Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-83968-6 — Islam, Ethnicity, and Conflict in Ethiopia Terje Østebø Index More Information

Index

Abbaa boku (father of the scepter), 49, arrest and trial of, 148–153 156, 184, 185, 267 as “highland activist”, 143–146 Abbaa lafa (father of the land), 187 Islam and, 275–277 Abbaa muuda (ritual experts), 61–62, Italian occupation and, 78–79 82–84 Macha Tulama Self-Help Association Abba Jifar, 299 (MTSA) and, 303–305, 306–307 Abbas H. Gnamo, 291 Shoa Oromo and, 293 Abbink, Jan, 120–121, 155, 236, 268 statue of, 289 Abd al-Shakur (Emir), 53 Adbullahi Ali (Emir), 68 Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad bin, 63 Addis Ababa (Ethiopian capital), Abd al-Wahhab Yunus (Sheikh), 62 127–128, 151, 223, 246–247, Abdi Hajji Musa, 108, 110, 133–134 298–299, 301–304, 314–315 Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, 142 Aden Abdullah Ousman (President), Abdulaziz, Feisal (Saudi Arabian King), 142 250–251 Agarfa clan, 187–188 Abdulkadir Ahmed Imama agriculture, 40, 178, 199–200 (Qenazmach), 301 al-Ahbash, 314–315 Abdulkadir Nuho, 177 Ahmed Buna, 301, 303–304 Abdulkerim Bune, 105–106, 127, 133 Ahmed Gragn (Imam) (Ahmed ibn Abdulkerim Sayyid Muhammad Ibrahim al-Ghazi), 52, 58–59, (Dejazmach), 128 220–221, 222, 244 Abdullahi Ali (Sheikh), 97 Ahmed Tikko, 128 Abdullahi Bedhaso (Colonel), 125–126, al-Ahram (magazine), 302 133–134, 147 Aklilu Habte-Wold, 116, 244 Abdullahi “Lungo” Muhammad, Alaba region, 38–39 137–138 al-Banna, Hassan, 250–251 Abdurahman Isma’il (Sheikh), 62 Alemu Qitessa (Colonel), 296–297, 303 Abera Waqo (Grazmach), 113 Ali Abd al-Rahman (Sheikh; “ali al- Aberra Ketsela, 92, 132, 179 Suﬁ”), 251, 253–254, 301 Abir, Mordechai, 222 Ali Harqa, 133–134 Abiy Ahmed (Prime Minister), 315 Aliye Chirri (Colonel), 99, 100, 115, Abubakr Darga (Qenazmach), 146, 124–125, 132, 133, 305–306 150, 151, 303 Aliye Dhadhi, 124, 125–126 Abubakr Muhammad (Sheikh), 64 Aliyeh Qadi Ahmed Imama, 150 Adaba (worreda), 38, 70, 172, 284 Aliye Jarso (Hajji), 147 Adal Sultanate, 51–52 Al-Jeysh militia, 254–255 Adam Jilo (Colonel), 99, 111, 124–125, Allahu Da’imu movement, 231 132 Alonso, Ana Maria, 11, 16–17, 236 Adam Saddo (Hajji) Aman Andom (General), 116 generally, 115, 286 Amda Siyon (Emperor), 220

350

Index 351

Amhara Appadurai, Arjun, 234 generally, 5, 32, 215 Arab League, 250–251 Arsi Oromo relations with, Arabo Konso, 75 279–281 Argesa Ba’ii massacre, 110–111 assimilation and, 224–225 Ark of the Covenant, 212–213, 214, class and, 265 227 conquest of Bale and (See Conquest Armaments of Bale insurgents, 93–94, of Bale) 99, 139 embodiment and, 278–279 Arsee (legendary ancestor), 46–47 emplacement and, 278–279 Arsi Oromo enmity with Islaama, 259, 260, Amhara relations with, 278–286, 311 279–281 evangelism and, 222–223 Amharic language and, 283–284 evolution of term, 215–216 clan system, 47–48 “exceptionalism”, 219–220, communal ownership of land, 223–224, 278–279 182–183, 184 hegemony and, 209 conquest of Bale and (See Conquest hierarchical society and, of Bale) 216–217 emplacement and, 65 imperial expansion and, 219–220, gadaa system, 48–51, 222, 278–279 182–183 Islaama peoplehood compared, 215, historical background, 46 219 inter-clan violence among, kinship and, 217–218 50–51 language and, 282–284 Islam and, 281 militarism and, 216 Islamization of, 52–56, 65 (See also modernization and, 282 Islaama peoplehood) monarchy and, 218 Italian occupation and, 78–81 Orthodox Christianity and, 67–68, land, conception of, 181, 182–184, 210–211, 218–219, 232–233, 207 283–284 land tenure (See Land tenure) religious national narrative and, livestock and, 183–184 209–211, 232–233 moieties of, 46–47 secularization and, 282 pastoralism and, 182–183, Shoa Oromo relations with, 184 291–292 religion of, 189–195 Amharic language, 282–284 resistance to Amhara conquest of “Amharization”, 225–228 Bale, 74–78, 81–86, 87–88 Ammerman, Nancy, 20 sacred places, 194–195 Andargachew Tiruneh, 2 Salaﬁsm and, 285–286 Anderson, Benedict, 5, 12, Shoa Oromo relations with, 17, 225 289–291, 292–293, 294–295, Anglo-Ethiopian Agreements (1942, 309 1944), 248 Sowra and, 312–313 Anole massacre, 127 warfare and, 49–50 anti-colonialism Asad, Talal, 19, 53 Bale insurgency viewed as, 270–272 Asafa Jalata, 3, 304 in Horn of Africa, 234, 242, Asfaw Darge (Dejazmach), 70, 244–245 71–72, 75 in Somalia, 242, 244–245 assimilation, 224–225

