Index

A Arad, Michael, 289–291 Bacon, Edmund, xvi Bethesda Row (Bethesda, Abell Foundation, 120–122 Archigram, 57–58 at fi rst urban design Maryland), 172 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates “Architect-planner” concept, 44 conference, 45 Birmingham, Alabama (Railroad (Masdar City), 204–205, Architects Team 3, 202–203 on Sixtus’s plan for Rome, 7 Park), 74, 234–236 211–212 L’Architettura (Vitruvius), 6 on urban renewal, 54 Bishop’s Palace (Derry, Adam Purple’s Garden of Eden Arcosanti (Arizona), 57 Baldwin, James, xviii England), 8 (New York City), 251 Arena District (Columbus, Ohio), Baltimore, Maryland: Bjarke Ingels Group Architects, Adler and Sullivan, 17 156, 157 dollar house program, 154 237–240 Adrian Smith and Gordon Gill Arlington, Virginia (Freedom East Baltimore Development Blanco, Kathleen, 299 (AS+GG), 79–81 Park), 253 n.50 Initiative, 120–122 Bloomberg, Michael, 206, 207 Agriculture, urban, 250–251 Arlington County, Virginia, Harbor East, 157 Bloomington, Minnesota (Mall of Ahrenhalt, Alan, 77 140–142 Harborplace, 60 America), 166 AIA, see American Institute of Crystal City Vision Plan 2050, Inner Harbor, 105 Boca Raton, Florida (Mizner Architects 142–145 New Urbanist design in, 157 Park), 63–54 Albany, New York: Metro transit system, 140–149 as port city, 15 Bodurow, Constance, 46 early growth of, 15 Rosslyn, 148–149 Barclays Center (Brooklyn, New Bogardus, James, 17 Empire State Plaza, 50, 52, 54 Art deco, 35, 61 York), 181–183 Boise, Idaho, 77 Alberti, Leon Battista, 5 Assembly Square (Boston), 140 Barnes, Rebecca, 287 Borgia palace (Pienza), 5 Alexandria, Virginia, 287–288 Atelier Dreiseitl, 158 Barnett, Jonathan, 131 Boston, Massachusetts: Alphonse of Poitiers, 4 Athens Charter (Le Corbusier), Baroque period, 6–8 Assembly Square, 140 Amarna, Egypt, 2 40, 41 Barschc and Vladimirov, 35 Atlantic Wharf, 104–105 Amenities: Atlanta, Georgia: Bastides, 3–4 Boylston Street, 174–175 of cities vs. suburbs, 86 Atlantic Station, 157 Battery Bridge project (New York Brighton, 20 workers attracted by, 95, downtown, 184, 188 City), xviii Charles River Park, 27, 51 104–108, 268 Edgewood, 171–172 Battery Park City (Manhattan), Charlestown Navy Yard, 61 American dream, 271–272 New Urbanist design in, 157 62–64 City Hall Plaza, 54 American Institute of Architects Olympic Park, 184 Battery Tunnel, xviii demographic change in, 181 (AIA): Virginia Highlands, 56 Beasley, Larry: Dorchester, 20 Center for Communities by workforce in, 95 on density in Vancouver, 152 downtown decline in, 184 Design program, 270 Atlantic Station (Atlanta), 157 on placemaking, 276 early organic character of, 11 Density: Myth and Reality Atlantic Wharf (Boston), 104–105 Beatley, Charles, 265 Fairmont Line smart-growth conference, xxii Auckland, New Zealand (North Bel Geddes, Norman, 36–37 corridor, 214–215 American Planning Association, Wharf Promenade/Jellicoe Belmar (Lakewood, Colorado), Faneuil Hall Marketplace, 206 Street/Silo Park), 219–222 169–171 59–60 Amsterdam, Netherlands: Augur, Tracy, 45 Benfi eld, Kaid, 131, 152 Government Center, 53–54 as model for New Austin, Texas, grid plan of, 13 on syncretic urbanism, Harbor Point, 63 Amsterdam, 10 Automobiles, 38 268–270 Higher Ground, 251 Plan of the Three Canals, 9 costs of driving, 84–86 on urban agriculture, 250 as “imageable” city, 56 urban model for, 162 COPYRIGHTEDand poverty, 87–88 Bereuer, MATERIAL Marcel, 34 Old South Church, 54 Anderson, Charles, 265 reduced use of, 78 Berger, Patrick, 178–180 Parking Day in, 266 Annie E. Casey Foundation, and tactical urbanism, 246 Berkebile, Bob, 123 as port city, 15 120–122 Automobile suburbs, 38–39 Berkeley, California (People’s Prudential Center, 52, 141 Another City (Dell Upton), 131 Avola, Sicily, 6 Park), 251 radial-concentric plan of, 2 The “anti-industrial city,” 42–44 Berlin, Germany (Pergamon reverse of population Anti-urban sentiment, 69–71 B Museum), xiii decline, 77 Antonio Di Mambro + Associates, Baan, Iwan, 124–125 Bern, Switzerland (Government Route 128 research park, 105 227–229 Babcock Ranch (Southwest Plaza), 230–232 Rowes Wharf, 61–64 Appleyard, Donald, 242 Florida), 212 Berne, Michael, 108 Scollay Square, 53 Arab Spring, x, 247 Babylon, xiii Bernini, Giovanni Lorenzo, 7, 8 South End, 56, 154

301

bbindex.inddindex.indd 330101 227-03-20147-03-2014 116:30:216:30:21 Boston, Massachusetts (cont.), Cambridge, Massachusetts: CEOs for Cities, xxi, xxii, 95, Chicago Botanic Garden, 251 streetcar suburbs of, 20, 21, 139 Kendall Square, 105–107, 101, 166 Chicago DeCarbonization Plan urban renewal in, 51–54 163–165 CFA (U.S. Commission of Fine (CDP), 79–81 Boston Society of Architects New Urbanist design in, 161 Arts), 111–112 Chicago world’s fair, 25, 26 (BSA): Cambridge Innovation Chakrabarti, Vishaan, 208 China, excess building in, 217 Density: Myth and Reality Center, 107 Charles II, king of England, 7 Churchill, Winston, ix conference, xxii, 136 Campbell, Robert: Charles River parks (Boston), CIAM, see Congrès smart growth initiative of, xxi on demonstrations, 247 27, 51 Internationaux streetcar suburbs in, 21 on negative connotations of Charleston, South Carolina: d’Architecture Moderne Boulder, Colorado, xx urban, 69, 70 grid plan of, 10 The CIAM Discourse on Urbanism Boylston Street (Boston), 174–175 on resource depletion, 108 historic restoration in, 56 (Eric Mumford), 40 Brasilia, Brazil, Costa’s design Campus Martius Park (Detroit), as port city, 15 Cianci, Buddy, 157 of, 43 95–98 preservation in, 154 Cité Industrielle, 33 Brewer, Carl, 192 Campus Partners, 293 zoning ordinances in, 54 City Beautiful movement, xv, Bridge Street Corridor Plan Can Our Cities Survive? (Josep Charlestown Navy Yard 24–28, 257 (Dublin, Ohio), 273–275 Lluís Sert), 40, 41, 44 (Boston), 61 City Centre Airport (Edmonton, Brighton (Boston, Massachusetts), Capitol Hill (Denver), 59 Charleville, France, 6 Alberta), 251 20 Capitol Hill (Washington Charlotte, transit investment in, 95 Citygarden (St. Louis, Missouri), Brillembourg, Alfredo, 124–125 D.C.), 154 Charlottesville Commercial 90–92 Broadacre City (Wright), 39, 40 Caracas, Venezuela (Torre Corridor Study, 136–138 City Hall Plaza (Boston), 54 Broadway Boulevard (New York David informal settlement), Charter for the New Urbanism City of Baltimore, 120–122 City), 243–245 124–125 (CNU), 258 City of Chicago, 74 Bronx, New York: Carbon footprint, xx, xxiv n.5 Chase, Buff, 156 City of Columbus, 160 transit lines in, 20 Chicago DeCarbonization Château du Louvre (France), 7 City of Memphis, 156 Via Verde/the Green Way, Plan, 79–81 Chattanooga, Tennessee: City Planning According to Artistic 127, 251 of cities vs. suburbs, 78 downtown of, 184, 188–190 Principles (Camillo Sitte), 26 Brooklyn, New York: Fayetteville 2030, 81–83 Miller Plaza, 189 City streets as public places, Barclays Center, 181–183 Carson, Rachel, xviii technology-based 240–246 Brooklyn Grange, 251 Castra, 3 manufacturing in, 95 Broadway Boulevard, New York transit lines in, 20 Cataneo, Pietro, 6 Waterhouse Pavilion, 189 City, 243–245 Brooklyn Grange, 251 CDM Smith, 202–203 Cheonggyecheon Stream New York Stock Exchange Brown, Joe, 262 CDP (Chicago DeCarbonization daylighting (Seoul, South Financial District Brownfi eld development, 101 Plan), 79–81 Korea), 197–199 streetscapes and security, Bruns-Berrentelg, Jürgen, 211 Celebration, Florida, 65, 66 Cherry Creek (Denver), 70 71–74 Bryant Park (New York City), Center City (Philadelphia), 154 Chicago, Illinois, 16 Santa Monica Boulevard 176–178 Center for Communities by Chicago Botanic Garden, 251 master plan, 240–243 BSA, see Boston Society of Design, 270 Chicago DeCarbonization Civil defense, 42–44 Architects Centers for Disease Control, 84 Plan, 79–81 Civil Defense Agency, 43 Buckhead, Georgia, 184 Central Atlanta Progress, 188 City Beautiful approach in, Civil rights, fate of cities and, xix Buffalo, New York, 15 Centralization, 1–28 26, 27 Civil rights movement, 184 early skyscrapers in, 17 City Beautiful movement, early skyscrapers in, 17 Civitas, 195–196 pedestrian shopping mall 24–28 grid plan of, 13 Claiborne Expressway (New in, 166 early geometric cities, 1–3 Home Insurance Building, 17 Orleans), 213 Buffett, Warren, 71 early organic cities, 1–2 Hyde Park, 20 Claiborne viaduct (New Orleans), Build Better Blocks, 246 garden cities, 22, 23 during Industrial Revolution, 16 212–213 Bunker Hill (Los Angeles), 193 geometric cities of Renaissance, Lincoln Park, 56 Clancy, Patrick E., 295 Burdick Street (Kalamazoo, 5–8 Millennium Park, 74, 223–224 Clayton,, Missouri, 184 Michigan), 166 grid in the New World, 10–14 mixed-use downtown area, 174 Clément, Gilles, 178–180 Burgos & Garrido Arquitectos Industrial Revolution, 15–28 Monadnock Building, 17 Cleveland, Ohio: Asociados, 262–265 merchant cities, 9 Navy Pier, 60 City Beautiful approach for, 26 Burnham, Daniel, 17 middle-class “transit” suburbs, North Loop, 163 downtown decline in, 184 and City Beautiful approach, 19–21 plan of, 27 Flats, 201 26, 27 organic cities of late Middle population growth in, 175 Shaker Heights, 20 and World’s Columbian Ages, 3–5 poverty in suburbs of, 87 Climate change, x, xxiv n.5, 119. Exposition, 25 regulating industrial cities, regional initiatives for, 136 See also Global warming Bury, John Bagnell, xiii 22, 24 reverse of population decline, 77 adapting cities to, 201 skyscrapers, 17–18 suburbs and increased territory and resilience planning, C suburbs, 18–19 of, 20 205–208 Calatrava, Santiago, 217 upper-class railroad Edens, 19 urban farming in, 251 CNU (Charter for the New Calthorpe, Peter, 133, 134 Central Park (Manhattan), 25–26 as urban revival leader, 123 Urbanism), 258

