIZD\ EXW SURWHFWHG E\ LQFK KLJKFXUEVEHWZHHQFURVVLQJV$IHQFHPD\EHORFDWHGEHWZHHQWKH WUDFNV0RWRUYHKLFOHVELF\FOHVDQGSHGHVWULDQVFURVVWKLVULJKWRIZD\DW GHVLJQDWHGORFDWLRQVRQO\ 7\SHE $Q/57DOLJQPHQWZLWKLQDVWUHHWULJKWRIZD\EXWVHSDUDWHGE\PRXQWDEOH FXUEV VWULSLQJ DQGRU ODQH GHVLJQDWLRQ 0RWRU YHKLFOHV ELF\FOHV DQG SHGHVWULDQVFURVVWKLVULJKWRIZD\DWGHVLJQDWHGORFDWLRQVRQO\ 7\SHE $Q/57DOLJQPHQWZLWKLQDQ/57SHGHVWULDQPDOOULJKWRIZD\DGMDFHQWWR DSDUDOOHOURDGZD\WKDWLVSK\VLFDOO\VHSDUDWHGE\DLQFKRUKLJKHUFXUE 7KH /57 ULJKWRIZD\ LV W\SLFDOO\ GHOLQHDWHG E\ GLVFHUQLEOH YLVXDO DQG WH[WXUDO SDYHPHQW PDUNLQJV DQGRU VWULSLQJ 0RWRU YHKLFOHV DQG ELF\FOHV FURVV WKH /57SHGHVWULDQ PDOO ULJKWRIZD\ DW GHVLJQDWHG ORFDWLRQV RQO\ SHGHVWULDQV FURVV WKH /57 ULJKWRIZD\ IUHHO\ DQG FURVV WKH SDUDOOHO URDGZD\DWGHVLJQDWHGORFDWLRQV 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶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¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRI/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLW )LJXUH 6HPL([FOXVLYH$OLJQPHQWV 6RXUFH 75% 7\SHE 7\SHE 7\SHE 7\SHE 7\SHE 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRI/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLW )LJXUH 1RQ([FOXVLYH$OLJQPHQWV 6RXUFH 75% 7\SHF 0L[HG7UDIILF 7\SHF 7UDQVLW0DOO 7\SHF /573HGHVWULDQ0DOO 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRI/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLW 7KHUROHRI/57DVSDUWRIDWUDQVLWV\VWHP 7REHWWHUGHVFULEHWKHIXUWKHUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRI OLJKW UDLO WUDQVLW D FRPSDUDWLYH GHVFULSWLRQ ZDVFKRVHQ$FFRUGLQJWRWKHDOUHDG\GHVFULEHGIHDWXUHVWKHDGYDQWDJHVDQGGLVDGYDQWDJHV RI /57 DV D WUDQVLW FRPSRQHQW EHFRPHV REYLRXV WKURXJK D FRPSDULVRQ ZLWK WKH WZR PRVW FRPPRQWUDQVLWPRGHV WKHEXVDQGWKHVXEZD\7KLVFRPSDULVRQLVGRQHIRUWKHIROORZLQJ FDWHJRULHV FDSDFLW\ VHUYLFH HQYLURQPHQW HFRQRP\ WUDIILF LVVXHV VDIHW\ VHFXULW\ DQG VRFLDO LVVXHV 7KLV FKDSWHU LV VXPPDUL]HG LQ 7DEOH DQG DW WKH HQG RI WKLV SDUDJUDSK ,QJHQHUDODPDMRUDGYDQWDJHRI/57RYHUWKHEXVLVLWVSRSXODULW\,Q(XURSHDQLQFUHDVH LQ ULGHUVKLS RI WR LV XVXDOO\ UHDOL]HG DIWHU UHSODFLQJ EXV VHUYLFH ZLWK /571 8QTXHVWLRQDEOHOHVVIOH[LELOLW\LVLWVPDMRUGLVDGYDQWDJH &RPSDUHG WR WKH VXEZD\ /57 RIIHUV WKH DGYDQWDJHV RI D VXUIDFH WUDQVLW V\VWHP EXW UHTXLUHVFKDQJHVLQVWUHHWXVH &$3$&,7< $ NH\ FKDUDFWHULVWLF RI D WUDQVLW PRGH LV FDSDFLW\ GHILQHG DV WKH DPRXQW RI SHUVRQV WKDW FRXOGEHVHUYHGLQRQHGLUHFWLRQZLWKLQDFHUWDLQWLPHSHULRG QRUPDOO\DQKRXURUDGD\ 7\SLFDO WKH PD[LPXP FDSDFLW\ RI /57 LV EHWZHHQ WR SDVVHQJHUV DQ KRXU GHSHQGLQJRQWKHWUDLQOHQJWK2/57VHUYLFHEHFRPHVOHVVFRVWO\WRRSHUDWHWKDQEXVVHUYLFH ZKHQ SDVVHQJHU GHPDQG UHDFKHV RU PRUH SDVVHQJHUV SHU GD\ 7DEOH 3 +RZHYHU RSHUDWLQJ FRVWV IRU EXVHV LQ WKH 86 DUH OHVV H[SHQVLYH FRPSDUHG WR (XURSH EHFDXVHRIWKUHHWLPHVORZHUJDVROLQHSULFHV $VH[SHULHQFHKDVVKRZQEXVV\VWHPVRSHUDWLRQLQVXUIDFHVWUHHWVKDYHGLIILFXOW\RSHUDWLQJ HIILFLHQWO\ ZKHQ SDVVHQJHU YROXPHV H[FHHG WR SHUVRQV SHU KRXU SHU GLUHFWLRQ 1/XGZLJ S 275% ES 3/XGZLJ S 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRI/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLW SSKSG ZKLOHWKHPLQLPXPSDVVHQJHUGHPDQGWRZDUUDQWDVXEZD\V\VWHPLVUHSRUWHGWR EHWRSSKSG/57ILWVLQWRWKHFDSDFLW\JDSEHWZHHQEXVDQGVXEZD\ 9XFKLF 4,QFRQWUDVWWRWKHVXEZD\WUDLQFRQWUROZLWK/57LVE\³YLVXDOFRQWURO´WKDWDOORZV VKRUWHUKHDGZD\VZLWKXSWRWUDLQVSHUKRXU &DSDFLW\FKDUDFWHULVWLFVDOUHDG\SODFH/57VRPHZKHUHEHWZHHQEXVDQGVXEZD\VHUYLFHLQD PDQQHUVLPLODUWR/57¶VRWKHUGLVWLQFWLYHIHDWXUHV 7DEOH /57FRPSDULVRQZLWKRWKHUPHDQVRIWUDQVSRUWDWLRQ %XV /57 6XEZD\ $XWRPRELOH 9HKLFOH&DSDFLW\ 9HKLFOHV +RXU'LUHFWLRQ 3DVVHQJHUV +RXU'LUHFWLRQ 7\SLFDO5DQJH XSWR XSIURP RI5LGHUVKLS $YHUDJH6SHHG PSK PSK PSK PSK 2SHUDWLQJ6SHHG PSK PSK PSK PSK 5HTXLUHG/DQHV WRVHUYH SSKSG 486'27 S 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRI/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLW 6(59,&( )RU SDVVHQJHUV WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW VHUYLFH TXDOLW\ RI D WUDQVLW PRGH LV WKH MRXUQH\ WLPH 7KLVLVWKHWLPHZKLFKDSHUVRQVSHQGVWUDYHOOLQJEHWZHHQWKHSRLQWRIGHSDUWXUH HJKRPH DQG GHVWLQDWLRQ HJ SODFH RI ZRUN :KHQ XVLQJ SXEOLF WUDQVLW WKLV W\SLFDOO\ EUHDNV GRZQ LQWRWKHWLPHIRUZDONLQJRUGULYLQJIURPWKHSRLQWRIGHSDUWXUHWRWKH VWDWLRQ WKH ZDLWLQJ WLPH DW WKH VWDWLRQ WKH ULGLQJ WLPH ZKHUH DSSOLFDEOH WKH WUDQVIHU WLPH DQG ILQDOO\ WKH ZDONLQJRUGULYLQJWLPHIURPWKHODVWVWDWLRQWRWKHGHVWLQDWLRQ ,QGHSHQGHQWRIWKHWULSOHQJWKWKHMRXUQH\WLPHE\/57LVOHVVWKDQWKHRQHZLWKWKHEXV :LWK WKH VDPH GLVWDQFH EHWZHHQ HDFK VWRS /57 SURYLGHV D IDVWHU VHUYLFH GXH WR EHWWHU GULYLQJSHUIRUPDQFHDQGOHVVVWDWLRQGZHOOWLPHUHVXOWHGE\IDVWHUERDUGLQJGXHWRPXOWLSOH HQWUDQFHV9HKLFOHVDUHDOVRHDVLHUWRERDUG ORZIORRU HVSHFLDOO\IRUVHQLRUVDQGGLVDEOHG )XUWKHUPRUH DFFHVV IRU VWUROOHUV DQG ELNHV LV SURYLGHG DV ZHOO DV HDVLHU DFFHVV ZLWK SDFNDJHV 6WDWHRIWKHDUW /59¶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lQGOL S 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRI/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLW 7DNLQJLQWRDFFRXQWWKH³VXEMHFWLYH´MRXUQH\WLPH6ZKLFKLVGHWHUPLQHGWKURXJKVXUURXQGLQJ VLWXDWLRQV DWWUDFWLYHQHVV DQG DWWLWXGH SDVVHQJHU SUHIHUHQFH IRU /57 HYHQ H[FHHGV PLOHV NP 7KLVGXHWRWKHIDFWWKDWZDONLQJWLPHVDUHIHOWORQJHUWKDQULGLQJWLPHVWKH ZDLWLQJHQYLURQPHQWRQWKHVXUIDFHLVJHQHUDOO\PRUHSOHDVDQWDQGDULGHWKURXJKWKHFLW\¶V ODQGVFDSHLVPRUHDWWUDFWLYHWKDQRQHWKURXJKDGDUNWXQQHO)XUWKHUPRUHDFFHVVIRUVHQLRUV DQGGLVDEOHGLVHDVLHUDQGIDVWHUDYRLGLQJVWDLUFOLPELQJHOHYDWRUVRUHVFDODWRUV $MRXUQH\WLPHDGYDQWDJHIRUVXEZD\VWDNHVHIIHFWIRUORQJHUWULSVRIPRUHWKDQPLOHV NP 6XEZD\VHUYLFHDOVRSURYLGHVJUHDWHUUHOLDELOLW\GXHWROHVVSRWHQWLDOIRULQWHUUXSWLRQ (19,5210(17 &RPSDUHGWRWKHEXV/57SURYLGHVDPRUHHIILFLHQWXVHRIVSDFHHVSHFLDOO\ZKHQRSHUDWLQJ YHKLFOHV ZLWK D QDUURZHU SURILOH RI IHHW PHWHV /59¶V ZLWK WKH VDPH ZLGWK WKDQ EXVHVDVWRIHHW WRPHWHUV DUHVXSHULRUEHFDXVHWKH\GRQRWQHHGDVPXFK VSDFHIRUFXUYHV7'XHWRDORZHUUROOLQJUHVLVWDQFH/57LVDPRUHHIILFLHQWXVHURIHQHUJ\8 6LQFH/59¶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¶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¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRI/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLW 6$)(7< $Q LPSRUWDQW VDIHW\ DGYDQWDJH RI /57 RYHU WKH EXV LV WKDW PRYHPHQW RI /59¶V LV PRUH SUHGLFWDEOH8SWRDFHUWDLQGLVWDQFHIURPWKHWUDFNVWKHUHLVDOPRVWQRULVNRIDQDFFLGHQW ZLWK/59¶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¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRI/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLW 7DEOH /57FRPSDUHGWR%XVV\VWHPV &$7(*25< $'9$17$*(629(5%86 ',6$'9$17$*(629(5%86 *(1(5$/ • 3RVLWLYHLPDJH • /HVVIOH[LEOH 6(59,&( • 6KRUWHUMRXUQH\WLPH • 3RWHQWLDOIRUGLVUXSWLRQ • )DVWHUWRERDUG PXOWLSOH HQWUDQFHV • (DVLHUWRERDUG ORZIORRU IRU VHQLRUVDQGGLVDEOHG • $FFHVVIRUVWUROOHUVDQGELNHV • 3RWHQWLDOIRUJRRGVPRYHPHQW • 6PRRWKHUULGHQRODWHUDO PRYHPHQW (19,5210(17 • 0RUHHIILFLHQWXVHRIVSDFH • ,PSDFWVGXULQJFRQVWUXFWLRQ • /HVVHQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQ • 9LVXDOLPSDFWV • /HVVQRLVH • 1RHPLVVLRQVDWWKHRSHUDWLQJ ORFDWLRQ (&2120< • /RZHURSHUDWLQJFRVW • +LJKHUFDSLWDOFRVW 75$)),& • 0RUHHQIRUFHDEOHWKDQEXVODQHV • 5HGXFHVVSDFHIRUFDUV • &RPSOLFDWHVGHOLYHULHV 6$)(7< • 0RYHPHQWLVPRUHSUHGLFWDEOH • *UHDWHUULVNIRUDXWRVLQFDVHRIDQ • &XWVSRVVLELOLW\RIUXQQLQJRYHU DFFLGHQW • :RUNVEHWWHULQSHGHVWULDQ]RQHV • /LPLWHGPDQHXYHUDELOLW\ 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRI/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLW 7DEOH /57FRPSDUHGWR6XEZD\V\VWHPV &$7(*25< $'9$17$*(629(568%:$< ',6$'9$17$*(629(568%:$< *(1(5$/ • 6WD\VRQ6XUIDFH • 5HTXLUHVFKDQJHVLQVWUHHWXVH 6(59,&( • 0RUHIUHTXHQWVWDWLRQVWRSV • 6ORZIRUORQJWULSV • /HVVZDONLQJ • /HVVUHOLDEOH • /HVVVWDLUFOLPELQJ • /RZHUMRXUQH\WLPHIRUVKRUWWULSV • (DVLHUDQGIDVWHUDFFHVVIRU VHQLRUVDQGGLVDEOHG • 0RUHSOHDVDQWZDLWLQJ HQYLURQPHQW (19,5210(17 • /HVVHQHUJ\IRUFRQVWUXFWLRQ • 0RUHVXUIDFHGLVUXSWLRQ (&2120< • /RZHUFDSLWDOFRVW • /LPLWHGSRWHQWLDOIRUDXWRPDWLRQ • (DVLHUWRDGGRUFKDQJHURXWHV • /RZHUVWDWLRQPDLQWHQDQFHFRVW 75$)),& • 2UJDQL]HVVWUHHWWUDIILF • ,QWHUIHUHVZLWKVWUHHWWUDIILF 6$)(7< • (OLPLQDWHVDFFLGHQWVDWVWDLUZD\V • 3RWHQWLDOIRUFROOLVLRQZLWKODUJH • $YRLGVDFFLGHQWVDWKLJKSODWIRUPV YHKLFOHV • /HVVVDIHIRUFDUWUDIILFELF\FOLVWV DQGSHGHVWULDQV 6(&85,7< • $YRLGVZDONLQJXQGHUJURXQG • /HVVFRQWURORIIDUHGRGJHUV • /HVVFULPHGXHWRFORVHUFRQWDFWWR GULYHU 62&,$/ • &RQWULEXWLRQWRXUEDQLW\ • $OORZVULGHUVWRH[SHULHQFHWKHFLW\ • 3RVLWLYHFRQWULEXWLRQWRVWUHHW VFDSH • ,QFUHDVHVSUHVHQFHRISHRSOHLQ WKHVWUHHWV • 3RVLWLYHLPDJH SDQDFKH SURYLGHV LQFHQWLYHVWRDWWUDFWFDUDQGWD[L XVHUV 3DJH Chapter 3 The Case for Light Rail Transit on Manhattan’s East Side 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU'HVFULSWLRQRI6WXG\$UHD 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH 3DUW RI WKLV VWXG\ SUHVHQWV WKH VSHFLILF FDVH IRU /LJKW 5DLO RQ 0DQKDWWDQ¶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st Street $QG ILQDOO\ WKH HYDOXDWLRQ RI DOLJQPHQW DOWHUQDWLYHV LV 155th Street EDVHG RQ WKH $OLJQPHQW 125th Street 6WXG\ $QDO\VLV $UHD LQFOXGLQJ WKH &RUULGRU YLFLQLW\ RI )LUVW DQG 6HFRQG 96th Street $YHQXHEHWZHHQ+RXVWRQDQG 59th Street UG 6WUHHW %HFDXVH RI LWV 42nd Street VSHFLILF FRQWH[W WKH GHVFULSWLRQ RI WKH $OLJQPHQW 14th Street Houston Street $OLJQPHQW $QDO\VLV $UHD LV QRW LQFOXGHG $QDO\VLV$UHD Canal Street LQ WKLV FKDSWHU EXW UDWKHU LQ &KDSWHU 7KH (DVW 6LGH Wall Street /57/LQH 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU'HVFULSWLRQRI6WXG\$UHD 0DQKDWWDQ 7KHLVODQGRI0DQKDWWDQLVRQHRIWKHILYHERURXJKVRI1HZ 0DQKDWWDQ¶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¶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³7KH9DOOH\´EHFDXVHRILWVORZHUEXLOGLQJKHLJKWV7KLVYDULHGXUEDQODQGXVHLVPRVW FRPPRQ LQ 0DQKDWWDQ DQG FRYHUV PRVW SDUWV RI ERWK VLGHV RI &HQWUDO 3DUN DQG +DUOHP DV ZHOO 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU'HVFULSWLRQRI6WXG\$UHD 5HVLGHQWLDORQO\XVHLVGRPLQDWHDORQJWKH(DVW5LYHULQWKHVRXWKHUQKDOIRI0DQKDWWDQDQG SDUWVRI+DUOHPDVDFRQVHTXHQFHRIXUEDQUHQHZDOZLWKWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI³7RZHUVLQ WKH3DUN´W\SHRIGHYHORSPHQW0RUHXSVFDOHUHVLGHQFHVFDQEHIRXQGRQWKH8SSHU(DVW6LGH DORQJ&HQWUDO3DUNDQGWKH(DVW5LYHU 0DS 3UHGRPLQDWH/DQG8VHRQ&HQVXV7UDFWOHYHOLQ0DQKDWWDQ Retail Residential Mixture Residential only Office Retail Mixture Office Institutional Mixture Institutional Green Space 'HPRJUDSKLFV $SSUR[LPDWHO\PLOOLRQSHRSOH RXWRI1HZ 186'2& ZZZFHQVXVJRY 2/RQGRQ5HVHDUFK&HQWUH S, 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU'HVFULSWLRQRI6WXG\$UHD 0DS 3RSXODWLRQ'HQVLW\LQ0DQKDWWDQ /RRNLQJ DW WKH SRSXODWLRQ GHQVLW\ RQ WKH EDVHGRQ86'2& GDWD &HQVXV7UDFNOHYHOLQ0DQKDWWDQ 0DS WKH IROORZLQJ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DUH Population Density FRQVSLFXRXV 7KH VWDWHG GHQVLW\ RI PRUH Persons per Square Mile / km² WKDQ SHUVRQV SHU VTXDUH PLOH SHUVRQV SHU NPð LV more than 100,000 H[WUDRUGLQDULO\ GHQVH DQG XQXVXDO IRU WKH (40,000 Pers/km²) 86 +LJK GHQVLW\ DUHDV DUH ORFDWHG HDVW between 50,000 and 100,000 DQG ZHVW RI &HQWUDO 3DUN LQ QRUWKHUQ (20,000 and 40,000 Pers/km²) 0DQKDWWDQ DQG VRXWK RI WK 6WUHHW DQG less than 50,000 DORQJWKH(DVW6LGH,QWKLVDUHDWKH:HVW (20,500 Pers/km²) 6LGH KDV VXEVWDQWLDOO\ OHVV SRSXODWLRQ 8QGHUVWDQGDEOH LV WKH ORZHU SRSXODWLRQ GHQVLW\LQ/RZHU 0DQKDWWDQ DQG 0LGWRZQ ZKHUH WKH FLW\ VFDSH LV GRPLQDWHG E\ RIILFHEXLOGLQJV 0DS SRUWUD\V 0DQKDWWDQ¶V LQFRPH SHUFDSLWDDQGVKRZVWKH8SSHU(DVW6LGH DV D KLJK LQFRPH DUHD ZKHUHDV WKH IDU (DVW 9LOODJH DQG +DUOHP FRPPXQLWLHV DUH ORZLQFRPHDUHDV7KHUHIRUHWKH(DVW6LGH LV FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ H[WUHPHO\ GLIIHUHQW VRFLDOVWUDWXP 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶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¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU'HVFULSWLRQRI6WXG\$UHD 0RELOLW\ /RRNLQJ DW FRPPXWLQJ WLPHV 0DS 0DS $YHUDJH&RPPXWLQJ 7LPH H[WHQGHG WULSV WR ZRUN RI PRUH WKDQ PLQXWHV ÃEDVHGRQ86'2& GDWD DUH PRVW FRPPRQ QRUWK RI &HQWUDO 3DUN H[SODLQDEOH E\ WKH ORQJHU GLVWDQFH WR WKH &%' DQGLQWKHIDU(DVW9LOODJHGXHWRWKHODFNRIUDSLG WUDQVLW7KLVVLWXDWLRQLOOXVWUDWHVDPDMRUSUREOHP ZLWKWKHVHSDUWVRIWKH(DVW6LGH 3UHIHUHQFHRI0HDQVRI7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ 0DSWR0DSVKRZWKHPRGDOVSOLWRQ WKH &HQVXV 7UDFN OHYHO IRU FRPPRQ PHDQV RI > 30 min 25 min - 30 min WUDQVSRUWDWLRQXVHGIRUFRPPXWLQJ'HSHQGLQJRQ 20 min - 30 min WKH OHQJWK RI WKH FRPPXWH DYDLODEOH WUDQVLW < 20 min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³/ > 75% VKDSH´ GLDJRQDO WULSVIRUZKLFKJRLQJE\SXEOLF 50% - 75% 25% - 50% WUDQVLW ZRXOG PHDQ D WUDQVIHU DW OHDVW RQFH < 25% 7KHUHIRUH WD[L XVH LV DOVR DQ LQGLFDWRU IRU WKH LQVXIILFLHQF\RIWKHWUDQVLWV\VWHPDQGWKLVZRXOG EHUHSUHVHQWDWLYHRIWKH(DVW6LGH 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶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¶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¶V-RXUQH\WR ZRUN ]RQHV OLPLWLQJ D PRUH H[DFW GLYLVLRQ Upper $V )LJXUH VKRZV RQO\ RI East Side FRPPXWLQJWULSVSHUIRUPHGE\5HVLGHQWV RI DOO WKUHH (DVW 6LGH =RQHV WHUPLQDWH East Midtown ZLWKLQ WKHVH ]RQHV 7KH PDMRULW\ RI WKH WULSV HQGV LQ 0DQKDWWDQ EXW Lower East Side RXWVLGH WKH (DVW 6LGH =RQHV DQRWKHU HQGRXWVLGHRI0DQKDWWDQ 307$ -RXUQH\WRZRUN 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶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¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU'HVFULSWLRQRI6WXG\$UHD ([DPLQLQJWKHVSHFLILFMRXUQH\WRZRUNFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIHDFK(DVW6LGH=RQH 