352 Index

Awrajas (sub-provinces) of Bale, 36 Bourdieu, Pierre, 14 Axum, 211, 212–213 Boylston, Tom, 217 Ayaanaa abbaa (spirit of the father), Braukämper, Ulrich, 58–59, 192 230 Ayaanaa (spirit), 189, 194 Bu’i Falama (Fitawrari), 70–71, 101, Ayalew Gebre, 175, 176, 205 156 Burials, 193–194 Baathism, 247 Burkitt, Ian, 9 Bahru Zewde, 231–232 Burqas (local administrators), 130, Balabats (local chiefs) 135, 177, 201–202 in Bale insurgency, 130, 135 Bushra (Sheikh), 69 class and, 266–267 Butta Qumbi, 76–77 conquest of Bale and, 156 land rights and, 102–103 Carmichael, Tim, 4 list of, 156 Catholicism, 7, 24–25, 212 stratification of society and, Caulk, Richard, 120 201–203 Center-periphery perspective on Bale, taxation and, 177 34–36 Balbalaa (sub-clans), 47, 182–183, Chako Enale, 84 185 Chemerri Gutu (Grazmach), Bale. See specific topic 130 Bale Sultanate, 52 Chernetsov, Sevir, 216 Balkans, 318 Chirri Jarra, 76–77, 124–125 Banditry (shifta), 120–123, Christianity 153 Catholicism, 7, 24–25, 212 Banks, Marcus, 13 Orthodox Christianity (See Baro Tumsa, 297 Orthodox Christianity) Barre, Siad (President), 312 Civilians in Bale insurgency, 106–107, Barrett, Justin, 22–23 110–111, 112–113 Bartels, Lambert, 193 Clan system. See also specific clan Barth, Fredrik, 7 Arsi Oromo and, 47–48 Basilios (Abuna), 85–86 Bale insurgency, role in, 119, 129, Baxter, Paul, 184, 197, 202, 134–137 205 land clan connection (See Land-clan Bekele Nadhi, 296–297 connection) Belonging Clapham, Christopher, 29, 90, 117, class and, 262–263 163, 270 land and, 195 Class peoplehood and, 10 Amhara and, 265 religion and, 23 balabats and, 266–267 Bevin, Ernest, 244 Bale insurgency, role in, Beyene Merid (Dejazmach), 264–267 78 belonging and, 262–263 Bidere (town), 101 defining, 261–263 Billing, Michael, 17 emplacement and, 262–263 Biltu war, 83–84 ethnicity and, 259, 262, Blackhurst, Hector, 173, 229 263 Bliisumaa (freedom), 269 hegemony and, 263–264 Borana region, 71–72, 78, 81–82, Marxist concept of, 262 97–99, 125, 255–256 Orthodox Christianity and, 265