302 Index

bbindex.inddindex.indd 330202 227-03-20147-03-2014 116:30:226:30:22 CNU (Congress for the New and “anti-industrial cities,” 42 and real estate development Dobbins, Mike, 288 Urbanism), 258 and “architect-planner” patterns, 101 “Dollar house” program Coddington, John, 189 concept, 44 and recentralization, 86–88 (Baltimore), 154 Coleman, Michael, 161 in Europe, 40–41 Density: Myth and Reality (2003 Dorchester (Boston), 20 Coleta, Carol, 183 and federal urban renewal conference), xxii, xxiii, 136 Downing, Andrew Jackson, 25 College Hill (Providence), 56, 59 program, 50 Denver, Colorado: Downtowns, 175–201 Cologne, France, 3 precepts for urban centers, Capitol Hill, 59 Atlanta, Georgia, 184, 188 Colosseum (Rome), 7 48, 49 Cherry Creek, 70 Barclays Center, Brooklyn, Columbia, Maryland, as New Team 10 group, 45 City Beautiful infl uence on 181–183 Town, 22 in the United States, 41–42 civic center, 27 Bryant Park, New York City, Columbus, Ohio: waning infl uence of, 56 grid plan of, 13 176–178 Arena District, 156, 157 Congress for the New Urbanism LoDo, 56, 74, 201 Campus Martius Park, Detroit, demographic change in, 181 (CNU), 258 transit investment in, 95 95–98 East Franklinton Constitution Plaza (Hartford, xeriscaping in, 201 Chattanooga, Tennessee, neighborhood, 160–161 Connecticut), 52 Derry, England, 7, 8 188–190 New Urbanist design in, 156, Construction technology, for early Bishop’s Palace, 8 Cheonggyecheon Stream 157, 161 skyscrapers, 17 St. Columb’s Cathedral, 8 daylighting, Seoul, 197–199 recent growth of, 77 Context, in community-based Design Flow, 219–222 Discovery Green, Houston, research and innovation urban design, 293 Design for the Real World (Victor 185–187 economy of, 95 Contextualism, 61–65 Papanek), xviii Gruen’s Fort Worth plan, 47, 49 Common Place (Douglas Continuum Partners, 169–171 Design with Nature (Ian historic, 59 Kelbaugh), 255–257 Cooke, Bryan, 152 McHarg), xviii, 262 LA Live, 199–201 Communal House (Barschc and Cooper Cary, 172 Des Moines, Iowa, regional Los Angeles, California, Vladimirov), 35 Cooper Eckstut Associates, 62 initiatives for, 136 193–196, 199–201 Community: Copenhagen, Denmark Destination Main Streets, Parc André Citröen, Paris, balancing individual and, see (Superkilen Park, Nørrebro), 165–167 178–180 Public realm 237–240 Detroit, Michigan: UrbanRiver visions, creating, 276 Corner, James, 224, 262 Bodurow on, 46 Massachusetts, 93–94 developing sense of, 271 Costa, Lúcio, 43 Campus Martius Park, 95–98 Wichita, Kansas, 190–193 reporting to, 298 Country Club District (Kansas demographic change in, 181 DPZ, see Duany Plater-Zyberk vibrancy of, 268 City), 38 downtown decline in, 184 Driving, costs of, 84–86 Community-based urban design, Coyle, Steve, 184 Lafayette Park, 41 Duany, Andrés: 288–298 Crystal City Vision Plan 2050 Midtown, 163 Seaside, Florida, 65 achievable vision in, 295 (Arlington, Virginia), Northland Center, 48 transect of, 131, 132 context in, 293 142–145 Renaissance Center, 46, 52 vision of, 154 creating urban design plan, Cyril Sweet Limited, 204–205 urban agriculture in, 251 Duany Plater-Zyberk (DPZ): 296, 298 value of assessed property in, 47 Kentlands, Maryland, 155 education of stakeholders in, D Dietmar Feichtinger, 208–210 Seaside, Florida, 154, 155 293, 294 Dattner Architects, 127, 251 Diller Scofi dio + Renfro vision of, 154 engaging partners in, 298 David, Joshua, 224 Architects, 223–227 Dublin, Ohio: functions of site in, 296 David Brody Bond, 289–291 The Disappearing City (Frank Bridge Street Corridor Plan, identifying stakeholders, Davis, Robert S., 154 Lloyd Wright), 39 273–275 288–293 Daylighting (Cheonggyecheon Discovery Green (Houston, desire for diversity in, 222 implementation strategies in, Stream daylighting), Texas), 74, 185–187 suburban housing market 293 197–199 Disney, Walt, 22 in, 104 national 9/11 Memorial, De architectura (Marcus Vitruvius Disney World, Epcot Center, 22 Dukakis, Michael, 133, 134 289–291 Pollio), 5 Dispersion, as civil defense policy, Dunham-Jones, Ellen, 86 placemaking in, 295–296 The Death and Life of Great 42–43 process of, 287 American Cities (Jane District of Columbia, xiv. See also E reporting to community in, 298 Jacobs), xviii, 24, 55, 69 Washington, D.C. Earth Day, xviii Compact development, 265 Decentralization, 31, 39. See also Metro transit system, 140–142 East Baltimore Development “Complete Streets” initiatives, Proto-urban design regional initiatives for, 136 Initiative (Baltimore), 243, 267 Demographic changes: Disurbanists, in Russia, 34 120–122 Concord, New Hampshire, 136 in downtown residents, 181 Diversity: East Beach (Norfolk, Virginia), Conference on Recovery and in driving, 85 of cities vs. suburbs, 87 156 Rebuilding (New Orleans), following World War II, 47 expectation of, 222 East Franklinton neighborhood 299 during Industrial Revolution, as factor in choosing (Columbus, Ohio), 160–161 Congrès Internationaux 16 housing, 86 East Side (Providence), 154 d’Architecture Moderne in predicting retail demand, seeking for, 219 Eckstut, Stan, 157, 208 (CIAM), 39–40 108 DMJ Harris | AECOM, 142–145 Eco-districts, 265

