Desenhos Animados: Questões De Ética E Comportamento Animal

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Desenhos Animados: Questões De Ética E Comportamento Animal Universidade Federal Fluminense Pós - graduação em Bioética, Ética Aplicada e Saúde Coletiva Associação ampla - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Universidade Federal Fluminense Juliana Clemente Machado O GATO DOMÉSTICO NOS DESENHOS ANIMADOS: QUESTÕES DE ÉTICA E COMPORTAMENTO ANIMAL Niterói 2015 Juliana Clemente Machado O gato doméstico nos desenhos animados: questões de ética e comportamento animal Tese apresentada Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioética, Ética Aplicada e Saúde Coletiva, da Universidade Federal Fluminense como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutora. Orientadora: Profª. Drª. Rita Leal Paixão Niterói 2015 M149 Machado, Juliana Clemente O gato doméstico nos desenhos animados: questões de ética e comportamento animal / Juliana Clemente Machado.- Niterói, 2015. 182 f. Orientador: Rita Leal Paixão Tese (Doutorado em Bioética, Ética Aplicada e Saúde Coletiva)– Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Medicina, 2015. 1. Bioética. 2. Gatos. 3. Desenhos animados. 4. Mídia audiovisual. I. Titulo. CDD 174.90616 Juliana Clemente Machado O gato doméstico nos desenhos animados: questões de ética e comportamento animal Tese apresentada Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioética, Ética Aplicada e Saúde Coletiva, da Universidade Federal Fluminense como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutora. BANCA EXAMINADORA Profª. Drª. Rita Leal Paixão (Orientadora) Universidade Federal Fluminense Prof. Dr. José Mario D’Almeida Universidade Federal Fluminense Prof. Dr. Daniel Braga Lourenço Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Profª. Drª Andrea Barbosa Osorio Sarandy Universidade Federal Fluminense Prof. Dr. Ricardo Tadeu Santori Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço a Deus, por estar sempre comigo me ajudando a ser forte e otimista. Aos felinos, porque são uma obra de arte viva e a todos os demais animais, por existirem. Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioética, Ética Aplicada e Saúde Coletiva, por abraçar meu tema. Aos professores que me apresentaram novas formas de pensar sobre a ética e a Bioética, em um mundo tão carente destes assuntos. À minha orientadora, Rita Leal Paixão, pessoa que sempre admirei, pelas importantes contribuições ao estudo da ética animal. Por ter me orientado de uma forma tão suave e amiga, permitindo que a construção se desse no meu tempo, sem deixar de corrigir e orientar quando necessário. Aos meus colegas do PPGBIOS, em especial à minha amiga, Izabel Christina. Não sei se ela sabe a dimensão da contribuição que teve para o início, meio e fim deste curso. Mesmo com a distância, construímos uma grande amizade. Obrigada de coração. Aos amigos de Juiz de Fora, sempre com aquele ouvido atento quando eu começava a falar da tese. Sempre me presenteando com elogios, incentivos e sugestões. Obrigada por todas as ideias, abraços e afetos. Amo vocês. À minha mãe. Obrigada por me apoiar em todos os aspectos possíveis, vibrando com as vitórias, apoiando nos cansaços, iluminado ideias e ficando do meu lado. Não há palavras para explicar tudo que você representa na minha vida. Ao meu marido, por aguentar minhas falações, por me apoiar nas minhas crises e dúvidas. Pelos carinhos, vinhos e bom humor. Pela paciência e nenhuma cobrança. Você é minha luz. À minha família. Obrigada pela compreensão e apoio. Aos membros da banca, escolhidos com muito carinho e critério. À CAPES, pelo apoio com a bolsa de doutorado. “Os seres humanos têm o poder de continuar a oprimir outras espécies para sempre, ou até tornarmos este planeta inadequado para seres vivos. Continuará nossa tirania a provar que a moralidade nada vale quando se choca com o interesse pessoal, como sempre afirmaram os mais cínicos poetas e filósofos? Ou nos ergueremos ante o desafio e provaremos nossa capacidade de genuíno altruísmo pondo fim à cruel exploração das espécies sob nosso poder, não porque sejamos forçados a isso por rebeldes ou terroristas, mas porque reconhecemos que nossa posição é moralmente indefensável?” (Peter Singer) RESUMO Desde muito cedo na história da comunicação, os animais não humanos são usados como símbolos para representar características da sociedade humana. No presente, é comum encontrá-los em filmes, livros, propagandas e desenhos animados trazendo valores e ideologias que sinalizam o modo como entendemos o mundo. Existe uma linha de pesquisa, com contribuição da antropologia, pedagogia, sociologia e comunicação, que visa investigar como são estas representações, por que elas ocorrem e quais as consequências disto para a relação das pessoas com os demais animais na vida real. Haveria relação entre o modo como a sociedade representa os animais na