DOCSLIB.ORG

Type Title of Paper Here

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Type Title of Paper Here 1 of 15 “I Have Inclusions! Get Me the Cheapest and Best Flux for Cleaning My Melt!”–Is This the Best Driven, Cost-Saving Approach by a Foundry? R. Gallo Pyrotek Inc. Aurora, Ohio Copyright 2017 American Foundry Society ABSTRACT This article will provide a guideline to better understand the interrelated aspects between oxides, inclusions, dross, Elimination of inclusion defects requires proper collection fluxes and molten metal quality. and analysis of data. Attempting a corrective action without knowing exactly what the inclusion is may prove Keywords: molten metal quality, inclusions, oxides, very expensive. Unfortunately, it is not uncommon dross fluxes practice that despite the magnitude of the cost of quality due to inclusion defects in castings, a large number of INTRODUCTION aluminum foundries continues to: 1) inaccurately identifying an inclusion based on an educated guess, 2) Many foundries have experienced costly outbreaks of erroneously avoiding paying for the cost of properly high reject rates due to inclusions in castings. An diagnosing the inclusion, 3) inaccurately correlating the inclusion defect may arise from a single clearly defined effects of all the molten metal and casting process cause or may be a result of a combination of factors, so contributing factors, and 4) incorrectly blaming the that the necessary preventive measures are initially melting department for producing and delivering “bad unclear. However, to prevent recurrence it is necessary to metal”. correctly identify the inclusion before troubleshooting the process to find the root cause of the defect. To make matters worse, in many instances foundries limit defect analysis to a single or a couple of defects despite The root cause of the inclusion defects may present great having inclusion issues in a number of different castings. difficulty because of the wide range of interdependent In many instances, foundries overlook the fact that in molten metal and casting process contributing factors. most other part numbers there are no inclusion issues. Thus, why to blame the melting department for the The elimination of inclusion defects in castings require inclusions instead of analyzing why other castings do not the proper collection and analysis of data. There are many have inclusion defects if the starting molten metal statistical techniques to help us control process variables, cleanliness is the same? correlate the effects of variables, and establish priorities for problem solving. Perhaps the Pareto chart is the most Molten metal cleanliness is determined by the amount of common tool used to pinpoint major causes of scrap in a hydrogen gas, dissolved chemical impurities and foundry. Still, these techniques are of little use if the inclusions present in the molten bath before it is cast. The defect is improperly diagnosed. use of a solid flux is the first step for eliminating dissolved impurities, and for ensuring molten cleanliness To correctly diagnose inclusion casting defects, it is by preventing excessive oxide formation, removing non- imperative to: A) fully examine the general characteristics metallic inclusions from the melt, and preventing and/or and occurrence of the inclusions and to describe in detail removing oxide build up from furnace walls. their size, distribution, and appearance, B) document the Furthermore, some fluxes could also help in maximizing defects location with photographs, and C) understand the metal recovery from the dross. casting process. Attempting a corrective action without knowing exactly the type of the inclusion may prove very Foundries need to understand, recognize, and accept that a expensive. Once a corrective action is found, it must be commercial flux recipe is created for a specific not just implemented but also monitored and re-evaluated. metallurgical need, and that none of all the commercially Even though quantitative metallography is essential to available fluxes could provide all the optimum benefits in effectively obtain data on the inclusions, foundries are not just one recipe -since some of the benefits are conflicting always willing to invest time, effort, and money for in nature. In addition, foundries must understand that the proper inclusion assessment either in the molten bath or cost of flux is influenced by the quality of the compounds, the castings. as well as by the type and complexity of the formulation. In general, as the cost of the flux decreases, so does the Typically, 4 techniques are being used in foundries to effectiveness and efficiency of the flux. evaluate casting inclusion defects: Originally published as paper 17-105 in the 2017 Proceedings of the 121st Metalcasting Congress of the American Foundry Society. Used with permission of the publisher and not for distribution. 