Index 303

bbindex.inddindex.indd 330303 227-03-20147-03-2014 116:30:226:30:22 Economic development: East Baltimore Development “Federal Action Toward a National Franklinton Development Campus Martius Park, Detroit, Initiative, 120–122 Dispersal Policy” (William L. Association, 160–161 95–98 Emscher Landscape Park, Ruhr C. Wheaton), 42 Frank O. Gehry & Associates, 74 changing thinking about, 268 Valley, Germany, 108–110 Federal Aid Highway Act of Freedom Park (Arlington, Citygarden, St. Louis, 90–92 Lloyd Crossing sustainable 1956, 43 Virginia), 253 n.50 Massachusetts south coast rail urban design plan, Portland, Federal funding to cities, xix Freiburg, Germany, 4 economic and land use plan, Oregon, 113–118 Federal Hill (Baltimore), 154 French Quarter (New 88–90 Pittsburgh hillside Federal Hill (Providence), 59 Orleans), 54 Pittsburgh hillsides, 98–100 construction, 98–100 Federal Housing Act of 1949, FRIT (Federal Realty Investment and recentralization, 88–100 and recentralization, 108, 123 42–43, 51 Trust), 172 UrbanRiver visions, SW Ecodistrict, Washington, Federal housing laws, xv Fuller Building (New York Massachusetts, 93–94 D.C., 111–112 Federal Realty Investment Trust City), 17 Economic Research Associates, Envision Utah, 136 (FRIT), 172 Functional cities: 142–145 Epcot Center, 22 Federal urban renewal program, CIAM on, 41, 42 eCube, 219–222 Equality, promoting, 276 50, 61 in Europe, 40–41 EDAW, 142–145 Erie Canal, 15 Felicetti, BGT Auckland, 219–222 Functions of sites, 296 EDAW-AECOM, 111–112 L’Esprit nouveau, 31–33 Fenway Community Funding for cities, xxi, 299–300 Edge cities, 148, 184 ETA, 204–205 Development Corporation Futurama exhibit (New York Edge City: Life on the New ETH Zurich, 124–125 (FCDC, Boston), 174 World’s Fair), 36–37 Frontier, 148 Europe: Feron Hay Architects, 219–222 Future urban design, 271–298 Edgewood (Atlanta, Georgia), baroque period in, 6–8 Ferriss, Hugh, 35, 36 Bridge Street Corridor Plan, 171–172 credit bubble in, 217 Firebreaks, 43 Dublin, Ohio, 273–275 Edina, Minnesota (Southdale early cities in, 2–3 Flack + Kurtz, 204–205 community-based design, Shopping Center), 47–48 functional cities in, 40–41 Flagg, Ernest, 18 288–298 Edmonton, Alberta (City Centre late Middle Ages cities in, Flatiron Building (New York and NIMBY, 286–288 Airport), 251 3–5 City), 17 principles for, 275–276 Educating stakeholders, 293, 294 L’Esprit nouveau, 31–33 Flats (Cleveland, Ohio), 201 process supporting principles, Egypt, geometric cities in, 2 merchant cities in, 9 Fleissig, William, 169 286–298 EHT Traceries, Inc., 75–77 post-World War I ideas in, 31 Florence, Italy, 3 strategies for achieving Eidlitz, Leopold, xxiii proto-urban design in, 31–34 Florida: principles, 276–286 Electrolight, 219–222 Renaissance cities in, 5–8 Babcock Ranch, 212 Elevators, 17 urban intervention models Celebration, 65, 66 G Elkus Manfredi, 172 in, 24 Jackson Landing, 60 GA Architecture, 234–236 Ellen Wilson neighborhood workers’ cities, 33–34 Mizner Park, Boca Raton, Galesburg, Illinois, Main Street redevelopment (Washington, European Union: 63–65 revival in, 168 D.C.), 216–217 best urban neighborhoods Seaside, 65, 154, 155 Garden cities, 22, 23 Ellerbe Becket, 181–183 in, 152 Seaside Town Square and Garden Cities of Tomorrow Elmwood Park, Illinois, 38 economic and monetary crisis Beachfront Master Plan, (Ebenezer Howard), 22 ELS Architecture and Urban in, ix 259–261 Garden City movement, 257 Design, 200 Evelyn, John, 7 South Dade Watershed Plan, Gardiner, Edward, xxiii Embarcadero Center (San Eventrement, 26 134 Garnier, Tony, 33 Francisco), 52 Expo 67 (Montreal), 57 Windsor Town Center, 65, 66 Gaslight District (San Diego), 59 EMBT Architects, 208–210 Exposition Internationale des Florida, Richard, xxi, 151 Gateways, xiii Emerson, Ral, 25 Arts Décoratifs et Industriels on attracting creative people, Gath, Jean Marie, xi Emory University, 152 modernes (1926), 31 102 Geddes, Robert, 267 Emo urbanism, 265 on plans that increase real Gehl, Jan: Empire State Plaza (Albany, New F estate value, 102 Broadway Boulevard (New York), 50, 52, 54 Factories, 22 on vibrancy of a community, York City), 243–245 Emscher Landscape Park (Ruhr Fain, William H., Jr., 218 268 on broken urbanism, 275 Valley, Germany), 108–110 Fairmont Line smart-growth Foegler, Terry, 293 Gehl Architects, 243–245 Engaging partners, 298 corridor (Boston), 214–215 Fontana, Domenico, 7 Gehry, Frank, 194 Engaging stakeholders, 292–293 Faneuil Hall Marketplace Ford, Gerald, xxi Guggenheim Museum England: (Boston), 59–60 Forest City Enterprises, 105, 107 Bilbao, 194 baroque planning in, 7, 8 Farley Post Offi ce Building (New Fort Worth, Texas, Plan for, 47–49 Third Street mall of, 167 garden cities in, 22 York City), xix, xx Foster & Partners, 204–205 Walt Disney Concert Hall, Los London, 3 Farr, Doug, 265 Framingham, Massachusetts Angeles, 194, 195 Pall Mall, London, 7 Fayetteville, Arkansas: (Shopper’s World), 67 n.56 General Electric Building (New Regional Plan for the Ulster Fayetteville 2030, 81–83 Frampton, Kenneth, 33 York City), 35 Plantation, 7, 8 technology-based France. See also Paris General Motors Futurama exhibit Environment: manufacturing in, 95 baroque urbanism in, 7 (New York World’s Fair), cities’ effects on, xx Fayetteville 2030, 81–83 bastides in, 3–4 36–37

304 Index

bbindex.inddindex.indd 330404 227-03-20147-03-2014 116:30:226:30:22 Gensler, 200 Government Center (Boston), Guerrilla urbanism, see Tactical landmark preservation laws, 55 Geometric cities: 53–54 urbanism legal protections for, xix early, 1–3 Government housing programs, Guggenheim Museum Bilbao National Historic Preservation of Renaissance, 5–8 46, 47 (Los Angeles), 194 Act of 1966, xix, 55 Georgia State University, 188 Grand boulevards, xiv Gulf Coast, protecting defenses National Trust for Historic Germany: Grand Park project (Los Angeles), of, 123 Preservation, 54 Emscher Landscape Park, Ruhr 195 Gupta, Vineet, 243 National Trust Main Street Valley, 108–110 Grassroots movements, xix, 56 Gustafson Guthrie Nichol, 74 Program, 167–175 Hafencity, Hamburg, 208–211 Grassroots urbanism, 265–267 Gustafson Porter, 204–205 HKW Associates, 234–236 Neue Mitte, Oberhausen, 109 Grayfi eld development, 101 Hollis, Doug, 185–187 Pergamon Museum, Berlin, xiii Great Depression, 150 H Holme, Thomas, 10 Stuttgart, 62 The Great Inversion and the Habitat 67 (Montreal), 57 Home Insurance Building Zähringer towns in, 3, 4 Future of the American City Hafencity (Hamburg, Germany), (Chicago), 17 Geuze, Adriaan, 80 (Alan Ehrenhalt), 77 208–211 Hong Kong, post-World War II Ghent neighborhood renewal Great Recession, 107, 136, 150 Hamer, Faroll, 287–288 growth of, 102 (Norfolk, Virginia), 155, 156 Greece, city development in, 2 Hammond, Robert, 224 Hood, Raymond, 35 Ghost urbanism, 217 Greenbelt community concept, Hammond Beeby Rupert & Hot Springs, South Dakota, Main Gidroz, Ray, 155 22 Ainge, 74 Street revival in, 168 Giedion, Sigfried: Greenberg, Ken, 269 Handel Architects, 289–291 Hou Je Bek, Wilfried, 222 CIAM organized by, 40 Greenfi eld site development, 133 Hanna/Olin Ltd., 176–178 Household size, 151 at Harvard University Graduate “Green Manhattan” (David HANO (Housing Authority of Housing: School of Design, 40–41 Owen), 78, 84 New Orleans), 212 affordability of, 253 n.42 on rue corridor, 42 Green Metropolis (David Owen), Harappa (Indus River Valley), 2 and downtown development, on town planners, 44 xx Harbor East (Baltimore), 157 199 on transforming cities, 44 Green roofs, 251 Harborplace (Baltimore), 60 identifying demand for, Gilbert, Cass, 18 Green urbanism, 265 Harbor Point (Boston), 63 xxii–xxiii Gilbert, Dan, 105 Greenville, South Carolina, Main Harbor Town (Memphis), 156 mass-produced, 58 Gilchrist, William, 212, 213, 237 Street Program in, 168 Hardy, Hugh, 218 as percent of real estate Glendening, Parris, xx Greenwich Village (Manhattan), Hardy Holzman Pfeiffer, 176–178 development, 102 Global economic downturn, ix 55, 56 Hargreaves Associates, 185–187 priorities for choosing, 101 Global Risks Report 2013 (World GreenWorks: Harley Ellis Devereaux, 74 single-family vs. multifamily, Economic Forum), 108 Lloyd Crossing sustainable Hart, Joseph, 222 104 Global warming, x, xxiv n.5, 113, urban design plan (Portland, Hartford, Connecticut suburban vs. urban, 102–104 118–120, 123 Oregon), 113–118 (Constitution Plaza), 52 Housing Authority of New Goldseker Foundation, 120–122 Tanner Springs Park (Portland, Harvard University, 45 Orleans (HANO), 212 Gómez, Enrique, 124–125 Oregon), 158, 232–234 Harvard Urban Design Conference Housing market, 86, 102, 166 Goody Clancy: Grids, xiv. See also Geometric (1956), xv, xvi, 45 Houston, Texas (Discovery Bridge Street Corridor Plan, cities Haussmann, Georges Eugène, 8, Green), 74, 185–187 Dublin, Ohio, 273–275 merchant cities, 9 24–26 Howard, Ebenezer, 5, 22, 23, 61 East Franklinton in the New World, 10–14 Hawley, Hughson, xx How Land Use and Transportation neighborhood, Columbus, Griffi n, Toni L., 126 Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 25 Systems Affect Public Health 160–161 Grimshaw Architects, 127, 251 Health: (CDC), 84 Fairmont Line smart-growth Gropius, Walter: and city life, xx How the Greeks Built Cities (R. E. corridor, Boston, 214–215 and decentralization, 40 and driving, 84–85 Wycherley), 247 Livable Claiborne Government Center, Boston, 53 obesity epidemic, xxi How the Other Half Lives (Jacob Communities Study, 212 at Harvard University Graduate Hénard, Eugène, 37 A. Riis), 22, 70 Massachusetts south coast rail School of Design, 40–41 Herzog & de Meuron, 208–210 “The Human Scale in City economic and land use plan, Staatliches Bauhaus, 34 Higher Ground (Boston), 251 Planning” (Sert), 45 88–90 Grosse Pointe, Michigan, 38 Highland Springs (Richmond, Hunt, Richard Morris, xxiii Massachusetts UrbanRiver Growth management, 132–134 Virginia), 20 Hurricanes, ix–x Visions, 93–94 Gruen, Victor: High Line Park (Manhattan), 74, Hurricane Katrina, 119, Sandy Springs City Center Burdick Street, Kalamazoo, 166 223–227 212, 299 Master Plan, 145–147 downtown Fort Worth plan, High-security streetscapes, 71–74 Hurricane Sandy, 119 Washington, D.C. streetcar 47–49 Highways: Huxtable, Ada Louise, 55 land use study, 75–77 at fi rst urban design Federal Aid Highway Act of Hyde Park (Chicago), 20 Wichita downtown conference, 45 1956, 43 development plan, 192 Northland Center, 48 Giedion on, 42 I Google, 105 Southdale Shopping Center, interstate, 44, 47 The Image of the City (Kevin Gore, Al, 113 47–48 Hilberseimer, Ludwig, 40 Lynch), xvii, xviii, 56 Government, “heroic change” Guerrilla gardening, 251, 266 Hillcrest (San Diego), 74 Implementation strategies, 293 caused by, 42 Guerrilla planning, 266 Historic preservation: Income inequality, 126, 127, 272

