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International Development Policy Development As A Battlefield <UN> International Development Policy Editor-in-Chief Gilles Carbonnier (Professor of Development Economics, The Graduate Institute, Geneva) Guest Editors Irene Bono (Assistant Professor of Political Science, University of Torino) Béatrice Hibou (Senior Research Fellow at the Centre d’Études et de Recherches Internationales, Paris) VOLUME 8 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/idp <UN> Editorial Board Marc Bacchetta (Counsellor, Economic Research and Statistics Division, wto) Jean-François Bayart (Director of Research, Centre of Research and International Studies (ceri), Sciences Po, Paris, France) Carlos Casas (Director of Center for Studies in Mining and Sustainability, Lima, Peru) Francis Cheneval (Professor of Political Philosophy, University of Zurich, Switzerland) Suren Erkman (Director, Institute of Land Use Policies and Human Environment, University of Lausanne, Switzerland) Marcela Eslava (Associate Professor, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia) Till Förster (Professor of Social Anthropology, Institute of Social Anthropology, University of Basel, Switzerland) Ricardo Fuentes-Nieva (Chief Executive Officer, Oxfam Mexico) Inge Kaul (Adjunct Professor, Hertie School of Governance, Berlin, Germany) Xiaoyun Li (Dean of the College of Humanities and Development Studies, China Agricultural University, and Chief Senior Advisor, International Poverty Reduction Center, China) Pamela Martin (Professor in Political Science and Geography, Coastal Carolina University, usa) Katharina Michaelowa (Professor of Political Economy and Development, Institute of Political Science, University of Zurich; Director, Center for Comparative and International Studies, Zurich, Switzerland) Hassan Mshinda (Director, Tanzanian Commission for Science and Technology (costech)) Patrick Osakwe (Head, Trade and Poverty Branch Division for Africa, ldcs and Special Programmes, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (unctad)) Ugo Panizza (Professor of Economics, The Graduate Institute, Geneva, Switzerland) Dennis Rodgers (Professor of International Development Studies, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands) Jorge Alberto Restrepo Torres (Associate Professor, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia) Elizabeth Sidiropoulos (Chief Executive, South African Institute of International Affairs (saia), South Africa) Mahaman Tidjani Alou (Dean of the Faculty of Economics and Law and Professor, Abdou Moumouni University, Niamey, Niger) James Zhan (Director, Division of Investment and Enterprise, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (unctad)) Managing Editor Frances Rice/Marie Thorndahl Research and Communication Officer Emmanuelle Dalle Mulle/Nurgul Tilenbaeva Figure Layout y-b design www.ybdigital.com Copyeditor Dave Brooks Translation Andrew Brown Cover Photo Aurélie Lecarpentier [Aalek] (2012) Visit International Development Policy and associated documents online http://devpol.org <UN> International Development Policy Previous Titles Africa: 50 Years of Independence, No. 1, Geneva: Graduate Institute Publications, 2010, issn print 1663–9383 | issn online 1663–9405 | ean 9782940415274. Energy and Development, No. 2, Basingstoke/Geneva: Palgrave Macmillan/Graduate Institute Publications, 2011, ean 9780230282483. Aid, Emerging Economies and Global Policies, No. 3, Basingstoke/Geneva: Palgrave Macmillan/Graduate Institute Publications, 2012, ean 9781137003409. Religion and Development, No. 4, Basingstoke/Geneva: Palgrave Macmillan/Graduate Institute Publications, 2013, ean 9781137329370. Education, Learning, Training: Critical Issues for Development, No. 5, Leiden|Boston/Geneva: Brill Nijhoff/Graduate Institute Publications, 2014, ean 9789004281141. Large-Scale Land Acquisitions, Focus on South-East Asia, No. 6, Leiden|Boston/Geneva: Brill Nijhoff/Graduate Institute Publications 2015, ean 9789004304741. Combining Economic and Political Development, The Experience of mena, No. 7 Leiden|Boston/Geneva: Brill Nijhoff/Graduate Institute Publications 2017, ean 9789004336452. THE GRADUATE INSTITUTE | GENEVA Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies Institut de hautes études internationales et du développement Research Office/Publications p.o. Box 1672 CH–1211 Geneva 1 Switzerland [email protected] http://www.graduateinstitute.ch/home/research/publications.html <UN> Development As A Battlefield Edited By Irene