Index 353

peoplehood and, 259, 262–263 Descent, 17–18 religion and, 259, 262, 263, Dessalegn Rahmato, 280 265 Desta Damtew (Ras), 78 Class conflicts, 263–264 Dhadhi Terre (Fitawrari), 75–76, Cohen, Adam B., 20 78–79, 127, 129, 130, 231 Cohen, Ronald, 17 Dhamole clan, 82 Commodification of land, 198–201 Dhara River, 93–94 Connor, Walter, 11, 12, 17 “Dhombir war”,89 Conquest of Bale Dima Harre, 75 generally, 31, 86–87 Dinshu (town), 41 Amhara rule generally, 156 Dion, Delphine, 10 balabats and, 156 Dirre Sheikh Hussein (shrine) conflicting views of, 66 Bale insurgency and, 71–72, 77, diplomatic aspect of, 69 147–153 European powers and, madrasa at, 62 72 pilgrimages to, 63, 146–153 gabbar system and, 159–160 qalad system and, 196 Islamic resistance to, 74–78, 81–86, rituals at, 60, 61–62 87–88, 230–231 trial of insurgents, 148–153 land alienation and, 156–162 Djibouti, 127, 241 lowlands, 71–74 Dodola (worreda), 38, 70, 84, 156, 172, military aspect of, 67 284 neftenyas (soldier-settlers) and, Doja, Alfred, 18 161 Donaldson Smith, Arthur, 38, 74, taxation and, 161–162 77 tribute and, 161–162 Douglas, Mary, 8–9 violence of, 66–67, 72–73 Dubro Waqo, 99, 115 constructivist approach to ethnicity Durkheim, Emile, 22 and religion, 317 contradictory rebellious consciousness, Egypt 268–269 Ethiopia and, 246–247 Cornell, Stephen, 17 Somalia and, 245–246 Crummey, Donald, 2, 120 Wafd Party, 250–251 Cuba, military support of Ethiopia, 312 Elemo Qilito, 139 El Kere (awraja), 36, 89, 91–92, Daniel Abebe (Dejazmach), 103, 105, 111, 252–253, 298–299 285 Darge Sahle Selassie (Ras), 68, 69–70, embodiment 74, 75, 214–215 Amhara peoplehood and, Day, Abby, 20, 21 278–279 Degodi clan, 98 ethnic conflicts and, 27–28 Dello (awraja), 36, 76, 89, 97, 103, 111, ethnicity and, 16, 287, 316–318 166–168, 285 family and, 15–16, 318 Dello front in Bale insurgency, 97–102, home and, 14–16, 318 108–109, 125, 132, 133 land and, 185 Demerath, N.J., 19–20 peoplehood and, 7–11 Demisse Amberbir, 83–84 religion and, 287, 316–318 Derg Period, 29, 54, 120, 294, 307, religious conflicts and, 312–313 27–28 Derrida, Jacques, 8 emotion, 11–13

354 Index

emplacement provenance and, 18–19 Amhara peoplehood and, religion, relationship with, 23–25, 278–279 317 Arsi Oromo and, 65 ethnic objectification, 314–315 class and, 262–263 ethno-nationalism. See Oromo ethno- ethnic conflicts and, 27–28 nationalism ethnicity and, 16, 287, 316–318 “exceptionalism”, 219–220, 223–224, family and, 15–16, 318 278–279, 311 home and, 14–16, 318 land and, 185, 195 family, 15–16, 318 peoplehood and, 7–11 Fanon, Frantz, 272 religion and, 287, 316–318 Faqih Siraj, 58 religious conflicts and, 27–28 Fasil (awraja), 36, 101–102, Eritrea 166–168 Bale insurgency compared, 90 Fernybough, Timothy, 120–123, 266, insurgency in, 236 267–268 Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF), Fiseha Muhammad, 98, 100 236 Foucault, Michel, 8–9 Eritrean People’s Liberation Front Four Power Commission, 244, 250 (EPLF), 120 fragmentation of Bale insurgency, 119, Ethiopian National Liberation Front 134–137, 153 (ENLF), 139 Ethiopian Orthodox Church, 85, Gabbar system, 159–160, 159–160, 212–213, 246 165–166 Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Gabra, 72, 82 Democratic Front (EPRDF), 30, 313, Gadaa Melbaa, 3, 69 314–315 Gadaa system (generational social ethnic conflicts, 25–29, 313–315 system), 48–51, 61, 182–183, 187–188 ethnicity Galla (pejorative term for Oromo), Bale insurgency, role in, 3, 269, 272, 87–88, 224, 226, 279–280, 286–287 291, 292 class and, 259, 262, 263 Gasera (worreda), 70, 74, 145, 146 constructivist approach, avoiding, Gebre Selassie Turuche, 83–84 317 Gebretel land (confiscated land), 168 descent and, 17–18 Gebru Tareke, 2–3, 82, 123, 131, 137, as dimension of peoplehood, 1, 5, 7, 155, 163, 166, 168, 178, 179, 198, 13–19, 287, 311–312, 316–317 203, 261, 268, 269 dynamic nature of, 309–310 Gedeb region, 38 embodiment and, 16, 287, Geertz, Clifford, 12 316–318 Gelchu Togie (Fitawrari), 100 emplacement and, 16, 287, Genale (awraja), 36, 38–39, 101–102, 316–318 103, 111, 166–168 Ethiopia, impact in, 311 Gerri clan, 98 family and, 15–16 Geschiere, Peter, 188–189 home and, 14–16 Gessessee Retta (Colonel), 103 integrative approach to, 27 Getnet Bekele, 175 multidimensional aspects of Gilkes, Patrick, 163, 222, 268 peoplehood and, 295–296 Ginir (town), 43–44, 71–72, 73–74, Oromo ethno-nationalism and, 3 94, 96–97, 105, 156 in post-Derg Ethiopia, 313–315 Glassman, Jonathan, 240, 260, 268