Index 305

bbindex.inddindex.indd 330505 227-03-20147-03-2014 116:30:226:30:22 Independence Mall Johns Hopkins University, Landmark Center (Stamford, Livable Claiborne Communities (Philadelphia), xvii 120–122 Connecticut), 52, 53 (LCC) Study, 212 Indianapolis, Indiana, grid plan Johnson, Lyndon, 106 Landmark preservation laws, 55 Livable Communities Initiative, of, 13 Johnson, Steven, 70, 71 Land Planning and Design 188 Individual, balancing community Joint Core Stem urban system, 57 Associates, 136–138 Livable Streets (Donald and, see Public realm Jonathan Rose Companies, 78, Landrieu, Mitch, 299 Appleyard), 242 Industrial cities, xiv–xv, 17–22 127 Landscape urbanism, 262–265 Live/work development projects, post-World War II, 44–54 Jones Beach (New York City), 28 Land use: 104–105 regulating, 22–24 Jordan, Robert Furneaux, 33 District of Columbia streetcar The Living City (Frank Lloyd Industrial Revolution, xiv–xv, land use study, 75–77 Wright), 39 15–28 K Massachusetts south coast rail Livingston, Goodhue, Jr., 43 and City Beautiful movement, Kahn, Louis, 47 economic and land use plan, Lloyd Crossing sustainable urban 24–28 Kahun, Egypt, 2 88–90 design plan (Portland, explosive growth of cities, 15–16 Kalamazoo, Michigan (Burdick in preindustrial cities, 15 Oregon), 113–118 industrial cities, 17–22 Street), 166 zoning ordinances, 22, 24 Logue, Ed, 52 regulation of industrial cities, Kallmann McKinnell and Lang, Robert, 101 London, England, 3, 7 22–24 Knowles, 53 Las Vegas, xi, 46 Los Angeles, California: Infi ll housing, 162 Kansas City, parks and parkway Lauren Griffi th Associates, Bunker Hill, 193 Inner Harbor (Baltimore), 105 system of, 27 185–187 downtown in, 184, 193–196, Innovation neighborhoods, Kees Christiaanse & ASTOC, La Ville Contemporaine, 32 199–201 163–165 208–210 LCC (Livable Claiborne Grand Park project, 195 Interdisciplinary thinking, 258 Kelbaugh, Douglas, 255–257 Communities) Study, 212 Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, International Congress of Modern Kendall Square (Cambridge, Leader, Tom, 237 194 Architecture, see Congrès Massachusetts), 105–107, LeBrun, Napoleon, 18 LA Live, 199–201 Internationaux d’Architecture 163–165 Le Corbusier, 31, 34 Little Tokyo, 193, 195 Moderne (CIAM) Kent, Ethan, 219 and “architect-planner” Metro subway system, 193, 195 International Exposition of Kentlands, Maryland, 65, 155 concept, 44 Music Center, 193, 195 Modern Industrial and Ketchum, Morris, 67 n.56 Athens Charter, 40, 41 Parking Day in, 266 Decorative Arts (1925), 31 Khafra Engineering, 234–236 and CIAM, 40 River Revitalization Master International Style, 31 Kimley-Horn and Associates, La Ville Contemporaine, 32 Plan, 195–196 International urbanism, 39–44 142–145 Pavillon de l’Esprit Nouveau, Staples Arena, 195 Interstate highways, 44, 47 Kittelson & Associates: 31–32 subdivisions of, 38 Ireland, excess building in, 217 Livable Claiborne Plan Voisin, 32–33 Union Station, 193 Ishtar Gate (Babylon), xiii Communities Study, 212 on sprawl, 42 Walt Disney Concert Hall, Isozaki, Arata, 57 Washington, D.C. streetcar and towers-in-a-park concept, 194, 195 land use study, 75–77 42–44 Los Angeles Metro, 193, 195 J Klumpner, Hubert, 124–125 Ville Radieuse plan, 40 Los Angeles Music Center, 193, Jackson, Kenneth T., 20 Knowledge economy, 104 Ledoux, Claude Nicolas, 61 195 Jackson, Maynard, 184 Knowledge-industry businesses, Lee, M. David, x, 258 Los Angeles River, 196 Jackson, Richard, xx, xxi, 84 105 LEED for Neighborhood Los Angeles River Revitalization Jackson Landing (Florida), 60 Knowledge neighborhoods, 150 Development (LEED ND), Master Plan, 195–196 Jacobs, Jane, xvi, xviii, xxi Koolhaus, Rem, 299 270 Louisville, Kentucky, urban on American attitude toward Kostof, Spiro, 26, 27 Lee + Mundwiler Architects, agriculture in, 251 cities, 69 Krieger, Alex, 218, 268 230–232 Louis XIV, 7 on creation of cities, 123 Krier, Léon, 61 Léger, Fernand, 32 Lowell, Massachusetts, 59 at fi rst urban design on 9/11 attacks, 70 Lehmann, Steffen, 265 Lower Downtown (LoDo, conference, 45 Seaside Town Square and Leinberger, Christopher B., xxiii Denver), 56, 74, 201 followers of, 74 Beachfront Master Plan, on car ownership, 85 Lower Manhattan Expressway, 55 and modernism, 257 259–261 on suburban homes surplus, Lucca, Italy, 3 on single-use zoning, 24 Krier, Robert, 61, 62 103 Luckman, Charles, 52 and urban renewal tactics, 55 Krueck + Sexton Architects, 74 on walkability, 102 Lydon, Mike, 266 James Corner Field Operations, Kunstler, James Howard, L’Enfant, Pierre-Charles, 8, 14 Lynch, Kevin, xvii, xviii 223–227 65, 70 Le Nôtre, André, 7 on change, 298 Jamison Square (Portland, KVA, 234–236 Leonardo da Vinci, 37 on “imageability” of cities, 56 Oregon), 158 “Lexington” (blogger), 218 Lynden Miller, 176–178 Jeanneret, Charles-Édouard, see L Lincoln Park (Chicago), 56 Le Corbusier Lafayette Park (Detroit), 41 Littlefi eld, Rod, 188 M Jefferson, Thomas, 11, 12 Lakewood, Colorado (Belmar), Little Tokyo (Los Angeles), 193, McAvey, Maureen, 69, 101 Jenney, William Le Baron, 17 169–171 195 McDonough Associates, 74 Jersey City, New Jersey, 105 LA Live (Los Angeles), 199–201 Livability, enhancing, 274–276 McHarg, Ian, xviii, 262 Jodry, Jean-François, 178–180 Landfi ll-based projects, 207–208 Livability 101, 269, 270 McKim, Charles Follen, 25