2 of 15 • In the majority of the cases, when inclusion defects originally implemented would become inefficient. Typical are considered a minor nuisance, a simple visual and very common process changes and deviations, evaluation (“educated guess”) of the inclusion is noticed in a vast number of foundries, related to the conducted. treatment and handling of liquid aluminum that would • An optical microscope and/or stereomicroscope. negatively impact the quality of the molten metal are: • Optical microscope coupled with computer and • Accepting raw materials of lower quality. image analysis. • Charging dirtier returns/scrap (i.e., contaminated with • A SEM analysis. Unfortunately, many foundries oil, and grease due to poor foundry equipment would limit the usage of this technique to a few maintenance). samples that in many instances are not enough to • Operating equipment which has inoperative and properly identify the different inclusion casting malfunctioning flow meters, pressure regulators, and defects that they are facing. RPM counters. • Failing to replace worn off degassing consumables. Nearly everyone who casts aluminum alloys, regardless of • Reusing poor quality residual pieces of ceramics sophistication, has at some time experienced an issue with and/or graphite materials (that have already exceeded inclusions from molten aluminum. Even the molten their life expectancy) to make other components to be aluminum being used for sheet ingot and beverage cans, used in molten aluminum. which is considered the cleanest molten aluminum, will • Lack of preventive maintenance in both: equipment, have inclusions to some extent (smaller sizes and lower and refractory in furnaces and transport ladles. concentrations of them). Thus, various types of inclusions • Failing to follow process procedures during the such as oxides, nitrides, carbides, fluorides, borides, casting (molding) process. For example, not placing chlorides and salts may be present in molten aluminum the filter in the gating system and/or not blowing air alloys. before closing the mold. While the existing types of inclusions that would be More progressive foundries have made continuous efforts present in the melting furnaces will vary from foundry to to better understand and disseminate, within their foundry, their removal is essential for proper molten organization, concepts and knowledge such as: metal cleanliness. A number of commercially accepted • Molten metal quality and molten cleanliness. melt treatment techniques is being used by aluminum • Difference between impurities, inclusions, and dross. foundries to remove and separate inclusions from the • Influence of the raw material charge on oxides. molten aluminum alloy prior to casting. These include • Importance of minimizing skim generation. various methods of fluxing, degassing, and filtration in • How fluxes work. the furnaces and in the gating system. Any of these • techniques will have an impact on the melt cleanliness of Importance of identification, and quantification of the the molten aluminum alloy. However, the effectiveness to inclusion defects. • evaluate their removal would rely on the melt cleanliness Benefits of using analytical commercial instrument to measurement technique being used. Ideally, the optimum evaluate metal cleanliness, and seeking assistance in technique would provide assessment of three inclusions identifying and solving defects due to inclusions. parameters: size, distribution, and composition. MOLTEN METAL QUALITY AND MOLTEN During the last 50 years, several techniques have been CLEANLINESS developed and used for assessing the cleanliness of molten aluminum casting alloys. These include It is very important to understand that molten aluminum qualitative, quantitative, and analytical laboratory quality encompasses molten metal cleanliness. procedures, as well as on-line and off-line techniques. The level of quality of a molten aluminum bath is based Better understanding of the cleanliness level of the molten on the degree to which the chemical properties (chemical metal being delivered by the melting department and the element composition) and physical properties (hydrogen additional influence that other casting process factors may content, dissolved chemical impurities, and inclusions) have on the molten metal quality level would help are controlled within a specific foundry’s internal aluminum foundries to implement feasible, practical and specification, which is established to meet casting robust controls during the molten metal treatment and requirements. In general, the goal of the melting handling operations to minimize inclusion defects. department is to produce and deliver quality metal, while However, implementation alone would not be sufficient