Bono Béatrice Hibou leiden | boston <UN> This is an open access book distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC license at the time of publication, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduc- tion in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. Cover illustration: Street scene in the old town of Iiaret, Algeria, 18 December 2012. Photographer © Aurélie Lecarpentier [Aalek] The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.gov lc record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2017027627 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1663-9383 isbn 978-90-04-34952-0 (paperback) isbn 978-90-04-34955-1 (e-book) Copyright 2017 by the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies. Koninklijke Brill nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill nv provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, ma 01923, usa. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. <UN> Contents Foreword ix Preface xii List of Illustrations xiii List of Acronyms and Abbreviations XIV Notes on Contributors XVI Introduction 1 1 Development as a Battlefield 3 Irene Bono and Béatrice Hibou PART 1 Conflicts that Create Consensus 2 Two Lives of Developmentalism: A Polanyian View from Turkey 37 Ayşe Buğra 3 Workers vs Machines: Ottoman Tunis between Industrialisation and Colonisation 61 Nora Lafi 4 ‘An Uphill Job Demanding Limitless Patience’. The Establishment of Trade Unions and the Conflicts of Development in Sudan, 1946–1952 81 Elena Vezzadini 5 The Activities of Adl Wal Ihsane in the Neighbourhoods. How to Build a ‘Non-Legal’ Consensus from a ‘Tolerated’ Conflict 109 Merieme Yafout <UN> viii Contents PART 2 Consensus as An Expression of Conflict 6 War and State (Re)Construction in Afghanistan: Conflicts of Tradition or Conflicts of Development? 137 Fariba Adelkhah 7 Resisting Neo-Liberal Skylines: Social Mobilisations and Entrepreneurial Urban Development in Tel Aviv 164 Adriana Kemp and Talia Margalit 8 A ‘Time’ to Act: The 2015–20 Development Plan for Greater Casablanca 189 Nadia Hachimi Alaoui 9 The Muslim Brotherhood’s ‘Virtuous Society’ and State Developmentalism in Egypt: The Politics of ‘Goodness’ 220 Marie Vannetzel PART 3 The Definition of Legitimate Conflicts 10 Development and Countermovements. Reflections on the Conflicts Arising from the Commodification of Collective Land in Morocco 247 Yasmine Berriane 11 Charity and Commercial Success as Vectors of Asymmetry and Inequality: The Unconceptualised Elements of Development in Islamist Sudan during the First Republic 268 Raphaëlle Chevrillon-Guibert 12 A Neo-liberal Exception? The Defence Industry ‘Turkification’ Project 299 Anouck Gabriela Côrte-réal Pinto Index 333 <UN> Foreword I’m pleased to introduce Development as a Battlefield: an innovative explo- ration of the multidimensional meanings of—and interactions between— conflict and development. The two phenomena are all too often regarded as ostensibly antagonistic. This was exemplified again in the context of the Arab Spring that erupted in December 2010 and was eventually short-lived in several countries of the Middle-East and North-Africa (mena) region. This volume— the 8th thematic issue of International Development Policy—is an invitation to reconsider and renew the way social scientists usually seek to make sense of socio-political and economic developments in the mena region and beyond. To achieve this, the guest editors bring together a set of contributions that collectively bridge anthropology, history, political sociology and political econ- omy. The volume draws on the expertise of a dozen authors who present and discuss research carried out in countries spanning a region strictly larger than ‘mena’: it includes a geographical area ranging from Afghanistan in the East to Morocco in the West, and from Turkey in the North to Sudan in the South. The multiplicity of this volume’s compilation also mirrors a central premise of International Development Policy, which is to address critical issue domains from interdisciplinary, multi-level angles to account for the complexity of the social dynamics at work. I wish to commend the guest editors, Béatrice Hibou and Irene Bono, for bringing together such a wealth of perspectives by invit- ing selected scholars—all of them women—who share a deep understanding of past-present, local–global interactions that infuse power relations. Many of the authors originate from the region under study. Overall, this
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