306 Index

bbindex.inddindex.indd 330606 227-03-20147-03-2014 116:30:226:30:22 McKim, Mead & White: Massachusetts: in “pedestrian pockets” National Historic Preservation Act Farley Post Offi ce Building, xix growth management in, 133, concept, 134 of 1966, xix, 55 Pennsylvania Station, 54 134 and zoning, 24 National Mall (Washington, Macknally Land Design, 234–236 south coast rail economic and Mixed-use, walkable D.C.), 27 Madison, Indiana, Main Street land use plan, 88–90 environments, xxi–xxiii National Security Resources revival, 168 urban waterfronts, 93–94 Mizner Park (Boca Raton, Board, 43 Madrid, Spain, 217 Massachusetts Smart Growth Florida), 63–65 National Trust for Historic Madrid Río (Madrid, Spain), Alliance, xxi, xxii MJB, 268 Preservation, 54, 60 262–265 Mass-produced housing, 58 Modern Architecture (Kenneth National Trust Main Street Magnitogorsk, Russia, 34 Means, Mary C., 168 Frampton), 33 Program, 60, 167–168 Main Streets, 165–175 Megapolitan America (Arthur Modernism, 39–44, 257, 258, Nationwide Insurance, 156 Belmar, Lakewood, 169–171 C. Nelson and Robert 271–272 Natural Resources Defense Bethesda Row, Bethesda, 172 Lang), 101 Mohenjo Daro (Indus River Council (NRCD), 201 destination, 165–167 Melnikov, Konstantin, 34 Valley), 2 Navy Pier (Chicago), 60 Edgewood, Atlanta, 171–172 Memphis, Tennessee: Moholy-Nagy, Lázló, 247 NCPC (National Capital as factor in choosing grassroots urbanism in, 266 Monadnock Building (Chicago), Planning Commission), housing, 86 Harbor Town, 156 17 111–112 National Trust Main Street Shops of Saddle Creek, 168 Montreal, Quebec: Nelson, Arthur C., xxiii, 140 Program, 167–168 Menino, Thomas, 243 Expo 67, 57 on energy costs, 211 as portals for urban revival, Merchant cities, 9 Habitat 67, 57 on gasoline costs, 85 172–175 Merenptah’s Mortuary Monumental Core Framework on metropolitan clusters, 101 Santana Row, San Jose, 172, Temple, xii Plan (SW Ecodistrict, on suburban homes surplus, 173 Merrill & Pastor Architects, 66 Washington, D.C.), 111–112 102–103 Third Street, Santa Monica, Merritt Parkway (Connecticut), More, Sir Thomas, 5 Nelson Byrd Woltz, 90–92 166–167 27 Morgan, Cheryl, 237 Nelson\Nygaard Consulting vibrancy of, 268 The Metropolis of Tomorrow Moses, Robert, xvii, xviii Associates, 142–145 Main Street program (National (Hugh Ferriss), 35–37 and City Beautiful, 28 The Netherlands, 206–207 Trust for Historic Metropolitan clusters, 101 and modernism, 257 Net Zero Cities Symposium, 211 Preservation), 60, 167–168 Metropolitan Life Insurance Motorola Mobility, 105 Neue Mitte (Oberhausen, Mallach, Alan, 75 Company, 18 Motorways, 35–38 Germany), 109 Mall of America (Bloomington, Metro subway system (Los Mott MacDonald, 204–205 New Amsterdam, Plan of, 10, 11 Minnesota), 166 Angeles), 193, 195 Mould, Jacob, xxiii Newburyport, Massachusetts: Manchester, William, xi Metro transit system (Arlington Mount Lebanon (Pittsburgh, historic restoration in, 59 Manhattan (New York City), County, Virginia), 140–149 Pennsylvania), 20 Market Square Historic xx, 24 Mia Lehrer + Associates, 195–196 Mount Vernon (Fairfax County, District, 59 Battery Park City, 62–64 Miami Beach, Florida (South Virginia), 54 New London, Connecticut, Central Park, 25–26 Beach), 56 Mouzon, Steve, 258 pedestrian shopping Greenwich Village, 55, 56 Middle class, 47, 126, 218, 271, Moynihan Station (New York mall, 166 grid plan for, 13 272 City), xix New Orleans, Louisiana: High Line Park, 74, 223–227 Midtown (Detroit), as innovation MSKS, 156 Claiborne Expressway, 213 loft buildings in, 56 neighborhood, 163 Muller & Muller, Ltd., 74 Claiborne viaduct, 212–213 Lower Manhattan Mies Van der Rohe, Ludwig, xvi Mumford, Eric, 40, 45 French Quarter, 54 Expressway, 55 Lafayette Park, 41 Mumford, Lewis, xiv, xvi, xvii inequality in, 212 One Worldwide Plaza, 61 Staatliches Bauhaus, 34 on baroque approach, 6–7 New Orleans East, 120, 206 population growth in, 175 Miletian plan, 2–4, 8, 11 on early geometric cities, 2 as port city, 15 public health in, 84 Miletus, Greece, 2 at fi rst urban design recovery from Hurricane Seaport City project, 207, 208 Millennium Park (Chicago), 74, conference, 45 Katrina, 120, 206, 212, SoHo, 56 223–224 on the grid pattern, 14 299–300 Tribeca, 56 Miller Plaza (Chattanooga), 189 on Industrial Revolution, 15 New Orleans East (New Orleans), Woolworth Building, 18, 19 Mission Bay (San Francisco), 16, and urban renewal tactics, 55 120, 206 Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, 5 63, 164 New Town planning movement, 22 Marina Barrage (Singapore), Mithun Architects Designers + N New Urbanism, 154–163, 202–203 Planners, 113–118 Nagin, Ray, 120 258–261 Marina Bay (San Francisco), 105 Mixed use, 105–106. See also Napoléon III, 24, 25 Atlanta, Georgia, 157 Market Square Historic Smart growth Nassau County (Long Island, Baltimore, Maryland, 157 District (Newburyport, Atlantic Wharf, Boston, New York), 38 Cambridge, Massachusetts, 161 Massachusetts), 59 104–105 National 9/11 Memorial (New Columbus, Ohio, 156, 157, Maryland, smart growth in, xx in Fort Worth plan, 48 York City), 289–291 161 Masdar City (Abu Dhabi, United Inner Harbor, Baltimore, 105 National Capital Planning Kelbaugh’s case for, 255–257 Arab Emirates), 204–205, Mizner Park, Boca Raton, Commission (NCPC), new vocabulary proposed 211–212 63–65 111–112 by, 65