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Casting High Quality C12A
    Casting High Quality C12A Valve Manufacturers Association of America March 2012 BRADKEN ENERGY PRODUCTS March 2012 Elaine Thomas, Director of Metallurgy Bradken Tacoma ASTM A217 C12A and ASME Code case 2197-7 Chemistry Element wt% C 0.08 – 0.12 Mn 0.30 – 0.60 Si 0.20 – 0.50 P 0.020 S 0.010 Mo 0.85 – 1.05 Cr 8.0 – 9.5 Nb 0.060 – 0.10 V 0.18 – 0.25 N 0.030 – 0.070 Al .02 Ti .01 Zr .01 2 © 2011 BRADKEN® QUALITY SYSTEM MANUAL 3 © 2011 BRADKEN® CERTIFICATES • ASME • ISO 9002:2002 • Det Norske Veritas • Nuclear Industry Assessment Committee (Audit) • American Bureau of Shipbuilding • LLOYDS Registrar • Boeing D6-56202 4 © 2011 BRADKEN® EMPLOYEE TRAINING • • TrainingTraining Manuals Manuals for Skilled for Skilled Positions Positions • • ContinuingContinuing Education Education From ProfessionalFrom Professional Society Participation Society Participation ––AmericanAmerican SocietySociety for forTesting Testing and Materials and Materials ––SteelSteel FoundersFounders Society Society of America of America ––AmericanAmerican FoundryFoundry Society Society ––AmericanAmerican WeldingWelding Society Society ––AmericanAmerican SocietySociety for forNon Non-destructive-destructive Testing Testing • • ContinuingContinuing Education Education From NationalFrom NationalConferences Conferences – Offshore Technical Conference – Offshore Technical Conference – Submarine Industrial Base ––SubmarineMarine Machinery Industrial Association Base Conference ––MarineHydro Vision Machinery Association ––HydroPower -VisionGen – Power-Gen 5 © 2011 BRADKEN® THE CASTING
    [Show full text]
  • Cupola Practice in Modern Gray Iron Foundry
    Scholars' Mine Professional Degree Theses Student Theses and Dissertations 1924 Cupola practice in modern gray iron foundry George E. Mellow Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/professional_theses Part of the Mechanical Engineering Commons Department: Recommended Citation Mellow, George E., "Cupola practice in modern gray iron foundry" (1924). Professional Degree Theses. 56. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/professional_theses/56 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars' Mine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Professional Degree Theses by an authorized administrator of Scholars' Mine. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CUPOLA PHAC11ICE IN MODERN GRAY IRON FlOUNDRY BY GEORGE E. MELLOW A "THESIS submitted to the faculty of the SCHOOL OF MINES AND ~~TALLURGY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI in partial fulfillment of the work required for the Degree Of' Mechanica.l Engineer St. Louis, Mo. 1924 Approved by.?f'..Q... .. Cupola Practice in Modern Gray-Iron Ii'oundry Cupola practice, as described in this paper, 'will include only the practical operation or a cupola and the details of the work necessary in daily routine, and very little of the theory of combustion,or history of cupola development, is presented. A brief ~escription of the cupola will give an idea of its construction, and the names of the parts may be found on the sketch herewith. The cupola consists of a steel shell, cylindrical in shape, which stands veDtically on four cast-iron legs, about four feet off the floor; it is open at the top, and has SWinging cast-iron doors at the bottom.
    [Show full text]
  • Implementation of Metal Casting Best Practices
    Implementation of Metal Casting Best Practices January 2007 Prepared for ITP Metal Casting Authors: Robert Eppich, Eppich Technologies Robert D. Naranjo, BCS, Incorporated Acknowledgement This project was a collaborative effort by Robert Eppich (Eppich Technologies) and Robert Naranjo (BCS, Incorporated). Mr. Eppich coordinated this project and was the technical lead for this effort. He guided the data collection and analysis. Mr. Naranjo assisted in the data collection and analysis of the results and led the development of the final report. The final report was prepared by Robert Naranjo, Lee Schultz, Rajita Majumdar, Bill Choate, Ellen Glover, and Krista Jones of BCS, Incorporated. The cover was designed by Borys Mararytsya of BCS, Incorporated. We also gratefully acknowledge the support of the U.S. Department of Energy, the Advanced Technology Institute, and the Cast Metals Coalition in conducting this project. Disclaimer This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an Agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any Agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any Agency thereof. The views and opinions expressed by the authors herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any Agency thereof.
