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Einfluss Forstlicher Maßnahmen Auf Raubmilben (Gamasida, Acari) Temperierter Mitteleuropäischer Wälder

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Einfluss Forstlicher Maßnahmen Auf Raubmilben (Gamasida, Acari) Temperierter Mitteleuropäischer Wälder Einfluss forstlicher Maßnahmen auf Raubmilben (Gamasida, Acari) temperierter mitteleuropäischer Wälder vom Fachbereich Biologie der Technischen Universität Darmstadt genehmigte Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doctor rerum naturalium von Dipl.-Biol. Romuald Buryn aus Szczecin Referent: Prof. Dr. Stefan Scheu Koreferent: PD Dr. Mark Maraun Tag der Einreichung: 14. Mai 2008 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 01. Juli 2008 Darmstadt 2008 D17 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. EINLEITUNG.................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. GAMASIDA........................................................................................................................ 1 1.2. SOLLING .......................................................................................................................... 3 1.3. FORSTWIRTSCHAFTLICHE MAßNAHMEN.............................................................................. 4 1.3.1. Zusammensetzung des Baumbestandes.................................................................... 4 1.3.2. Kalkung ....................................................................................................................... 5 1.3.3. Femelschlag................................................................................................................ 6 1.4. ÖKOLOGISCHE CHARAKTERISIERUNG DER ARTEN .............................................................. 6 2. UNTERSUCHUNGSGEBIETE ...................................................................................... 8 2.1. SOLLING .......................................................................................................................... 8 2.2. GEOGRAPHISCHE LAGE DER UNTERSUCHUNGSFLÄCHEN .................................................... 8 2.2.1. Der 30-jährige Bestand ............................................................................................. 10 2.2.2. Der 120-jährige Bestand ........................................................................................... 10 2.2.3. Der 150-jährige Bestand ........................................................................................... 12 2.3. KLIMA ............................................................................................................................ 12 2.4. GEOLOGIE UND BODEN ................................................................................................... 14 2.4.1. Pedobiologische Beschreibung der Untersuchungsstandorte .................................. 14 2.4.2. Bodenfeuchte ............................................................................................................ 15 2.4.3. pH-Wert des Bodens................................................................................................. 16 2.5. VEGETATION .................................................................................................................. 17 3. METHODEN................................................................................................................. 19 3.1. PROBENAHME ................................................................................................................ 19 3.1.1. Probenahme in 30- und 120-jährigen Fichten-, Buchen- und Mischwäldern............ 19 3.1.2. Probenahme auf 150-jährigen Buchenwälder- und Femelflächen; gekalkte und nicht gekalkte Standorte ................................................................................... 20 3.2. EXTRAKTION................................................................................................................... 20 3.3. AUSZÄHLUNG, PRÄPARATION UND BESTIMMUNG .............................................................. 21 3.4. STATISTISCHE METHODEN .............................................................................................. 22 3.4.1. Dominanzanalyse...................................................................................................... 22 3.4.2. Diversität (Shannon-Wiener-Index, Evenness)......................................................... 23 3.4.3. Rarefaction-Modell .................................................................................................... 24 3.4.4. Vertikalverteilung....................................................................................................... 24 3.4.5. Phänologie ................................................................................................................ 25 3.4.6. Ähnlichkeitsanalyse................................................................................................... 25 i 3.4.7. Varianzanalyse (ANOVA).......................................................................................... 26 3.4.8. Kanonische Korrespondenzanalyse und Ordination................................................. 26 3.4.9. Feuchte- und pH-Indices........................................................................................... 27 4. ERGEBNISSE.............................................................................................................. 28 4.1. ARTENSPEKTRUM DER GAMASIDA.................................................................................... 28 4.2. EINFLUSS DER BAUMARTENZUSAMMENSETZUNG UND DES BESTANDESALTERS AUF DIE GAMASIDA-ZÖNOSE IN 30- UND 120-JÄHRIGEN REIN- UND MISCHBESTÄNDEN VON FICHTE UND BUCHE ................................................................................................. 32 4.2.1. Abundanz .................................................................................................................. 32 4.2.2. Phänologie ................................................................................................................ 37 4.2.3. Vertikalverteilung....................................................................................................... 47 4.2.4. Diversität und Dominanzstruktur............................................................................... 57 4.2.5. Ähnlichkeiten der Flächen......................................................................................... 61 4.2.6. Ökologische Charakterisierung der Standorte anhand der Lebensraumansprüche der Gamasida........................................................................................................... 66 4.2.6.1. Habitat (Wald – Offenland)................................................................................ 66 4.2.6.2. Höhenverbreitung.............................................................................................. 68 4.2.6.3. Feuchte und pH................................................................................................. 69 4.2.6.4. Nahrung............................................................................................................. 74 4.2.6.5. Ausbreitung ....................................................................................................... 78 4.2.6.6. Andere ökologische Kriterien ............................................................................ 80 4.2.6.7. Ordinationsanalyse der ökologischen Werte..................................................... 81 4.3. EINFLUSS VON FEMELSCHLAG UND KALKUNG AUF DIE GAMASIDAZÖNOSE.......................... 84 4.3.1. Artenspektrum der Gamasida ................................................................................... 84 4.3.2. Abundanz .................................................................................................................. 84 4.3.3. Diversität und Dominanzstruktur............................................................................... 87 4.3.4. Ähnlichkeiten der Flächen......................................................................................... 91 4.3.5. Ökologische Charakterisierung der Standorte anhand der Lebensraumansprüche der Gamasida........................................................................................................... 96 4.3.5.1. Habitat (Wald – Offenland)................................................................................ 96 4.3.5.2. Feuchte ............................................................................................................. 99 4.3.5.3. Nahrung........................................................................................................... 100 4.3.5.4. Ausbreitung ..................................................................................................... 103 4.4. RAUBMILBENZÖNOSE DES SOLLINGS ............................................................................. 105 5. DISKUSSION............................................................................................................. 109 5.1. METHODENPROBLEMATIK.............................................................................................. 110 5.2. ABUNDANZ, DIVERSITÄT, DOMINANZSTRUKTUR, PHÄNOLOGIE UND VERTIKALVERTEILUNG DER MESOSTIGMATA................................................................... 112 5.2.1. Dichten, Diversität und Dominanzstruktur der Gamasida....................................... 112 5.2.2. Phänologie der Gamasida....................................................................................... 117 ii 5.2.3. Vertikalverteilung der Gamasida............................................................................. 119 5.2.4. Ähnlichkeiten der Raubmilbenzönosen im Solling.................................................. 121 5.3. ÖKOLOGISCHE CHARAKTERISIERUNG DER STANDORTE ANHAND DER LEBENSRAUMANSPRÜCHE DER
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