Index 307

bbindex.inddindex.indd 330707 227-03-20147-03-2014 116:30:226:30:22 New Urbanism (cont.) Sixth Avenue offi ce towers, 44 and World’s Columbian Pearl District (Portland, Oregon), Norfolk, Virginia, 155–156 skyscrapers in, 34, 35 Exposition, 25 74, 157–160 Pearl District, Portland, suburbs and increased territory Olympic Park (Atlanta), 184 Pedestrian pocket concept, 133 157–160 of, 20 One Worldwide Plaza “Pedestrian pockets” concept, Providence, Rhode Island, 156, as urban revival leader, 123 (Manhattan), 61 134 157 World Trade Center, 52 Online commerce, 107 Pedestrian shopping malls, 166, Santa Cruz, California, 161–163 zoning in, 22, 24, 44 “Open spaces,” 42 167 Seaside Town Square and Zuccotti Park, 247, 248 Opportunity, expanding, 276 “Peer-to-peer (P2P) urbanism,” Beachfront Master Plan, New York City Department of Opticos Design, 259–261 266–267 259–261 Transportation, 243–245 Oregon, roadway rules in, 242 Pei, I. M., 53 in suburbs, 65–66 New York City Planning Organic cities: Penn, William, 10 and transportation planning, Commission, 54 early, 1–2 Pennsylvania Station (New York 267 New York Stock Exchange of late middle Ages, 3–5 City), xix, xx, 54–55 New York City. See also Bronx, Financial District Otis, Elisha, 17 People’s Park (Berkeley, New York; Brooklyn, New streetscapes and security, Overbuilding, 217 California), 251 York; Manhattan, New York 71–74 Owen, David, xx Pergamon Museum (Berlin), xiii Adam Purple’s Garden of New York World’s Fair (1939), on green urban Perkins Eastman, 98–100 Eden, 251 35–37 communities, 78 Perkins + Will, 251 bankruptcy of, xix NIMBY, 286–288 on New York City, 78 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Battery Bridge, xviii 9/11 Memorial (New York City), on public health in Center City, 154 Broadway Boulevard, 243–245 289–291 Manhattan, 84 grid plan of, 6, 10 Bryant Park, 176–178 Norfolk, Virginia: OWP/P, 74 Independence Mall, xvii Commissioners’ Plan for, 13 East Beach, 156 Kahn’s urban plan for, 47 community gardens in, 251 Ghent neighborhood renewal, P Main Line, 38 early skyscrapers in, 17–18 155, 156 P2P Foundation, 267 Parking Day in, 266 Farley Post Offi ce Building, New Urbanist design in, Pacifi c Northwest, xx population growth in, 175 xix, xx 155–156 Page Southerland Page, 185–187 as port city, 15 Flatiron Building, 17 North America, precipitation Palladio, Andrea, 5 Society Hill, 59 Fuller Building, 17 levels in, 119 Pall Mall (London), 7 South Street, 56 General Electric Building, 35 North Beach (San Francisco), 56 Palmanova, Italy, 5, 6 stormwater management as green community, 78 North Carolina Research Palzzo Pubblico (Siena, Italy), 4, 5 initiative, 201 grid plan for New Amsterdam, Triangle, 105 Papanek, Victor, xviii Phipps Houses, 127 10 Northland Center (Detroit), 48 Parc André Citröen (Paris), Phoenix, Arizona, live/work hurricanes in, ix, x North Loop (Chicago), 163 178–180 development projects in, 105 during Industrial Revolution, 16 North Side (Pittsburgh), 56 Parco San Guiliano (Venice), Piazza Barberini (Rome), 7 Jones Beach, 28 North Wharf Promenade/Jellicoe 227–229 Piazza del Campo (Siena, Italy), landmark preservation law Street/Silo Park (Auckland, Paris, France, xiv 4–5 in, 55 New Zealand), 219–222 approaches to urbanism in, Piazza del Popolo (Rome), 7 Moynihan Station, xix NRCD (Natural Resources 255–256 Piazza Pio II (Pienza), 5 National 9/11 Memorial, Defense Council), 201 boulevards through, 25 Piazza San Pietro (Vatican City), 289–291 International Exposition of 4, 7 New York Stock Exchange O Modern Industrial and Piccolomini palace (Pienza), 5 Financial District Oakland, California, live/work Decorative Arts, 31 Pienza, Tuscany, 5 streetscapes and security, development projects modernization of, 24–25 Piet Oudolf, 223–227 71–74 in, 105 Parc André Citröen, 178–180 Pinterest, 105 Pennsylvania Station, xix, xx, Obama, Barack, x Plan Voisin, 32–33, 40 Pioneer Square (Seattle), 59 54–55 Oberhausen, Germany (Neue Promenade Plantée, 254 n.60 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: population growth in, 175 Mitte), 109 Street of the Future, 37 diversifi ed knowledge economy as port city, 15 Obesity epidemic, xxi, 85 Parks, see Urban parks in, 95 protecting coastal defenses Occupy Movement, x, 247–248, Parking Day, 266 downtown decline in, 184 of, 123 251 Parking lots, 42 hillside construction, 98–100 RCA Building, 35 Oglethorpe, James, 10 Parkways, 38 Mount Lebanon, 20 resilience measures in, Ohio State University, 160, 293 City Beautiful infl uence on, 27 North Side, 56 205–208 Oklahoma City, grid plan of, 13 Giedion on, 42 recent growth of, 77 reverse of population decline, Old South Church (Boston), 54 Partners, engaging, 298 Pius II, Pope, 5 77 Old Town (Wichita), 190–193 Passell, Robert, 118 Placemaking: Riverside Park, 28 “Old Urbanists,” 258 Paterakis, John, 157 strategy for, 276–286 Rockefeller Center, 35, 36 Olmsted, Frederick Law: Pater Latz + Partner, 108–110 in urban design vision, 295, 296 Seaport City, 207, 208 Central Park, 25 Pavement2Parks (San Francisco), Planning: Singer Building, 18 and parks planning, 61 245–246 community-based, 287–288

308 Index

bbindex.inddindex.indd 330808 227-03-20147-03-2014 116:30:226:30:22 strategy for, 276–286 New Urbanism in suburbs, R Renaissance Center (Detroit), top-down, 287 65–66 Race, Bruce, 161–162 46, 52 Plan of the Three Canals postmodernism and Racial issues, 184 Renzo Piano, 74 (Amsterdam), 9 contextualism in cities, Radburn, New Jersey, Plan for, Reporting, in community-based Plan Voisin (Paris), 32–33, 40 61–65 38, 39 urban design, 298 Plater-Zyberk, Elizabeth: post-World War II industrial Radial-concentric plans, 1–2 Research Triangle (North Seaside, Florida, 65 cities, 44–54 Rahaim, John, 246 Carolina), 105 vision of, 154 preservation and rediscovery, on housing in Seattle, 104 Resilience, 201–212 Plug-In City (Archigram), 58 54–56 on Main Streets, 173 and global warming impacts, Policy strategy, 276–286 reactions to urban renewal, on Pavement2Parks initiative, 123 POPOS (privately owned public 54–60 245 Hafencity, Hamburg, 208–211 open spaces, San Francisco), reform, 58–60 Railroad Park (Birmingham, Marina Barrage, Singapore, 248–249 skyscrapers, 34–35 Alabama), 74, 234–236 202–203 “Pop-up” urbanism, see Tactical suburbs, 38–39 Railroad suburbs, 18–19 Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, urbanism urban renewal, 47–54 Rail yards, in industrial cities, 22 204–205, 211–212 Porras La Casta Arquitectos, utopianism, 57–58 Raleigh, North Carolina, 246 Resource depletion, 108, 118 262–265 workers’ cities, 33–34 Randel, John, Jr., 13 Reston, Virginia, 22 Port cities, preindustrial, 15 Providence, Rhode Island, 157 RCA Building (New York City), Retail space, 107–108, 165, 166 Portland, Oregon, xx College Hill, 56, 59 35 Retrofi tting Suburbs (Ellen city growth boundary in, 133 East Side, 154 Reagan, Ronald, xix Dunham-Jones and June downtown decline in, 184 Federal Hill, 59 Real estate consulting, 268 Williamson), 86 Jamison Square, 158 live/work development projects Real estate development, Richmond, Virginia (Highland Lloyd Crossing sustainable in, 105 recentralization and, Springs), 20 urban design plan, 113–118 New Urbanist design in, 156, 101–108 Riis, Jacob, 22, 70 Pearl District, 74, 157–160 157 Real estate markets, 217 Riley, Joseph P., 218 Portland Streetcar, 159–160 pedestrian shopping mall in, Rebar, 266 The Rise of the Creative Class streetcars in, 267 166 Recentralization, xviii, 69–75. See (Richard Florida), xxi, 268 Tanner Springs Park, 158, recent growth of, 77 also Smart growth River City Company, 189 232–234 Provost, Alain, 178–180 and anti-urban sentiment, Riverside Park (New York City), 28 Portland Streetcar (Portland, Prudential Center (Boston), 52, 69–71 Robert Charles Lesser and Co., Oregon), 159–160 141 balancing individual and 142–145 Postmodernism, 61–65 Pruitt-Igoe complex (St. Louis), community in public realm, Robertson Loia Roof, 171–172 Poverty, 87–88, 126, 212 56 218–251 Rockefeller Center (New York Preservation movement, 54–56, Psychographics, 268 beginning of urban renewal, 74 City), 35, 36 153–154. See also Historic Public health, 84–85 and carbon footprint of cities Rogers Marvel Architects, 71–74 preservation Public/private partnerships, vs. suburbs, 78–83 ROMA Design Group, 167 Principles of urban design, 268 and changing demographics, Roman cities, 2, 3, 149–150, 247 275–276 Public realm, 218–251 86–88 Rome, Italy, Sixtus’s plan for, 7 process supporting, 286–298 city streets as public places, and costs of driving, 84–86 Roschen, Bill, 195 strategies for achieving, 240–246 and costs of walkable urbanism, Rossellino, Bernardo, 5 276–286 forces shaping, 247–250 123–127 Rosslyn, Virginia, 148–149, 184, Privately owned public open North Wharf Promenade/ defi nitions of, xvi 266 spaces (San Francisco), Jellicoe Street/Silo Park, and economic development Rottweil, Germany, 4 248–249 Auckland, 219–222 changes, 88–100 Rouse Corporation, 59–60 Promenade Plantée (Paris), 254 privately owned public open and the environment, 108, Route 128 research park (Boston), n.60 spaces, San Francisco, 123 105 Protest, public realm shaped by, 248–249 factors infl uencing, 74–75 Rowe, Colin, 61 247–248 Swiss Government Plaza, Bern, and ghost urbanism, 217 Rowes Wharf (Boston), 61–64 Proto-urban design, 31–66 230–232 and real estate development RTKL Associates Inc., 200 in America, 34–39, 41–42 tactical urbanism, 246–247 changes, 101–108 Rubio & Álvarez-Sala, 262–265 the “anti-industrial city,” urban agriculture, 250–251 Sert’s call for, xxiii Rudolph, Paul, 58 42–44 urban parks, 223–229, and social equity, 212–217 Ruhr Valley, Germany (Emscher Broadacre City, 39 232–240 walkability, 75–78 Landscape Park), 108–110 CIAM, 39–40 waterfront development, Reconnecting America, 267–268 Rundell, Ernstberger Associates, in Europe, 31–34 219–222, 227–229 Rectilinear street plans, 2 95–98 functional cities in Europe, “Public room” (Chattanooga), Reform, 58–60 40–41 189, 190 Regional design, 134 S international urbanism, 39–44 PWP Landscape Architecture, Regional Plan for the Ulster Safdie, Moshe, 57 L’Esprit nouveau, 31–33 289–291 Plantation, 7, 8 St. Columb’s Cathedral (Derry, motorways, 35–38 Pyatok, Michael, 286 Renaissance, 5–8, 149, 247 England), 8

