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Telesio INTERLANDI, Un Intellectuel Fasciste Antisémite (1894-1965) Elisabeth Pouech

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Telesio INTERLANDI, Un Intellectuel Fasciste Antisémite (1894-1965) Elisabeth Pouech Telesio INTERLANDI, un intellectuel fasciste antisémite (1894-1965) Elisabeth Pouech To cite this version: Elisabeth Pouech. Telesio INTERLANDI, un intellectuel fasciste antisémite (1894-1965). Linguistique. Université Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux III, 2001. Français. tel-00339187v2 HAL Id: tel-00339187 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00339187v2 Submitted on 17 Nov 2008 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE MICHEL DE MONTAIGNE – BORDEAUX III U.F.R. DE LANGUES ET CIVILISATIONS ETRANGERES THESE Etudes italiennes présentée et soutenue publiquement par Elisabeth POUECH le samedi 8 décembre 2001 Telesio INTERLANDI, un intellectuel fasciste antisémite (1894-1965) Directeur de thèse : Madame Monique ROUCH , Professeur Emérite de l’Université Michel de Montaigne – Bordeaux III JURY Monsieur Marc AGOSTINO , Professeur à l’Université de Bordeaux III Luciano CHELES (pré-rapporteur), Professeur à l’Université de Poitiers Frédéric DUTHEIL , Professeur à l’Université de Bordeaux III Marie Anne MATARD-BONUCCI , Maître de Conférences à l’Université de Versailles - Saint-Quentin en Yvelines Janine MENET-GENTY (pré-rapporteur), Professeur à l’Université de Paris X - Nanterre UNIVERSITE MICHEL DE MONTAIGNE – BORDEAUX III U.F.R. DE LANGUES ET CIVILISATIONS ETRANGERES THESE Etudes italiennes présentée et soutenue publiquement par Elisabeth POUECH [email protected] le samedi 8 décembre 2001 Telesio INTERLANDI, un intellectuel fasciste antisémite (1894-1965) Directeur de thèse : Madame Monique ROUCH , Professeur Emérite de l’Université Michel de Montaigne – Bordeaux III JURY Monsieur Marc AGOSTINO , Professeur à l’Université de Bordeaux III Luciano CHELES (pré-rapporteur), Professeur à l’Université de Poitiers Frédéric DUTHEIL , Professeur à l’Université de Bordeaux III Marie Anne MATARD-BONUCCI , Maître de Conférences à l’Université de Versailles - Saint-Quentin en Yvelines Janine MENET-GENTY (pré-rapporteur), Professeur à l’Université de Paris X - Nanterre 1 2 Remerciements Je remercie Monique Rouch pour l’important travail fourni et ses critiques constructives. Merci aux membres du jury pour l’intérêt qu’ils ont manifesté envers ce sujet. Merci à Cesare et Leonardo Interlandi qui m’ont parlé de leur aïeul, en m’éclairant sur certains points sans essayer de cacher la vérité, et en me fournissant des documents essentiels. Merci également à Giampiero Mughini qui a bien voulu s’entretenir avec moi de son étude sur Telesio Interlandi, alors que je n’étais qu’au début de mes recherches, confirmant des orientations et des hypothèses qui se sont révélées déterminantes dans l’évolution de ce travail. De même, merci à Meir Michaelis. Un grand merci enfin à Olivier, qui m’a soutenue tout au long de ces années de recherche et surtout qui a cru en mon travail, me permettant ainsi de surmonter mes doutes et mes difficultés. 3 4 5 6 Tables des matières INTRODUCTION GENERALE _________________________________________________________12 I LA PROPAGANDE FASCISTE : DE LA PRESSE ECRITE A UNE UTILISATION SIGNIFICATIVE DE L’IMAGE_________________________________________________________33 I.1 REFLEXIONS GENERALES ET METHODOLOGIQUES SUR LA PROPAGANDE ET L’IMAGE _________34 I.1.1 La propagande politique ________________________________________________34 Les origines de la propagande politique des régimes totalitaires _______________________34 Construction de la communication de propagande __________________________________36 Orientation du discours vers le récepteur______________________________________________37 Perversion de l’information ________________________________________________________38 I.1.2 Le pouvoir de l’image et son utilisation dans la propagande ____________________40 La construction de l’image comme langage _______________________________________40 L’image de propagande_______________________________________________________43 Le pouvoir de l’image_____________________________________________________________43 L’analyse de l’image______________________________________________________________47 I.2 LA PROPAGANDE DU GOUVERNEMENT FASCISTE DURANT LE ‘VENTENNIO ’________________49 I.2.1 La presse écrite était un point d’appui essentiel ______________________________49 La mainmise du gouvernement sur la presse écrite __________________________________50 La création du ‘Sindacato nazionale fascista dei giornalisti’ ______________________________50 La