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Political Dynamics of Global Land Grabs: Exploring the Land-Labour Nexus on Ghana’S Eastern Corridor

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Political Dynamics of Global Land Grabs: Exploring the Land-Labour Nexus on Ghana’S Eastern Corridor POLITICAL DYNAMICS OF GLOBAL LAND GRABS: EXPLORING THE LAND-LABOUR NEXUS ON GHANA’S EASTERN CORRIDOR Adwoa Yeboah Gyapong This dissertation is part of the research programme of CERES, Research School for Resource Studies for Development. This dissertation benefitted from funding from the Ghana Edu- cation Trust Fund (GETFund). © Adwoa Yeboah Gyapong 2020 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval sys- tem, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, re- cording or otherwise, without the prior permission by the author. ISBN 978-90-6490-122-5 Political Dynamics of Global Land Grabs: Exploring the Land-Labour Nexus on Ghana’s Eastern Corridor De politieke dynamiek van wereldwijde landhandel: het dwarsverband tussen land en arbeid in Ghana Thesis to obtain the degree of Doctor from the Erasmus University Rotterdam by command of the Rector Magnificus Prof.dr. R.C.M.E. Engels and in accordance with the decision of the Doctorate Board The public defence shall be held on 9 December 2020 at 10.00 hrs by Adwoa Yeboah Gyapong born in Akwatia, Ghana Doctoral Committee Doctoral dissertation supervisors Prof. S.M. Borras Prof. M. Arsel Other members Prof. R. Hall, University of the Western Cape Prof. D. Tsikata, University of Ghana Dr A. Visser To my dear parents, Ama Ameyoo Fobi and Opanin Kwabena Owusu Gyapong for their unconditional love, hard work and support towards my education; and in memory of Dada Addo-Sem who believed in me. Contents ABSTRACT .............................................................................................. XVIII 1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background .............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Large-scale agriculture as the development pathway for africa? ...... 3 1.3 The land and labour questions in the land grab debate ..................... 7 1.4 Research questions and significance ................................................... 11 1.5 Analytical framework: an agrarian political economy approach ..... 13 1.5.1 Rural social class differentiation ....................................................... 14 1.5.2 Social reproduction ............................................................................ 22 1.5.3 A gendered political economy .......................................................... 23 1.5.4 The political economy of livelihoods .............................................. 27 1.5.5 Organized and everyday politics ...................................................... 30 1.5.6 State-society relations under pluralistic institutions ...................... 32 1.5.7 Land grabs and the competing governance tendencies ................ 33 1.6 Organization of thesis........................................................................... 36 Notes ................................................................................................................ 38 2 RESEARCH SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY ................................. 39 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 39 2.2 An overview of study design: mixed methods .................................. 39 2.3 The study area: Nkwanta South Municipality Ghana ...................... 40 2.4 The ‘SGSOG-Herakles-Volta Red’ concession ................................ 42 2.5 Data from existing literature ................................................................ 42 2.6 Primary data gathering .......................................................................... 43 2.6.1 Planning the data collection ............................................................. 43 2.6.2 Survey ................................................................................................. 44 2.6.3 In-depth interviews ............................................................................ 44 2.6.4 Life histories and stories ................................................................... 44 vi Contents vii 2.6.5 Observations ...................................................................................... 45 2.6.6 Focus Group Discussion (FGDS) ..................................................... 46 2.7 Sampling ................................................................................................. 47 2.8 Data processing and analysis ............................................................... 49 2.9 Ethical consideration ............................................................................ 49 2.10 Strategizing around limitations ............................................................ 50 2.11 Positionality and methodological reflections .................................... 52 Notes ................................................................................................................ 54 3 AGRICULTURAL POLICY, FARMING SYSTEMS, AND FOOD POLITICS IN GHANA ............................................................................... 55 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 55 3.2 Plantations and commercial agriculture under colonial administration: impacts on land and labour ................................................ 55 3.3 Agricultural policies at independence: 1957-1999 ............................ 59 3.4 Post-2000: invest in, industrialize, and modernize agriculture ....... 61 3.4.1 Making Ghana and attractive investment destination in Africa .. 61 3.4.2 Boosting national food self-sufficiency, promoting cash crops and creating jobs ..................................................................................................... 65 3.5 Labour and the organization of family farming in Ghana .............. 68 3.6 Farmland tenure systems ...................................................................... 71 3.7 The scope of contemporary corporate land deals in Ghana ........... 73 3.8 Civil society and land grab politics in Ghana .................................... 74 3.9 Chapter conclusion ............................................................................... 77 Notes ................................................................................................................ 79 4 CLASS, GENDER AND THE POLITICS OF LAND ACCESS AND EXCLUSION ...................................................................................... 81 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 81 4.2 Chieftaincy and relative authority over land among the Ntrubos ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 4.3 Family land tenure among the ntrubos ..... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 4.4 Small-scale farming and modes of production .................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 4.4.1 Family farms and family labour.............. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 4.4.2 Sharecropping ....................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. Political Dynamics of Global Land Grabs 4.4.3 Wage labour on family farms ................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 4.4.4 Mutual support schemes ..... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 4.5 The ‘SGSOG-Herakles-Volta Red’ land deal ....................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 4.5.1 Leasing of the Ntrubo family lands to SGSOG-Herakles Farm ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 4.5.2 From Herakles to Volta Red farms……………………………………... 94 4.6 Formalizing spatial boundaries .......... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 4.7 Dispossession and alternative lands: generational and land-based class dynamics..................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 4.7.1 Within the affected Ntrubo families ……………………………….……. 97 4.7.2 Among migrants, settlers, and sharecropping families ……………. 102 4.7 Effects on women’s food access ....... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 4.8 Compensation and the institutionalization of exclusion ....... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 4.9 Rent and the reconfiguration of power and entitlements...... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 4.10 Chapter conclusions ............................................................................... 81 Notes ................................................................................................................ 82 5 LABOUR INCORPORATION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR FAMILY FARMING..................................................................................... 83 5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 83 5.2 The peasant farmworkers and their attachment to land .................. 83 5.3 Class and demographic characteristics of farmworkers ................... 86 5.4 A gendered division of labour ............................................................. 90 5.5 Precarious labour and the ‘weakening’ bodies .................................. 91 5.5.1 Casualization ....................................................................................... 91 5.5.2 Income insecurity and disparities ..................................................... 94 5.5.3 Health care and wellbeing insecurity ............................................... 97 5.6 Labour competition between plantation and family farms ........... 101 5.6.1 The seasonality and task-specificity of own labour demands .... 101 5.6.2 The family labour dynamics............................................................ 103 5.6.3 Wage labour: ‘I will farm with money’ .......................................... 105 5.6.4
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