CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION: AND FEMINIST PRACTICE xi

PART 1 THE PROBLEM

The Need for Liberation 3

Sandra L. Bern and Daryl J. Bern 10 Homogenizing the American : The Power of an Unconscious Ideology

Shirley Hill Witt 23 Native Women Today: and the Indian Woman

Marcia Ann Gillespie 32 The Myth of the Strong Black Woman

Alexis M. Herman 36 Still . . . Small Change for Black Women

Michelle Russell and Mary Jane Lupton 40 Black Women and the Market

Linda London 43 Women Bear the Brunt of Economic Crises

Joyce Maupin 45 Older Working Women

Robert E. Gould, M.D. 47 Measuring Masculinity by the Size of a Paycheck

Pat Mainardi 51 The Politics of Housework

Colleen McNamara 56 I Just Don't Know If I Can Make It Iii iv CONTENTS

Claudia Dreifus 58 Sterilizing the Poor

Zoe Moss 66 It Hurts to Be Alive and Obsolete: The Ageing Woman

Cheryl Benard and Edit Schlatter 70 The Man in the Street: Why He Harasses

Barbara Ehrenreich 73 The Politics of Talking in Couples: Conversus Interruptus and Other Disorders

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING: PART ONE 77

PART 2 ALTERNATIVE FEMINIST FRAMEWORKS

Theories of Women's Oppression 81

CONSERVATISM: WOMEN'S OPPRESSION AS BIOLOGICALLY DETERMINED 91

Sigmund Freud 91

Edward O. Wilson 99 Sex

LIBERALISM: WOMEN'S OPPRESSION AS UNFAIR DISCRIMINATION 104

John Stuart Mill 104 The Subjection of Women

Joyce Trebilcot 114 Sex Roles: The Argument from Nature

National Organization for Women (NOW) 120 Bill of Rights

TRADITIONAL MARXISM: WOMEN'S OPPRESSION AS A RESULT OF THE CLASS SYSTEM 121

Friedrich Engels 121 The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State CONTENTS V

Evelyn Reed 132 Women: Caste, Class, or Oppressed Sex?

RADICAL : WOMEN'S OPPRESSION AS THE FUNDAMENTAL OPPRESSION 136

Shulamith Firestone 136

Charlotte Bunch 144 Lesbians in Revolt

Monique Wittig 148 One Is Not Born a Woman

SOCIALIST FEMINISM: THE INSEPARABILITY OF GENDER AND CLASS OPPRESSION 152

Charlotte Perkins Gilman Chapter of the New American Movement 152 A View of

Gayle Rubin 155 The Traffic in Women: Notes on the "Political Economy" of Sex

Heidi I. Hartmann 172 The Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism: Towards a More Progressive Union

FEMINISM AND WOMEN OF COLOR: THE INSEPARABILITY OF GENDER, CLASS, AND RACE OPPRESSION 189

Elizabeth F. Hood 189 Black Women, White Women: Separate Paths to Uberation

Combahee River Collective 202 A Black Feminist Statement

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING: PART TWO 210

PART 3 PRACTICE: THE IMPLICATIONS OF THEORIES

Applying the Frameworks: Paid Labor 215

CONSERVATISM 222 vi CONTENTS

Lionel Tiger and Robin Fox 222 Give and Take

LIBERALISM 226

Hardy Jones 226 On the Justifiability of Reverse Discrimination

Lin Farley 233 Dealing with Sexual Harassment

TRADITIONAL MARXISM 238

v. I. Lenin 238 Women and Society

Margaret Benston 239 The Political Economy of Women's Liberation

RADICAL FEMINISM 247

Jennifer Woodul 247 What's This about Feminist Businesses?

Maida Tilchen 250 Women's Music: Politics for Sale?

SOCIALIST FEMINISM 257

The Progressive 257 Women's Work

Natalie J. Sokoloff 259 Motherwork and Working

Nancy Hartsock 266 Staying Alive

FEMINISM AND WOMEN OF COLOR 277

Norma Steele 277 We're in Britain for the Money

Barbara Ehrenreich and Annette Fuentes 279 Ufe on the Global Assembly Line CONTENTS vii

Applying the Frameworks: Family 292

CONSERVATISM 301

Lionel Tiger and Robin Fox 301 -Child Bonding

Bruno Bettelheim 306 Fathers Shouldn't Try to Be Mothers

LIBERALISM 311

Alix Kates Shulman 311 A Marriage Agreement

Ann Crittenden Scott 315 The Value of Housework

TRADITIONAL MARXISM 320

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels 320 The Family

Cuban Family Code (1975), Excerpts 321

RADICAL FEMINISM 329

Sheila Cronan 329 Marriage

Janice Raymond 334 Female Friendship

SOCIALIST FEMINISM 340

Jane Flax 340 A Look at the Cuban Family Code

Heidi I. Hartmann 341 The Family as the Locus of Gender, Class, and Political Struggle: The Example of Housework

Nancy Chodorow 358 Gender Personality and the Sexual Sociology of Adult Ufe viii CONTENTS

FEMINISM AND WOMEN OF COLOR 369

Bell Hooks 369 The Myth of Black

Mina Davis Caulfield 374 Imperialism, the Family, and Cultures of Resistance

Applying the Frameworks: Sexuality 380

CONSERVATISM 386

Anthony Storr 386 Aggression in the Relations between the Sexes

LIBERALISM 388

Shere Hite 388 Redefining Sex

Letty Cottin Pogrebin 389 Sex Education for Growing Up Free

TRADITIONAL MARXISM 394

Friedrich Engels 394 Sexual Love

Clara Zetkin 400 Lenin on Sexual Love

RADICAL FEMINISM 403

Ti-Grace Atkinson 403 Radical Feminism and Love

Kathleen Barry 405 Female Sexual Slavery

Adrienne Rich 416 Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence CONTENTS ix

SOCIALIST FEMINISM 419

Linda Gordon and Allen Hunter 419 Socialism against

Ann Ferguson 421 Patriarchy, Sexual Identity, and the Sexual Revolution: Heterosexual Ideology as a Coercive Force

Sheila Rowbotham 423 Imperialism and Sexuality

FEMINISM AND WOMEN OF COLOR 428

Angela Davis 428 Rape, Racism, and the Myth of the Black Rapist

Audre Lorde 432 Scratching the Surface: Some Notes on Barriers to Women and Loving

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING: PART THREE 437

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 439 INDEX OF AUTHORS AND TITLES 443