loi de décembre 1925 : vers la fin de la liberté de la presse _____________________________51 Durcissement de la situation qui dès 1926 devient irréversible _____________________________55 Contrôle officiel de la presse par le nouveau « Ministère de la Presse et de la Propagande » _____60 De la création du ‘Minculpop’ à la chute de Mussolini : la situation politique contraint la presse à une totale obéissance aux directives de l’Etat __________________________________________61 Présentation des journaux « ultra-fascistes » totalement dévoués au Duce ________________65 Les quotidiens dirigés par des politiques ______________________________________________65 Les quotidiens « spécialisés »_______________________________________________________69 Les revues consacrées à la propagande du régime fasciste ____________________________71 Les revues politiques______________________________________________________________72 « Politica Sociale » ____________________________________________________________72 « Gioventù fascista »___________________________________________________________74 « Antieuropa » _______________________________________________________________75 Les revues culturelles propagandistes ________________________________________________77 « Bibliografia fascista » ________________________________________________________77 « Civiltà fascista »_____________________________________________________________78 I.2.2 L’image représente un nouvel axe pour le développement de la propagande vers une communication de masse ________________________________________________________81 L’image d’Etat : des créations cinématographiques aux beaux arts _____________________82 L’image dans la presse écrite : une voie suivie par Interlandi__________________________90 7 II LA FORMATION D’UN JOURNALISTE FASCISTE : DU NATIONALISME A L’ANTISEMITISME (1894 - 1932)_______________________________________________________97 II.1 SON ULTRA -NATIONALISME FASCISTE GUIDE TELESIO INTERLANDI A ROME OU IL DEVIENT LE PROTEGE DE MUSSOLINI : FONDATION ET DIRECTION DU QUOTIDIEN « IL TEVERE » ______________101 II.1.1 Il Tevere est créé en décembre 1924 ______________________________________109 Mussolini choisit de confier la direction du nouveau quotidien romain au jeune Interlandi__110 Présentation physique du journal ______________________________________________115 Présentation et évolution idéologique du journal __________________________________121 II.1.2 Les articles d’Interlandi et les illustrations significatives en première page _______125 L’orientation des articles d’Interlandi jusqu’en 1932 _______________________________125 Les illustrations des articles d’Interlandi traduisent l’ambiguïté du journal ______________128 II.2 LES PREMIERES PUBLICATIONS ET LES ARTICLES DE REVUE D ’I NTERLANDI : ENTRE UN NATIONALISME EXACERBE ET UN ANTISEMITISME ENCORE MASQUE __________________________133 II.2.1 Les premiers écrits d’Interlandi sont publiés en 1927 ________________________133 Une expérience littéraire et théâtrale : « La croce del Sud »__________________________134 Une exaltation propagandiste du régime fasciste : « Pane Bigio » _____________________138 L’introduction de Cardarelli______________________________________________________ 140 La politique du régime fasciste ____________________________________________________ 142 Le fascisme et l’art __________________________________________________________ 142 Le fascisme et le renouveau politique____________________________________________ 147 Le fascisme expression d’une révolution populaire _________________________________ 148 La société italienne _____________________________________________________________ 151 Mussolini l’Italien modèle de tous ______________________________________________ 151 La singularité du peuple italien_________________________________________________ 153 Propagande et fierté de la race italique ___________________________________________ 155 II.2.2 Les articles d’Interlandi publiés dans diverses revues fascistes romaines entre 1929 et 1932 159 Les articles d’Interlandi dans ces différentes revues sont fortement politisés_____________160 Exaltation du peuple italien ______________________________________________________ 160 Interlandi attaque les nations ennemies du régime fasciste ______________________________ 164 L’art, la culture et la politique ____________________________________________________ 170 8 III TELESIO INTERLANDI MET LA CULTURE AU SERVICE DU REGIME : LA REVUE LITTERAIRE ET ARTISTIQUE QUADRIVIO SUIT L’ORIENTATION POLITIQUE DE SON DIRECTEUR (1933 - 1937) ____________________________________________________________183 III.1 PRESENTATION
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