Portable Personal Digital Music Devices

S® Training Manual

Theory or Operation and Circuit Description

Course: A-123 Table of Contents

Introduction 1 How is this done? 11 Product Line-Up 1 How it is used 14 Memory Stick Walkman (NW-MS7) 1 ATRAC3 Bit Rate and Recording Times 14 VAIO Music Clip (MC-P10) 1 Copy Protection 15 Memory Stock Digital Voice Recorder (ICD-MS1) 3 Introduction 15 Network Walkman (NW-E3) 3 Secure Digital Music Initiative (SDMI) 15 Memory Sticks 3 MagicGate 15 Memory Stick Adapters 5 OpenMG 15 PC and System Requirements 5 Authentication 17 Memory Stick Technology 7 Music Track Data Encryption (ATRAC3) 17 Introduction 7 OpenMG Jukebox Application 19 Features of Memory Sticks 7 Basic Operation of OpenMG Jukebox Aplication 19 Memory Stick Management 7 Using the OpenMG Jukebox Application 23 File Structure 7 Importing Audio Data to the OpenMG Jukebox 28 Electronic Music Data 9 The Check-Out/Check-In Process 29 Introduction 9 Operation during ATRAC3 Data Read - Playback 39 Ripping CDs 9 Universal Serial Bus 41 Electronic Music Distribution (EMD) 9 Introduction to USB 41 MP3 and WAV files 9 USB Advantages 41 ATRAC3 11 Topology of USB 41 Introduction 11 Types of USB Connectors 43 How it works 11 USB Icon 43 Electrical Characteristics of USB 45 USB Data Transfer Speed 45 USB Data Transfer Systems 47 MS Walkman Overall Block (Data) 49 Overview 49 Microprocessor Interface 49 Writing data to the MG Memory Stick 49 Operation During Playback 49 Real Time Clock 51 EEPROM 51 1 • Plays back in ATRAC3 format and supports MP3 and other audio Introduction formats. • Connects to USB port for high speed data transfer. This course covers technology related to Sony’s new portable music de- • Built-in Rechargeable lithium Ion Battery. vices, such as the Memory Stick Walkman, VAIO Music Clip and Network VAIO Music Clip (MC-P10) Walkman along with other related devices. The general areas that will be covered are: The MC-P10 VAIO Music Clip (Fig. 3) is a portable audio player with 64MB Flash RAM built-in. Like the Memory Stick Walkman the Music • Memory Sticks and related adaptors Clip is a play-only device which plays music tracks (ATRAC3 format) cre- • Magic Gate and OpenMG copy protection ated with the OpenMG Jukebox application. • ATRAC3 Sound compression technology Features: • Universal Serial Bus Technology • SDMI Compliant – Complies with Secure Digital Music Initiative, • Electronic Music Downloads protecting music copyrights. • • OpenMG Jukebox Operation 64MB built-in Flash Memory which provides up to two hours of music playback. • Data paths from the Memory Stick Walkman will be discussed. • Up to five hours of continuous music playback on 1 AA battery. • USB port for PC interface and supplying external power. • Transfer CD recordings and Internet downloads to and from a PC Product Line-Up using the OpenMG Jukebox Music Management software provided. • Plays back in ATRAC3 and supports MP3 and other audio formats. Memory Stick Walkman (NW-MS7) • Lightweight – 1.68 ounces including battery. • Skip-Proof Design – No moving parts. The NW-MS7 Memory Stick Walkman (Fig. 1) is a portable audio player that employs the MagicGate type Memory Stick (Fig. 2) as the recording media. This Walkman is a play-only device that cannot record audio signals by itself. Music tracks in the form of ATRAC3 data are created by the OpenMG Jukebox application. A personal computer and the application software are required to produce sound sources for the Walkman. Features: • SDMI Compliant – Complies with Secure Digital Music Initiative, protecting music copyrights. • Removable 64MB MagicGate Memory Stick which provides up to 120 minutes of music. • Transfer CD recordings and Internet downloads to and from a PC using the OpenMG Jukebox Music Management software provided. • Skip-Proof Design – No moving parts. Fig. 3 VAIO Music Clip MC-C10