0DSWR LW LV FOHDU WKDW DOO WKUHH ]RQHV KDYH YHU\ VLPLODU GHVWLQDWLRQ SDWWHUQV 1RW VXUSULVLQJO\/RZHU0DQKDWWDQDQG0LGWRZQDUHGRPLQDQWGHVWLQDWLRQDUHDV7KHUHIRUHPDQ\ (DVW6LGH=RQHUHVLGHQWVPXVWPDNH³/VKDSH´WULSVWRJHWWRWKHLUZRUNSODFH 0DS 8SSHU(DVW6LGH=RQH 0DS (DVW0LGWRZQ=RQH 7ULSVWR:RUNSHU6TXDUH0LOH 7ULSVWR:RUNSHU6TXDUH0LOH > 7,500 > 7,500 5,000 - 7,500 5,000 - 7,500 2,500 - 5,000 2,500 - 5,000 < 2,500 < 2,500 0DS /RZHU(DVW6LGH=RQH 7ULSVWR:RUNSHU6TXDUH0LOH > 7,500 5,000 - 7,500 2,500 - 5,000 < 2,500 EDVHGRQ07$ GDWD 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶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¶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nbound Passenges, 2nd Avenue 1400 Outbound Passengers, 1st Avenue 1200 1000 800 Passengers 600 400 200 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 10 11 Hour 12 MID 12 Noon 12-1 AM 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU'HVFULSWLRQRI6WXG\$UHD )LJXUH 06RXWKERXQG:HHNGD\KRXU5LGHUVKLS 6RXUFH 1<&7 12000 10000 8000 6000 Passengers 4000 2000 0 9th St. 9th 94th St. 94th St. 86th St. 79th St. 66th St. 57th St. 50th St. 34th St. 25th St. 17th John St. 42nd St. 125th St. 125th St. 116th St. 108th St. 100th 72nd St. Grand St. Grand Centre St. Centre Market St. Spruce St. Hanover St. Second Ave Stops Frankfort St. )LJXUH 01RUWKERXQG:HHNGD\KRXU5LGHUVKLS 6RXUFH 1<&7 12000 10000 8000 6000 Passengers 4000 2000 0 3rd St. 91st St. 91st 11th St. 11th St. 20th St. 28th St. 36th St. 45th St. 70th St. 77th St. 97th 83rd St. Wall St. Wall 52nd St. 62nd St. 105th St. 105th St. 113th St. 120th Peck Slip Hester St. Centre St. Centre Forsyth St. South Ferry South Rivington St. Rivington Beekman St. Stops 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU'HVFULSWLRQRI6WXG\$UHD 7KH/H[LQJWRQ$YHQXH,57 $OWKRXJK WKH 6WXG\ &RUULGRU LV VHUYHG 0DS 6XEZD\/LQHVLQ0DQKDWWDQ E\ GLIIHUHQW VXEZD\ OLQHV RXW RI 1<&¶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¶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¶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¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU'HVFULSWLRQRI6WXG\$UHD )LJXUH 6RXWKERXQGDWWK6WUHHW 6RXUFH +XE%RXQG7UDYHO 3DVVHQJHUVRQWKH/H[$YH6XEZD\DQGWKH0%XV 70000 60000 Passengers on Lex Ave Subw ay Passenges on M15 Bus 50000 40000 30000 Passengers 20000 10000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 10 11 Hour 12 MID 12 Noon 12-1 AM )LJXUH 1RUWKERXQGDWWK6WUHHW 6RXUFH +XE%RXQG7UDYHO 3DVVHQJHUVRQWKH/H[$YH6XEZD\DQGWKH0%XV 70000 60000 Passengers on Lex Ave Subw ay Passengers on M15 Bus 50000 40000 30000 Passengers 20000 10000 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 10 11 Hour 12 MID 12 Noon 12-1 AM 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU'HVFULSWLRQRI6WXG\$UHD )LJXUH 6RXWKERXQG/H[LQJWRQ$YHQXH6XEZD\+RXUV7XUQVWLOH5HJLVWUDWLRQ 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 Turnstile Registration 20,000 0 Wall St. 96th St. 86th St. 77th St. 68th St. 59th St. 51st St. 28th St. 33rd St. 23rd St. Canal St. 125th St. 116th St. 110th St. 103rd St. Fulton St. Spring St. Spring Bleeker St. Astor Place Astor Bklyn Bridge Union Square Grand Central Bowling Green Stations 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU'HVFULSWLRQRI6WXG\$UHD 7DEOH 7RS7ZHQW\2ULJLQDQG'HVWLQDWLRQ3DLUV /H[LQJWRQ$YHQXH1RVDQG7UDLQV Ã 6RXUFH 1<&7 6XEZD\6XUYH\ $03($.3(5,2'$0$0 303($.3(5,2'3030 5DQN 7ULS2ULJLQ 7ULS 1RRI RI 5DQN 7ULS2ULJLQ 7ULS 1RRI RI 'HVWLQDWLRQ 7ULSV 7RWDO 'HVWLQDWLRQ 7ULSV 7RWDO 7ULSV 7ULSV %URRNO\Q (DVW0LGWRZQ (DVW0LGWRZQ %URQ[ %URQ[ (DVW0LGWRZQ (DVW0LGWRZQ %URRNO\Q %URRNO\Q /RZHU /RZHU (DVW0LGWRZQ 0DQKDWWDQ 0DQKDWWDQ D 4XHHQV (DVW0LGWRZQ ÃE (DVW0LGWRZQ 8SSHU(DVW 6LGH %URQ[ /RZHU /RZHU %URRNO\Q 0DQKDWWDQ 0DQKDWWDQ E (DVW0LGWRZQ /RZHU /RZHU %URQ[ 0DQKDWWDQ 0DQKDWWDQ E 8SSHU(DVW (DVW0LGWRZQ D (DVW0LGWRZQ 4XHHQV 6LGH 4XHHQV /RZHU ÃE (DVW0LGWRZQ /RZHU(DVW 0DQKDWWDQ 6LGH D 4XHHQV 8SSHU(DVW ÃE (DVW0LGWRZQ (DVW0LGWRZQ 6LGH %URRNO\Q 8SSHU(DVW ÃE /RZHU(DVW (DVW0LGWRZQ 6LGH 6LGH %URQ[ 8SSHU(DVW %URQ[ %URQ[ 6LGH %URQ[ :HVW0LGWRZQ /RZHU 8SSHU(DVW 0DQKDWWDQ 6LGH %URRNO\Q %URRNO\Q 8SSHU(DVW %URRNO\Q 6LGH D %URRNO\Q /RZHU(DVW %URRNO\Q (DVW0LGWRZQ 6LGH %URQ[ /RZHU(DVW ÃD 8SSHU(DVW 4XHHQV 6LGH 6LGH %URQ[ %URQ[ ÃE 8SSHU(DVW (DVW0LGWRZQ 6LGH 8SSHU(DVW /RZHU ÃE (DVW0LGWRZQ /RZHU 6LGH 0DQKDWWDQ 0DQKDWWDQ ÃE /RZHU(DVW (DVW0LGWRZQ %URRNO\Q %URRNO\Q 6LGH ÃE (DVW0LGWRZQ (DVW0LGWRZQ 8SSHU(DVW %URQ[ 6LGH /RZHU (DVW0LGWRZQ :HVW0LGWRZQ %URQ[ 0DQKDWWDQ 7RWDO 7RS 7RWDO 7RS7ULSV 7ULSV 7RWDO $OO7ULSV 7RWDO $OO7ULSV *Table includes all trips that used the Nos. 4, 5, or 6 trains for any portion of the trip. The origin location refers to the area in which the trip maker entered the subway system. The destination location refers to the area in which the trip maker exited the subway system. ** Individual percentages may not add to total because of rounding. a and b: References from Chapter 4.5 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶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¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU'HVFULSWLRQRI6WXG\$UHD 7UDIILF RQ ERWK DYHQXHV FRPSULVHV WR SULYDWH DXWRV WR WD[LV WUXFNVDQGDERXWEXVHV1 )LJXUH 7UDIILF9ROXPHVRQ6HFRQG$YHQXH 4000 AM Peak Hour 3500 PM Peak Hour 3000 2500 2000 VPH 1500 1000 500 0 8TH ST 29TH ST 38TH ST 44TH ST 46TH ST 48TH ST 54TH ST 56TH ST 58TH ST 60TH ST 71ST ST 42ND ST 42ND ST 62ND ST 92ND Street )LJXUH 7UDIILF9ROXPHVRQ)LUVW$YHQXH 4000 3500 AM Peak Hour 3000 PM Peak Hour 2500 2000 VPH 1500 1000 500 0 9TH ST 9TH 14TH ST 14TH ST 20TH ST 30TH ST 40TH ST 48TH ST 49TH ST 59TH ST 78TH ST 86TH 42ND ST 62ND ST 63RD ST 72ND ST 119TH ST 119TH Street 11<&'27 S6 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU([LVWLQJ3UREOHPV ([LVWLQJ3UREOHPV 7KHSUREOHPVDQGLPSDFWVRIPRELOLW\IDFLQJWKH(DVW6LGHRI0DQKDWWDQFDQEHDWWULEXWHGWR WZR FDXVHV )LUVW LQDGHTXDWH WUDQVLW VHUYLFH DQG VHFRQG H[WUHPHO\ KLJK WUDIILF YROXPHV 7KHVH WZR FDXVHV DQG WKHLU UHVXOWLQJ DGYHUVH HIIHFWV DUH VSHFLILHG DQG GHVFULEHG LQ WKLV VHFWLRQRIWKHVWXG\ ,QDGHTXDWH7UDQVLW6HUYLFHRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH 7KHPDMRUSXEOLFWUDQVLWSUREOHPRI0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGHLVWKHODFNRIKLJKTXDOLW\WUDQVLW VHUYLFH$IWHUWKHGHPROLWLRQRIWKHODVWVHFWLRQRIWKHHOHYDWHGOLQHRQ6HFRQG$YHQXHLQWKH WKHRIWHQSURPLVHGVXEZD\DVDVXEVWLWXWHZDVQHYHUEXLOW6WLOODQWLFLSDWLQJWKHQHZ 6HFRQG$YHQXHVXEZD\OLQHPXFKRIWKH(DVW6LGHZDV]RQHGIRUKLJKULVHGHYHORSPHQW,Q UHODWLRQWRWKHSURSRVHGVXEZD\WKHEXLOGLQJVZHUHEXLOWDQGUHVXOWHGDQHYHQJUHDWHUQHHG IRUDQHZOLQH $V 0DS VKRZV ZDONLQJ GLVWDQFHV IURP KLJK GHQVLW\ DUHDV RI WKH (DVW 6LGH RI PRUH WKDQ ò PLOH WR WKH QHDUHVW VWDWLRQ RI D QRUWKVRXWKERXQG VXEZD\ OLQH DUH FRPPRQ DQG UHVLGHQWVRIWHQUHTXLUHIHHGHUEXVVHUYLFHWRUHDFKWKHVXEZD\3DUWLFXODUO\UHVLGHQWVVRXWK RI WK 6WUHHW LQ WKH (DVW 9LOODJH DQG /RZHU (DVW 6LGH DUH EH\RQG D UHDVRQDEOH ZDON WR D VXEZD\ VWDWLRQ 7KH RQJRLQJ UHYLWDOL]DWLRQ DQG JHQWULILFDWLRQ RI WKHVH QHLJKERUKRRGV ZLOO LQFUHDVLQJO\UHTXLUHEHWWHUFRQQHFWLRQVWRWKHUDSLGWUDQVLWV\VWHP 8QGRXEWHGO\LQWKHODVWIHZ\HDUV1<&¶VVXEZD\V\VWHPEHFDPHFOHDQHUVDIHUDQGUHOLDEOH DQGPDQ\VWDWLRQV KDYH EHHQ UHVWRUHG LQ DQ DWWUDFWLYH ZD\ %XW VWLOO ULGLQJ WKH VXEZD\ LV SHUFHLYHGDVRQHRIWKHPRUHXQSOHDVDQWSDUWVRIOLIHLQ1<&PDLQO\EHFDXVHRIWKHV\VWHP¶V DJH WKH VXEZD\ LV YHU\ QRLV\ DFFHVV LV SURYLGHG RQO\ E\ VPDOO VWDLUZD\V HOHYDWRUV DQG HVFDODWRUVZHUHUDUHO\DGGHGQRZKHHOFKDLUDFFHVVH[LVWVDWPRVWVWDWLRQVDQGVWDWLRQVDUH H[WUHPHO\KRWLQVXPPHU 6XUIDFHWUDQVLWH[FOXVLYHO\E\EXVHVGRHVQRWSURYLGHDQDGHTXDWHIHHGHUDQGGLVWULEXWLRQWR DQGIURPVXEZD\VWDWLRQV6HUYLFHLVH[WUHPHO\VORZGXHWRLQWHQVLYHURDGZD\WUDIILFDQGWKH YHKLFOHVDUHROGIDVKLRQHGKLJKIORRUQRLV\GLHVHOSRZHUHGEXVHV 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU([LVWLQJ3UREOHPV 0DS 'LVWDQFHWRWKHQHDUHVWVWDWLRQRIDQRUWKVRXWKERXQGVXEZD\OLQH %URDGZD\ VW6WUHHW WK6WUHHW WK6WUHHW WK6WUHHW WK6WUHHW QG6WUHHW WK6WUHHW !PLOHV &DQDO6WUHHW PLOHV :DOO6WUHHW PLOHV ⇒ 3UREOHP1R2YHUFURZGHG/H[LQJWRQ$YHQXH6XEZD\ 7KH FDSDFLW\ SUREOHPV RI 1HZ $GGLWLRQDOO\VLQFH1HZ 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU([LVWLQJ3UREOHPV V\VWHPKDVEHFRPHWKHYLFWLPRILW¶VRZQVXFFHVV´1 7KH /H[LQJWRQ $YHQXH ,57 DQG WUDLQV LV QRZ WKH VXEZD\ OLQH ZLWK WKH KLJKHVW ULGHUVKLS DQG ZLWK WKH PRVW SUREOHPV LQ WHUPV RI RYHUFURZGLQJ &RPSDUHG ZLWK WKH %07 6\VWHP 1 DQG 5 WUDLQV ZKLFK VHUYHV WKH VDPH JHQHUDO DUHD VRXWK RI &HQWUDO 3DUN WKH /H[LQJWRQ$YHQXH,57FDUULHVDOPRVWPRUHSDVVHQJHUVVRXWKRIUG6WUHHW 7KLV LV REYLRXVO\ D UHVXOW RI WKH IDFW WKDW WKH /H[LQJWRQ $YHQXH /LQH LV WKH ILUVW HDVW VLGH WUDQVLW OLQH HQFRXQWHUHG ZKHQ WUDYHOOLQJ ZHVW IURP WKH KXJH UHVLGHQWLDO DUHDV ORFDWHG SULQFLSDOO\HDVWRI7KLUG$YHQXHLQ0DQKDWWDQ2)XUWKHUPRUHLWLVH[SHFWHGWKDWWKHSURSRVHG FRQQHFWLRQRIWKH/,55WR*UDQG&HQWUDO7HUPLQDOZLOODGG GDLO\ULGHUVWRWKHDOUHDG\ FRQJHVWHG/H[LQJWRQ$YHQXHVXEZD\V 2YHUFURZGLQJRIWKH/H[LQJWRQ,57PRVWO\RFFXUVGXULQJWKH$0DQG30SHDNSHULRGV'XULQJ WKLV SHULRG RI WKH VRXWKERXQG DQG H[SUHVV WUDLQV DUH ILOOHG RYHU 07$ FDSDFLW\ JXLGHOLQHV DW *UDQG &HQWUDO 7HUPLQDO ZKLOH MXVW RYHU RI ORFDO WUDLQ FDUV DUH RYHU FDSDFLW\32YHUFURZGHGWUDLQVQRWRQO\UHVXOWDQLQFRQYHQLHQWULGHLWDOVRSURYLGHVDKLJKHU ULVNRISDVVHQJHUVXEZD\DFFLGHQWVDWVXEZD\VWDWLRQVDQGFDXVHGHOD\VZLWKWUDLQTXHXLQJ DQGEXQFKLQJ ⇒ 3UREOHP1R/RQJ:DONWR6XEZD\ 0RVWHDVWVLGHUHVLGHQWVIDFHORQJZDONVZKHQWKH\ZDQWWRUHDFKWKHUDSLGWUDQVLWV\VWHP 7KH UHTXLUHG FURVVWRZQ WULSV WR UHDFK WKH /H[LQJWRQ $YH 6XEZD\ DUH QRW VXIILFLHQWO\ ZHOO VHUYHG E\ EXVHV 2IWHQ WD[LV VXEVWLWXWH IRU WUDQVLW VHUYLFH LQ PDQ\ SODFHV SDUWLFXODUO\ LQ KLJKHULQFRPHDUHDVRIWKH8SSHU(DVW6LGH 1=XSDQ:HEHU S 21<&7 DS 31<&7 DS 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU([LVWLQJ3UREOHPV ⇒ 3UREOHP1R6ORZ2YHUFURZGHGDQG8QUHOLDEOH%XV6HUYLFH 7KHXQGHUVXSSO\RIWUDQVLWRQWKH(DVW6LGHDOVRUHVXOWVLQFURZGHGSHDNKRXUEXVHV1RUWK VRXWK EXV URXWHV DUH HVSHFLDOO\ FURZGHG ZLWK PDQ\ VWDQGHHV HYHQ WKRXJK VHUYLFH LV YHU\ IUHTXHQW%HFDXVHRIVWUHHWOHYHOFRQJHVWLRQGXULQJSHDNSHULRGVEXVVSHHGVDUHYHU\VORZ 'XULQJWKHSHDNDYHUDJHQRUWKVRXWKEXVVSHHGVDUHEHWZHHQWRPSK*HQHUDOO\EXV UXQQLQJ WLPHV LQ 1HZ ⇒ 3UREOHP 1R ,QFRQYHQLHQW ,QWHUIDFHV /LPLWHG 0RELOLW\ IRU WKH 'LVDEOHG 8QSOHDVDQW$WPRVSKHUHDQGODFNRIWUDYHOHQMR\PHQW 6XEZD\EXVLQWHUIDFHVLQWKH6WXG\$UHDDUHEDGO\SODQQHG([LWLQJIURPDVXEZD\VWDWLRQ LWLVRIWHQGLIILFXOWWRILQGDQGUHDFKWKHFORVHVWEXVVWRS6WRSVRIWHQGLVDSSHDULQFURZGHG VLGHZDONV /LPLWHGDWWHQWLRQKDVEHHQJLYHQWRUHEXLOGLQJ1HZ 1H[W WR EHLQJ WLHG WR WKH VORZHVW WUDQVLW V\VWHP LQ 1<& WUDYHOLQJ E\ 07$ EXVHV SURYLGHV VHYHUDOPRUHGLVDGYDQWDJHVIRUSHUVRQVXVLQJZKHHOFKDLUV%RDUGLQJDQGDOLJKWLQJWLPHVDUH H[WUHPHO\KLJK7RERDUGDZKHHOFKDLURQ1HZ 41<&7 S 51<&7 DS 60LULDP)LVKHU 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU([LVWLQJ3UREOHPV ,Q 1<& LQWULQVLF WUDYHO FRPSRQHQWV VXFK DV HQMR\LQJ WKH ULGH DUH QRW RIWHQ FRQVLGHUHG 7KRXJK VHDWLQJ LQ EXVHV ZDV PRGLILHG WR LPSURYH ZLQGRZ YLHZV IRU SDVVHQJHUV WKH VHDWV DUH QRZ FORVHU WRJHWKHU DOORZLQJ OHVV URRP IRU WKH ULGHU 7R SURYLGH IDVW UHOLDEOH DQG FRQYHQLHQW VXUIDFH WUDQVLW ZKHUH SDVVHQJHUV DUH DEOH WR HQMR\ WKH DWWUDFWLYHQHVV RI 0DQKDWWDQ¶V VWUHHWV DQG IHHO DV LI WKH\ ZHUH RXWVLGH RQ WKHLU ZD\ WR ZRUN LV D SURPLVLQJ ILUVWVWHSWRDPRUHOLYDEOHFLW\ +LJK7UDIILF9ROXPHV $OWKRXJK PRVW 0DQKDWWDQ UHVLGHQWV GR QRW XVH SULYDWH FDUV WR JHW DURXQG PDQ\ RI WKHLU VWUHHWVDUHFRQJHVWHGDQGEORFNHG%HVLGHVWRZKLFKDUHWUXFNVWKHPDMRULW\RI SULYDWH YHKLFOHV FRPHV IURP RWKHU SDUWV RI WKH 0HWURSROLWDQ $UHD OLNH /RQJ ,VODQG RU 1HZ -HUVH\&XUUHQWO\PRUHWKDQRQHPLOOLRQYHKLFOHVHQWHU0DQKDWWDQSHUGD\7 7KHUHIRUH (DVW 5LYHU FURVVLQJV UHVXOW LQ PDMRU WUDIILF FRQJHVWLRQ LQ WKH 6WXG\ $UHD 7KH IROORZLQJORFDWLRQVH[SHULHQFHFRQJHVWLRQWKURXJKRXWWKHGD\ • 7KH 4XHHQVERUR %ULGJH 4%% SURGXFHV FRQJHVWLRQ RQ 6HFRQG $YHQXH IRU XS WR EORFNV7RDOHVVHUH[WHQW)LUVWDQG • 7KH4XHHQV0LGWRZQ7XQQHO 407 YLFLQLW\LQFOXGLQJ6HFRQGDQG7KLUG$YHQXHDVZHOODV WKDQGWK6WUHHWVDUHWURXEOHVRPHDUHDV • 7KHYLFLQLW\RIWKH(DVW5LYHUEULGJHVLQ/RZHU0DQKDWWDQDQGWKH/RZHU(DVW6LGH LH WKH %URRNO\Q 0DQKDWWDQ DQG :LOOLDPVEXUJ %ULGJHV SDUWLFXODUO\ &KDPEHUV 6WUHHW DQG 'HODQFH\6WUHHWDUHFKURQLFDOO\FRQJHVWHG )XUWKHUPRUH&DQDO6WUHHWFRQQHFWLQJWKH0DQKDWWDQ%ULGJHZLWKWKH+ROODQG7XQQHORIWHQ H[SHULHQFHVJULGORFNFRQGLWLRQVWKURXJKRXWWKHGD\ 71<&7 S I 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU([LVWLQJ3UREOHPV $VGLVWLQFWIURPJULGORFNORFDWLRQVDWEULGJHVDQGWXQQHOVKLJKWUDIILFYROXPHFRPELQHGZLWK KLJKSHGHVWULDQDFWLYLW\FRQWULEXWHVWRWKHFRQJHVWLRQDORQJPRVWDYHQXHVDQGPDMRUFURVV VWUHHWVWKURXJKRXWWKH6WXG\$UHD 7KLVFRQJHVWLRQLVQRWRQO\FDXVHGE\VXEVWDQWLDOYHKLFXODUYROXPHVEXWDOVREHFDXVHRIWKH RFFXUUHQFH RI GRXEOHSDUNLQJ DQG WKH KHDY\ SHGHVWULDQ WUDIILF DW PDQ\ ORFDWLRQV 8 $GGLWLRQDOO\WKHKLJKYROXPHVRIWD[LVIUHTXHQWO\ORDGLQJDQGGLVFKDUJLQJSDVVHQJHURQWKH VWUHHW FRQWULEXWH WR WKLV FRQGLWLRQ +RZHYHU IRU H[LVWLQJ FKDRWLF WD[L EHKDYLRU RQ WKHVH VWUHHWV0DQKDWWDQLWWHVKDYHRQO\WKHPVHOYHVWREODPH ⇒ 3UREOHP1R+LJK3ROOXWLRQ $OWKRXJK DLU TXDOLW\ FRQGLWLRQV LQ 1HZ ⇒ 3UREOHP1R7UDIILFUHODWHGGHOD\VWRWUDQVLWVHUYLFH 9HKLFXODUFRQJHVWLRQLQWKHVWXG\DUHDLVDPDMRUUHDVRQIRUVORZDQGXQUHOLDEOHEXVVHUYLFH %XVHVFDXJKWLQWUDIILFDUHHVSHFLDOO\IUXVWUDWLQJWRWKHLUSDVVHQJHUVZKRGRQRWFDXVHWKH WUDIILF MDPV WKDW DIIHFW WKHP VR GLUHFWO\ )XUWKHUPRUH PRVW H[LVWLQJ EXV ODQHV DUH QRW DGHTXDWHO\HQIRUFHGWRLQVXUHIDVWVHUYLFHHYHQDORQJWKHVHVWUHWFKHV 81<&7 DS 91<&7 S 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU([LVWLQJ3UREOHPV ⇒ 3UREOHP1R'HOD\VIRULPSRUWDQWWUDIILF 1RUWKVRXWK YHKLFXODU WUDYHO VSHHGV RQ )LUVW DQG 6HFRQG $YHQXH YDU\ IURP WR PSK