Index 355

Goba (town), 38–39, 70, 85–86, Hall, Stuart, 8, 262, 263 160–161, 277, 285, 289 Handelmann, Don, 18 Gobena Dache (Ras), 293 handhurraa (umbilical cord), 192–193 Gogorri Butta, 70, 74 Haqu Illahi (God’s Truth), 253 Gojam region, 155 Hararge region, 53 Gololcha (worreda),96 Harari delegation, 250–251 Gona (Mountain), 93, 95 Harar (town), 249–250 Goody, Jack, 6 Haraway, Donna, 35 Goro (worreda), 76, 82, 97 Harenna Buluq, 102 Gossa (clans), 47 Harenna Forest, 42, 43, 76, 83–84, 101, Gramsci, Antonio, 209, 263–264, 268 108, 109, 114, 133 Graziani, Rodolfo, 78 Hassan Gababa (Hajji), 256 “Greater Somalia”, 244, 248, 250, 253 Hassan Jima, 150 Grosby, Steven, 16, 17, 188–189 Hassan Roba, 124 Guji, 255–256 Hawattu clan, 75, 82, 129, 135 Gurra clan, 82, 97 Hawiya clan, 98 Gurranda (town), 75, 156 hegemony, 209, 263–264, 268 Gutu Usu Camarri, 125 “highland activists”, 119–120, Gwynn, Charles W., 77–78 142–146, 259–260, 275–278 highland-lowland dichotomy, 44–45, Habasha, 225 237–239 Haberland, Eike, 48, 53, 61 Hizbi Illahi (God’s Party), 253 Habermas, Jürgen, 182 Hobsbawm, Eric, 120–121, 266, Habte-Giorgis (Fitawrari), 217 267–268 Hadiya Sultanate, 46, 52 Hodson, Arnold, 36–38, 45, 217 Hagmann, Tobias, 105, 247, 253, 255 Holm, Tom, 6, 17–18 Haile Mariam Desalegn (Prime Home, 14–16, 318 Minister), 315 Honneth, Alex, 182 Haile-Mariam Gamada, 296–297, Horn of Africa. See also Eritrea; 299–300 Somalia Haile Selassie (Emperor) generally, 32, 234–235, 257–258 generally, 68, 76 anti-colonialism in, 234, 242, Amharic language and, 282 244–245 “Amharization” and, 226 Baathism in, 247 attempts to promote national unity, highland-lowland dichotomy in, 84–86 237–239 Bale insurgency and, 102–103, insurgencies in, 234–235, 113–116 257–258 biblical genealogy of, 214–215 Muslim resistance in, 240–242 consolidation of power, 84–86 pan-Arabism in, 245–246 deposing of, 212 pastoralism, insurgencies and, modernization under, 225, 282 235–236 Nasser and, 246–247 post-colonial insurgencies in, 234 Ogaden insurgency and, 252, 254, 255 religion, role of, 235 Orthodox Christianity and, 226, 227 Salaﬁsm in, 245 plot to overthrow, 253–254, Hultin, Jan, 187, 190 298–300 human costs of Bale insurgency, restoration to throne, 81, 162 110–113 secularization under, 282 Huntington, Samuel, 25 Somalia and, 141 Hussein Ahmad, 229

356 Index

Hussein Alo Abba Turki, 150, 151 Islam Hussein Badhaasoo, 70, 156 Arsi Oromo and, 281 Hussein Bune (Colonel) Bale insurgency, role in, 272–278 generally, 93, 105–106, 303 coexistence with Orthodox in Bale insurgency, 108, 124, 134 Christianity, 228–229 Dirre Sheikh Hussein and, 147 conquest of Bale, resistance to, insurgents under command of, 74–78, 81–86, 87–88, 230–231 131 “highland activists” and, 275–278 profile of, 126–127, 129–130 Islaama peoplehood (See Islaama at Wabe front, 95, 132, 133 peoplehood) Hussein ibn Ibrahim al-Malkay (Sheikh politics of withdrawal, 229 Hussein), 56, 57, 58–59, 60, 61, 144, process of objectification in, 314 286. See also Dirre Sheikh Hussein reformism, 314 Hussein Indhessa, 48–49, 272 resentment toward state, 233 Hussein Sura (Sheikh), 137–138, 139, Salafism (See Salafism) 247, 301–303 Somali nationalism and, 243–244, Hussein Wayyu Tesso, 83 246 Hylander, Fride, 78, 87–88, 147, 160 Sufism (See Sufism) as unifying force, 240 Ibrahim Bakaro (Hajji), 115, Wahhabism, 63 301 Islamic University of Medina, 64 Ibrahim Egal (President), 142 Isma’il Walashe (Sheikh), 144 Ibsa Gutama, 297 Isme Abba Washa (Colonel), 95–96, Idris Muhammad Awate, 236 107, 123, 124, 125–126, 133–134, Ifat Sultanate, 52, 220 147 imperial expansion of Ethiopia, Italy 219–220, 222 conquest of Bale and, 72 Ingold, Tim, 9, 188 land reform following Italian integration, 224–225 occupation, 162–163 Iraq, 138 occupation of Ethiopia, 78–81 Isaq Dhadhi (Hajji), 123, 124, Shoa Oromo and, 293 127–130, 139, 251, 273, 301–302, Somalia under Italian trusteeship, 312 244 Islaama peoplehood generally, 5, 31, 32 Jagama Kello (General), 113–117, 297 Amhara peoplehood compared, 215, Jamiyya al-Wataniyya (Watani), 249, 219 250, 253–254 enmity with Amhara, 259, 260, Jamiyya School, 250, 301 278–286, 311 Jarra Abba Gadaa, 137–138 evolution of, 52–56, 65 Jarra (town), 96–97 Islamic scholarship and, 62–63 Jawwe clan, 75 Italian occupation, effect of, Jeegir insurgency, 81–82 78–81 Jenkins, Richard, 7, 8–9 pilgrimages and, 60–62 Jensen, Adolf E., 48 resistance to Amhara conquest of Jihad, 273–275 Bale, 74–78, 81–86, 87–88 Johnson, Mark, 10 Salafism, impact of, 63–64, 285–286 Kabir Huba, 69 shrines, importance of, 56–63 Kadir Waqo (Colonel), 133, ulama and, 62–63 272–273