Fig. 2 Magic Gate Memory Stick MSG-64A

Fig. 1 Memory Stick Walkman NW-MS7 FIGURES 1, 2 & 3

2 3 Memory Stick Digital Voice Recorder (ICD-MS1) Network Walkman (NW-E3) The ICD-MS1 Memory Stick Digital Voice Recorder (Fig. 4) records dicta- The NW-E3 Network Walkman (Fig. 5) is similar to the Music Clip, only tion (or any audio) on any type Memory Stick removable media. This smaller. It incorporates the same 64MB internal RAM and OpenMG Juke- portable data (on MS) can easily be removed, allowing for easy distribu- box Music Management software. Power is supplied by one AAA size tion for processing. Using available Memory Stick adapters, dictation data battery. A dedicated USB cable is used to connect the portable device to can easily be transferred to any PC. a computer. Features: • Recording time: 63 min (SP)/131 min (LP) using a 16MB MS. • Up to 965 messages in 340 file folders. • High quality sound: 11Khz (SP) or 8Khz (LP). • Compatible with Voice to Print Software programs. • Built in mic with Hi/Lo sensitivity, digital VOR and a 36mm speaker. • Playback edit function and playback speed control Fig. 5 Network Walkman NW-E3

Memory Sticks There are several types of Memory Sticks (MS). The Standard purple (Fig. 6) and the white MagicGate (Fig. 7) sticks are the most common types today. A third type tentatively scheduled for release this year is called the Memory Stick Duo. The main difference between these Memory Sticks is that the MagicGate version incorporates MagicGate copyright copy protection. The MagicGate Fig. 4 Voice Recorder version is compatible with any device incorporating Memory Stick tech- ICD-MS1 nology, whereas the Standard type will not work in devices that require copy protection, such as the Memory Stick Walkman. The Duo will be similar to the Standard MS, but even smaller. It will be about half the physical size of the current sticks, but will still hold the same amount of data. They are expected to be used in products that require an even smaller size stick such as a cell phone or headphone. The Duo will come with an adapter, which will allow it to be used with older MS products that require a larger physical size stick. Memory Sticks currently come in several memory sizes from 4MB up to 64MB. A 128MB size version is due out soon. Figure 7 Figure 6 Magic Gate Memory Standard Memory Stick Stick

Figures 6 & 7

4 5 Memory Stick Adapters • Sound Card for audio playback through PC. • USB Port (necessary for interfacing the Walkman to the PC). In order to allow the user to access the data on their Memory Sticks, Sony • Windows98 (application will only run in this version of Windows). has produced several adapters to interface Memory Sticks with PC’s. • SVGA monitor running at 800 x 600 dpi (minimum) and 16-bit color Currently there are adapters for the Floppy Drive (Fig. 8), PCMCIA PC (High Color). Card slot (Fig. 9), Parallel Port (Fig. 10), USB Port (MSAC-US1 - Fig. • Internet connection if Internet music distribution service is to be 10A) and the Serial Port (MSAC-SR1 not shown). used. The importance of supplying these adapters is that the user can connect Windows95 cannot be used with this application because it does not have a MS to any available port on their computer and their computer does not driver support from Microsoft for the USB port. Even though a PC may need to be MS compatible to take advantage of the technology. have a USB port, if it is not running Windows98 the port is not active. PC and System Requirements USB driver support was not provided by Microsoft until the Windows98 version release. The OpenMG Jukebox application comes with its own The minimum requirements to interface with devices such as the Memory USB drivers, but they will not work in Windows95. Stick Walkman or MusicClip using the OpenMG Jukebox application software are: • IBM PC/AT compatible personal computer (the application does not run on a Mac). • Pentium MMX 233MHz or higher CPU (PII 400MHz or higher recommended). • 15MB or more of hard drive space (as additional music data is added more hard drive space will be needed). • 64MB or more of RAM. • CD-ROM drive (used for installing the OpenMG Jukebox application software and for creating ATRAC3 data from CDs). Fig. 10 Parallel Port Adaptor Fig 8. Floppy Drive Adaptor MSAC-PRI MSAC-FD2