ZKLFKLVIDVWHUWKDQWKRVHH[SHULHQFHGRQ)LIWK3DUNDQG0DGLVRQ$YHQXHZKLFKUDQJHIURP WRPSK 10%XWVWLOOJULGORFNDWVHYHUDOORFDWLRQVDORQJWKH(DVW6LGHGHOD\LPSRUWDQWWUDIILF VXFKDVHPHUJHQF\YHKLFOHVH[SUHVVGHOLYHULHVDQGRWKHUWLPHFULWLFDOWUDQVSRUWDWLRQ ⇒ 3UREOHP1R5HGXFHG6DIHW\ %HVLGHVDJHQHUDOKLJKULVNRIYHKLFOHWRYHKLFOHDFFLGHQWVGXHWRH[WHQVLYHWUDIILFYROXPHVLQ WKH6WXG\$UHDKHDY\WUDIILFLVHVSHFLDOO\GDQJHURXVIRUSHGHVWULDQVDQGELF\FOLVWV$JLWDWHG GULYHUV DUH OHVV FDUHIXO DQG SHGHVWULDQV DQG ELF\FOLVWV WHQG WR UHVSRQG WR FRQJHVWLRQ E\ LJQRULQJVLJQDOV ⇒ 3UREOHP1R /HVVVSDFHIRUZDONLQJDQGELNLQJ )LQDOO\KLJKWUDIILFYROXPHVRIWHQGLPLQLVKWRSHGHVWULDQDQGELF\FOLVWVSDFHDQGDPHQLWLHV DVYHKLFOHVEORFNSHGHVWULDQFURVVLQJVDQGELNHODQHVDQGJUDYLWDWHWROHVVFRQJHVWHGVLGH VWUHHWV 101<&7 ES, 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶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¶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• 'HFUHDVHMRXUQH\WLPHRIWUDQVLWSDVVHQJHUV • ,PSURYHTXDOLW\RIWUDQVLWVHUYLFH • 5HGXFHSULYDWHYHKLFOHXVH %(FRQRP\ • 6XSSRUWHFRQRPLFGHYHORSPHQW • 5HGXFHFRVWRIWUDQVSRUWDWLRQ •(QFRXUDJHGLVFUHWLRQDU\WUDYHOE\WUDQVLW • ,QFUHDVHSRVVLELOLW\RIFRQVWUXFWLRQ &(QYLURQPHQW • 5HGXFHDLUSROOXWLRQ • 5HGXFHHQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQ • 3URYLGHDPRUHOLYDEOHFLW\ 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU6ROXWLRQV 3URSRVHG$OWHUQDWLYHV 0RVW UHFHQWO\ WZR PDMRU SURSRVDOV KDYH EHHQ UHOHDVHG 07$¶V 0(6$ 6WXG\ DQG 53$¶V 0HWUROLQN 7KH0DQKDWWDQ(DVW6LGH$OWHUQDWLYHV6WXG\ )URP WR WKH0HWURSROLWDQ7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ$XWKRULW\ 07$ DQGLWVVXEVLGLDU\1HZ SURSRVHGLQWKHUHJLRQ¶V/RQJ5DQJH3ODQÃ 0(6$ ORRNHG DW D VWXG\ DUHD WKDW LQFOXGHG DOPRVW DOO RI /RZHU 0DQKDWWDQ WKH HQWLUH HDVW VLGHRI0DQKDWWDQ HDVWRIWK$YHQXH DQGDVPDOOVRXWKHUQSDUWRI7KH%URQ[)RUWKLVDUHD DVHOHFWLRQRIDOWHUQDWLYHVIRUWUDQVLWLPSURYHPHQWZDVFDUULHGRXW$IWHUDFRPSLODWLRQRID PXOWLSOLFLW\RIDOWHUQDWLYHVDQGWKHLUSXEOLFSUHVHQWDWLRQRQO\WKUHHDOWHUQDWLYHVLQDGGLWLRQWR WKH³1R%XLOW´RSWLRQZHUHSURSRVHG$QLQLWLDO/57DOWHUQDWLYHDORQJ)LUVWRU6HFRQG$YHQXH IDLOHG WR EH IXUWKHU GHYHORSHG GXH WR RSSRVLWLRQ RI 8SSHU (DVW 6LGH UHVLGHQWV ZKR ZHUH FRQFHUQHGDERXWWUDIILFGLYHUVLRQLQWKRVHWKRURXJKIDUHV 1<&7 DS 1<&7 DS ,QWHUYLHZ&DILHUR 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU6ROXWLRQV 0DS 7KH0(6$$OWHUQDWLYHV TSM Alternative Build Alternative 1 Build Alternative 2 Possible Extension to Possible 1-Lane Priority The Bronx Extension to Bus Treatment The Bronx New Subway Tunnel New Subway Tunnel Improved Signals for Lex Ave Subway Existing New York Bus Subway Existing Lanes Subway Bus Bus Improve- Improve- ments in East Side ments in LES LRT LES Shuttle 7KH760$OWHUQDWLYH 7KH 760 $OWHUQDWLYH FRQWDLQV WKUHH PDMRU WUDQVLW HOHPHQWV /H[LQJWRQ $YHQXH ,57 VXEZD\ OLQH VWDWLRQ ³GZHOO WLPH´ LPSURYHPHQWV WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI EXV SULRULW\ ODQHV FDOOHG ³1HZ 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶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¶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³FRPELQLQJVWUDWHJLFDOO\WDUJHWHGQHZ FRQVWUXFWLRQZLWKEHWWHUXVHRIXQGHUXWLOL]HGVXEZD\DQGUDLOWUDQVLWIDFLOLWLHVLQDIUDPHZRUN RIFLW\ZLGHWUDQVSRUWDWLRQQHHGV´ 0DS 0HWUR/LQNSURSRVDOE\WKH5HJLRQDO3ODQ$VVRFLDWLRQ =XSDQ:HEHU S 3DJH The Case for Light Rail Transit on Manhattan’s East Side Final Report Chapter 3.4 - The East Side LRT Line 3.4 The East Side LRT Line Map 3.4-1: Segments of the The key feature of the proposals for additional surface East Side LRT Line public transit on Manhattan’s East Side examined in this study is the implementation of improvements in a north/south direction. Special emphasis is given to WashingtonWashington better access and transfers to and from existing rapid HeightsHeights & transit lines that serve the two principal cores of Manhattan’s CBD - Midtown and Lower Manhattan. Due 111 mile milemile to the existing patterns of roadways, the range of 111 km kmkm alternatives north of 14th Street is limited for practical reasons to variations along First and Second Avenue, MorningsideMorningside the only continuous Avenues through the center of the HeightsHeights Study Area. Since Manhattan’s geography extends to HarlemHarlem the east between Canal and 14th Street, and an irregular older street grid exists south of Houston Street, planners are confronted with an increased need UpperUpper WestWest UpperUpper for crosstown routings and numerous alignments are SideSide EastEast SideSide possible. Central Park Central Park Central Park Central Park Central Park Central Park Central Park Central Park Central Park Building on MTA´s innovative proposal for a Lower East MidtownMidtown Side LRT Shuttle (see Chapter 3.3, Segment 2 in Map WestWest WestWest EastEast MidtownMidtown MidtownMidtown M;idtownM;idtown Segment 1 M;idtownM;idtown LRT on 2nd 3.4-1), an East Side LRT Line would represent an and/or 1st MurrayMurray Hill Hill Avenue th ClintonClinton MurrayMurray Hill Hill extension northward to 125 Street in Harlem, along the GramercyGramercy ChelseaChelsea ParkPark same alignment where the MTA proposal offers GreenwichGreenwich EastEast VillageVillage dedicated bus lanes (Segment 1). The obvious VillageVillage LowerLowerLower East EastEast SohoSoho advantage of this LRT extension would be the SohoSoho SideSide Segment 3 Possible TribecaTribecaTribeca implementation of a single homogeneous transit system Connection via Allen or Segment 2 Chrystie St. that serves the entire East Side instead of the three Lower LowerLower Lower East Side ManhattanManhattanManhattan LRT Shuttle ManhattanManhattanManhattan different modes proposed in MTA’s MESA study. Page 3.4-1 The Case for Light Rail Transit on Manhattan’s East Side Final Report Chapter 3.4 - The East Side LRT Line This research study concentrates on LRT concepts for Segment 1 of the East Side LRT Line on First and Second Avenue. Specific alignments for the connection to the East Side LRT Shuttle (Segment 3) and their variations along Allen or Chrystie Street are not addressed and analyzed. Furthermore, variations on MTA’s Lower East Side LRT Shuttle are possible. In particular, the costly connections to the Chambers Street subway station could be avoided if an all-surface alignment serving Chinatown were selected. Consequently, the LRT running time calculations provided for the area south of Houston Street are rough estimates. Table 3.4-1: East Side LRT Line, Length of Segments East Side LRT Segments Length in Length in Miles km Segment 1: Houston Street - 125th Street 6.2 10.0 Segment 2: Lower East Side LRT Shuttle 4.6 7.4 Segment 3: Canal to Houston Street via Allen or Chrystie 0.6 1.0 St. The East Side LRT Corridor: Southern part of Segment 2 to Canal Street, 8.6 13.8 Segment 3 and Segment 1 to 125th Street Light Rail Vehicles for Manhattan’s East Side The East Side LRT Line represents a completely new system in an urban application with speeds below 30 mph (50 km/h) which does not operate with heavy LRVs (buff strength requirements) or existing high platform stations. Therefore the opportunity to introduce state-of-the-art 100% Low Floor LRVs to North America should be considered. Without endorsing a specific product, technical specifications of Adtranz (DaimlerChrysler Rail Systems) latest vehicle, the “Incentro Type AT 8/7 L” LRT were chosen for this case study to represent a typical modern 100 % Low Floor LRV. Page 3.4-2 The Case for Light Rail Transit on Manhattan’s East Side Final Report Chapter 3.4 - The East Side LRT Line With a length of 166 feet (50.6 m) and a width of 8.7 feet (2.65 m), a single articulated vehicle provides 126 seats and up to 352 standees for a maximum capacity of 478 passengers. Altogether eight entrances ensure rapid discharging and boarding of passengers and help to reduce station dwell times. Car floor height at entrances is 350 mm (13.8 inches) permitting convenient wheelchair access. To reduce vehicle costs, uni-directional vehicles can be used. With a minimal turning radius of 15 m (46 feet), these vehicles can be operated at any street in the Study Area that is selected for LRT turnback tracks. Alternatively, bi-directional vehicles can be used reducing track construction cost. Headway and Capacity A proposed five minute headway in peak hours results in a capacity of 5,736 pphpd (passenger per hour per direction). The maximum possible capacity with a headway of 90 seconds is theoretically as high as 19,120 pphpd. Off-peak, a five minute headway would result in a seated capacity of 1,512 pphpd. Station design Stations will require at least a 166 feet (50.6 m) platform to accommodate one LRV. Between Houston and 125th Street, where the uniform Manhattan street grid is in place, each station will require almost an entire block with 206 feet (63 m). This leaves enough sidewalk space (15 feet, 4.6 m) on each side of a block (35.5 feet, 10.8 m) for pedestrians to cross the Avenues in front or behind an LRV stopping at a station or a red traffic signal. Besides high capacities, long LRVs provide faster discharging and boarding times (reducing running times) as well as less walking for passengers. Platform heights for 100% Low-Floor LRVs of 350 mm are a little higher than a typical curb. While boarding from street level is theoretically possible, this would only be needed for emergencies. Stop Frequency Independent from the actual alignment, an optimal stop frequency of the East Side LRT Line is discussed in this subchapter. This information can be used for further refinement of travel time estimates for each alignment alternative. Page 3.4-3 The Case for Light Rail Transit on Manhattan’s East Side Final Report Chapter 3.4 - The East Side LRT Line Top priority in establishing a stop frequency for a transit system is the reduction of the average passenger journey time. Journey time composed of three elements: access time to and from the transit system, waiting time at the station and riding time. The waiting time is independent from the stop frequency; it depends only on the service frequency. Therefore, with regard to access time, one has to balance two contradicting objectives: To decrease the access time, additional stops are desired, but this results in a longer riding time. The regular street grid of Manhattan north of Houston Street allows the description of this contradiction in a simplified model (Appendix C) which offers a theoretical optimization for the journey time. Furthermore, it is important to take into account the subjective (i.e. perceived) journey time, which is generally higher for access time (walking) than for more convenient riding time. The average trip length of M15 bus riders is 13 stops or about 35 blocks based on ridership surveys. This number is confirmed by a logical explanation of transit trips along the East Side: The two business concentrations, Lower Manhattan and Midtown, are about 70 blocks apart. It is another 70 blocks from Midtown to the north-east end of Manhattan. Neglecting the Upper East Side residents commuting to Lower Manhattan, who use the faster subway, the number of 30 to 40 blocks is about the average commuting distance of all East Side residents. Figure 4.3-1 shows the average subjective journey time for a 35 block length trip with a factor of 1.5 for the subjectively longer access (walking) time and a relatively high station dwell time of 20 seconds. The minimum journey time is registered with a stop frequency of 4 blocks. A frequency of 5 or 6 blocks takes only slightly longer, though the advantage of a 4 block frequency increases with lower station dwell times. Lower dwell times occur because a lesser amount of riders board or leave an LRV at each station with more stops given a fixed number of projected passengers. As average station dwell times are likely to be lower with the proposed multiple entrance LRVs, the theoretical 4 block frequency was chosen. With a 10 second dwell time, this frequency would be favorable even for a subjectivity factor of one. Page 3.4-4 The Case for Light Rail Transit on Manhattan’s East Side Final Report Chapter 3.4 - The East Side LRT Line Figure 3.4-1: Journey Time and Stop Frequency 1200 Average Access Time TA [s] per Trip 1000 Average Riding Time TR [s] per Trip 800 Average Journey Time TJ [s] 600 per Trip Time [s] 400 200 0 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 Stop Frequency [blocks] As shown In Map 3.4-2 and 3.4-3, minor stops (stations in blue without a name) on the basis of this theoretical number were added to necessary stops (e.g. at major crosstown streets and subway interfaces). In this way, 36 stops were designated along the 6.2 miles (10 km) stretch between 125th Street and Houston Street: 17 between Houston and 63rd Street and 19 between 63rd and 125th Street. This represents an average stop frequency of 3.5 blocks or 920 feet (280 meters). This relatively high LRT stop frequency takes into consideration an urban application of LRT through high density areas. Latest LRT developments in Europe also tend to have higher stop frequencies responding to the importance of subjective journey time.1 Without preference for a specific alignment on First or Second Avenue, stations in Map 3.4-2 and 3.4-3 have been placed along Second Avenue. 