Index 357

Kahin Abdi (Colonel), 91–92, 123, 132, Bale insurgency, land rights and, 139 207–208 Kajawa clan, 187–188 classification of, 166–167 Kaplan, Mordechai, 5 commodification of, 198–201 karaama,57–58, 60 confiscation by state, 168–172 Karmamida clan, 75, 101–102, 185, corruption and, 170–171 187–188 gabbar system and, 159–160, Katama Yefiu, 298–299 165–166 Kebede Buzunesh (Dejazmach), 297, government ownership of, 166, 298–299 167–168, 176 Kebede Yacob (Colonel), 103, 105, Italian occupation, land reform 106, 108 following, 162–163 Kebre Negast (religious text), 212–215 land-clan connection (See Land-clan Kenya connection) insurgency in, 236 land tenure (See Land tenure) Northern Frontier District (NFD), lowlands, 175–178 256–257 measurement of, 164–165, 169–170, Shifta War, 234, 256–257 196–197 Somali Youth League (SYL) in, 256 Orthodox Church, allocated to, Ketebo Abdiyo, 198 159–160 Ketema Meskela, 171, 172 pastoralism and, 176 Knutsson, Karl Eric, 192 private ownership of, 165–166 Kokosa (worreda),38–39, 70, 84, 284 privatization (See Privatization of Korme Kimo (Hajj), 301 land) “Kuluba”,89 qalad system and, 169–170, 196 Kulub-Hanalatto movement, 250 siso system, 157–158, 160, 201 Kusa Obsa, 74–75 taxation of, 168–169, 170–171, Kuwait, 138 176–178 tenancy, 172–175, 197–198 Laclau, Ernesto, 209 land tenure land-clan connection generally, 32, 181–182, 207 generally, 32, 181–182, 188–189, communal ownership of land, 207, 311 182–183, 184 abbaa lafa (father of the land), 187 gadaa system, 182–183 belonging and, 195 pastoralism and, 182–183, 184 commodification of land, 198–201 leadership of Bale insurgency, 123–130 embodiment and, 185 Lebna Dengel (Emperor), 221 emplacement and, 185, 195 Leitubelu Gebre (Dejazmach), 168–169 gadaa system, 48–51, 182–183, Levine, Donald, 214, 215, 223, 264, 187–188 278–279 privatization of land, effect of, Lewis, Ioan M., 58, 187 203–206 Liberation Front of Ogaden (LFO), 137 religion and, 189–195 Lij Iyasu (Emperor), 230–232 sociocultural changes in, 205 livestock taxation and, 204–205 Arsi Oromo and, 183–184 territorial boundaries, 185 taxation of, 254 land in Bale lowlands generally, 311 Bale insurgency in, 179, 237–239 Amhara conquest, land alienation conquest of, 71–74 and, 156 government ownership of land in, 176