    [Show full text]
  • STAINLESS STEEL Flux Coated
    U.S. ALLOY CO. STAINLESS STEEL dba Washington Alloy 7010-G Reames Rd. Charlotte, NC 28216 Flux Coated Tig www.weldingwire.com Quality Management System in accordance with ISO 9001:2000 Cert # 05-R0925 ALLOY DESCRIPTION AND APPLICATION; These flux coated rods are primarily used for the root pass on piping where backing and purging gas may not be possible or desirable. This 39” rod should be used as a basic tig rod on DCEN, however caution is advised due to the easily removable slag covering that must be removed prior to addition welding. TYPICAL GTAW WELDING PROCEDURES; DCEN Wire Diameter Amps Volts 5/64” 90-180 12-13 3/32” 150-250 12-13 1/8” 200-375 12-14 Procedures may vary with change in position, base metals, filler metals, equipment and other changes. TYPICAL UNDILUTED METAL CHEMISTRY (%) per AWS A5.22; Chemistry Grade 1) Intended Use C Cr Ni Mo R308L 0.03 18.0-21.0 9.0-11.0 0.50 Welding of 18Cr & 8Ni such as 304, 304L R308H3) 0.04-0.08 19.5-22.0 9.0-11.0 0.50 Welding of 18Cr & 8Ni such as 304, 304H R309L 0.03 22.0-25.0 12.0-14.0 0.50 Welding of carbon steel to austenitic stainless R316L 0.03 17.0-20.0 11.0-14.0 2.0-3.0 Primarily use on 316 or 316L R347 2) 0.08 18.0-21.0 9.0-11.0 0.50 Primarily use on 347 1) All grades has the following : Mn=0.50-2.5, Si=1.2, P=0.04, S=0.03 Cu=0.50 Single values are maximum 2) R347 also has Cb+Ta =8xCmin.
    [Show full text]
  • S Foundry Solutions By: Ricardo Volkmann Index
    Issue #2 Adolf′s Foundry Solutions by: Ricardo Volkmann www.foundrysupply.com Index: Mission Statement & History 3 Style ~A~ Alignment Inserts 4 Alignment Core Prints 4 Wood Cutting Tools 4 Style ~B~ Alignment Inserts 5 Alignment Core Boxes 5 Single Cavity Filtering Basins 6-7 Double Cavity Filtering Basins 6 Pouring Basins 6 Riser Rings 7 Filtering Runner Basins 7 14 Inch Sprues 8 Filtering Sprue Plugs 8 Pop-up Sprue Basins 9 Single Faced Basins 10-11 Pyramid Style Basins 10-11 Three Faced Basins 10 Sprue Pins 10-11 Filtering Basin 10 Four Faced Basins 11 Test Bar Basins 12-13 Inter-Changeable Test Bars 12-13 Test Wedges Basins 12-13 Inter-Changeable Test Wedges 12-13 Test Coupon Basins 12 PIG Boxes 13 Photo Gallery 14-15 Silent Adjustable Vibrator 16 DuraTech Tooling Material 16 Buy direct and save... No sales tax in Oregon 2 www.foundrysupply.com Mission Statement “Doing it Right the First Time” Our mission is to provide new lean manufacturing practices to the foundry industry. Adolf’s Foundry Solutions are products made with the highest integrity, they are dependable, exteremly durable and very cost effective. History 1949 Adolf started his pattern maker apprenticeship in Berlin, Germany during 1949. Trained by German master craftsmen, Adolf excelled as an apprentice and completed a four year apprenticeship program in three years, allowing him to graduate at the top of his class with honors. In Germany, at that time, it was mandatory practice for all apprentices to spend six weeks working in a foundry doing piece work on the molding line.