1 VDV, 1997, p. 224 Page 3.4-5 The Case for Light Rail Transit on Manhattan’s East Side Final Report Chapter 3.4 - The East Side LRT Line Map 3.4-2 and 3.4-3: Proposed LRT Stations between Houston and 125th Street with existing subway lines and stations ÇÇ 63rd63rd St.St. ÇÇÇ63rd63rd St.St. S - ^^^StorageStorage FacilityFacility 126th126th StreetStreet - ÇÇÇ - ÇÇÇ N R 125th125th St.St. - -- ÇÇÇ ÇÇ & 59th59th St.St. ÇÇÇ57th57th St.St. ÇÇ F - - - ÇÇÇ E ÇÇÇ116th116th St.St. - 53rd53rd St.St. ÇÇ - ÇÇ ÇÇ ÇÇ 7 ) 106th106th St.St. - -- ÇÇÇ106th106th St.St. 4 ÇÇÇ42nd42nd St.St. - ÇÇ 5 ÇÇ 6 ÇÇ 0.50.5 milesmiles 34th34th St.St. 0.50.5 milesmiles - ÇÇÇ34th34th St.St. - 96th96th St.St. ÇÇÇ96th96th St.St. 0.50.5 milesmiles 4 500500 mm ÇÇ ÇÇ 500500 mm - 5 ÇÇ 500500 mm 6 ÇÇ - - ÇÇÇ23rd23rd St.St. - ÇÇÇ ÇÇÇ86th86th St.St. ÇÇÇ ÇÇ ÇÇ - ÇÇ & -- - - L ÇÇÇ79th79th St.St. ÇÇÇ - ÇÇÇ79th79th St.St. ÇÇÇ14th14th St.St. ÇÇ ÇÇ ÇÇ -- ÇÇÇ72nd72nd St.St. N ÇÇ - R ÇÇ - HoustonHouston St.St. ÇÇÇ- - ÇÇÇ F 63rd63rd St.St. - ÇÇÇ63rd63rd St.St. S - - - -- Page 3.4-6 The Case for Light Rail Transit on Manhattan’s East Side Final Report Chapter 3.4 - The East Side LRT Line Ideal LRT Running Times Under ideal circumstances, with a station dwell time between 10 to 20 seconds, a service acceleration and deceleration of 3 mph/s (1.3 m/s²) and a maximum speed of 30 mph (50km/h), the running time along this 6.2 miles (10km) stretch from 125th to Houston Street is about 25 to 30 minutes. Assuming the same average speed of 12 to 15 mph (20 to 24 km/h) for the 2 miles (3,3 km) southern stretch from Houston Street to the southern tip of Manhattan, for which the ideal running time is between 8 to 10 minutes, the LRT Line would require 33 to 40 minutes to cross Manhattan on the East Side from north end to the southern tip. In reality, significantly higher running times are expected in particular because of the high density of crosstown streets, each with signaled intersection only 260 feet (80 m) apart from each other. Ridership Potential For establishing the potential number of passengers using the East Side LRT Line, MTA’s Distribution/Mode Choice Model for the AM peak period has been used. Manhattan residents’ most reasonable origin and destination zones for potential East Side LRT trips were chosen on the basis of the available data cells (Table 3.4-2). Additionally, out of the top twenty origin- destination AM peak pairs for the Lexington Avenue Subway, ridership numbers for those pairs for which riding the East Side LRT line would be the better alternative to the subway, have been added (Table 3.4-3). The busiest location for intra-Manhattan trips (those with origin and destination in Manhattan) that might use the East Side LRT is the North Midtown Screenline at 60th street. At this location almost 3,800 pphpd might want to use the LRT line for a southbound commute. This is more than twice the number of the current M15 AM peak hour volume at 60th Street. Page 3.4-7 The Case for Light Rail Transit on Manhattan’s East Side Final Report Chapter 3.4 - The East Side LRT Line Table 3.4-2: Ridership Estimates for East Side LRT Line Screenline North Midtown South Midtown Lower Manhattan 60th Street 23rd Street Canal Street Origin Zones Destination Zones Description Southbound trips Northbound trips Southbound trips starting in Upper East starting in the Lower starting in East Side north of 60th East Side, East Midtown south of 42nd Street going to East Village and East Street, the East Midtown south of 60th Midtown south of 23rd Village and the Lower Street, the East Village Street going to East East Side going to or the Lower East Midtown north of 23rd Lower Manhattan. Side. Street. Peak Hour1 Person 856 277 521 Trip by Auto Peak Hour1 Person 2939 1401 2027 Trip by Transit Peak Hour1 Person 3795 1679 2547 Trip Total 1 Calculated from 2 hour peak period data. Peak hour data of 60th Street Screenline showed that about 70% of peak period volumes took place during the peak hour. Page 3.4-8 The Case for Light Rail Transit on Manhattan’s East Side Final Report Chapter 3.4 - The East Side LRT Line Table 3.4-3: Potential LRT Trips with Non-Manhattan Origins Trip Origin Trip Destination AM Peak Hour Estimated LRT Ridership Trips* on Lexington Percentage of trips Potential Avenue Subway changing to ES LRT Queens East Midtown 9,826 30% 2,947 Queens Upper East Side 5,040 30% 1,512 Brooklyn Lower East Side 3,240 80% 2,592 * 40% of Peak Period Volumes (3 hours) Additionally, a potential ridership of 3,000 pph, deduced from Lexington Avenue subway trips, is concentrated in the same general area. This number results from trips starting in Queens and having destinations in East Midtown. These travelers use the Lexington Avenue subway north/south travel on Manhattan’s East Side after crossing the East River westbound with another subway line, either the No.7, E, F, N, R, or S train. It is estimated that about 30% of these transferees, the LRT Line would be preferred if an adequate interface is provided. Unfortunately this data sources does not permit making estimates of expected ridership volumes at specific locations and about the distribution in each direction. Together with the information about other volumes in Table 3.4-2 and 3.4-3, ridership estimates make a strong case for the East Side LRT Line and highlight the importance of flexibility to provide even higher transit capacity. As previously shown, this LRT Line could have a capacity of up to 19,120 pphpd. Storage and Maintenance Facility The existing MTA bus facility at 126th Street between First and Second Avenue would be a possible location for East Side LRT storage and maintenance facility. By expending along the entire block between 126th and 127th Street, a parcel of land of 100,000 feet² (9,150 m²) is created, big enough to store up to 30 LRVs adjacent to a maintenance building. Page 3.4-9 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶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¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH(DVW6LGH/57/LQH 0DSDQG0DS 6WUHHW1HWZRUNRIWKH$OLJQPHQW$QDO\VLV$UHD EEE 64th 64th64th Street StreetStreet EEE 32nd 32nd32nd StreetStree StreetStreeStreetStreettt Í EEE 63rd 63rd63rd Street StreetStreet EEE 63rd 63rd63rd Street StreetStreet Ì Í EEE 31st 31st31st Street StreetStreet EEE 62nd 62nd62nd Street StreetStreet EEE 62nd 62nd62nd Street StreetStreet Í EEE 30th 30th30th Street StreetStreet NewNewNew York YorkYork EEE 61st 61st61st Street StreetStreet Ì & NewNewNew York YorkYork EEE 61st 61st61st Street StreetStreet UniversityUniversityUniversity & EEE 29th 29th29th Street StreetStreet Ì UniversityUniversityUniversity Í EEE 29th 29th29th Street StreetStreet EEE 60th 60th60th Street StreetStreet HospitalHospitalHospital QBBQBB Ramp Ramp EEE 28th 28th28th Street StreetStreet Í QBBQBB Ramp Ramp Ì EEE 28th 28th28th Street StreetStreet EEE 59th 59th59th Street StreetStreet EEE 27th 27th27th Street StreetStreet Ì Í EEE 27th 27th27th Street StreetStreet EEE 58th 58th58th Street StreetStreet EEE 26 2626 th thth Street StreetStreet Í Lexington Avenue Lexington Avenue Lexington Avenue EEE 26 2626 th thth Street StreetStreet Lexington Avenue Lexington Avenue Lexington Avenue EEE 26 2626 th thth Street StreetStreet Lexington Avenue Lexington Avenue Lexington Avenue Ì Í EEE 57th 57th57th Street StreetStreet Ì EEE 25th 25th25th Street StreetStreet Í EEE 56th 56th56th Street StreetStreet Í EEE 56th 56th56th Street StreetStreet EEE 24th 24th24th Street StreetStreet EEE 55th 55th55th Street StreetStreet Ì 2nd Avenue EEE 55th 55th55th Street StreetStreet 2nd Avenue 2nd Avenue 2nd Avenue EEE 55th 55th55th Street StreetStreet 2nd Avenue 2nd Avenue Ì Í 2nd Avenue 2nd Avenue 2nd Avenue 1st Avenue 1st Avenue 1st Avenue 1st Avenue 1st Avenue 1st Avenue 1st Avenue 1st Avenue 1st Avenue EEE 23rd 23rd23rd Street StreetStreet 1st Avenue 1st Avenue 1st Avenue 1st Avenue 1st Avenue 1st Avenue 1st Avenue 1st Avenue 1st Avenue EEE 23rd 23rd23rd Street StreetStreet 1st Avenue 1st Avenue 1st Avenue 1st Avenue 1st Avenue 1st Avenue 1st Avenue 1st Avenue 1st Avenue EEE 23rd 23rd23rd Street StreetStreet York Avenue York Í Avenue York Avenue York York Avenue York York Avenue York Avenue York York Avenue York Avenue York EEE 54th 54th54th Street StreetStreet Avenue York EEE 22nd 22nd22nd Street StreetStreet Í PeterPeterPeter Cooper CooperCooper Ì EEE 53rd 53rd53rd Street StreetStreet VillageVillageVillage EEE 21st 21st21st Street StreetStreet Ì Í EEE 21st 21st21st Street StreetStreet EEE 52nd 52nd52nd Street StreetStreet EEE 20th 20th20th Street StreetStreet Í Ì EEE 51st 51st51st Street StreetStreet Ì EEE 19th 19th19th Street StreetStreet EEE 50th 50th50th Street StreetStreet Í Í EEE 50th 50th50th Street StreetStreet EEE 18th 18th18th Street StreetStreet 2nd Avenue 2nd Avenue 2nd Avenue 2nd Avenue 2nd Avenue 2nd Avenue 2nd Avenue 2nd Avenue Ì 2nd Avenue EEE 49th 49th49th Street StreetStreet EEE 17th 17th17th Street StreetStreet Ì EEE 17th 17th17th Street StreetStreet StuyvesantStuyvesantStuyvesant Town TownTown EEE 48th 48th48th Street StreetStreet Í Í EEE 48th 48th48th Street StreetStreet EEE 16th 16th16th Street StreetStreet Ì EEE 47th 47th47th Street StreetStreet EEE 15th 15th15th Street StreetStreet Ì Í EEE 46th 46th46th Street StreetStreet Ì Í EEE 14th 14th14th Street StreetStreet UnitedUnitedUnited EEE 45th 45th45th Street StreetStreet Ì NationsNationsNations EEE 45th 45th45th Street StreetStreet NationsNationsNations Ì EEE 13th 13th13th Street StreetStreet EEE 44th 44th44th Street StreetStreet Í EEE 44th 44th44th Street StreetStreet Í EEE 12th 12th12th Street StreetStreet GCGCTT EEE 43rd 43rd43rd Street StreetStreet Ì 3rd Avenue EEE 43rd 43rd43rd Street StreetStreet 3rd Avenue 3rd Avenue 1st Avenue 1st Avenue 1st Avenue 3rd Avenue 3rd Avenue 3rd Avenue 1st Avenue 1st Avenue 1st Avenue 3rd Avenue 3rd Avenue 3rd Avenue Ì EEE 11th 11th11th Street StreetStreet 1st Avenue 1st Avenue 1st Avenue EEE 11th 11th11th Street StreetStreet Ì Í EEE 42nd 42nd42nd Stree StreeStreettt Í EEE 10th 10th10th Street StreetStreet Ì EEE 9th 9th9th Street StreetStreet EEE 41st 41st41st Stree StreetStreett Ì EEE 9th 9th9th Street StreetStreet Í Í St.St.St. Mark's Mark'sMark's Place PlacePlace EEE 40th 40th40th Stree StreetStreett ConConCon St.St.St. Mark's Mark'sMark's Place PlacePlace 3rd Avenue 3rd Avenue 3rd Avenue 3rd Avenue 3rd Avenue 3rd Avenue 3rd Avenue 3rd Avenue 3rd Avenue Avenue B Avenue B Avenue B Avenue B Avenue B Avenue B Avenue B Avenue B EdisonEdisonEdison Avenue B EEE 39th 39th39th Street StreetStreet Ì EdisonEdisonEdison Ì EEE 7th 7th7th Street StreetStreet EEE 39th 39th39th Street StreetStreet 1,0001,0001,000 feet feetfeet Í EEE 6th 6th6th Street StreetStreet EEE 38th 38th38th Street StreetStreet Í EEE 6th 6th6th Street StreetStreet Ì EEE 5th 5th5th Street StreetStreet EEE 37th 37th37th Street StreetStreet 250250250 m mm Ì QMTQMT Entrance Entrance QMTQMT Entrance Entrance 1,0001,0001,000 feet feetfeet EEE 36th 36th36th Street StreetStreet Í Í EEE 4th 4th4th Street StreetStreet FDR Drive FDR Drive EEE 36th 36th36th Street StreetStreet FDR Drive FDR Drive FDR Drive EEE 36th 36th36th Street StreetStreet FDR Drive FDR Drive FDR Drive FDR Drive Ì Ì EEE 3rd 3rd3rd Street StreetStreet EEE 35th 35th35th Street StreetStreet EEE 3rd 3rd3rd Street StreetStreet 250250250 m mm Í EEE 2nd 2nd2nd Street StreetStreet EEE 34th 34th34th Street StreetStreet Ì Í EEE 2nd 2nd2nd Street StreetStreet ttrtrreeeeeettt Ì EEE 1st 1st1st Street StreetStreet sssttotoonnn S SSttrtrreeeeeettt EEE 33rd 33rd33rd Street StreetStreet Ì EEE 1st 1st1st Street StreetStreet HoHoHouuusssttotoonnn EEE 33rd 33rd33rd Street StreetStreet )XUWKHU VRXWK WKH HQWUDQFH IURP 6HFRQG $YHQXH WR WKH 4XHHQV 0LGWRZQ 7XQQHO 407 DW WK6WUHHWLVDQRWKHUFRQVLGHUDEOHWUDIILFJHQHUDWRUWKRXJKOHVVFULWLFDOWKDQWKH4XHHQVERUR %ULGJHDUHD7KLVLVGXHWRWKHIDFWWKDWWKHUHLVQRH[LWRQ6HFRQG$YHQXH7KHWZRHDVWHUQ WUDIILFODQHVDUHXVHGIRUWUDIILFWXUQLQJHDVWWRWKHWXQQHOWKHUHPDLQLQJILYHODQHVFRQWDLQ WKHVRXWKERXQGWKURXJKWUDIILF(DVWERXQGWUDIILFRQWK6WUHHWFURVVHV6HFRQG$YHQXHDQG HLWKHUFRQWLQXHVRQWK6WUHHWRUHQWHUVWKHWXQQHO 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH(DVW6LGH/57/LQH 7XUQLQJ9ROXPHV ,QDGGLWLRQWRDOUHDG\SURYLGHGGDWDRQWUDIILFYROXPHVRQ)LUVWDQG6HFRQG$YHQXH &KDSWHU LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WXUQLQJ YROXPHV DORQJ WKHVH DYHQXHV ZDV REWDLQHG E\ VHYHUDO (QYLURQPHQWDO,PSDFW6WDWHPHQWV (,6 VXFKDVWKH %HDU6WHDUQV'(,6WKH QG 6WUHHW /57 )(,6 DQG WKH 1HZ 7DEOH 9ROXPHV 1RUWK DQG7XUQLQJ9ROXPHV (DVWDQG:HVW RQVW$YHQXH 1994 AM Peak Hour PM Peak Hour 42nd Street LRT Line FEIS North West East Total North West East Total 1ST AVE at E 40TH ST 1880 0 0 1880 2150 0 0 2150 1ST AVE at E 42ND ST 525 220 10 755 485 155 30 670 1ST AVE at E 43RD ST 1370 0 40 1410 1395 0 45 1440 1997 AM Peak Hour PM Peak Hour Bear Stearns DEIS North West East Total North West East Total PM 1ST AVE at E 42ND ST 2350 230 5 2585 2000 155 5 2160 1ST AVE at E 48TH ST 2255 0 155 2410 2400 0 55 2455 1ST AVE at E 49TH ST 2345 205 15 2565 2460 185 35 2680 1993 AM Peak Hour PM Peak Hour The New York Hospital FEIS North West East Total North West East Total 1ST AVE at E 59TH ST 1913 484 25 2422 2216 485 42 2743 1ST AVE at E 62ND ST 2230 0 203 2433 2752 0 222 2974 1ST AVE at E 63RD ST 2502 130 0 2632 2336 563 2899 Representative Turning 1269 453 1543 434 Movement (RTM) 2Q ERWK $YHQXHV WXUQLQJ YROXPHV WR WKH