mídia e o modo como ela compreende estes seres na realidade? Esta foi a pergunta principal que norteou toda a condução do presente estudo. Considerando que os desenhos animados são talvez a primeira forma de contato com animais na ficção, este trabalho dedicou-se a investigar este meio de comunicação. Entre os animais, o gato doméstico foi escolhido por se tratar de uma espécie cuja relação com a sociedade é cercada de simbolismos, misticismos, compreensões equivocadas e percepções preconceituosas. Há registros significativos, inclusive, de maus-tratos, abandono e não adoção destes animais. Assim, este trabalho objetivou investigar como ocorre a representação do gato doméstico nos desenhos animados: como é apresentado o seu comportamento, se é antropomorfizado, em que grau e em quais aspectos. Se antropomorfizado, como seria sua representação moral. Foi possível confirmar a ausência de representação fidedigna da grande maioria dos comportamentos. Também verificou-se que é um animal antropomorfizado, especialmente em sua biologia e comportamentos e em segundo lugar, por meio da linguagem. Finalmente concluiu-se que nos desenhos sua representação moral é ambígua, ora com características positivas, ora com traços negativos, reforçando a ambiguidade e incerteza presentes em outros contextos da sociedade. A discussão girou em torno das possíveis consequências deste panorama na percepção das pessoas em relação ao gato doméstico. Defende-se aqui a necessidade de uma reflexão sobre o dever moral que a mídia, pais e educadores têm em direcionar a olhar crítico das pessoas em formação sobre estes modos de representar. Esta preocupação vai ao encontro das reflexões que a ética animal vem levantando no presente. Espera-se que com este debate, possamos melhorar a forma como compreendemos e nos relacionamos com os animais não humanos em diferentes setores da nossa sociedade. Palavras-chave: Gatos. Desenhos animados. Ética Animal. Bioética. Mídia. ABSTRACT Since very early in the history of communication, nonhuman animals are used as symbols to represent features of human society. At present, it is common to find them in films, books, advertisements and animated cartoons with values and ideologies that signal the way we understand the world. There is a research line, with contribution of anthropology, pedagogy, sociology and communication which aims to investigate how these representations are, why they occur and what the consequences of this for the relationship between people and other animals in real life. Is there a relationship between the way society represents animals in the media and the way we understand them? This was the main question that guided the conduction of this study. Considering that cartoons are perhaps the first form of contact with animals in fiction, this work was dedicated to investigate this media. Among animals, the domestic cat was chosen because it is a specie whose relationship with society is surrounded by symbolism, mysticism, wrong understandings and prejudiced perceptions. There are significant records of maltreatment, abandonment and non adoption of these animals. This work aimed to investigate how the representation of domestic cat in the cartoons is, how their behaviour is presented, whether it is anthropomorphized, to what degree and in what aspects. If cat is anthropomorphized, how his moral representation is. It was possible to confirm the absence of faithful representation of most behaviours. It was also found that cat is an anthropomorphic animal, especially in their biology and behaviours and secondly, by language. Finally it was concluded that in animated cartoons his moral representation is ambiguous, sometimes with positive characteristics, sometimes with negative traits, strengthening the ambiguity and uncertainty present in other society contexts. The discussion was around the possible consequences of this view in people perception towards the domestic cat. It is argued the need for a reflection on the moral duty of the media, parents and educators in directing the critical perception of people on these ways of representing. This concern agrees with animal ethics reflections in the present. It is hoped that with this debate, we can improve the way we understand and relate to non-human animals in different sectors of our society. Key-words: Cats. Animated cartoons. Animal ethics. Bioethics. Media. SUMÁRIO APRESENTAÇÃO ................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUÇÃO ........................................................................................................................ 3 ÉTICA, ÉTICA APLICADA, BIOÉTICA E ÉTICA ANIMAL: ABRANGÊNCIAS E CONEXÕES .......................................................................... 3 ESPECISMO .............................................................................................................
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