358 Index

lowlands (cont.) Menelik (Emperor) highland-lowland dichotomy, 44–45, generally, 31, 65, 103, 230 237–239 Amhara and, 215 land policy in, 175–178 conﬂicting views of, 66 land tax in, 176–178 conquest of Bale by, 68, 69, 72, 75, privatization of land, effect of, 76, 86–87, 122, 232–233 (See also 205–206 Conquest of Bale) as region of Bale, 42–43 death of, 230 topography of, 42–43 ethnic conﬂict and, 270 Lukács, Georg, 181–182 imperial expansion and, 219 Lul Seged (Ras), 70, 156 land alienation and, 156, 195 Luq (town), 140 lowlands and, 175, 238 Menelik I (ancient ruler of Ethiopia), Macha Oromo, 192, 193 212–215 Macha Tulama Self-Help Association Mengist land (government land), 166 (MTSA), 296–309 Merid Wolde Aregay, 52 Madeira land (land grants), 171, Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 9–10, 23 195–196 Messay Kebede, 66, 223, 226 Mahestena Habte-Mariam (Princess), Mikael (Ras), 230 297 military response to Bale insurgency, Mahmoud Bune, 124, 127, 92, 102–109 133 Mindaye Abebe, 74–75, 79 Mahmoud (Imam), 143 Mitchell, Claire, 19 Makhtal Tahir, 128, 248–249, Mogadishu, 78–79, 137, 243, 250, 255 253–254 Makuria Banteyirgu (Dejazmach), Mohammed Hassan, 230, 297 168–169 Mouffe, Chantal, 209 Malara, Diego Maria, 217 Muhammad Abdi Nur (Sheikh), 91, Mamo Hebo, 193–194 92 Mamo Mazamir, 297, 299–300 Muhammad Amin Chaffa (Sheikh), 286 Marehan clan, 82, 98, 256 Muhammad Bune, 133 Markakis, John, 2, 4, 35, 44, 82, 172, Muhammad Gada Qallu, 82–84, 99, 226, 254–255, 261 124–125, 129 Marx, Karl, 182 Muhammad (Prophet), 51 Marxism Muhammad Salih, 241 generally, 203 Muhammad Sayyid (Imam), 79–80 class, concept of, 262 Muhammad Tilma Tilmo (Sheikh), 57, interpretation of Bale insurgency, 79–80, 143 2–3, 120–121, 155 Muktar Nuho, 130 Marzagora, Sara, 3, 225 Müller, F. Max, 22 McCann, James, 216 Muslim Brotherhood, 250–251 Mecca, 138, 241, 245, 304 Mussolini, Benito, 79–80 Medda Welabu (worreda), 43, 76–77, 97–98, 99, 100, 101, 109, 125 Nadew Haile Selassie (Ras), 156 Mekonnen Wolde-Mikael (Ras), 68, Nash, Manning, 23 71–72 Nasibu Zamanuel (Dejazmach), 161, Melkenya (administrators), 159, 284 160 Nasrallah (God’s Grace), 251, Mendo moiety, 46–47, 51, 129, 184, 253–254 185 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 245–247, 302

Index 359

Nationalism class and, 265 confessional dimension of, 214 coexistence with Islam, 228–229 genealogical dimension of, 213 conversion to, 226–227 spatial dimension of, 213–214 education and, 285 nech lebash, 103–104, 109, 294 evangelism and, 222–223 neftenyas (soldier-settlers), 161 historical background in Ethiopia, Negash Worqu (Qenazmach), 94–95 211–215 negotiations to end Bale insurgency, Kebre Negast and, 212–215 113–116 land allocated to Church, Northern Frontier District (NFD), 159–160 256–257 religious aspect of imperial Northern Ireland, 211, 318 expansion, 223, 224 North Korea, 247–248 national narrative and, 209–211, Nuho Dhadhi (Fitawrari), 78–79, 81, 232–233 84, 127, 130, 145–146 Shoa Oromo and, 290 state-church relationship and, Oborso (town), 51 209–210 Oda Roba (meeting place), 49, 61, 188 Ousman Imama (Colonel), 133–134 Ogaden Company for Trade and Industry (OCTI), 253–254 Palestine Liberation Organization Ogaden insurgency, 141–142, 236, (PLO), 247 252–255 Pan-Arabism, 245–246 Ogaden region, 82 Pastoralism Olana Zoga, 297, 298, 299–300, 301, Arsi Oromo and, 182–183, 306 184 Organizational structure of Bale Bale insurgency and, 134 insurgency, 119, 131–137, 153 government ownership of land and, Organization of African Unity (OAU), 176 141, 246–247 Horn of Africa, and insurgencies in, Oromia National Regional State, 36 235–236 Oromo ethno-nationalism land tenure and, 182–183, 184 generally, 7, 32–33 pastoralist egalitarianism, 135, 184, aims of, 297 201 Bale insurgency and, 296, 300–309 privatization of land, effect of, ethnicity and, 3 205–206 historical evolution of, 296–297 topography of Bale and, 45 Macha Tulama Self-Help Association transition to agriculture, 199–200 (MTSA) and, 296–309 Peoplehood Shoa Oromo and, 296 abstraction and, 10–11 Sowra and, 312–313 Amhara peoplehood (See Amhara Oromo Liberation Front (OLF), 30, peoplehood) 120, 297, 313 belonging and, 10 Oromo religion, 24, 54, 61, 84, class and, 259, 262–263 189–195 embodiment and, 7–11 Orsi, Robert, 23, 24–25 emotion and, 11–13 Orthodox Christianity emplacement and, 7–11 generally, 32, 85–86 ethnic conﬂicts and, 28–29 Amhara peoplehood and, 67–68, ethnicity as dimension of, 1, 5, 7, 210–211, 218–219, 232–233, 13–19, 287, 311–312, 316–317 283–284 evolution of concept, 5–6