ZHVW DUH JHQHUDOO\ KLJKHU WKDQ WR WKH HDVW )RU REYLRXV UHDVRQV WUDIILF RQ WKHVH PRVW HDVWHUQ $YHQXHV LV PRUH RULHQWDWHG WR WKH ZHVW +RZHYHUWKLVDSSOLHVHYHQPRUHIRU)LUVW$YHQXHZLWKOHVVGHVWLQDWLRQVRQLWVHDVWHUO\VLGH +LJK WXUQLQJ YROXPHV WR WKH HDVW RQ 6HFRQG $YHQXH HVSHFLDOO\ LQ WKH 30 SHDN KRXU DUH FRQQHFWHGZLWK4XHHQVERXQGWUDIILFRYHUWKH4%%DQGWKURXJKWKH407 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH(DVW6LGH/57/LQH 7DEOH 9ROXPHV 6RXWK DQG7XUQLQJ9ROXPHV (DVWDQG:HVW RQQG$YHQXH 1994 AM Peak Hour PM Peak Hour 42nd Street LRT Line FEIS South West East Total South West East Total 2ND AVE at E 38TH ST 2290 0 95 2385 2660 0 115 2775 2ND AVE at E 40TH ST 2405 0 160 2565 2625 0 115 2740 2ND AVE at E 42ND ST 2150 225 295 2670 2340 150 310 2800 2ND AVE at E 48TH ST 2732 0 100 2832 2688 0 150 2838 0 1997 AM Peak Hour PM Peak Hour Bear Stearns DEIS South West East Total South West East Total 2ND AVE at E 42ND ST 2265 260 215 2740 2025 190 150 2365 2ND AVE at E 43RD ST 3050 305 0 3355 2350 95 0 2445 2ND AVE at E 44TH ST 3215 0 155 3370 2355 0 190 2545 2ND AVE at E 45TH ST 3220 325 0 3545 2220 200 0 2420 2ND AVE at E 46TH ST 3320 0 135 3455 2170 0 155 2325 2ND AVE at E 47TH ST 3340 295 0 3635 2050 280 0 2330 2ND AVE at E 48TH ST 3360 0 165 3525 2040 0 150 2190 2ND AVE at E 49TH ST 3098 215 0 3313 1980 230 0 2210 1993 AM Peak Hour PM Peak Hour The New York Hospital FEIS South West East Total South West East Total 2ND AVE at E 54TH ST 3554 0 121 3675 1970 0 98 2068 2ND AVE at E 55TH ST 3395 346 0 3741 1889 201 0 2090 2ND AVE at E 56TH ST 3448 0 105 3553 1894 0 133 2027 2ND AVE at E 57TH ST 2668 298 15 2981 1841 213 0 2054 2ND AVE at E 58TH ST 2879 0 28 2907 1962 0 221 2183 2ND AVE at E 59TH ST 2866 0 738 3604 2055 0 776 2831 2ND AVE at E 60TH ST 2643 98 16 2757 1710 114 19 1843 2ND AVE at E 61ST ST 2530 130 0 2660 1518 82 0 1600 2ND AVE at E 62ND ST 2433 0 69 2502 1453 0 338 1791 2ND AVE at E 63RD ST 1855 146 0 2001 1711 152 0 1863 Representative Turning 2643 2412 1907 2920 Movement (RTM) 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶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¶V3ODFH 5UKLS)RUHFDVW : Lane 1 Lane 2 Lane 3 Lane 4 Lane 5 Lane 6 ( 21.5’ 10’ 10’ 10’ 10’ 10’ 7’10’’ 21.5’ 6.55 m 3.05 m 3.05m 3.05 m 3.05 m 3.05 m 2.40 m 6.55 m 100’ 30.48 m VW$YHQXHDW6W0DUN¶V3ODFH : Lane 1 Lane 2 Lane 3 Lane 4 Lane 5 Lane 6 Lane 7 ( 15’ 10’ 10’ 10’ 10’ 10’ 10’ 10’ 15’ 4.57 m 3.05 m 3.05 m 3.05 m 3.05 m 3.05 m 3.05 m 3.05 m 4.57 m 100’ 30.48 m 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH(DVW6LGH/57/LQH 3DUNLQJ 7KH QXPEHU RI OHJDO RQVWUHHW SDUNLQJ VSDFHV DQG FXUEFXWV ZDV REWDLQHG E\ ILHOG VXUYH\V 7KHUHG]RQHEXVODQHLQWKH$OLJQPHQW$QDO\VLV$UHDDORQJ)LUVWDQG6HFRQG$YHQXHUXQV IURPUGWRWK6WUHHW$QDGGLWLRQDOFXUEVLGHEXVODQHRQ6HFRQG$YHQXHUXQVIURPWK 6WUHHWWRWK6WUHHW3HUDYHUDJHEORFNHLJKWSDUNLQJPHWHUVDUHLQVWDOOHG EORFNVZLWKEXV VWRSV SURYLGH SDUNLQJ VSDFHV 2QVWUHHW SDUNLQJ DORQJ 6HFRQG $YHQXH IURP +RXVWRQ WR UG 6WUHHW SURYLGHV DSSUR[LPDWHO\ SDUNLQJ VSDFHV GXULQJ SHDN KRXUV DQG GXULQJ SHULRGVZKHQWKHEXVODQHLVQRWDFWLYH)LUVW$YHQXHKDVVSDFHVGXULQJSHDNSHULRGV RWKHUZLVH %HVLGHVRQVWUHHWSDUNLQJ)LUVWDQG6HFRQG$YHQXHVLQFOXGHDQXPEHURISULYDWHDQGSXEOLF SDUNLQJJDUDJHV0RVWJDUDJHHQWUDQFHVDUHRQFURVVVWUHHWVEXWDIHZDUHORFDWHGRQ)LUVW DQG6HFRQG$YHQXH7KHVHDUHDFFHVVLEOHE\FURVVLQJWKHVLGHZDONFRPLQJIURPWKH$YHQXH WKHUHIRUH FXUEFXWV ZHUH EXLOW 0DS JLYHV DQ RYHUYLHZ RI DOO FXUEFXWV RQ )LUVW DQG 6HFRQG $YHQXH LQ WKH $OLJQPHQW $QDO\VLV $UHD 7KH ORFDWLRQ RI FXUEFXWV LV DQ LPSRUWDQW IDFWRUEHFDXVHWKH\UHSUHVHQWDGGLWLRQDOWUDFNFURVVLQJVE\ YHKLFOHV $SSURSULDWH VROXWLRQV DQGLISRVVLEOHDYRLGDQFHRIWKHVHFURVVLQJVDUHLPSRUWDQWHOHPHQWVIRUVXFFHVVIXORSHUDWLRQ RI/57 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH(DVW6LGH/57/LQH 0DS &XUEFXWVRQVWDQGQG$YHQXH &XUEFXW 'HVFULSWLRQ ( 3DUNLQJ ( (QWUDQFHIRU +RVSLWDO ( (QWUDQFH ( (QWUDQFH1<8 0HGLFDO&HQWHU ( 3DUNLQJ ( 5DPSIRU+RVSLWDO : %LJ3DUNLQJ *DUDJH : 3DUNLQJ : 5DSLG3DUN*DUDJH ( 3DUNLQJ*DUDJH ( 3DUNLQJ ( %XVLQHVV*DUDJH ( 0RELO*DV6WDWLRQ : (QWUDQFH0DUOERUR +RXVH : 3ULYDWH*DUDJH : 2QH&DU3DUNLQJ /RW : %XVLQHVV3DUNLQJ Curbcuts along 1st and 2nd Avenuue Curbcut 0DS /DQG8VHDORQJ)LUVWDQG6HFRQG$YHQXH 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶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and Use on First and RWKHUV Second Avenue )LQDOO\ WKH QXPEHU RI VWUHHW Retail Residential Mixture QG Culture FDIpV ZDV FRXQWHG $YHQXH Sport, Playground KDV DQG VW $YHQXH RQO\ Park 7KLVFRQILUPVQG$YHQXHDVWKH Institutional PRUHSHGHVWULDQIULHQGO\ Office Residential only Industrial, Traffic Space 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH(DVW6LGH/57/LQH 'HVFULSWLRQDQG,PSDFWVRI$OLJQPHQW$OWHUQDWLYHV 'XHWRWKHQHFHVVDU\OLPLWDWLRQRIERWKWLPHDQGUHVRXUFHVDYDLODEOHIRUWKLVVWXG\DODUJH QXPEHU RI SRVVLEOH /57 DOLJQPHQWV DORQJ )LUVW DQGRU 6HFRQG $YHQXH ZDV QDUURZHG GRZQ EDVHGRQWKHIROORZLQJFULWHULD 1. 7KH (DVW 6LGH /57 DOLJQPHQWV DOWHUQDWLYHV VKRXOG UDQJH EHWZHHQ EHLQJ HLWKHU VHPL H[FOXVLYHZKHQVKDULQJWKHVWUHHWZLWKRWKHUYHKLFOHVRUQRQH[FOXVLYHLQDSHGHVWULDQ PDOO ,Q WKH FDVH RI D SDUDOOHO URDGZD\ WKH VWUHHW ULJKWRIZD\ LV VHSDUDWHG E\ D PRXQWDEOHFXUE 2. 6HPL([FOXVLYH$OLJQPHQWVVKRXOGEHGHVLJQHGLQVXFKDIDVKLRQVRDV WR PLQLPL]H WKH ORVVRIURDGZD\ FDSDFLW\ WR JXDUDQWHH IUHH IORZLQJ WUDIILF DQG WKHUHE\ SURYLGH D KLJKHU SRWHQWLDOVSHHGIRUWKH/57/LQH 3. 7KH (DVW 6LGH /57 /LQH VKRXOG KDYH GLUHFW DFFHVV IURP DW OHDVW RQH VLGHZDON &XUE WUDQVLWZD\VFDXVHIHZHUWUDIILFLPSDFWVDQGSHGHVWULDQYHKLFXODUVDIHW\LPSDFWVWKDQGR IDFLOLWLHVSODFHGLQWKHPHGLDQRIDURDGZD\)XUWKHUPRUHDFFHVVLELOLW\IRUSDVVHQJHUVLV PRUH FRQYHQLHQW DQG WKH FRVW RI FRQVWUXFWLQJ FXUE IDFLOLWLHV LV OHVV WKDQ WKH FRVW IRU PHGLDQIDFLOLWLHV1 4. $ KLJK SULRULW\ LV SODFHG RQ WKH DYRLGDQFH RI WUDIILF FURVVLQJ WKH ULJKW RI ZD\ 9HKLFOHV DQG3HGHVWULDQV 5. &RQWUDIORZ ODQHV ZHUH QRW LQFOXGHG IRU WKH RQHZD\SDLU DOLJQPHQW GXH WR SHGHVWULDQ VDIHW\FRQFHUQV 1 1<&'27 S 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH(DVW6LGH/57/LQH $OLJQPHQW2QH:D\3DLU$OLJQPHQW )LUVW $YHQXH 3RVLWLRQLQJ DORQJ WKH HDVWHUQ FXUE RI )LUVW $YHQXH DSSHDUV PRUH SUDFWLFDO UHJDUGLQJWKH5HSUHVHQWDWLYH7XUQLQJ0RYHPHQWV 570 ZKLFKDUHWKUHHWLPHVKLJKHUWRWKH ZHVW WKDQ WR WKH HDVW 7DEOH 7KH ODUJHU QXPEHU RI FXUEFXWV LQFOXGLQJ VRPH LPSRUWDQWYHKLFOHVHQWUDQFHVWRKRVSLWDOVRQWKHHDVWVLGH VL[ FRPSDUHGWRWKH$YHQXH¶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¶V0EXVVWDWLRQVDUHDUUDQJHG 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶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ane 1 Lane 2 Lane 3 Lane 4 Lane 5 Lane 6 VW$YHQXH : ( Lane 1 Lane 2 Lane 3 Lane 4 Lane 5 Lane 6 Lane 7 20F1DPDUD 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶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¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH(DVW6LGH/57/LQH )OH[LELOLW\RIWKHVHFRQILJXUDWLRQVLVDOVRLPSRUWDQWIRU /57 VLJQDO SUHHPSWLRQ DOORZLQJ WKH /59GULYHUWRH[WHQGWKHJUHHQRUUHGXFHWKHUHGSKDVHIRUDFRXSOHRIVHFRQGVLIKHLVIDOOLQJ EHKLQGWKHJUHHQZDYHGXHWRORQJHUVWDWLRQGZHOOWLPHVRUVHUYLFHLQWHUUXSWLRQV )LJXUH /57DQGWKHH[LVWLQJ³*UHHQ:DYH´RQVWDQGQG$YHQXH )LJXUH /57DQGSRVVLEOH³*UHHQ:DYH´FRQILJXUDWLRQRQVWDQGQG$YHQXH 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH(DVW6LGH/57/LQH $OLJQPHQW9HKLFXODU7UDIILF 9HKLFXODUWUDIILFRQERWKDYHQXHVZLOOEHHIIHFWHG KRZHYHUUHGXFWLRQLQFDSDFLW\IRUWKURXJK WUDIILF LV LQVLJQLILFDQW DQG UHVXOWV IURP D ORVV RI FDSDFLW\ IRU ULJKW WXUQLQJ WUDIILF RQ ERWK DYHQXHV $VVXPLQJ D FRQVHUYDWLYH FDSDFLW\ RI YHKLFOHV SHU KRXU YSK SHU ODQH IRU WKURXJK WUDIILF DQG DQ DYHUDJH RI YSK IRU WKH IDU ULJKW DQG OHIW ODQH ZLWK FRPELQHG WKURXJKDQGWXUQLQJWUDIILFRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶VRQHZD\DYHQXHVFDSDFLW\IRUWKURXJKWUDIILFRQ 6HFRQG$YHQXHZLOOUHPDLQYSKEHWZHHQUGDQGUG6WUHHWDQGYSKVRXWKRI UG6WUHHW)LUVW$YHQXH¶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¶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¶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¶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¶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¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH(DVW6LGH/57/LQH $OLJQPHQW7ZR:D\7UDQVLW:D\$OLJQPHQWRQ)LUVW$YHQXH 6LQFH QRUWKERXQG WUDIILF RQ )LUVW $YHQXH LV RQH ZD\ D ULJKW KDQG UXQQLQJ /57 /LQH ZRXOG KDYHWRUXQDORQJWKHZHVWHUQFXUE7KRXJKWXUQLQJPRYHPHQWVWRWKHHDVWDUHOHVVWKDQWR WKH ZHVW DV VKRZQ XQGHU WKLV ³ZLWKIORZ´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ane 1 Lane 2 Lane 3 Lane 4 Lane 5 Lane 6 Lane 7 )LJXUH 7ZR:D\7UDQVLW:D\$OLJQPHQWRQVW$YHQXHZLWKRXW6WDWLRQ : ( Lane 1 Lane 2 Lane 3 Lane 4 Lane 5 Lane 6 Lane 7 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶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¶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¶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¶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¶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¶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¶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ane 1 Lane 2 Lane 3 Lane 4 Lane 5 Lane 6 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH(DVW6LGH/57/LQH )LJXUH 7ZR:D\7UDQVLW:D\$OLJQPHQWZLWKRXW6WDWLRQ : ( Lane 1 Lane 2 Lane 3 Lane 4 Lane 5 Lane 6 $OLJQPHQW/573HUIRUPDQFH %DVLF SHUIRUPDQFH IDFWRUV IRU WKLV DOLJQPHQW DUH WKH VDPH DV IRU $OLJQPHQW $OWHUQDWLYH 7KHUHIRUHFRUUHVSRQGLQJGDWDZDVH[WUDFWHGIURPWKHSUHYLRXVFKDSWHU5XQQLQJ WLPH IURP WKWR+RXVWRQ6WUHHWLVDSSUR[LPDWHO\PLQXWHV $OLJQPHQW9HKLFXODU7UDIILF &DSDFLW\ RI 6HFRQG $YHQXH GHFUHDVHV E\ YSK IURP WRGD\¶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¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH(DVW6LGH/57/LQH $OLJQPHQW2Q6WUHHW3DUNLQJ $ERXWRIVRXWKERXQG/DQHLVHLWKHUUHVHUYHGIRU/57VWDWLRQVRUULJKWWXUQLQJODQHV 7KHUHPDLQLQJLVXVHGIRURQVWUHHWSDUNLQJ,QWKHSHDNSHULRGDVZHOODVRIISHDN RQVWUHHW SDUNLQJ VSDFHV ZRXOG EH ORFDWHG RQ 6HFRQG $YHQXH 7KLV PHDQV D JDLQ RI VSDFHVLQSHDNKRXUV $OLJQPHQW*RRGV0RYHPHQW EORFNV RQ WKH ZHVW VLGH RI 6HFRQG $YHQXH DUH LGHQWLILHG DV GHOLYHU\ LQWHQVLYH $VVXPLQJ WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI ORDGLQJ DQG XQORDGLQJ FRPPHUFLDO VKLSPHQWV RQ /DQH KDQG FDUWLQJGLVWDQFHZRXOGVWLOOLQFUHDVHE\DQDYHUDJHRIIRUVSHFLILFGHOLYHULHV ,IODQHLVUHVHUYHGIRUPRYLQJWUDIILFRQO\WKHKDQGFDUWLQJGLVWDQFHZRXOGLQFUHDVHE\DQ DYHUDJHRIDVVXPLQJWKDWWUXFNVSDUNRQWKHRSSRVLWHVLGHRQODQHRU $OLJQPHQW&XUEFXWV 9HKLFOHVDFFHVVLQJHQWUDQFHVWRSDUNLQJJDUDJHVDQGGULYHZD\VZRXOGKDYHWRFURVVWZR/57 WUDFNV DW RQO\ ORFDWLRQV 2QH SDUNLQJ ORW FRXOG EH DFFHVVHG IURP WKH FURVVWRZQ VWUHHW DQRWKHULVQRWDQLVVXHVLQFHLWSURYLGHVSDUNLQJVSDFHIRURQO\RQHYHKLFOH $OLJQPHQW6XEZD\&RQQHFWLRQ 7KH)WUDLQVWDWLRQDW+RXVWRQ6WUHHWLVDFFHVVLEOHIURP6HFRQG$YHQXHWKHUHIRUHLWZRXOG KDYHDIXOOFRQQHFWLRQWRWKH(DVW6LGH/57/LQH %XLOGLQJ QHZ HDVWHUQ HQWUDQFHV RI WKH ( DQG ) WUDLQ DW /H[LQJWRQ $YHQXH 6WDWLRQ FRXOG SURYLGH FRQYHQLHQW VXEZD\ FRQQHFWLRQV IRU ERWK QRUWK DQG VRXWKERXQG /57 VHUYLFH RQ 6HFRQG$YHQXH+RZHYHUIRUDOORWKHUFRQQHFWLRQVDZDONLQJGLVWDQFHRIRQHRUWZREORFNVLV QHFHVVDU\ZLWKRXWPDMRUVXEZD\VWDWLRQUHFRQVWUXFWLRQ 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH(DVW6LGH/57/LQH $OLJQPHQW)XWXUH6HFRQG$YHQXH6XEZD\,QWHUIDFH $QLQWHUIDFHZLWKDIXWXUH6HFRQG$YHQXH6XEZD\LVSRVVLEOHDORQJWKHHQWLUHOHQJWKRIWKLV DOLJQPHQW 7KHUHIRUH WKH 6HFRQG $YHQXH 6XEZD\ DQG DQ (DVW 6LGH /57 OLQH FRXOG RSHUDWH V\PELRWLFDOO\ DV DQ H[SUHVV DQG ORFDO WUDQVLW VHUYLFH VLPLODU WR 1<&¶V FXUUHQW H[SUHVV DQG ORFDOVXEZD\FRQFHSW1 )LJXUH 7ZR:D\7UDQVLW:D\ $OLJQPHQW RQ 6HFRQG $YHQXH ZLWK D QG $YHQXH 6XEZD\,QWHUIDFH $OLJQPHQW&RVW &RQVWUXFWLRQFRVWDQGRSHUDWLQJFRVWDUHDERXWWKHVDPHDVIRUD7ZR:D\7UDQVLW:D\RQ )LUVW$YHQXH 1+DLNDOLV 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶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¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH(DVW6LGH/57/LQH $OLJQPHQW3HGHVWULDQ0DOO$OLJQPHQWRQ6HFRQG$YHQXH ,QFRQWUDVWWRH[LVWLQJSDWWHUQVDORQJ)LUVWDQG6HFRQG$YHQXHZLWKYHKLFXODUURDGZD\VDQG VLGHZDONV D 3HGHVWULDQ 0DOO $OLJQPHQW LV FRQVLGHUHG IRU 6HFRQG $YHQXH 6HFRQG $YHQXH SURYLGHV PRUH SHGHVWULDQ DPHQLWLHV VXFK DV D PRUH SOHDVDQW ZDONLQJ HQYLURQPHQW ZLWK VWUHHWFDIp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p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¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH(DVW6LGH/57/LQH )LJXUH 3HGHVWULDQ0DOO$OLJQPHQWRQQG$YHQXHWZRZD\VW$YHQXH QG$YHQXH : ( VW$YHQXH : ( Lane 1 Lane 2 Lane 3 Lane 4 Lane 5 Lane 6 Lane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¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH(DVW6LGH/57/LQH $OLJQPHQW9HKLFXODU7UDIILF 6HFRQG$YHQXH¶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¶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¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH(DVW6LGH/57/LQH $OLJQPHQW6XEZD\&RQQHFWLRQ &RQQHFWLRQWRH[LVWLQJVXEZD\VLVWKHVDPHDVZLWKWKH$OLJQPHQW$OWHUQDWLYH $OLJQPHQW)XWXUH6HFRQG$YHQXH6XEZD\,QWHUIDFH $QLQWHUIDFHZLWKDIXWXUH6HFRQG$YHQXH6XEZD\LVSRVVLEOHDORQJWKHHQWLUHOHQJWKRIWKLV DOLJQPHQW7KHUHIRUHWKH6HFRQG$YHQXH6XEZD\DQGWKH(DVW6LGH/57OLQHFRXOGRSHUDWH DV D V\PELRWLF H[SUHVV DQG ORFDO WUDQVLW VHUYLFH VLPLODU WR WRGD\¶V 1<& H[SUHVV DQG ORFDO VXEZD\FRQFHSW )LJXUH 3HGHVWULDQ0DOO$OLJQPHQWZLWKQG$YHQXH,QWHUIDFH 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶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¶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¶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¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH(DVW6LGH/57/LQH $OLJQPHQW(YDOXDWLRQ 7RDVVLVWLQWKHDOLJQPHQWHYDOXDWLRQDVFRULQJPRGHOZDVFKRVHQ$IWHUGHILQLQJDPDWUL[ ZLWKFDWHJRULHVHOHPHQWVDQGLQGLFDWRUVDSHUFHQWDJHZHLJKWIRUHDFKJURXSZDVDVVLJQHG 7DEOH :KLOH REYLRXVO\ VRPHZKDW VXEMHFWLYH WKH ³ZHLJKWLQJ´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¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH(DVW6LGH/57/LQH 7KHVHQVLWLYLW\FKHFNZKHUHJUHDWHUZHLJKWZDVJLYHQWR³OLYDEOHFLW\´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¶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¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH(DVW6LGH/57/LQH 7DEOH 6FRULQJ0RGHOZLWKZHLJKWV )LUVW&DOFXODWLRQ Category a Elements a b Indicator a b Transit 40% Running Times 30% 12% Overall Running Time 70% 8.4% Rider Reliability 30% 3.6% Station Accessibility 30% 12% Access for Residents east of 1st Ave 40% 4.8% Access for Residents west of 2nd Ave 20% 2.4% General Access to Jobs 30% 3.6% No. of major institutions directly served 10% 1.2% 2nd Avenue Subway 20% 8% No. of Directions with Interface 70% 5.6% Interface Convenience of change 30% 2.4% Other Subway 20% 8% Number of direct connections 60% 4.8% Connection Distance to intersecting Subways 40% 3.2% Operator 20% Capital Costs 40% 8% Infrastructure 70% 5.6% Vehicles 15% 1.2% Stations 15% 1.2% Operating Costs 60% 12% Operators 60% 7.2% Maintenance of Vehicles 25% 3.0% Maintenance of Tracks 10% 1.2% Maintenance of Stations 5% 0.6% General 20% Vehicular Traffic 40% 8% Through Capacity 50% 4.0% Traffic Affected critical traffic locations 30% 2.4% Turning Capacity 20% 1.6% On-Street Parking 10% 2% Number of Spaces 100%% 2.0% Goods Movement 20% 4% Delivery intensity of affected side 50% 2.0% Increase in hand carting distances 30% 1.2% Convenience of loading 20% 0.8% Curbcuts 10% 2% Number of affected Curbcuts 30% 0.6% Curb activity 70% 1.4% Safety 20% 4% No. of potential Traffic/LRT conflicts 30% 1.2% Pedestrian Safety 50% 2.0% Biking Safety 10% 0.4% Goods Movement Safety 10% 0.4% Amenities 20% Pedestrian Space 10% 2% Number of Stations on Sidewalk 40% 0.8% Additional Pedestrian Space 60% 1.2% Land Use 10% 2% Harmony 100% 2.0% East Side Livability 80% 16% Less Vehicular Traffic 40% 6.4% Less Emissions 20% 3.2% More public and open space 20% 3.2% General Accessibility 20% 3.2% a - relative assessment7RWDO b - absolute assessment 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH(DVW6LGH/57/LQH 7DEOH $VVHVVPHQWDQG6FRULQJRI$OLJQPHQWV )LUVW&DOFXODWLRQ Indicator Weight Assessment of Scoring of Alignments Alignments 1234 1 2 3 4 Overall Running Time 8.4% 4 4 4 3 0.336 0.336 0.336 0.252 Reliability 3.6% 4 3 3 4 0.144 0.108 0.108 0.144 Access for Residents east of 1st Ave 4.8% 2 3 1 1 0.096 0.144 0.048 0.048 Access for Residents west of 2nd Avenue 2.4% 2 1 4 4 0.048 0.024 0.096 0.096 General Access to Jobs 3.6% 2 1 4 4 0.072 0.036 0.144 0.144 No. of major institutions directly served 1.2% 2 4 1 1 0.024 0.048 0.012 0.012 Number of Directions with Interface 5.6% 2 1 4 4 0.112 0.056 0.224 0.224 Convenience of change 2.4% 2 1 3 4 0.048 0.024 0.072 0.096 Number of direct connections 4.8% 2 4 1 1 0.096 0.192 0.048 0.048 Distance to intersecting Subways 3.2% 2 1 4 4 0.064 0.032 0.128 0.128 Infrastructure 5.6% 1 4 4 2 0.056 0.224 0.224 0.112 Vehicles 1.2% 4 4 4 3 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.036 Stations 1.2% 4 2 2 1 0.048 0.024 0.024 0.012 Operators 7.2% 4 4 4 3 0.288 0.288 0.288 0.216 Maintenance of Vehicles 3.0% 4 4 4 3 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.09 Maintenance of Tracks 1.2% 2 4 4 4 0.024 0.048 0.048 0.048 Maintenance of Stations 0.6% 4 2 2 1 0.024 0.012 0.012 0.006 Through Capacity 4.0% 4 3 3 1 0.16 0.12 0.12 0.04 Affected critical traffic locations 2.4% 4 3 2 1 0.096 0.072 0.048 0.024 Turning Capacity 1.6% 3 4 4 2 0.048 0.064 0.064 0.032 Number of Spaces 2.0% 2 3 3 1 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.02 Delivery intensity of affected side 2.0% 2 4 4 1 0.04 0.08 0.08 0.02 Increase in hand carting distances 1.2% 2 2 2 1 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.012 Convenience of loading 0.8% 2 1 1 4 0.016 0.008 0.008 0.032 Number of affected Curbcuts 0.6% 1 4 3 2 0.006 0.024 0.018 0.012 Curb activity 1.4% 1 3 4 2 0.014 0.042 0.056 0.028 No. of potential Traffic/LRT conflicts 1.2% 2 1 1 4 0.024 0.012 0.012 0.048 Pedestrian Safety 2.0% 4 2 2 4 0.08 0.04 0.04 0.08 Biking Safety 0.4% 4 2 2 3 0.016 0.008 0.008 0.012 Goods Movement Safety 0.4% 1 2 2 4 0.004 0.008 0.008 0.016 Number of Stations on Sidewalk 0.8% 1 2 2 4 0.008 0.016 0.016 0.032 Additional Pedestrian Space 1.2% 1 2 2 4 0.012 0.024 0.024 0.048 Harmony 2.0% 2 1 3 4 0.04 0.02 0.06 0.08 Less Vehicular Traffic 6.4% 1 2 2 4 0.064 0.128 0.128 0.256 Less Emissions 3.2% 1 2 2 4 0.032 0.064 0.064 0.128 More public and open space 3.2% 1 1 1 4 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.128 General Accessibility 3.2% 1 3 3 4 0.032 0.096 0.096 0.128 Total Score 2.436 2.706 2.946 2.888 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH(DVW6LGH/57/LQH 7DEOH 6FRULQJ0RGHOZLWKZHLJKWV 6HQVLWLYLW\ Category a Elements a b Indicator a b Transit 20% Running Times 30% 6% Overall Running Time 70.0% 4.2% Rider Reliability 30.0% 1.8% Station Accessibility 30% 6% Access for Residents east of 1st Ave 40.0% 2.4% 6% Access for Residents west of 2nd Ave 20.0% 1.2% General Access to Jobs 30.0% 1.8% No. of major institutions directly served 10.0% 0.6% 2nd Avenue Subway 20% 4% No. of Directions with Interface 70.0% 2.8% Interface Convenience of change 30.0% 1.2% Other Subway 20% 4% Number of direct connections 60.0% 2.4% Connection Distance to intersecting Subways 40.0% 1.6% Operator 20% Capital Costs 40% 8% Infrastructure 70% 5.6% Vehicles 15% 1.2% Stations 15% 1.2% Operating Costs 60% 12% Operators 60% 7.2% Maintenance of Vehicles 25% 3.0% Maintenance of Tracks 10% 1.2% Maintenance of Stations 5% 0.6% General 20% Vehicular Traffic 40% 8% Through Capacity 50% 4.0% Traffic Affected critical traffic locations 30% 2.4% Turning Capacity 20% 1.6% On-Street Parking 10% 2% Number of Spaces 100% 2.0% Goods Movement 20% 4% Delivery intensity of affected side 50% 2.0% Increase in hand carting distances 30% 1.2% Convenience of loading 20% 0.8% Curbcuts 10% 2% Number of affected Curbcuts 30% 0.6% Curb activity 70% 1.4% Safety 20% 4% No. of potential Traffic/LRT conflicts 30% 1.2% Pedestrian Safety 50% 2.0% Biking Safety 10% 0.4% Goods Movement Safety 10% 0.4% Amenities 40% Pedestrian Space 10% 4% Number of Stations on Sidewalk 40% 1.6% Additional Pedestrian Space 60% 2.4% Land Use 10% 4% Harmony 100% 4.0% East Side Livability 80% 32% Less Vehicular Traffic 40% 12.8 Less Emissions 20% 6.4% More public and open space 20% 6.4% General Accessibility 20% 6.4% a - relative assessment7RWDO b - absolute assessment 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH(DVW6LGH/57/LQH 7DEOH $VVHVVPHQWDQG6FRULQJRI$OLJQPHQWV 6HQVLWLYLW\ Indicator Weight Assessment of Scoring of Alignments Alignments 1234 1 2 3 4 Overall Running Time 4.2% 4 4 4 3 0.168 0.168 0.168 0.126 Reliability 1.8% 4 3 3 4 0.072 0.054 0.054 0.072 Access for Residents east of 1st Ave 2.4% 2 3 1 1 0.048 0.072 0.024 0.024 Access for Residents west of 2nd Avenue 1.2% 2 1 4 4 0.024 0.012 0.048 0.048 General Access to Jobs 1.8% 2 1 4 4 0.036 0.018 0.072 0.072 No. of major institutions directly served 0.6% 2 4 1 1 0.012 0.024 0.006 0.006 Number of Directions with Interface 2.8% 2 1 4 4 0.056 0.028 0.112 0.112 Convenience of change 1.2% 2 1 3 4 0.024 0.012 0.036 0.048 Number of direct connections 2.4% 2 4 1 1 0.048 0.096 0.024 0.024 Distance to intersecting Subways 1.6% 2 1 4 4 0.032 0.016 0.064 0.064 Infrastructure 5.6% 1 4 4 2 0.056 0.224 0.224 0.112 Vehicles 1.2% 4 4 4 3 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.036 Stations 1.2% 4 2 2 1 0.048 0.024 0.024 0.012 Operators 7.2% 4 4 4 3 0.288 0.288 0.288 0.216 Maintenance of Vehicles 3.0% 4 4 4 3 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.09 Maintenance of Tracks 1.2% 2 4 4 4 0.024 0.048 0.048 0.048 Maintenance of Stations 0.6% 4 2 2 1 0.024 0.012 0.012 0.006 Through Capacity 4.0% 4 3 3 1 0.16 0.12 0.12 0.04 Affected critical traffic locations 2.4% 4 3 2 1 0.096 0.072 0.048 0.024 Turning Capacity 1.6% 3 4 4 2 0.048 0.064 0.064 0.032 Number of Spaces 2.0% 2 3 3 1 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.02 Delivery intensity of affected side 2.0% 2 4 4 1 0.04 0.08 0.08 0.02 Increase in hand carting distances 1.2% 2 2 2 1 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.012 Convenience of loading 0.8% 2 1 1 4 0.016 0.008 0.008 0.032 Number of affected Curbcuts 0.6% 1 4 3 2 0.006 0.024 0.018 0.012 Curb activity 1.4% 1 3 4 2 0.014 0.042 0.056 0.028 No of potential Traffic/LRT conflicts 1.2% 2 1 1 4 0.024 0.012 0.012 0.048 Pedestrian Safety 2.0% 4 2 2 4 0.08 0.04 0.04 0.08 Biking Safety 0.4% 4 2 2 3 0.016 0.008 0.008 0.012 Goods Movement Safety 0.4% 1 2 2 4 0.004 0.008 0.008 0.016 Number of Stations on Sidewalk 1.6% 1 2 2 4 0.016 0.032 0.032 0.064 Additional Pedestrian Space 2.4% 1 2 2 4 0.024 0.048 0.048 0.096 Harmony 4.0% 2 1 3 4 0.08 0.04 0.12 0.16 Less Vehicular Traffic 12.8% 1 2 2 4 0.128 0.256 0.256 0.512 Less Emissions 6.4% 1 2 2 4 0.064 0.128 0.128 0.256 More public and open space 6.4% 1 1 1 4 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.256 General Accessibility 6.4% 1 3 3 4 0.064 0.192 0.192 0.256 Total Score 100.0% 2.136 2.586 2.758 3.092 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶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¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH5ROHRIWKH(DVW6LGH/57/LQH 7KRXJK WKH VXEZD\ LV WKH VXSHULRU V\VWHP IRU ORQJ 0DQKDWWDQ WULSV DQG WULSV EHWZHHQ GLIIHUHQWERURXJKVWKH(DVW6LGH/57/LQHSURYLGHVIDVWHUVHUYLFHIRUPRVWLQWUD0DQKDWWDQ WULSV 7KHVH WULSV DV SUHYLRXVO\ VKRZQ W\SLFDOO\ DUH QRW ORQJHU WKDQ EORFNV RU DERXW PLOHV NP 7KHVH DUH GLVWDQFHV ZKHUH /57¶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a - Early Morning Run b - Optimal Performance with 20s Dwell Time c - Estimate on the basis of a 20% running time increase for peak hour periods d - South of Brooklyn Bridge No. 4 and 5 Train 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH5ROHRIWKH(DVW6LGH/57/LQH 0DS (DVW6LGH/57/LQH$FFHVVLELOLW\XSWRPLOHV -RXUQH\WLPHVIURPQG6WUHHWWUDYHOLQJVRXWK 0DS 6HFRQG$YHQXH6XEZD\$FFHVVLELOLW\XSWRPLOHV -RXUQH\WLPHVIURPQG6WUHHWWUDYHOLQJVRXWK 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶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³/VKDSH´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¶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¶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¶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¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH5ROHRIWKH(DVW6LGH/57/LQH 7KH KLJKHVW PRGH VKLIW UDWHV FDQ EH H[SHFWHG WR RFFXU E\ XVLQJ D FRPELQDWLRQ RI ERWK VWUDWHJLHV +RZHYHU SXVK IDFWRUV DUH QRW GLUHFWO\ FRQQHFWHG ZLWK D QHZ VXEZD\ OLQH EXW WKH\ DUH ZKHQ EXLOGLQJ WKH (DVW 6LGH /57 /LQH EHFDXVH WKH\ UHGXFH YHKLFXODU FDSDFLW\ LQ IDYRU RI WKH VWUHHWULJKW RI ZD\ $V SUHYLRXVO\ VKRZQ WKH FDSDFLW\ RI 6HFRQG $YHQXH GHFUHDVHVE\YSKIURPWRGD\¶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³WKHLU´HQYLURQPHQWLVRQWKHVXUIDFH UDWKHU WKDQ XQGHUJURXQG WKHLU DWWHQWLRQ ZLOO EH PRUH HDVLO\ DWWUDFWHG WR /57 WKDQ WR WKH VXEZD\DVDSRVVLEOHWUDQVLWDOWHUQDWLYH7KHUHIRUHWKHPHVVDJHRI/57WRFDUDQGWD[LXVHUV LVPXFKFOHDUHU ³:HUHGXFHG\RXUVSDFHWRSURYLGH\RXWKLVVHUYLFHDOWHUQDWLYH´)LQDOO\WKH QHFHVVDU\VWUHHWUHFRQILJXUDWLRQIRUWKH(DVW6LGH/57OLQHFRXOGHDVLO\LQFOXGHLQFUHDVHVLQ SHGHVWULDQDQGELF\FOLVWVSDFH 0RVWLPSRUWDQWIRUDVXFFHVVIXOPRGHVKLIWLVWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIDSDFNDJHRILQFHQWLYH DQGGLVLQFHQWLYHVWUDWHJLHVXVLQJDVPDQ\V\QHUJLVWLFHIIHFWVDVSRVVLEOH7REHVXFFHVVIXO WKH(DVW6LGH/57/LQHVKRXOGLQFOXGHVXFKDSDFNDJH 6SHFLDO7UHDWPHQWRIWKH4XHHQVERUR%ULGJH $V VKRZQ EHIRUH WKH 4XHHQVERUR %ULGJH HQWUDQFH RQ 6HFRQG $YHQXH LV WKH PRVW WURXEOHVRPH ³KRWVSRW´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¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH5ROHRIWKH(DVW6LGH/57/LQH 7KHSURSRVDOHQYLVLRQHGUHVWRUDWLRQRI/57VHUYLFHRYHUWKHEULGJHLQWR4XHHQVRQLWVRXWHU ODQHV WRGD\¶V SHGHVWULDQ ZDONZD\ DQG FORVLQJ WKH XSSHU GHFN WR WUDIILF DQG FUHDWLQJ SHGHVWULDQDQGELF\FOHVSDFH27KHORZHUGHFNZRXOGUHPDLQIRUYHKLFXODUWUDIILFRQO\ 7KLVSURSRVDOZRXOGJUHDWO\UHGXFHSRWHQWLDOWUDIILF/57FRQIOLFWVRQ6HFRQG$YHQXHEHWZHHQ WKDQGWK6WUHHWV 5HGXFHWUDIILFFRQJHVWLRQ 7KH GHJUHH RI VKLIWLQJ IURP YHKLFXODU WUDIILF WR DOWHUQDWLYH PRGHV LV GHSHQGHQW RQ WKH GHJUHHWRZKLFKWKH³SXVK´DQG³SXOO´VWUDWHJLHVDUHDSSOLHG ,QLWLDOO\WRGD\¶VSHDNWUDIILFYROXPHVRQ6HFRQG$YHQXHZLWKDERXWYSKFRXOGQRWEH KDQGOHG ZLWK WKH /57 SODQ ZKHUH WKH UHPDLQLQJ FDSDFLW\ YSK ZRXOG JXDUDQWHH FRQJHVWHG FRQGLWLRQV 7KH TXHVWLRQ RI ZKHWKHU ORQJWHUP FRQGLWLRQV ZRXOG OHDG WR D FRUUHVSRQGLQJ PRGH VKLIW ZKLFK ZRXOG UHVXOW LQ D EHWWHU VLWXDWLRQ WKDQ WRGD\ FDQ QRW EH DQVZHUHGDWWKLVSRLQW,QFRQFOXVLRQDGGLWLRQDOVWXGLHVDERXWWUDIILFVKULQNDJHDQGGLYHUVLRQ DQGWKHUHVSRQVHWR³SXVK´DQG³SXOO´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¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH5ROHRIWKH(DVW6LGH/57/LQH &UHDWLQJ$XWR)UHH6SDFH 0RVW SUHIHUDEOH EORFNV IRU WKH 3HGHVWULDQ =RQH $OLJQPHQW DUH EHWZHHQ +RXVWRQ DQG WK 6WUHHW 7KLV (DVW 