    [Show full text]
  • Mahimkar, C., Richards, V., Lekakh, S., Metal-Ceramic Shell Interactions During Investment Casting, Transactions Of
    Paper 11-077.pdf, Page 1 of 11 AFS Proceedings 2011 © American Foundry Society, Schaumburg, IL USA Metal-Ceramic Shell Interactions during Investment Casting C. Mahimkar, V. L. Richards, and S. N. Lekakh Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri Copyright 2011 American Foundry Society When steel is poured into preheated ceramic shells, the ABSTRACT prime coat of the shells comes in contact with the melt and its oxides. Thus, there is the possibility of melting Interactions of liquid steel with preheated ceramic shell and/or chemical reactions at the mold-metal interface. molds can adversely affect the surface quality of Metal-mold interactions have been studied for decades in investment castings and increase casting cleaning and the casting industry but most of the work was dedicated to finishing expenses. This phenomenon was studied using a study the specific burn-in/burn-on surface defect special cube-shaped specimen with a deep pocket. The formation when using green sand and no-bake sand temperature field in the specimen and shell during the molds. Gilliland found the mold material at or near mold- casting process was simulated with MAGMAsoft. A metal surface often becomes a burnt sand layer, which has foam pattern was used to form investment casting shells experienced temperatures equal to or very close to solidus prepared in the Missouri S&T Laboratory with three point of metal being cast1. He conducted experiments by different prime coats: silica, zircon and alumina. For pouring gray iron, ductile iron and steel into sand molds comparison, shells prepared around the same specimen and observed interface reactions in hot and cold regions.
    [Show full text]
  • Molding & Machining: Metalwork in Geneva
    MOLDING & MACHINING: METALWORK IN GENEVA This is a story of change. In the mid-1800s, Geneva claimed the most foundries in western New York State. The metal industry accounted for almost 70% of the city’s jobs in the 1950s and remained strong until the 1970s. Today, Geneva has only one major metal fabrication company. Geneva was not near iron ore or coal but 19th-century canals and railroads allowed access to raw materials. Demand for new products, from farm equipment to heating systems, allowed foundries to flourish. New factories changed Geneva’s landscape and affected its environment. Ultimately, 20th-century changes in technology and economics – and failure to adapt to change – caused most of the city’s metal industry to disappear. A foundry melts refined iron and pours it into molds to create cast iron. It is brittle but, unlike wrought iron pounded out by a blacksmith, objects can be mass produced in intricate shapes. Molding room at Phillips & Clark Stove Company Machining is the shaping of metal, and other materials, through turning, drilling, and milling. Machining tools were powered by steam engines in the 19th century and later by electricity. Machinists bent sheet metal to make cans, stamped metal for tableware, and milled stock to create machine components. Tool Room at Herendeen Manufacturing Company, 1907 This is a companion exhibit to Geneva’s Changing Landscapes in the next gallery, which has more information and artifacts about local industry. Support for this exhibit is provided by Rosalind Nester Heid in memory of her grandfather Samuel K. Nester, Sr. The First Geneva Foundries Refineries require iron, sand, water, fuel, and people.