360 Index

Peoplehood (cont.) Radio Mogadishu, 142 Islaama peoplehood (See Islaama Ranger, Terence, 189 peoplehood) Raytu clan, 49, 75, 82, 129, 135, 185, Jewishness as, 5 187–188 multidimensional aspects of, Raytu (worreda),43–44, 45, 94, 129, 295–296 133–134, 200 religion as dimension of, 1, 5, 7, Reid, Richard, 234–235 19–23, 311–312, 316–317 reification, 181–182, 201 religious conflicts and, 27–28 religion scholarship on, 6 ayaanaa abbaa (spirit of the father), Perham, Marjory, 216 192 pilgrimages, 60–62, 146–153 Bale insurgency, role in, 272–278, population of Bale, 163–164 286–287 Prester John (legendary kingdom), belonging and, 23 211–212 class and, 259, 262, 263, 265 primordialism, 13, 26, 224 constructivist approach, avoiding, privatization of land 317 generally, 181, 195 conversions, 21 alienation and, 201 as dimension of peoplehood, 1, 5, commodification of land and, 7, 19–23, 287, 311–312, 198–201 316–317 historical evolution of, 196 embodiment and, 287, 316–318 land-clan connection, effect on, emplacement and, 287, 316–318 203–206 ethnicity, relationship with, 23–25, lowlands, effect on, 205–206 317 pastoralism, effect on, 205–206 family and, 15–16 reification and, 201 home and, 21 resistance to, 196–197 imperial expansion, religious aspect sociocultural changes and, 205 of, 223, 224 tenancy and, 197–198 integrative approach to, 27 transition from pastoralism to Islam (See Islam) agriculture and, 199–200 land and, 189–190 provenance land-clan connection and, ethnicity and, 18–19 189–195 religion and, 21–22 multidimensional aspects of peoplehood and, 295–296 Qadi Ahmed Imama Oromo religion (See Oromo religion) generally, 301 Orthodox Christianity (See arrest and trial of, 148–153 Orthodox Christianity) as “highland activist”, 143, 146 provenance and, 21–22 Islam and, 275, 276, 277 national narrative, 209–211, jihad and, 273 232–233 Macha Tulama Self-Help Association religious national narrative of (MTSA) and, 303 Ethiopia, 209–211, 232–233 Somali Youth League (SYL) and, sacred places, 194–195 251 Salafism (See Salafism) Qadida Guremessa (Colonel), 296–297 wayyuu (respect), 189–195 qalad system, 169–170, 196 religious conflicts, 25–29, 316 Qassim Hussein, 150 Revised Constitution (1955), 176, Qu’ran, 272 214–215

Index 361

Rist system, 195 historical background, 290 Robale Ture (Hajji), 304 migration of, 173–175, 290 Robe (town), 39 Oromo ethno-nationalism and, 296 Rodaway, Paul, 207 Orthodox Christianity and, 290 Rose al-Yusuf (magazine), 302 tenancy and, 173–175, 289–291 Ruane, Joseph, 6 Shrines, 56–63. See also Dirre Sheikh Hussein (shrine) sacred places, 194–195 Siko moiety, 46–47, 51, 69, 184, 185 Sadaqa (ritual), 60–61 Sileshi (Afa Negus), 75–76 Saints, 56 Sinana clan, 185 Salaam Y’Muslim Mahaber, 303 Siraj (Hajji), 251 Salaﬁsm Siraj Hajji Isaq (Hajji), 312 Arsi Oromo and, 285–286 siso system, 157–158, 160, 201 Bale insurgency, role in, 285–286, Smith, Anthony, 214 288 Society of Young Muslims, 246 in Horn of Africa, 245 Solomonic Dynasty, 212, 213, Islaama peoplehood, impact on, 215–216, 220 63–64, 285–286 Solomon (King of Israel), 212–215, 227 in Somalia, 245 Somalia Salale clan, 173–174, 290, 294 anti-colonialism in, 242, 244–245 de Salviac, Martial, 45, 54, 136, 189 Baathism in, 247 Saudi Arabia, 63–64, 245, 250–251, British Military Administration, 244, 286, 304 248 Sayyid Muhammad Abdile Hassan, decline in support for Bale 240–242, 244 insurgency, 107 Sbacchi, Alberto, 79, 84 Egypt and, 245–246 Schlee, Günther, 11, 47–48 Four Power Commission, 244, 250 Schutz, Alfred, 11 “Greater Somalia”, 244, 248, 250, Scott, James, 260–261 253 Sebro clan, 184, 187–188 invasion of Ethiopia, 312–313 Semon land (church land), 159–160 as Italian colony, 244 Seven Hajjis, 58–59 nationalism in, 242–245 Seven Imams, 59–60 pan-Arabism in, 245–246 Sewena (worreda), 44, 93–94, 95, support for Bale insurgency, 137–142 126–127, 129 Somali Abbo Liberation Front (SALF), Seyum Getaneh, 96 125, 312 Shari’a courts, 79–80 Somali Islamic Association, 242–243 Sheba, Queen of, 212, 214–215 Somali National Regional State, 36 Sheidama clan, 101–102, 184, Somali Youth Club (SYC), 243 187–188 Somali Youth League (SYL), 89, Shetler, Jan Bender, 18–19 243–244, 248–252, 253, 256, 301 Shiferaw Bekele, 203, 204–205, 216, Soviet Union 224 in Four Power Commission, 244 shifta (banditry), 120–123, 153 military support of Ethiopia, 312 Shoa Oromo Sowra (rebellion), 274–275, 312–313 agriculture and, 178 Stigand, Chauncey H., 223 Amhara relations with, 291–292 Suﬁsm, 56, 58, 63, 229, 241, 243 Arsi Oromo relations with, 289–291, Sultan Sude (Hussein Kimo, Hajji), 292–293, 294–295, 309 79–80 in Bale insurgency, 288, 293–295 Syria, 138, 247