Index 309

bbindex.inddindex.indd 330909 227-03-20147-03-2014 116:30:226:30:22 St. Louis, Missouri: Sea level rise, 123, 201, 206 radial-concentric plan of, 2 and urban retail activities, Citygarden, 90–92 Seaport City (New York City), Silent Spring (Rachel Carson), xviii 107–108 early skyscrapers in, 17 207, 208 Singapore (Marina Barrage), Society Hill (Philadelphia), 59 Pruitt-Igoe complex, 56 Seaside (Florida), 65, 154, 155 202–203 SoHo (Manhattan), 56 recent growth of, 77 Seaside Town Square and Singer Building (New York City), Soleri, Paolo, 5, 57 University City, 20 Beachfront Master Plan 18 South Beach (Miami Beach), 56 Salem, Massachusetts, 15 (Seaside, Florida), 259–261 Site, functions of, 296 South Dade Watershed Plan Salingaros, Nikos A., 70 Seattle, Washington, xx Sitte, Camillo, 26, 28, 250 (Florida), 134 Salt Lake City, Utah, 13 household size in, 151 Sixtus V., Pope, 7 Southdale Shopping Center San Diego, California: housing demand in, 104 Skidmore, Owings & Merrill: (Edina, Minnesota), 47–48 downtown decline in, 184 Main Street environments in, Chicago mixed-use downtown South End (Boston), 56, 154 Gaslight District, 59 173–175 area plan, 174 South Lake Union (Seattle), 105, Hillcrest, 74 Pioneer Square, 59 Millennium Park (Chicago), 74 163 live/work development projects poverty in suburbs of, 87 Moynihan Station, xix South Street (Philadelphia), 56 in, 105 reverse of population decline, One Worldwide Plaza, 61 Soviet Pavilion (Exposition Sandy Springs, Georgia: 77 Skoda-Inekon, 159–160 Internationale des Arts Sandy Springs City Center South Lake Union, 105, 163 Skyscrapers, 17–18 Décoratifs et Industriels Master Plan, 145–147 as urban revival leader, 123 quintessential American form modernes), 34 suburban housing market in, Seawalls, 123 of, 34–35 Space, Time, and Architecture 104 Security: and zoning ordinances, 22 (Sigfried Giedion), 40, San Francisco, California: and dispersion as civil defense Smart growth, 131–212 41, 44 City Beautiful approach in, policy, 42–43 Charlottesville Commercial Spain: 26, 27 high-security streetscapes, Corridor Study, 136–138 baroque planning in, 8 Embarcadero Center, 52 71–74 Eastward Ho!, southeast Madrid, 217 grid plan of, 13 Sembler Company, 171–172 Florida, 134–136 Madrid Río, 262–265 as “imageable” city, 56 SeoAhn Total Landscape, Fairmont Line smart-growth Valencia, 217 Marina Bay, 105 197–199 corridor, Boston, 214–215 Spanish Steps (Rome), 7 Mission Bay, 16, 63, 164 Seoul, South Korea Fayetteville 2030, 81–83 Speck, Jeff, 69 North Beach, 56 (Cheonggyecheon Stream and fl ight from urban Sprawl, xviii, xx Parking Day in, 266 daylighting), 197–199 neighborhoods, 150–152 challenges to, 132–134 Pavement2Parks, 245–246 September 11, 2001 attacks, 70 innovation neighborhoods, CIAM on, 42 population growth in, 175 9/11 Memorial (New York City), 163–165 Squares, xiii, xiv privately owned public spaces 289–291 Main Streets, 165–175 Staatliches Bauhaus, 34 in, 248–249 Sert, Josep Lluís, xv, xvi, xxiii, National Trust Main Street Stacey & Witbeck Inc., 159–160 reverse of population decline, 77 300 Program, 167–168 Stakeholders: San Giovanni in Laterano on contestations, 40 New Urbanist design, 154–163 community conversation (Rome), 7 on goal of urban design, 272, rebounding downtowns, among, 288 San Jose, California (Santana 273 175–201 educating, 293, 294 Row), 172, 173 at Harvard University Graduate and resilience, 201–212 engaging, 292–293 Santa Cruz, California, 161–163 School of Design, 40–41 and return to urban identifying, 288 Santa Maria Maggiore (Rome), 7 and origin of urban design neighborhoods, 152–154 realigning agendas of, 169 Santa Monica, California: discipline, 45 in Seattle, 174 Stamford, Connecticut: Santa Monica Boulevard and precepts for urban centers, streetcar suburbs, 139–149 Landmark Center, 52, 53 master plan, 240–243 49 urban revival, 149–150 urban renewal plan for, Third Street, 166–167 on town planners, 44 in Vancouver, 152–154 52–53 Santa Monica Boulevard master Shaker Heights (Cleveland, and walkability, 102 Staples Arena (Los Angeles), 195 plan (Santa Monica, Ohio), 20 Smart Growth movement, xviii Stauffenegger & Stutz Visual California), 240–243 “Shared space,” 162 Smith, Patricia, 240–242 Design, 230–232 Santa Monica City Planning, SHoP Architects, 181–183 Smithson, Allison, 42 Stein, Clarence S., 22 240–242 Shopper’s World (Framingham, Smithson, Peter, 42 Stern, Robert A. M., 61 Santana Row (San Jose, Massachusetts), 67 n.56 Social capital, xv Stiglitz, Joseph, 126 California), 172, 173 Shopping malls, 47–49 Social equity, 212–217 Strauss, Mark E., xxiii Savannah, Georgia: decline of, 107 costs of ignoring, 218 Streetcars: grid plan of, 6, 10, 12 pedestrian, 166, 167 Ellen Wilson neighborhood and automobile suburbs, 38 preservation in, 154 replacing Main Streets, 166 redevelopment, Washington, District of Columbia streetcar Sawyer, Margo, 185–187 Shops of Saddle Creek D.C., 216–217 land use study, 75–77 Scamozzi, Vincenzo, 6 (Memphis), 168 Fairmont Line smart-growth Fayetteville 2030, 81–83 Scheer, Brenda Case, 273 Siena, Italy: corridor, Boston, 214–215 renewed interest in, 267 Scollay Square (Boston), 53 Palzzo Pubblico, 4, 5 Social media: Washington, D.C. streetcar Seagate, 208 Piazza del Campo, 4–5 public realm shaped by, 250 lines, 139