    [Show full text]
  • Fabrication of Ceramic Moulds Using Recycled Shell Powder and Sand with Geopolymer Technology in Investment Casting
    applied sciences Article Fabrication of Ceramic Moulds Using Recycled Shell Powder and Sand with Geopolymer Technology in Investment Casting Wei-Hao Lee, Yi-Fong Wu, Yung-Chin Ding and Ta-Wui Cheng * Institute of Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; [email protected] (W.-H.L.); [email protected] (Y.-F.W.); [email protected] (Y.-C.D.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 1 June 2020; Accepted: 29 June 2020; Published: 1 July 2020 Abstract: Lost-wax casting, also called precision casting, is the process of casting a duplicate metal sculpture cast an original sculpture. The ceramic shell mould used in lost-wax casting usually consists of several layers formed with fine zircon and granular mullite particles using silica gel as a binder. However, it is a complicated and time-consuming process. Large amounts of waste moulds that need to be disposed and recycled become an environmental concern. In this study, waste shell sand from the recycled mould and calcium carbonate/metakaolin were used as raw materials to prepare geopolymer slurry and coating. The influence of mixing ratio and the SiO2/K2O modulus of the alkali solution on the setting time and green/fired strength were evaluated. Ceramic shells with one to four layers of geopolymer slurry and waste sand sprinkling were fabricated and tested for their permeability and green/fired strength. It was found that geopolymer shells had higher green/fired strength and better permeability than the original zircon/mullite shell. For foundry practice, metal casts were fabricated using recycled ceramic shell moulds with one to four layers of geopolymer coating.
    [Show full text]
  • General Purpose Liquid Soldering Flux
    Weldcote Metals 842 Oak Grove Rd. Kings Mountain, NC 28086 704-739-4115 www.weldcotemetals.com WELDCOTE GENERAL PURPOSE LIQUID SOLDERING FLUX General Purpose Liquid Soldering Flux Formulated for soldering Stainless Steel and High-Chrome Alloys. Excellent across a broad range of base metals, solders, and temperatures. Exhibits excellent capillary action. DESCRIPTION Weldcote Liquid Soldering Flux is a water-based, general purpose, inorganic-acid flux formulated for soldering stainless steel and other industrial metals. The flux contains Zinc Chloride, Ammonium Chloride, and Hydrochloric Acid, that make this flux active at room temperature where it begins to clean metals and remove oxides. The flux exerts a strong scavenging action to remove oxide coatings and other impurities from the metal surface to produce strong joints. Pre-cleaning is not necessary under most conditions. APPLICATIONS Weldcote Liquid Soldering Flux is excellent for use on Stainless Steel, Monel, High-Chrome Alloys, Inconel, Nickel, Copper, Brass, Ferrous Alloys and many more metals. It is not recommended for Aluminum and Magnesium. DIRECTIONS Weldcote Liquid Soldering Flux may be applied with a brush, swab or by dipping. The flux exhibits the best activity between 93°C/200°F and 315°C/600°F. Post-solder residues are water-soluble and hot water rinses (140°F or higher) may be adequate for most applications. The following steps are recommended for optimum soldering results: • Remove any oil, grease, or other contaminants from the surface to be soldered. • Apply flux to joint by dipping, spraying, dragging, swabbing or brushing to area being soldered. • Preheat or air-dry area to be soldered after flux has been applied to activate the flux and yield optimum soldering characteristics and reduce or eliminate spattering.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Coke Properties on Cupola Furnace Operation and Performance of FOUNDRY COKE There Are at Present No Reliable Quantitat
    Effect of coke properties on cupola furnace operation and performance of FOUNDRY COKE There are at present no reliable quantitative relationships regarding the effect of coke properties on furnace operation. In spite of this, there is qualitative and in some instances, semi quantitative which indicates that coke properties can significantly affect cupola furnace operation. This is, of course, consistent with the cupola furnace as well as in the maintenance of acceptable fluid dynamic conditions. Specifically, coke must provide the following chemical and physical functions: 1.Chemical – Combine with oxygen to provide the following white simultaneously minimizing the introduction of sulfur and slag components which adversely affect furnace efficiency: a) The heat required for reducing iron oxide and melting slag and iron. b) The CO required to reduce iron oxide. 2.Physical – Provide adequate permeability within the burden so that a counter current movement of hot reducing gases and molten slag and iron is maintained. From the combustion point of view, coke is relatively inert and requires relatively high temperatures to initiate a reaction with oxygen that is sufficient to provide the heat necessary for reducing iron oxide and for melting slag and iron. To a good first approximation, this occurs in the immediate vicinity of the furnace tuyeres, where ambient or heated air (greater than 1000°C) reacts with hot coke to produce a temperature sufficient for furnace operation greater than 1400°C). Thus, to provide the maximum benefit as a fuel, the amount of contained carbon in the coke should be maximized and hence the ash content minimized. After taking this constraint into account, there are no limitations on coke as a fuel source other than the obvious criterion that the bulk of it survives the passage through the furnace at the tuyeres.