9LOODJH SDUW RI 6HFRQG $YHQXH LV FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ UHODWLYHO\ ORZ WUDIILF YROXPHV RI DERXW YSK DQG D SOHDVDQW ZDONLQJ HQYLURQPHQW ZLWK PDQ\ VKRSV UHVWDXUDQWV DQG FDIp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ð RISXEOLFRSHQVSDFHRQWKH(DVW6LGHRI0DQKDWWDQ DYHU\GHQVHDUHDZLWKIHZSDUNV 3+ROJXLQ9HUDV 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH5ROHRIWKH(DVW6LGH/57/LQH (FRQRP\ &RQWULEXWLRQWRORFDOHFRQRPLFGHYHORSPHQW :KHUHDV WKH VXEZD\ SURYLGHV FHUWDLQ HFRQRPLF DGYDQWDJHV RI KLJKHU ORQJ GLVWDQFH DFFHVVLELOLW\ PRUH WKDQ PLOHV LQFOXGLQJ D ODUJHU SRWHQWLDO FXVWRPHU PDUNHW IRU UHWDLO VHUYLFHVRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGHWKH(DVW6LGH/57OLQHEULQJVVKRSSHUVGLUHFWO\LQIURQWRI WKHVH HVWDEOLVKPHQWV¶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¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU7KH5ROHRIWKH(DVW6LGH/57/LQH 7DEOH &DSLWDO&RVWIRUWKH(DVW6LGH/57/LQH6HJPHQWDQGIURP&DQDO6WUHHWWR WK6WUHHW &DSLWDO,QYHVWPHQW 0LOHVRU &RVWSHU0LOH &RVWVIURP&DQDO &RPSRQHQW 8QLWV RU&RVWSHU WRWK6WUHHW 8QLW1 PLOHV 6WUXFWXUHV7UDFNV6WDWLRQV6KRSVDQG 6LJQDO&RPPXQLFDWLRQV3RZHU /LQH(TXLSPHQW 6LJQDOV &RPPXQLFDWLRQV 7UDIILF6LJQDO&RQILJXUDWLRQ (OHFWULF3RZHU2YHUKHDG:LUH /LQH(TXLSPHQW 7RWDO&RQVWUXFWLRQ&RVW 5ROOLQJ6WRFN /RZ)ORRU/LJKW5DLO9HKLFOHV 7RWDO&DSLWDO&RVW 1 NYCT, Mesa Study &RQVWUXFWLRQ6FKHGXOHV $ WRWDO RI WKUHH WR IRXU \HDUV ZRXOG EH UHTXLUHG WR FRQVWUXFW WKH (DVW 6LGH /57 /LQH 7KLV ZRXOG WDNH VRPHZKDW ORQJHU WKDQ LPSOHPHQWLQJ WKH 1HZ 61<&7 6I 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶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¶V(DVW6LGHDQGUHVLGHQWV ZLOOLGHQWLI\WKHPVHOYHVZLWKLW 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU,PSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH(DVW6LGH/57/LQH 3RVVLEOH ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI WKH (DVW 6LGH /57 /LQH DV SDUW RIDQ,QWHJUDWHG7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ3ODQ ,QWKLVVHFWLRQRIWKHVWXG\1<&7¶V0(6$SURSRVDOIRUD%XLOG$OWHUQDWLYHLVDVVXPHGDVD VWDUWLQJSRLQW$JDLQWKLVDOWHUQDWLYHSURSRVHVDVXEZD\QRUWKRIUG6WUHHWEHQHDWK6HFRQG $YHQXHWRWK6WUHHW FRQQHFWLQJ ZLWK WKH /H[LQJWRQ $YHQXH VXEZD\ 7KH PRVW VRXWKHUO\ VXEZD\VWDWLRQZRXOGEHORFDWHGEHWZHHQ WKDQGQG6WUHHW$GGLWLRQDOO\WKH/RZHU(DVW 6LGH/576KXWWOHDQG1HZ ,Q WKLV VWXG\ DV D ILUVW LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ VWHS WKH (DVW 6LGH /57 /LQH ZRXOG EH EXLOW DV D H[WHQVLRQRIWKH/(6/576KXWWOHUXQQLQJQRUWKRQ$OOHQRU&KU\VWLH6WUHHWIURPWKH&DQDO 6WUHHWLQWHUVHFWLRQWKDQDORQJ6HFRQG$YHQXHWRDWHUPLQXVDWWK6WUHHW7KHUHLWZRXOG FRQQHFW ZLWK WKH WKQG 6WUHHW 6WDWLRQ ,Q D VHFRQG VWHS DQ H[WHQVLRQ QRUWK WR WK 6WUHHW LV SRVVLEOH )XUWKHUPRUH WKH /57 ZRXOG FRQQHFW ZLWK WKH SURSRVHG QG 6WUHHW FURVVWRZQ/57/LQHUXQQLQJIURPWKH813OD]DWRWKH+XGVRQ5LYHU 7KHIUHTXHQWO\GLVFXVVHGH[WHQVLRQRID6HFRQG$YHQXHVXEZD\VRXWKRIUG6WUHHWWR/RZHU 0DQKDWWDQZRXOGDFFRPSOLVKHIIRUWVWRSURYLGHDIXOOWUDQVLWFRUULGRUDORQJ6HFRQG$YHQXH 6\QHUJLVWLFHIIHFWVEHWZHHQWKH(DVW6LGH/57/LQHDQGWKH6HFRQG$YHQXH6XEZD\VXFKDV XVLQJWKH/57DVDIHHGHURUORFDOVHUYLFHWRDQH[SUHVVVXEZD\KHOSWRUHGXFHFDSLWDOFRVWV IRUVXEZD\VWDWLRQVDQGSURYLGHVDQHYHQIDVWHUDQGWKHUHIRUHPRUHHIILFLHQWVXEZD\VHUYLFH ,QWKLVZD\D6HFRQG$YHQXH6XEZD\VHUYLQJWKHHQWLUH(DVW6LGHRI0DQKDWWDQFRXOGKDYH WKH IROORZLQJ HLJKW VWDWLRQV WK 6WUHHW WK 6WUHHW QG 6WUHHW UG 6WUHHW WK 6WUHHW WK 6WUHHW )XOWRQ 6WUHHW DQG :KLWHKDOO 6WUHHW 7KH DGGLWLRQDO VL[ VWDWLRQV QHFHVVDU\ IRU W\SLFDOVXEZD\VHUYLFHZRXOGQRWKDYHWREHEXLOWUHGXFLQJWKHWRWDOFRQVWUXFWLRQFRVWRI PLOOLRQE\PLOOLRQ3XWGLIIHUHQWO\ZLWKWKHFRVWVVDYHGIRUWKHVXEZD\VWDWLRQV IXOO\RIWKH(DVW6LGH/57/LQHEHWZHHQ&DQDODQGWK6WUHHWFRXOGEHIXQGHG ,Q RUGHU WR DYRLG IXUWKHU WUDIILF FRQJHVWLRQ RQ 0DQKDWWDQ¶V (DVW 6LGH HVSHFLDOO\ DORQJ D 6HFRQG $YHQXH ZLWK /57 VHUYLFH DV ZHOO DV DOO RYHU WKH LVODQG VR FDOOHG ³JDWHNHHSLQJ´ 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU,PSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH(DVW6LGH/57/LQH FRQFHSWV VXSSRUWHG E\ ,QWHOOLJHQW 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ 6\VWHPV ,76 VKRXOG EH LQVWDOOHG RQ DOO EULGJHV DQG WXQQHOV :LWK WKLV SODQ RQO\ WKH KRXUO\ DPRXQW RI YHKLFOHV LGHQWLILHG DV QRW FDXVLQJ FRQJHVWLRQ DUH DOORZHG WR HQWHU 0DQKDWWDQ $GGLWLRQDO EULGJH DQG WXQQHO WROOV DUH KLJKO\UHFRPPHQGHGWRSHUIRUPWKLV³JDWHNHHSLQJ´IXQFWLRQDQGDYRLGORQJTXHXHVIRUPLQJ DWWKHEULGJHDSSURDFKHVLQ%URRNO\QDQG4XHHQV7ROOVZRXOGSURYLGHWKHQHHGHGLQFHQWLYHV WRVZLWFKPRWRULVWVWRSXEOLFWUDQVLWDQGWRILQDQFHFRVWO\WUDQVLWLPSURYHPHQWV 3DJH Chapter 4 Conclusion 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU&RQFOXVLRQ &RQFOXVLRQ ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI /57 DORQJ 0DQKDWWDQ¶V (DVW 6LGH LV UHFRPPHQGHG EDVHG RQ WKH FRQFOXVLRQ RI WKLV UHVHDUFK VWXG\ RQ WKH FRQGLWLRQ WKDW LW LV SDUW RI DQ LQWHJUDWHG WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ SODQ IRU 1HZ ,PSRUWDQW QH[W VWHSV WR DGYDQFH /57 LQFOXGH DQ H[WHQVLYH VWXG\ DERXW YHKLFXODU WUDIILF VKULQNDJHDQGGLYHUVLRQIRUWKH(DVW6LGH6WXG\$UHD)XUWKHUSRVVLELOLWLHVRI,76WRRSWLPL]H WUDIILF VLJQDO WLPHV DQG JRRGV PRYHPHQW DV ZHOO DV WR LPSOHPHQW ³JDWHNHHSLQJ´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¶V+XGVRQ%HUJHQ/57/LQHLPPHGLDWHO\RQWKH RWKHU VLGH RI WKH +XGVRQ 5LYHU EHJLQQLQJ LQ 0DUFK LV ZHOFRPHG ZLWK JUHDW 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU&RQFOXVLRQ H[SHFWDWLRQV,I1HZ ,QDQ\HYHQWLQIRUPLQJUHVLGHQWVGHFLVLRQPDNHUVDQGRWKHUVDERXWWKHEHQHILWVRI/57LVD FULWLFDO DQG LPSRUWDQW VWHS :KHWKHU LW LV D SURIHVVLRQDO MRXUQDO SXEOLVKHG E\ WKH 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ 5HVHDUFK %RDUG D QHZVOHWWHU OLNH WKH ³6WUHHWFDU 1HZV´ WKDW ZDV SXEOLVKHG E\ WKH &RPPLWWHH IRU %HWWHU 7UDQVLW &%7 WKH ZRUN RI RUJDQL]DWLRQV OLNH WKH 9LOODJH &URVVWRZQ7UROOH\&RDOLWLRQ 9&7& RU/57SUHVHQWDWLRQVRIIHUHGE\WKH,QVWLWXWHIRU5DWLRQDO 8UEDQ 0RELOLW\ ,580 DV ZHOO DV WKH VWXG\ LQ KDQG DOO LQWHQG WR SURYLGH PRUH XVHU RULHQWDWHG LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH /57 PRGH 7DNHQ DV D ZKROH WKHVH YDULHG RUJDQL]DWLRQV PLJKWDGYRFDWHDQGOREE\IRUDSURSRVDOOLNHWKH07$¶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¶V VWUHHW LV QRW MXVW WKH LQWURGXFWLRQ RI DQRWKHU VXUIDFH WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ V\VWHP EXW D PLOOHQQLXP PHVVDJH IURP 1HZ 3DJH 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW &KDSWHU&RQFOXVLRQ )LQDO&RPPHQW :RUNLQJ RQ OLJKW UDLO WUDQVLW DV SDUW RI D VXVWDLQDEOH WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ QHWZRUN LQ DQ LQFRPSDUDEOH SODFH OLNH 1HZ )XUWKHU ZRUNLQJ ZLWK WKH ,QVWLWXWH IRU 5DWLRQDO 8UEDQ 0RELOLW\ ,QF PHDQW PRUH WKDQ GUDZLQJ XS D VWXG\ IRU XQLYHUVLW\ FUHGLWV RQO\ 7R SURYLGH UHVHDUFK UHVXOWV IRU SRVVLEOH IXUWKHU SUDFWLFDO XVH ZDV D PHDQLQJIXO PRWLYDWLRQ $GGLWLRQDOO\ WKH VWXG\¶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ppendices Appendices A, B, C, D, E 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW $SSHQGL[$3LFWXUHV Lower Manhattan and the Lower East Side. Looking Manhattan’s East Side. Looking south from northeast. Brooklyn, Manhattan, and Williamsburg Harlem. 1st and 2nd Avenue in the center. First Bridge. bridge from the bottom: Queensboro Bridge. 60th Street Screenline. Looking east. Central Park, Upper East Side, Midtown, East River and Queensboro Bridge. Pictures taken from the NYC panorama model at the Queens Museum of Art 3DJH$ 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW $SSHQGL[$3LFWXUHV Busy curbcut at the NYU Medical Center on First Avenue. Looking north. Long procedure: boarding an MTA bus with Preferring the cab over the bus. a wheelchair. Typical scene in Manhattan. 3DJH$ 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW $SSHQGL[$3LFWXUHV The Brooklyn Bridge Lexington Avenue subway station. Express subway on the left, local subway on the right. Interior of NYC subway cars. 3DJH$ 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW $SSHQGL[$3LFWXUHV 6HFRQGÃ$YHQXHÃDWÃ6WÃ0DUN¶VÃ3ODFHÃ/RRNLQJÃQRUWK First Avenue and St. Mark’s Place. Looking north. 3DJH$ 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW $SSHQGL[$3LFWXUHV Second Avenue at 33rd Street. Looking northwest. Residential/Retail Mix along the avenue, high-rise residency and office buildings in the background. The Queensboro Bridge ramp between 59th and 60th Street ending at Second Avenue. Looking west. 3DJH$ 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW $SSHQGL[$3LFWXUHV First Avenue at 48th Street. Looking north. Exit of the UN First Avenue south of 59th Street. Looking south. Bus lane underpass, originally designed for two-way traffic. along the eastern curb lane. 3DJH$ 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW $SSHQGL[%0DQKDWWDQ0DS 0DS% 0DQKDWWDQVRXWKRIWK6WUHHW R E 18TH ST TH ST E 17TH ST STUYVESANT TOWN TH ST E 16TH ST UNION E 15TH ST H ST SQUARE FIRST AVFIRST E 14TH ST IRVING PL IRVING THIRD AV E 14TH ST H ST EIGHTH AV EIGHTH W 13TH ST E 13TH ST H ST W 12TH ST E 12TH ST EEEE A A AA S S SS T T TT & EEEE A A AA S S SS T T TT T AMERICAS THE AV OF EEEE A A AA S S SS T T TT S PL UNIVERSITY RT E 11TH ST OO AV SEVENTH W 11TH ST EV F O AV SECOND FDR DR T GGG R RR E EE E EE N NN W WW I I IC CC H HH U S GGG R RR E EE E EE N NN W WW I I IC CC H HH W 10TH ST R E 10TH ST IO GGG R RR E EE E EE N NN W WW I I IC CC H HH A AVENUE AT T AVENUE B AVENUE AVENUE D AVENUE R H C AVENUE E 9TH ST ST W 9TH ST A E V TOMPKINS AN T H S SQUARE 12T ST. MARKS PL W T PARK E S A NE ASTOR PL HU S ET T B VVVV I I I I L LL L L L L L A A AA G G GG E E EE E 7TH ST R T VVVV I I I I L LL L L L L L A A AA G G GG E E EE S VVVV I I I I L LL L L L L L A A AA G G GG E E EE AV FIFTH I V K VVVV I I I I L LL L L L L L A A AA G G GG E E EE VVVV I I I I L LL L L L L L A A AA G G GG E E EE E N T G VVVV I I I I L LL L L L L L A A AA G G GG E E EE A E 6TH ST R S C AVENUE R B T H H S P T E WASHINGTON 1 U R A 1 E T D E E 5TH ST R S N H SQUARE E 5TH ST W S K Y W P R T ON O I T W 4TH ST R AMERICAS THE AV OF S C S E S I E 4TH ST P H R E S B L H T B L R S C E E A T T E H S D C C F K E 3RD ST TH O E 0 R R D D AVENUE AVENUE B AVENUE 1 S S AV LOISAIDA AVENUE A AVENUE W T AVFIRST T AV SECOND E 2ND ST E HOUSTON ST SULLIVAN ST SULLIVAN THOMPSON ST THOMPSON T PL GUARDIA LA BLEECKER ST S BROADWAY W C O ST LAFAYETTE R E 1ST ST O AR B L T U S S N N ST M O TO U T US B R HO E N F O E L I M S A O F O U R T S O A R D S S R C E I G Y E T D L D I O L F T R C L B R TO X G K E O O G R I U L T T H P B N S S S N M S L T W E A TO S I LI N S N A T L A T T R I O S K W N T S T O R O K S T T N R S S A S U D T L N C O E T E S H A T T L Y S FO T S Y W S L CE C D N B A T L L E T T S D H S R O E R G T N R I I W S N K T D S Y Y N E G S O S T T R L E T T R H A Y H I S C E S T T S S T AM T T T ND S CEY S VA ING DELAN PR SSSS O O OO H H HH O O OO S ST SSSS O O OO H H HH O O OO ICK MIN DO T OADWAY E S EAST BR OM RO T B T S J S LLLL L O O OOO W W WWW E E EEE R R RRR E E EEE A A AAA S S SSS T T TTT Y A S LLLL L O O OOO W W WWW E E EEE R R RRR E E EEE A A AAA S S SSS T T TTT R TT LLLL L O O OOO W W WWW E E EEE R R RRR E E EEE A A AAA S S SSS T T TTT N C WA E K ST H S RAND O G N ST TS S AT T G T W S S C SSSS I I I I D DDD E E EE O E H AN SSSS I I I I D DDD E E EE SS AL S SSSS I I I I D DDD E E EE U EL RO U T ST MO V B D ER E NN ES HEST D S J R U T E N N T S O D RY V F T E N T N A G A ES F U L V R E O L S L ST R R C R O T I ANA ME H S T C C TU S L S HT S T I T W G T K WALKER ST N O N R I S M G A B T T T O N Y L M E R S I E O G E U O S S B T S I S R S U O V N R L W I T H S T T T E D T S B T S E WHITE ST S S H T E P S T E T E AC BROADWAY N T I T R T E K N R O B S E S T CHURCH ST Y E I W S R T D E FRANKLIN ST Y S R Y I O A T MA C O W BROADWAY T BAXTER ST BAXTER M F S S MA H N IN E A S T CENTRE ST L A T K S AN LEONARD ST L R T FR K T E S CCCC H H HH I I I IN N NN A A AA T T T T O O OO W W WW N N NN T ON CCCC H H HH I I I IN N NN A A AA T T T T O O OO W W WW N N NN IS WORTH ST CCCC H H HH I I I IN N NN A A AA T T T T O O OO W W WW N N NN S RR T HA H T ST U S Y D E JA THOMAS ST O R I V E R S R O N N MO DUANE ST T S C S T A Y T R T TTTT T R R RRR I I I I I B B BBB E E EEE C C CCC A A AAA H R S MA TTTT T R R RRR I I I I I B B BBB E E EEE C C CCC A A AAA READE ST E E R TTTT T R R RRR I I I I I B B BBB E E EEE C C CCC A A AAA H E R C T N T IN A T CHAMBERS ST S E W S H N H A SO S T T I T U T D O A WARREN ST MA S N CITY B R MURRAY ST HALL ID G E W W FR ST PEARL PARK PL AN E K W BROADWAY RO FO S RT BROADWAY T T T ST S BARCLAY ST S S PARK T U D T A S B S T R L O VESEY ST S S OK A GOL R L N M A YN A E H U D S O N FULTON ST I B P R L ID L G I E WORLD DEY ST FU W L TRADE TO JOHN N CENTER ST S R I V E R T T S MAI DEN H LLLL L O O OOO W W WWW E E EEE R R RRR LA T LLLL L O O OOO W W WWW E E EEE R R RRR U O S W E S T T WA S S LL ST T L BROAD ST BROAD R A E P MMM A AA N NN H HH A AA T T T T T T A AA N NN T MMM A AA N NN H HH A AA T T T T T T A AA N NN S MMM A AA N NN H HH A AA T T T T T T A AA N NN R E T A BOW W LING GREEN PL ERY BATT W T H S IT H 0.25 miles E T H U A O L S L S T BATTERY 500 m PARK SOUTH FERRY 3DJH% 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW $SSHQGL[%0DQKDWWDQ0DS 0DS% 0DQKDWWDQEHWZHHQWKDQGUG6WUHHW W 65TH ST E 64TH ST W 64TH ST LINCOLN E 63RD ST CENTER W 63RD ST AV PARK E 62ND ST W 62ND ST E 61ST ST W 61ST ST E 60TH ST QUEENSBOROFDR DR COLUMBUS AV W 60TH ST FIFTH AV FIFTH MADISON AV E 59TH ST E 59TH ST AV YORK WEST END AV END WEST CENTRAL PARK W BRIDGE W 