Fig. 9 PCMCIA Slot Adaptor Fig. 10A USB Port Adaptor MSAC-PC2 MSAC-US1 Figures 8, 9, 10 & 10A

6 7 Memory Stick Technology Memory Stick File Management The Memory Stick is intended mainly for audio-visual applications, such Introduction as still pictures, animation, audio and music. Since these audio-visual applications usually have large data files, the minimum data handled by As the price of semiconductor memory devices has plunged in recent the Memory Stick is from 8 kbytes to 16 kbytes. This reduces the com- years, semiconductor recording media have rapidly become popular. Sony plexity of file management. therefore has developed a compact IC recording media, called “Memory A File Allocation Table (FAT) is used as the file management system, Stick” to utilize a semiconductor media for various equipment, particularly which is the same as the standard used in PC hard drives and floppy audio/video equipment. drives. The FAT stores information about the physical location of each Features of Memory Sticks file stored on the Stick. This is similar to a book’s table of contents. Memory Sticks come in various sizes. The Standard stick is currently For example, when you delete a file on a PC, the Disk Operating System available from 4MB up to 64MB with a 128MB version coming out in the (DOS) simply changes the FAT to mark the memory locations that the near future. The MagicGate Memory Stick currently only comes in 32MB file’s data occupied as vacant. The file’s directory (table of contents) is and 64MB versions. A 128MB MagicGate version is also expected soon. similarly updated. This actually speeds up the access because only the Other Memory Stick features are: table of contents (FAT) is changed instead of all the data. • They are small, light and thin (about the size of a ½ stick of gum). Using a FAT system in the Memory Stick greatly shortens the time re- • They are easy to carry and handle. quired for searching files, consequently speeding up the data transfer • A rugged 10-pin connector ensures foolproof insertion, easy removal process. and reliable connection. The 10 contact pins are protected (recessed) File Structure when not in use. Since Memory Sticks can be used for multiple purposes, the file formats • A Built-in Erasure Prevention Switch helps prevent stored data from for each purpose are specific. The file formats for each application is being erased accidentally. specified and the folder control is also specified so that Memory Stick In order to reduce the number of connector pins and ensure high reliabil- compatibility between different equipment is maintained. ity of the connector itself, a serial type interface is used by Memory Stick instead of a parallel interface that is used in conventional memory cards. When a Memory Stick is formatted (initialized), the ROOT directory is created. It is important that a Memory Stick is formatted in a Memory Model Number Size (MB) Magic Gate Price (MSRP) Stick product. Formatting in a PC does not set up the stick properly for MSA-4A 4 No Discontinued use in Memory Stick products and therefor may not be readable. MSA-8A 8 No$ 29.95 Under the ROOT directory, the memstick.ind file is created. This file is MSA-16A 16 No$ 49.95 normally empty (0 kbytes) and is used to identify the device as a Memory MSA-32A 32 No$ 79.95 Stick. MSA-64A 64 No$ 139.95 MSG-32A 32 Yes$ 99.95 MSG-64A 64 Yes$ 159.95 Prices as of 4/1/00 Depending on what type of data (pictures, music, voice, etc.) is placed on • Control folder – Memory Sticks offer new forms of entertainment by the stick, separate folders will be created by the recording device (cam- connecting a PC to audio-visual equipment. It is because of this flex- era, Walkman, voice recorder, etc.) to hold this data. The various folders ibility that additional information is necessary to enable the various are: types of data used by different audio-visual equipment and the PC to function together. For example, the still picture recording function of a digital still camera can have a function added for recording audio com- ments recorded by an MS Voice Recorder in the future. As of December 1999, the folder “CONTROL” is created under the ROOT directory when mutual authentication between application software such as OpenMG Jukebox and the NW-MS7 are performed. The file “Name.msf” is created and stored in the CONTROL folder. OpenMG Jukebox has a function for naming the portable equipment to which it is connected. When a device is named, the “Name.msf” file is updated. • MSSONY folder – Unique Sony files are stored in this folder. Cur- • DCIM folder – JPEG files created using a digital camera such as a rently it is used by Sony’s “ABIO” robot. Sony CyberShot are stored in this folder. • HiFi folder – When music tracks are to be recorded in a Memory Stick using equipment such as the Memory Stick Walkman, the folder “HiFi” is created under the ROOT directory. Music files are stored in the HiFi folder. • Voice folder – When a voice file is created by a Memory Stick recording device such as the ICD-MS1, the folder “VOICE” is created under the ROOT. The Voice files are stored in the VOICE folder. When a formatted MS is inserted in an ICD-MS1, the VOICE folder is automatically created even without recording voice files. At the same time the VOICE folder is created, the device also creates three more folders under the VOICE folder.

