CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION: FEMINIST THEORY AND FEMINIST PRACTICE xi
PART 1 THE PROBLEM
The Need for Liberation 3
Sandra L. Bern and Daryl J. Bern 10 Homogenizing the American Woman: The Power of an Unconscious Ideology
Shirley Hill Witt 23 Native Women Today: Sexism and the Indian Woman
Marcia Ann Gillespie 32 The Myth of the Strong Black Woman
Alexis M. Herman 36 Still . . . Small Change for Black Women
Michelle Russell and Mary Jane Lupton 40 Black Women and the Market
Linda London 43 Women Bear the Brunt of Economic Crises
Joyce Maupin 45 Older Working Women
Robert E. Gould, M.D. 47 Measuring Masculinity by the Size of a Paycheck
Pat Mainardi 51 The Politics of Housework
Colleen McNamara 56 I Just Don't Know If I Can Make It Iii iv CONTENTS
Claudia Dreifus 58 Sterilizing the Poor
Zoe Moss 66 It Hurts to Be Alive and Obsolete: The Ageing Woman
Cheryl Benard and Edit Schlatter 70 The Man in the Street: Why He Harasses
Barbara Ehrenreich 73 The Politics of Talking in Couples: Conversus Interruptus and Other Disorders
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING: PART ONE 77
PART 2 ALTERNATIVE FEMINIST FRAMEWORKS
Theories of Women's Oppression 81
CONSERVATISM: WOMEN'S OPPRESSION AS BIOLOGICALLY DETERMINED 91
Sigmund Freud 91 Femininity
Edward O. Wilson 99 Sex
LIBERALISM: WOMEN'S OPPRESSION AS UNFAIR DISCRIMINATION 104
John Stuart Mill 104 The Subjection of Women
Joyce Trebilcot 114 Sex Roles: The Argument from Nature
National Organization for Women (NOW) 120 Bill of Rights
TRADITIONAL MARXISM: WOMEN'S OPPRESSION AS A RESULT OF THE CLASS SYSTEM 121
Friedrich Engels 121 The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State CONTENTS V
Evelyn Reed 132 Women: Caste, Class, or Oppressed Sex?
RADICAL FEMINISM: WOMEN'S OPPRESSION AS THE FUNDAMENTAL OPPRESSION 136
Shulamith Firestone 136 The Dialectic of Sex
Charlotte Bunch 144 Lesbians in Revolt
Monique Wittig 148 One Is Not Born a Woman
SOCIALIST FEMINISM: THE INSEPARABILITY OF GENDER AND CLASS OPPRESSION 152
Charlotte Perkins Gilman Chapter of the New American Movement 152 A View of Socialist Feminism
Gayle Rubin 155 The Traffic in Women: Notes on the "Political Economy" of Sex
Heidi I. Hartmann 172 The Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism: Towards a More Progressive Union
FEMINISM AND WOMEN OF COLOR: THE INSEPARABILITY OF GENDER, CLASS, AND RACE OPPRESSION 189
Elizabeth F. Hood 189 Black Women, White Women: Separate Paths to Uberation
Combahee River Collective 202 A Black Feminist Statement
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING: PART TWO 210
PART 3 PRACTICE: THE IMPLICATIONS OF THEORIES
Applying the Frameworks: Paid Labor 215
CONSERVATISM 222 vi CONTENTS
Lionel Tiger and Robin Fox 222 Give and Take
LIBERALISM 226
Hardy Jones 226 On the Justifiability of Reverse Discrimination
Lin Farley 233 Dealing with Sexual Harassment
TRADITIONAL MARXISM 238
v. I. Lenin 238 Women and Society
Margaret Benston 239 The Political Economy of Women's Liberation
RADICAL FEMINISM 247
Jennifer Woodul 247 What's This about Feminist Businesses?
Maida Tilchen 250 Women's Music: Politics for Sale?
SOCIALIST FEMINISM 257
The Progressive 257 Women's Work
Natalie J. Sokoloff 259 Motherwork and Working Mothers
Nancy Hartsock 266 Staying Alive
FEMINISM AND WOMEN OF COLOR 277
Norma Steele 277 We're in Britain for the Money
Barbara Ehrenreich and Annette Fuentes 279 Ufe on the Global Assembly Line CONTENTS vii
Applying the Frameworks: Family 292
CONSERVATISM 301
Lionel Tiger and Robin Fox 301 Mother-Child Bonding
Bruno Bettelheim 306 Fathers Shouldn't Try to Be Mothers
LIBERALISM 311
Alix Kates Shulman 311 A Marriage Agreement
Ann Crittenden Scott 315 The Value of Housework
TRADITIONAL MARXISM 320
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels 320 The Family
Cuban Family Code (1975), Excerpts 321
RADICAL FEMINISM 329
Sheila Cronan 329 Marriage
Janice Raymond 334 Female Friendship
SOCIALIST FEMINISM 340
Jane Flax 340 A Look at the Cuban Family Code
Heidi I. Hartmann 341 The Family as the Locus of Gender, Class, and Political Struggle: The Example of Housework
Nancy Chodorow 358 Gender Personality and the Sexual Sociology of Adult Ufe viii CONTENTS
FEMINISM AND WOMEN OF COLOR 369
Bell Hooks 369 The Myth of Black Matriarchy
Mina Davis Caulfield 374 Imperialism, the Family, and Cultures of Resistance
Applying the Frameworks: Sexuality 380
CONSERVATISM 386
Anthony Storr 386 Aggression in the Relations between the Sexes
LIBERALISM 388
Shere Hite 388 Redefining Sex
Letty Cottin Pogrebin 389 Sex Education for Growing Up Free
TRADITIONAL MARXISM 394
Friedrich Engels 394 Sexual Love
Clara Zetkin 400 Lenin on Sexual Love
RADICAL FEMINISM 403
Ti-Grace Atkinson 403 Radical Feminism and Love
Kathleen Barry 405 Female Sexual Slavery
Adrienne Rich 416 Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence CONTENTS ix
SOCIALIST FEMINISM 419
Linda Gordon and Allen Hunter 419 Socialism against Patriarchy
Ann Ferguson 421 Patriarchy, Sexual Identity, and the Sexual Revolution: Heterosexual Ideology as a Coercive Force
Sheila Rowbotham 423 Imperialism and Sexuality
FEMINISM AND WOMEN OF COLOR 428
Angela Davis 428 Rape, Racism, and the Myth of the Black Rapist
Audre Lorde 432 Scratching the Surface: Some Notes on Barriers to Women and Loving
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING: PART THREE 437
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 439 INDEX OF AUTHORS AND TITLES 443