310 Index

bbindex.inddindex.indd 331010 227-03-20147-03-2014 116:30:226:30:22 Streetcar land use study SW Ecodistrict (Washington, Charlottesville Commercial Unwin, Raymond, 61 (Washington, D.C.), 75–77 D.C.), 111–112 Corridor Study, 136–138 Upjohn, Richard, xxiii Streetcar suburbs, 139–149 Swiss Government Plaza (Bern), Crystal City Vision Plan 2050, Upton, Dell, 131 Arlington County, Virginia, 230–232 Arlington, 142–145 Urban agriculture, 250–251 140–142, 148–149 Syncretic urbanism, 268–270 Toward New Towns for America Urban corridors, 44 Crystal City Vision Plan 2050, Systematica, 204–205 (Clarence S. Stein), 22 Urban design, ix–xxiv Arlington, 142–145 Towers-in-a-park concept, 42–44 for an urban century, see early, 19–21 T Tract housing, 47 Future urban design Sandy Springs City Center Tactical urbanism, 246–247, Traditional neighborhood defi ning, xvi–xvii Master Plan, 145–147 250, 266 developments (TNDs), historical precedents for, xi–xiv Streetcar Suburbs (Sam Bass Tactical Urbanism (Mike Lydon), 65–66 history of, xiv–xxiv Warner), 139 266 Traffi c congestion, 85 as mediation among Streetscapes, high-security, Takesian, Yolanda, 242 “Transit” suburbs, 19–21. See infl uences, xii–xiii 71–74 Tange, Kenzo, 57 also Streetcar suburbs schools of thought in, 258 Streetworks, 172 Tanner Springs Park (Portland, Transportation. See also specifi c Sert’s goal for, 272 A Stronger, More Resilient New Oregon), 158, 232–234 topics, e.g.: Streetcar suburbs as social and public art, x–xi York (Michael Bloomberg), Taylor Cullity Lethlean, and city streets as public Urban Design Associates (UDA): 206, 207 219–222 places, 242–246 East Baltimore Development Studio Durham, 90–92 Teca, 219–222 and growth of suburbs, 18–21, Initiative, 120–122 Stuttgart, Germany, 62 Technology(-ies): 38–39 East Beach neighborhood, Stuyvesant, Peter, 10, 11 connections through, 218 in “pedestrian pockets” Norfolk, 156 SuAT Group, 124–125 for green roofs, 251 concept, 134 Ghent neighborhood renewal, Suburbs. See also Streetcar in industrial cities, xv Transportation planning, 267–268 Norfolk, 155, 156 suburbs retailing disrupted by, 107 Trenton, New Jersey, pedestrian Urban design plan, creating, amenities of, 86 social media, 107–108, 250 shopping mall in, 166 296, 298 as American dream, 271–272 and use of public realm, 250 Tribeca (Manhattan), 56 Urban fi rebreaks, 43 automobile, 38–39 Technology businesses, 105, 163 Tuileries Garden (France), 7 Urbanism: carbon footprint of cities vs., Teng & Associates, 74 in CIAM agenda, 40 78–83 “Terra Fluxus” (James Corner), U emergence of new schools declining interest in, xxiii 262 UDA, see Urban Design of, 257 energy use in, 78 Theories of urbanism, 255–270 Associates ghost, 217 fi rst, 18–19 formal urbanisms, 258–268 UNESCO (United Nations grassroots, 265–267 housing market in, 86–87 grassroots urbanism, 265–267 Educational, Scientifi c, and green, 265 migration to, xv green urbanism, 265 Cultural Organization), 5 international, 39–44 and new interest in urban landscape urbanism, 262–265 Union of Soviet Socialist landscape, 262–265 living, 78 New Urbanism, 258–261 Republics (USSR), 34, 35 New Urbanism, 154–163, New Urbanism in, 65–66 syncretic urbanism, 268–270 Union Station (Los Angeles), 193 258–261 and obesity epidemic, xxi Third Street (Santa Monica, United Nations Educational, syncretic, 268–270 and parkway development, 38 California), 166–167 Scientifi c, and Cultural tactical, 246–247 post-World War II, 46, 47, Third Ward (Milwaukee), 201 Organization (UNESCO), 5 theories of, see Theories of 150, 151 Thompson, Benjamin, 59–60 United States: urbanism poverty in, 87 Thoreau, Henry David, 18, 25, early land distribution in, 12–13 Urbanists, in Russia, 34 proto-urban design in, 38–39 265 explosive city growth in, 15–16 Urban parks, 234–240. See also railroad, 18–19 Thornton Tomasetti, 181–183 grid plan of cities in, 13 specifi c parks streetcar, 19–21, 139–149 Threats to cities, ix–x industrial cities in, 17–24 and emergence of urban Sullivan, Louis, 25 Three Rivers Second Nature post-World War I ideas in, 31 design, 257 Sunset Station District Charrette, of Carnegie Mellon poverty in, 87–88 High Line, Manhattan, 297 University, 98–100 preindustrial cities in, 15 223–227 “Superblocks,” 44, 61 TNDs (traditional neighborhood proto-urban design in, 34–39, Millennium Park, Chicago, Superfl ex, 237–240 developments), 65–66 41–42 223–224 Superkilen Park, Nørrebro Tomasulo, Matt, 246 U.S. Commission of Fine Arts Parco San Guiliano, Venice, (Copenhagen, Denmark), Tom Dent Congo Square (CFA), 111–112 227–229 237–240 Symposium (2013), 266 United Streetcar, 159–160 in Portland Pearl District, 158, Superstorm Sandy, 119 Tom Leader Studio, 234–236 University City (St. Louis, 232–234 Sustainability: Top-down planning, 287 Missouri), 20 Railroad Park, Birmingham, as best-practice standard, 113 Topotek 1, 237–240 University of Arkansas 234–236 fostering, 276 Torre David informal settlement Community Development substituting “open spaces” Lloyd Crossing, Portland, (Caracas, Venezuela), Center, 81–83 for, 42 113–118 124–125 University of Utah Research Superkilen Park, Nørrebro, Sustainable urbanism, 265 Torti Gallas and Partners: Park, 105 Copenhagen, 237–240

Index 311

bbindex.inddindex.indd 331111 227-03-20147-03-2014 116:30:226:30:22 Urban parks (cont.) Vision: Monumental Core Williamson, June, 86 Tanner Springs Park, Portland, achievable, 295 Framework Plan, 111–112 Windsor Town Center (Florida), 158, 232–234 dimensions of, 295, 296 National Mall, 27 65, 66 Urban pioneers, 154 for New Orleans, 299 population growth in, 175 Woodworth, Sarah, 104 Urban renewal, xvii–xix, 47–54 translating, 296, 298 reverse of population Woolworth Building beginning of, 74 Visioneering (Wichita), 190, 192 decline, 77 (Manhattan), 18, 19 in Boston, 51–54 Vitruvius, 6 streetcar land use study, 75–77 Woonerf, 162 dangers of, 272 Vkhutemas, 34 streetcar lines, 139 Workers: failure of, in 1960’s and ‘70s, Voisin, Gabriel, 34 SW Ecodistrict, 111–112 attracting, xxi, xxii, 88, 95, 98, 184 Volk, Laurie, xxii, 87 as urban revival leader, 123 163, 268 model for, 49–50 on Main Streets, 166 workforce in, 95 preferred living environments and modernism, 257 on suburban housing markets, Washington, George, 11, 14 of, 104, 105 private fi nance/development, 61 104 Waterfront development: priorities of, 101 reactions to, 54–60 Harbor Town, Memphis, 156 Workers’ cities, 33–34 as tool to fi ght suburbanism, W North Wharf Promenade/ World Heritage Sites, 5 166 Wagoner, David, 206 Jellicoe Street/Silo Park, A World Lit Only by Fire Urban revival, 149–150 Walkability, 75–78 Auckland, 219–222 (William Manchester), xi factors in, 272 in Amsterdam, 162 Parco San Guiliano, Venice, World’s Columbian Exposition, Jacobs on, 123, 126 costs of, 123–127 227–229 25, 26 Main Streets as portals for, District of Columbia streetcar UrbanRiver visions, World Trade Center (New York 172–175 land use study, 75–77 Massachusetts, 93–94 City), 52 Urban Think Tank, 124–125 as factor in choosing Waterhouse Pavilion World War I, 31, 257 USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist housing, 86 (Chattanooga), 189 World War II, 150, 250, 251 Republics), 34, 35 of Main Streets, 166 WDDC (Wichita Downtown Wraight + Associates, 219–222 Utopia (Sir Thomas More), 5 and nonresidential real estate Development Corporation), Wren, Sir Christopher, 7 Utopianism, 57–58 market, 104 192 Wright, Frank Lloyd, 39, 40 and modernism, 257 in “pedestrian pockets” Weinstein Associates Architects, WSP Transsolar, 204–205 of More, 5 concept, 134 216–217 Wycherley, R. E., 247 and real estate development, Welborne, Martha Lampkin, W-ZHA, 268 V 101–102 175 X Valencia, Spain, 217 as test of where to live and WES & Partners, 208–210 Values: invest, 98 West 8 and MRIO Arquitectos, Xeriscaping, 201 of American dream belief Torre David informal 262–265 Y system, 271–272 settlement (Caracas), West Newton Hill Yaro, Robert, 133, 134 “traditional,” rejection of, 257 124–125 (Massachusetts), 20 Ybor City (Tampa), 56, 201 Vancouver, Canada, 152–154 Walkable Communities, Wetlands, 123 Vatican City (Piazza San Pietro), 240–242 Wheaton, William L. C., 42 Z 4, 7 Walkheim, Charles, 262 Whyte, William H., 55 Zachary Companies, 297 Vaux, Calvert, xxiii, 25 Walking City, 58 Wichita, Kansas: Zähringer towns, 3, 4 Venice, Italy: Walk Scores, 101–102, 272 downtown, 190–193 Zimmer Gunsul Frasca (ZGF) as “imageable” city, 56 Walt Disney Concert Hall (Los Downtown Wichita Master Partnership, 240–242 Parco San Guiliano, 227–229 Angeles), 194, 195 Plan, 191, 192 Zimmerman, Todd, xxii radial-concentric plan of, 2 Walter Schoel Engineering, Old Town, 190–193 Zimmerman/Volk Associates Venturi, Robert, xi, 46, 250 234–236 technology-based (ZVA), xxii–xxiii, 268 Versailles (France), 7 Warner, Sam Bass, 139 manufacturing in, 95 Zoning ordinances, 22, 24, 44 Via Verde/the Green Way Washington, D.C.: Visioneering, 190, 192 for historic buildings, 54 (Bronx), 127, 251 Capitol Hill, 154 Wichita Downtown for Main Streets, 173, 174 Vieux Carré (New Orleans), 54 City Beautiful approach for, Development Corporation for mixed use, 51 Viguier, Jean-Paul, 178–180 26, 27 (WDDC), 192 Zuccotti Park (New York City), Ville Contemporaine, 34, 40 Ellen Wilson neighborhood Williams, Daniel, 134 247, 248 Ville Radieuse plan, 40 redevelopment, 216–217 Eastward Ho! (southeast Zucker, Charles, 136 Villingen, Germany, 4 L’Enfant’s plan for, 14 Florida), 134–136 ZVA (Zimmerman/Volk Virginia Highlands (Atlanta), 56 Metro transit rail system, 140 on water self-suffi ciency, 265 Associates), xxii–xxiii, 268

312 Index

bbindex.inddindex.indd 331212 227-03-20147-03-2014 116:30:236:30:23