8 9 After installing the OpenMG application (and rebooting the PC), an icon Electronic Music Data named “OpenMG(name of the device)Registration” will appear on the desktop. The name of the device will change depending on which model Introduction (Memory Stick Walkman or Music Clip) is being used. Double clicking on Before we can look at how music data is handled by some of these prod- this icon will start the customer registration for this project and begin the ucts or by the OpenMG Jukebox, we need to first understand where the installation process of the EMD services. The EMD installation process music data comes from. Music data can come from several sources. It will install necessary files and programs onto the PC to enable the PC to can come from a CD (ripping) or be downloaded from the Internet in the access EMD services. form of Electronic Music Distribution (EMD) or as MP3 or WAV files. Liq- Once the EMD software is downloaded and installed on the computer, uid Audio Files can also be used in the OpenMG Jukebox, but additional this service can be accessed again by simply clicking on the Internet con- software is necessary. nection icon in the OpenMG Jukebox application. Once the user accesses In order to transfer music data between the PC and the portable device, the EMD service, they can purchase and download music directly into the the OpenMG Jukebox application must be used. The OpenMG software OpenMG jukebox. These downloaded music files can then be played is responsible for managing copy protection, converting the various mu- back (listened to) via the PC or uploaded (checked out) to the portable sic data formats to ATRAC3 and organizing the music data stored on the device such as the MS Walkman. PC’s hard drive. It is also responsible for keeping track of the music data MP3 and WAV files which has been “checked-out” to the portable device. A more detailed WAV files were designed by Microsoft to play short snippets of sound on explanation of how the OpenMG Jukebox functions and ATRAC3 will be any audio-enabled computer. Since the introduction of Windows 3.1, WAV discussed later. has been the native format for sound within the Windows environment. Ripping CDs As a result, WAV files are available all over the Internet and almost every The simplest way to get music data into the OpenMG Jukebox is to copy Web browser has built-in WAV playback support. it from a CD. This is known as ripping a CD. A music CD is placed in the The WAV format is very basic. Unlike other compressed formats such as PC’s CD ROM drive. The OpenMG software is used to read the CD and ATRAC3 or MP3, WAVs are just digitized sound samples. They are bulky, transfer the data from the CD to the PC’s hard drive. As the data is but simple and any computer can play them. transferred to the hard drive, it is compressed and encoded in ATRAC3 MP3 is the abbreviation of “MPEG-1 Audio Layer3”. This is a compres- format. sion format that uses the audio layer of MPEG1 as specified by the Mov- Electronic Music Distribution (EMD) ing Picture Expert Group (MPEG), which is a working group of the Inter- national Standardization Organization (ISO). Audio data can be com- Electronic Music Distribution, or EMD, are services that distribute digital pressed to about 1/10th its original size using MP3. Because the MP3 audio contents via the Internet. In order to use EMD with the OpenMG encoding algorithm has been made available to the public, many MP3 application. the following conditions are required: players can be found on the market and a wide range of software is avail- • Internet access via a PC (access provided by an Internet service pro- able. vider or ISP). Although both formats sound fine, the differences between the two file • Several programs need to be downloaded from the EMD service (e.g., formats are quite profound. WAVs are much bulkier than MP3s, but re- EMD key installer). quire no additional software to play. MP3s require special players. The • Registration with the EMD service provider. MP3 format is better suited for swapping music over the Internet, while WAV files work better for audio enhanced Web sites. NOTES

10 11 ATRAC3

RANGE Introduction LOUD INAUDIBLE Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding (ATRAC) was developed in response TO HUMANS to the need for a technology that could compress and make music data more compact. This technology was first utilized in MiniDiscs, which compress CD data by a ratio of 5 to 1. Further improvements have been VOLUME made to the ATRAC technology since its inception. ATRAC3 is the latest LEVEL incarnation of music compression technology and is being used in products such as the Memory Stick Walkman. ATRAC3 can now compress CD music data by a ratio of 10 to 1 while retaining the sound quality of a CD.