    [Show full text]
  • Compositions for Ceramic Cores Used in Investment Casting
    (19) TZZ¥_Z_T (11) EP 3 170 577 A1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION (43) Date of publication: (51) Int Cl.: 24.05.2017 Bulletin 2017/21 B22C 9/10 (2006.01) (21) Application number: 16199374.6 (22) Date of filing: 17.11.2016 (84) Designated Contracting States: • LEMAN, John Thomas AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB Niskayuna, NY 12309 (US) GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO • KU, Anthony Yu-Chung PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR Niskayuna, NY 12309 (US) Designated Extension States: • LI, Tao BA ME Evendale, OH 45215 (US) Designated Validation States: • POLLINGER, John Patrick MA MD Niskayuna, NY 12309 (US) (30) Priority: 19.11.2015 US 201514945602 (74) Representative: Pöpper, Evamaria General Electric Technology GmbH (71) Applicant: General Electric Company GE Corporate Intellectual Property Schenectady, NY 12345 (US) Brown Boveri Strasse 7 5400 Baden (CH) (72) Inventors: • YANG, Xi Alpha, OH 45301 (US) (54) COMPOSITIONS FOR CERAMIC CORES USED IN INVESTMENT CASTING (57) The present disclosure generally relates to a ce- body, but is largely unavailable for reaction with metal ramic core comprising predominantly mullite, which is alloys used in investment casting. Methods of making derived from a precursor comprising alumina particles cast metal articles are also disclosed. and siloxane binders. Free s ilica is present in the ceramic EP 3 170 577 A1 Printed by Jouve, 75001 PARIS (FR) EP 3 170 577 A1 Description TECHNICAL FIELD 5 [0001] The present disclosure generally relates to compositions for investment casting cores and methods for making them.
    [Show full text]
  • SOPRIN Flux Zinc Safety Data Sheet
    Flux Zinc Safety Data Sheet SECTION 1: Identification 1.1. Product identifier Product form : Mixture Product name : Flux Zinc 1.2. Recommended use and restrictions on use Smelting / deoxidizing agent for hot dip galvanizing kettles. 1.3. Supplier SOPRIN S.r.l. Via dell’Industria 106 31052 Maserada Sul Piave (TV) - Italy T (+39) 0422 521025 - F (+39) 0422 521060 [email protected] (Alessandro Padovan) 1.4. Emergency telephone number Emergency number : (+39) 0422 521025 SECTION 2: Hazard identification 2.1. Classification of the substance or mixture Classification (GHS-US/ CAN) Skin corrosion/irritation Category 2 H315 Serious eye damage/eye irritation Category 2 H319 Full text of H statements : see section 16 2.2. GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements GHS-US/CAN labeling Hazard pictograms : Signal word : Danger Hazard statements : H315 - Causes skin irritation H319 - Causes serious eye irritation Precautionary statements : P264 - Wash thoroughly after handling P280 - Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection P302+P352 - IF ON SKIN: Wash with plenty of water P305+P351+P338 - IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing P332+P313 - If skin irritation occurs: Get medical advice/attention P337+P313 - If eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention P362+P364 - Take off contaminated clothing and wash it before reuse 2.3. Other hazards No additional information available 2.4. Unknown acute toxicity (GHS-US/CAN) No data available SECTION 3: Composition/Information on ingredients 3.1. Substances Not applicable 3.2. Mixtures Name Product identifier % Classification (GHS-CA) GHS-US classification Ammonium chloride (CAS No) 12125-02-9 30 - 32.5 Acute Tox.
    [Show full text]