362 Index

Tadesse Birru (General), 297, 298–300, Tulu Dimtu (mountain), 41–42 303–304, 306 Turton, David, 47–48 Tadesse Tamrat, 4, 222 Tweed, Thomas A., 11, 22, 23, 188 Tawfiq Trading Company, 253 taxation Ulama (Islamic scholars), 62–63 balabats and, 177 Ullendorff, Edward, 34 Bale insurgency, as trigger for, 91 Umar Hussein (Grazmach), 143, conquest of Bale and, 161–162 148–153, 275, 303 land-clan connection and, Umar Kebelo (Colonel), 132 204–205 Umar Muhammed Abd al-Rahman land tax, 168–169, 170–171, (Hajji), 245 176–178 United Kingdom of livestock, 254 British Military Administration in lowlands, land tax in, 176–178 Somalia, 244, 248 zelan tax, 176–178 in Four Power Commission, Teferri (Ras), 231. See also Haile 244 Selassie (Emperor) United Liberation Front for Western Temam Haji, 80–81 Somalia (ULFWS), 137 tenancy in Bale, 172–175, 197–198, 289–291 van Heur, Bas, 300 Tesfaye Degaga, 298–299 van Walraven, Klaes, 120–121, 155, Tesfaye Gebre-Mariam, 96, 140 236, 268 Teshale Tibebu, 224 Vietnam, 271 Tewodros II (Emperor), 66–67, 221 Wabe (awraja), 36, 89, 92, 96, 103, Tewoflos (Abuna), 84 166–168 Thesiger, Wilfred, 45 Wabe front in Bale insurgency, 92–97, “third-worldism”, 271 105–108, 125–127, 132, 133 Thomas, Robert, 5–6 Wahhabism, 63 Tigray People’s Liberation Front Walashe clan, 51, 58, 184, 185, (TPLF), 3, 140–141, 313 187–188 Tigray region, 81, 155, 265 Wannama clan, 187–188 Tilmo Ali (Colonel), 133–134 Waqaa (deity), 189 Todd, Jennifer, 6, 211, 318 Waqo Gutu topography of Bale generally, 1, 145 generally, 31, 65 anti-colonialism and, 270–272 agriculture in, 40 in Bale insurgency, 97–98, 99–101, awrajas (sub-provinces), 36 109, 125, 129–130 lowland region, 42–43 (See also at Dello front, 132, 133 Lowlands) displacement from Borana, mountains in, 40–42 125 pastoralism in, 45 end of Bale insurgency and, variety of, 38 113–117 topophilia,15 ethnic conflict and, 269–270 Tore Boru, 133 Macha Tulama Self-Help Association training of Bale insurgents, 140–141 (MTSA) and, 303–305 Transitional Government, 125 profile of, 124, 125, 129–130 Trimingham, John Spencer, 34, 230 shiftas and, 123 Triulzi, Alessandro, 237 Somalia and, 137 Tuan, Yi-Fu, 15, 19 in Sowra, 312

Index 363

Waqo Lugu, 100, 113, 124, 132, 133, Wollega, 226 145–146 Wollo, 62, 215–216, 229, 230, Watte Debu, 69, 70 232 Wayyu clan, 187–188 Worqu Inqu Selassie, 103 Wayyu Tesso, 83 Worqu Metaferia (General), 103 Wayyuu (respect), 189–195 Woyane uprising, 81 Weber, Max, 11, 17, 22, 181–182 Western Somalia Liberation Front Yael Tamir, 12–13 (WSLF), 137–138, 312 Yaqob (Abuna), 222 Whittaker, Hannah, 102, 234 Yekunno Amlak (Emperor), 212, 220 Williams, Paul, 26, 234, 238 Yemen, 127, 138, 139 Wolde-Emanuel, 304 Yohannes I (Emperor), 221 Wolde-Gabriel (Dejazmach), 68, 69, Yohannes IV (Emperor), 62, 221, 229 71–72, 75–76 Wolde-Mikael Bu’i(Fitawrari), 101 Zamana masafent (era of princes), 232 Wolde-Selassie Bereka (General), 107, Zar’a Yaqob (Emperor), 222, 227 152, 277 Zawditu (Queen), 162 Wolf, Eric, 280 Zelan tax, 176–178