59TH ST AV AMSTERDAM AVFIRST COLUMBUS AV SECOND & THIRD AV E 58TH ST CIRCLE W 58TH ST E 57TH ST LEXINGTON AV LEXINGTON W 57TH ST E 56TH ST W 56TH ST E 55TH ST W 55TH ST 1st Avenue1st Avenue1st Avenue1st W E S T E 54TH ST Avenue1st Avenue1st Avenue1st 1st Avenue1st Avenue1st Avenue1st W 54TH ST EEEE A A AA S S SS T T TT EEEE A A AA S S SS T T TT E 53RD ST B W 53RD ST R O E 52ND ST A D W 52ND ST W E 51ST ST A W 51ST ST Y E 50TH ST EIGHTH AV EIGHTH W 50TH ST NINTH AV TWELFTH AVTWELFTH TENTH AV ELEVENTH AV ELEVENTH E 49TH ST W 49TH ST M I D T O W N E 48TH ST W 48TH ST MMM I I ID DD T T T O OO W WW N NN E 47TH ST MMM I I ID DD T T T O OO W WW N NN W 47TH ST E 46TH ST W 46TH ST UNITED E 45TH ST NATIONS W 45TH ST TIMES E 44TH ST W 44TH ST SQUARE E 43RD ST W 43RD ST E A S T E 42ND ST W 42ND ST E 41ST ST W 41ST ST E 40TH ST R I V E R EIGHTH AV EIGHTH TENTH AV LINCOLN W 40TH ST NINTH AV ELEVENTH AV ELEVENTH E 39TH ST TUNNEL W 39TH ST E 38TH ST QUEENS W 38TH ST TWELFTH AVTWELFTH E 37TH ST MIDTOWN W 37TH ST E 36TH ST W 36TH ST TUNNEL E 35TH ST W 35TH ST FDR DR THIRD AV SECOND AV SECOND LEXINGTON AV LEXINGTON FIRST AVFIRST MADISON AV E 34TH ST W 34TH ST AV PARK HERALD E 33RD ST SQUARE W 33RD ST E 32ND ST W 32ND ST E 31ST ST E 30TH ST F W 30TH ST D R E 29TH ST D R W 29TH ST E 28TH ST W 28TH ST E 27TH ST W 27TH ST GGG R RR A AA M MM E EE R RR C CEC 26TH Y YY ST W 26TH ST GGG R RR A AA M MM E EE R RR C CC Y YY E 25TH ST TENTH AV EIGHTH AV EIGHTH W 25TH ST AV SEVENTH MADISON NINTH AV ELEVENTH AV ELEVENTH SQUARE E 24TH ST W 24TH ST PARK E 23RD ST W 23RD ST CCCC H H HH E E EE L L L L S S SS E E EE A A AA CCCC H H HH E E EE L L L L S S SS E E EE A A AA E 22ND ST W 22ND ST LEXINGTON AV LEXINGTON E 21ST ST W 21ST ST E 20TH ST H U D S O N R I V E W 20TH ST E 19TH ST W 19TH ST E 18TH ST W 18TH ST W 17TH ST E 17TH ST STUYVESANT TOWN W 16TH ST E 16TH ST UNION E 15TH ST W 15TH ST SQUARE FIRST AVFIRST E 14TH ST IRVING PL IRVING THIRD AV E 14TH ST W 14TH ST EIGHTH AV EIGHTH W 13TH ST E 13TH ST W 13TH ST W 12TH ST E 12TH ST EEEE A A AA S S SS T T TT T AMERICAS THE AV OF EEEE A A AA S S SS T T TT S PL UNIVERSITY RT E 11TH ST OO AV SEVENTH W 11TH ST EV F NS O AV SECOND GA T GGG R RR E EE E EE N NN W WW I I IC CC H HH U S GGG R RR E EE E EE N NN W WW I I IC CC H HH W 10TH ST R E 10TH ST IO GGG R RR E EE E EE N NN W WW I I IC CC H HH A AVENUE AT T R B AVENUE HO H T E 9TH ST S W 9TH ST A 0.25 miles E V TOMPKINS JAN T H S SQUARE 2T ST. MARKS PL W 1 T E S ASTOR PL PARK UN TH BE VVVV I I I I L LL L L L L L A A AA G G GG E E EE E 7TH ST 500 m T VVVV I I I I L LL L L L L L A A AA G G GG E E EE S VVVV I I I I L LL L L L L L A A AA G G GG E E EE AV FIFTH K VVVV I I I IL L L L L L L L A A AA G G GG E E EE N T G VVVV I I I IL L L L L L L L A A AA G G GG E E EE A S E 6TH ST B R T H H S T E 1 U WASHINGTON 1 E R T D E E 5TH ST S N H SQUARE E 5TH ST W S Y W P R T O O I T W 4TH ST R AMERICAS THE AV OF S C N S E S I E 4TH ST P H R E S H B E A L T T L PL S B ST UE B D AV R C E AV E T S U A T A E N N H S N 3DJH% 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW $SSHQGL[%0DQKDWWDQ0DS 0DS% 0DQKDWWDQEHWZHHQUGDQGWK6WUHHW W . V T A E.127TH ST. 12 5 S TH ST ST E.126TH ST. THIRD TRIBORO BRIDGE E 125TH ST A SECOND H A R L E M LEXINGTON 0.25 miles E.124TH ST. E.123RD ST. W 123RD ST 500 m E.122ND ST. W 122ND ST W 121ST ST E.120TH ST. RIVERSIDE DR CLAREMONT AV CLAREMONT W 120TH ST E.119TH ST. W 119TH ST E.118TH ST. W 118TH ST E.117TH ST. BROADWAY MORNINGSIDE AV & E.116TH ST. W 116TH ST E.115TH ST. W 115TH ST E.114TH ST. W 114TH ST W 113TH ST THIRD AVE. THIRD FIFTH AVE. FIFTH PARK AVE. PARK FIRST AVE. FIRST SECOND AVE. SECOND E.112TH ST. LEXINGTON AVE. LEXINGTON SEVENTH AVE. SEVENTH AVE. MADISON W 112TH ST AVE. LENOX E.111TH ST. W 111TH ST E 110TH ST MANHATTAN AV E 109TH ST E.108TH ST. W 108TH ST BROADWAY COLUMBUS AV AMSTERDAM AV AMSTERDAM W 107TH ST E.106TH ST. W 106TH ST E.105TH ST. U P P E R W 105TH ST U P P E R E.104TH ST. W 104TH ST CENTRAL PARK W E 103RD ST W 103RD ST E.102ND ST. WEST END AV END WEST W 102ND ST E.101ST ST. W 101ST ST BROADWAY W 100TH ST E.100TH ST. MANHATTAN AV E.99TH ST. W 99TH ST W 98TH ST E.97TH ST. W 97TH ST E A S T PARK AV PARK E 96TH ST W 96TH ST FIRST AVFIRST SECOND AV SECOND MADISON AV THIRD AV H U D S O N R I V E LEXINGTON AV LEXINGTON E 95TH ST W 95TH ST MILE- AV -MUSEUM FIFTH R I V E R E 94TH ST W 94TH ST E 93RD ST W 93RD ST E 92ND ST W 92ND ST E 91ST ST W 91ST ST E A S T E 90TH ST W 90TH ST W E S T E 89TH ST W 89TH ST E 88TH ST W 88TH ST C E N T R A L E 87TH ST W 87TH ST E 86TH ST W 86TH ST E 85TH ST AMSTERDAM AV AMSTERDAM WEST END AV END WEST W 85TH ST COLUMBUS AV CENTRAL PARK W E 84TH ST W 84TH ST E 83RD ST W 83RD ST E 82ND ST W 82ND ST BROADWAY P A R K E 81ST ST W 81ST ST E 80TH ST W 80TH ST EAST END AV END EAST E 79TH ST W 79TH ST YORK AV YORK FIRST AVFIRST SECOND AV SECOND THIRD AV PARK AV PARK MADISON AV LEXINGTON AV LEXINGTON FIFTH AV -MUSEUM MILE- AV -MUSEUM FIFTH E 78TH ST W 78TH ST E 77TH ST S I D E W 77TH ST E 76TH ST W 76TH ST E 75TH ST W 75TH ST E 74TH ST W 74TH ST S I D E E 73RD ST W 73RD ST E 72ND ST W 72ND ST E 71ST ST W 71ST ST E 70TH ST W 70TH ST E 69TH ST W 69TH ST E 68TH ST W 68TH ST 3DJH% 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶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³VWDWLRQV´DQGWKH IROORZLQJZDONLQJGLVWDQFHVKDYHEHHQVSHFLILHG 2QO\ WKH ZDONLQJ WLPH DORQJ WKH DYHQXH SDUDOOHO WR WKH /57 /LQH ZDV LQFOXGHG :DONLQJ WLPHV DORQJ GHJUHH FURVV VWUHHWV DUH QRW GHSHQGHQW RQ WKH VWDWLRQ IUHTXHQF\ )XUWKHUPRUH RULJLQV DQG GHVWLQDWLRQV 2' RQ WKH DYHQXH DQG WKH FURVV VWUHHWV ZHUH DVVXPHG DV FRQFHQWUDWLRQV DURXQG LQWHUVHFWLRQV 7KHUHIRUH 2'V RQ RQH EORFN DORQJ DQ DYHQXHDUHGLYLGHGLQWRHLWKHUEHORQJLQJWRLQWHUVHFWLRQRQHRUWZR $FFRUGLQJO\UHSUHVHQWDWLYHZDONLQJWLPHV &ROXPQ³7LPHW>V@´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¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW $SSHQGL[&7KH-RXUQH\7LPH0RGHO 7DEOH& $FFHVV7LPH0RGHO LRT Station Origins and Destinations (O/D) along one side of a cross street (A) Origins and Destinations (O/D) along half of one side of an avenue (B) Frequency Additional to the next higher Station Frequency Total Access Time Average Access Time a N TT [s] to station TA [s] per trip Representative Catchment Area Timeb Amount of O/D per of one station t [s] Station N = 2 0 8A + 8B = 8C TT2 = t T 8C TA2 = 2 T TT2 / 8C TT2 = 0 s TA2 = 0 s N = 3 60 4A + 4B = 4C TT3 = (t2 T 8C) + TA3 = 2 T TT3 / (t3 T 4C) (8C+ 4C) TT3 = 240 s TA3 = 40 s N = 4 60 4A + 4B = 4C TT4 = (t2 T 8C) + TA4 = 2 T TT4 / (t3 T 4C) + (8C + 4C + 4C) (t4 T 4C) TA4 = 60 s TT4 = 480 s a - Station Frequency in every n th block [n] E:DONLQJ7LPHRIDGGLWLRQDOULGHUVFRPSDUHGWRWKHQH[WKLJKHU6WDWLRQ)UHTXHQF\ 3DJH& 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW $SSHQGL[&7KH-RXUQH\7LPH0RGHO 7DEOH& $FFHVV5LGLQJDQG-RXUQH\WLPHVIRUDQDYHUDJHWULSRIEORFNVDGZHOO WLPHRIVHFRQGVDQGDVXEMHFWLYLW\IDFWRUIRUWKHDFFHVVWLPHRI Frequency Average Access Time Average Riding Time Average Journey Time N TA [s] per Trip TR [s] per Trip TJ [s] per Trip 2 0 726 726 3 60 552 612 4 90 465 555 5 144 412 556 6 180 377 557 7 231 353 584 8 270 334 604 9 320 319 639 10 360 308 668 11 409 298 707 12 450 290 740 13 498 284 782 14 540 278 818 15 588 273 861 16 630 268 898 17 678 265 942 18 720 261 981 19 767 258 1025 20 810 255 1065 )LJXUH& -RXUQH\7LPHDQG6WRS)UHTXHQF\ Trip Length: 35 blocks, Dwell Time: 20 s, Subjective Access Time Factor: 1.5 1200 Average Access Time TA [s] 1000 per Trip 800 Average Riding Time TR [s] per Trip 600 Time [s] Time Average Journey Time TJ [s] 400 per Trip 200 0 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 Stop Frequency [blocks] 3DJH& 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW $SSHQGL[&7KH-RXUQH\7LPH0RGHO )LJXUH& -RXUQH\7LPHDQG6WRS)UHTXHQF\ Trip Length: 35 blocks, Dwell Time: 10 s, Subjective Access Time Factor: 1.5 1200 Average Access Time TA [s] 1000 per Trip 800 Average Riding Time TR [s] per Trip 600 Time [s] Time Average Journey Time TJ [s] per Trip 400 200 0 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 Stop Frequency [blocks] )LJXUH& -RXUQH\7LPHDQG6WRS)UHTXHQF\ Trip Length: 60 blocks, Dwell Time: 20 s, Subjective Access Time Factor: 1.5 1400 Average Access Time TA [s] 1200 per Trip 1000 Average Riding Time TR [s] per Trip 800 Time [s] Time 600 Average Journey Time TJ [s] per Trip 400 200 0 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 Stop Frequency [blocks] 3DJH& 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW $SSHQGL['&RQYHUVLRQ)DFWRUV &RQYHUVLRQ)DFWRUV /HQJWK LQFK FHQWLPHWHUV IRRW FHQWLPHWHUV \DUG FHQWLPHWHUV PHWHU LQFKHV PLOH IHHW NLORPHWHU PLOHV 3DJH' 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW $SSHQGL[($GGUHVVHV 5HOHYDQW$JHQFLHV &ROXPELD8QLYHUVLW\ *UDGXDWH6FKRRORI$UFKLWHFWXUH3ODQQLQJDQG 3UHVHUYDWLRQ $YHU\+DOO $PVWHUGDP$YHQXH 1HZ &RPPLWWHHIRU%HWWHU7UDQVLW &%7 32%R[ /RQJ,VODQG&LW\1< 3KRQH ,QVWLWXWHIRU5DWLRQDO8UEDQ0RELOLW\,QF ,580 2QH:DVKLQJWRQ6TXDUH9LOODJH$SW' 1HZ ,QVWLWXWHIRU7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ6\VWHPV 7KH&LW\&ROOHJH 1HZ .RQKHLP .HWFKDP 3DFLILF6WUHHW %URRNO\Q1< 0HWURSROLWDQ7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ$XWKRULW\ 07$ 0DGLVRQ$YHQXH 1HZ 1HZ 1HZ 3DJH( 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW $SSHQGL[($GGUHVVHV 1HZ 1HZ 5HJLRQDO3ODQ$VVRFLDWLRQ 53$ ,UYLQJ3ODFH6HYHQWK)ORRU 1HZ 7HFKQLFDO8QLYHUVLW\%HUOLQ 'HSDUWPHQWRI7UDFNDQG5DLOZD\2SHUDWLRQV 6HNU6* 6DO]XIHU %HUOLQ 3KRQH )D[ KWWS ZZZUDLOZD\VWXEHUOLQGH 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ$OWHUQDWLYHV 7$ :HVWWK6WUHHWWK)ORRU 1HZ 7UL6WDWH7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ&DPSDLJQ :HVWWK6WUHHW 1HZ 9LOODJH&URVVWRZQ7UROOH\&RDOLWLRQ 9&7& 32%R[ 9LOODJH6WDWLRQ 1HZ 3DJH( 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW $SSHQGL[($GGUHVVHV /LJKW5DLO9HKLFOH0DQXIDFWXUHVLQWKH86 $GWUDQ]'DLPOHU&KU\VOHU7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ 1RUWK$PHULFD ,QF /HEDQRQ&KXUFK5RDG 3LWWVEXUJK3$ 0LNH&DVVLG\ KWWS ZZZDGWUDQ]FRP $OVWRP7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ,QF +RUWRQ6WUHHW +RUQHOO1< &KDUOHV:RFKHOH KWWS ZZZWUDQVSRUWDOVWRPFRP %RPEDUGLHU7UDQVLW&RUSRUDWLRQ 3DUN$YHQXH6XLWH 1HZ %UHGD7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ,QF 0DGLVRQ$YHQXH 1HZ 6LHPHQV7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ6\VWHPV,QF 3HQQV\OYDQLD$YHQXH1:6XLWH :DVKLQJWRQ'& (ODLQH'H]HQVNL KWWS ZZZVWVVLHPHQVFRP 3DJH( Bibliography Bibliography 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW %LEOLRJUDSK\ %LEOLRJUDSK\ $OOHH.LQJ5RVHQ )OHPLQJ%HDU6WHDUQV:RUOG+HDGTXDWHUV'UDIW(QYLURQPHQWDO,PSDFW6WDWHPHQW 1HZ $SHO'LHWHU6WUDHQEDKQ6WDGWEDKQ/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLW$UFKLYIU.RPPXQDOZLVVHQVFKDIWHQ%DQG,, %HUOLQ %RWWOHV6FRWW/RV$QJHOHVDQGWKH$XWRPRELOH7KH0DNLQJRIWKH0RGHUQ&LW\8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLD 3UHVV%HUNHOH\&$ %UlQGOL+HLQULFK&KDQFHQXQG*UHQ]HQGHU6WUDHQEDKQ,Q 5HLQKDUW.|VWOLQ+HOOPXW:ROOPDQQ +UVJ 5HQDLVVDQFHGHU6WUDHQEDKQ6WDGWIRUVFKXQJDNWXHOO%DQG%LUNKlXVHU%DVHO &DUWHU(UQHVW)7UDPVDQG7UDPZD\V)R\OHV+DQGERRNV: *)R\OH/WG/RQGRQ &KHDSH&KDUOHV:0RYLQJWKHPDVVHV XUEDQSXEOLFWUDQVLWLQ1HZ &RIIH\$QWRQLD.XFKZDOHN+DUDOG*UQHV/LFKWIUGLH6WUDHQEDKQ5HQDLVVDQFHHLQHV XPZHOWIUHXQGOLFKHQ9HUNHKUVPLWWHOV)DKUJDVW9LHQQD &XGDK\%ULDQ-&DVK7RNHQVDQG7UDQVIHUV$+LVWRU\RI8UEDQ0DVV7UDQVLWLQ1RUWK$PHULFD )RUGKDP8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV1HZ *RUGRQ'HERUDK6WHHULQJD1HZ&RXUVH7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ(QHUJ\DQGWKH(QYLURQPHQW8QLRQRI &RQFHUQHG6FLHQWLVWV,VODQG3UHVV:DVKLQJWRQ'& +DELE3KLOLS5RVHQ$OOHH.LQJQG6WUHHW/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLW/LQH)LQDO(QYLURQPHQWDO,PSDFW 6WDWHPHQW&(451R '2701HZ +LOWRQ*HRUJH:'XH)-RKQ7KH(OHFWULF,QWHUXUEDQ5DLOZD\VLQ$PHULFD6WDQIRUG8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV6WDQIRUG&$ ,QWHUUDQWH-RVHSK7KH5RDGWR$XWRSLD 7KH$XWRPRELOHDQGWKH6SDWLDO7UDQVIRUPDWLRQIRU$PHULFDQ &XOWXUH7KH$XWRPRELOHDQG$PHULFDQ&XOWXUH'DYLG//HZLVDQG/DXUHQFH*ROGVWHLQ 8QLYHUVLW\RI0LFKLJDQ3UHVV$QQ$UERU0, -DFNVRQ.HQQHWK77KH(QF\FORSHGLDRI1HZ .DKQ3DXO$ODQ7KH7UDFNVRI1HZ .|VWOLQ5HLQKDUW%DUWVFK/XW]-RDFKLP5HQDLVVDQFHGHU6WUDHQEDKQ6WDGWIRUVFKXQJDNWXHOO%DQG %LUNKlXVHU%DVHO .UDPHU)HGHULFN$$FURVV1HZ /DQGJUDI5REHUW-)RUHZRUG,Q /LJKW5DLO7UDQVLW 6\VWHP'HVLJQIRU&RVW(IIHFWLYHQHVV6WDWHRI WKH$UW5HSRUW0D\ 3LWWVEXUJK3HQQV\OYDQLD1DWLRQDO5HVHDUFK&RXQFLO :DVKLQJWRQ'& 3DJH) 7KH&DVHIRU/LJKW5DLO7UDQVLWRQ0DQKDWWDQ¶V(DVW6LGH )LQDO5HSRUW %LEOLRJUDSK\ /RQGRQ5HVHDFK&HQWUH7KH)RXU:RUOG7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ6WXG\/RQGRQ5HVHDFK&HQWUH/RQGRQ /XGZLJ'LHWHU,QWHJUDWLRQGHU7UDPLQGHU6WDGWVWUXNWXU%HUOLQV6WUDHQEDKQWDJXQJ%HUOLQ %HUOLQHU6HQDW%HUOLQ 0RQKHLP+HLQHU6WUDHQIUDOOH $QDO\VHQXQG.RQ]HSWH]XP6WDGWYHUNHKUGHU=XNXQIW5DVFKXQG 5|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¶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p,QVWLWXWHIRU7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ6\VWHPV7KH&LW\&ROOHJH$VVRFLDWH3URIHVVRU1HZ 0F1DPDUD6XH%LNH&RDOLWLRQ3KLODGHOSKLD1HZ 0RVFRYLFK-RVp/XLV6DQ)UDQFLVFR&RXQW\7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ$XWKRULW\6DQ)UDQFLVFR'LUHFWRU3ODQV 3URJUDPV&$ 3UHVHQWDWLRQV *RUGRQ&RFR+DLNDOLV*HRUJH7KH4XHHQVERUR%ULGJHWK$QQLYHUVDU\RI$XWR)UHH1HZ 5|KUOHHI 0DUWLQ h675$ +DQQRYHU 5HQQDLVVDQFH YRQ 6WUDHQ XQG 6WDGWEDKQHQ LQ (XURSD XQG 1RUGDPHULND/57&RQIHUHQFH%HUOLQ 3DJH)