How it works SOFT 20kHz When two sounds of different frequencies are played at different volumes, 20Hz FREQUENCY a louder sound can completely hide a quieter one. Up until now, record- LOW HIGH ing devices picked up both noises, leaving in hidden audio that used up valuable recording space. ATRAC technology records only the sound LOUD frequencies that the human ear is most sensitive to, not unwanted feed- back and chatter that may be hidden by the louder, but similar, sounds. How is this done? VOLUME The ATRAC3 system is based on complex mathematical and psycho- LEVEL acoustical methods. Many complex manipulations are performed in connection with one another to achieve the compressed data. First, we need to look at what the psycho-acoustical phenomenon is. The sensitivity of the human ear is not equal over the normal hearing range (20Hz to 20kHz). One sound at a given frequency and a given level can SOFT be perceived by the human ear, whereas another sound at another frequency but with the same level, may not be perceived by our hearing FIGURE 12 system. How our ears interpret the sound depends on its frequency and the sensitivity of our hearing system to that sound. This phenomenon can be observed in figure 12. For each frequency, our hearing system has a certain threshold. Any sound below this threshold can be deleted. This phenomenon has been known for a long time and has been tested ATRAC3 also improves the efficiency of the compression method by sepa- for many years. These thresholds may vary from person to person but rating patterns before compression. Sound waves make discrete pat- because they have been tested for so long, they are considered to be the terns of tonal components and other components which can be sepa- ideal averages. rated. See Figure 14. The psycho-acoustical process in itself allows a great amount of data to Separating these patterns before compression makes the process more be removed, but there are still more processes at work. As with all com- efficient allowing for higher audio quality. pression technologies, the conventional process of replacing repetitive For more information on the ATRAC process please see the MiniDisc numeric patterns with shorter markers is also used in ATRAC3. Figure 13 Basics Course (MO-1). This type of compression is based on the same technology used when a computer file is “zipped” or “compressed”. During this encoding step, repetitive patterns of “ones” and “zeros” are removed and replaced with shorter markers. This process is also responsible for cutting down a lot of data volume.

Repeating Pattern

. . . 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 . . .

. . . 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 . . .

Marker

Pattern "1000" is replaced with Marker "10"

Figure 13

12 13

PATTERN "A" HIGH

VOLUME B B B LEVEL

A A A

LOW

PATTERN "B" FREQUENCY HIGH

PATTERN "A" PATTERN "B"

SEPARATED B PATTERNS

FIGURE 14 14A123 1253 8/10/00 How is it used ATRAC3 Bit Rate and Recording Times ATRAC3 sound compression technology allows the Memory Stick to hold The Memory Stick Walkman supports variable bit rates. Three bit rates a remarkable amount of data. The data volume is 10 times less than that (Table 2) offer added control over recording time and sound quality. A of a CD, while still providing excellent sound quality. Using ATRAC3 com- higher bit rate provides for higher sound quality with a reduction in total pression, about 80 minutes of high-quality stereo sound can be recorded recording time. on a 64MB Magic Gate Memory Stick in standard mode. Other modes allow for a maximum of 120 minutes of recording time on the same size Bit Rate Recording Time Sound stick. (kbps) (64MB) quality By installing the OpenMG software (which is supplied with the Memory 66 Approx. 120 min. Good Stick Walkman) on a PC, music data can be converted to ATRAC3 from a 105 Approx. 80 min. Better variety of formats. These formats include MP3, WAV, Electronic Music 135 Approx. 60 min. Best Distributions via the Internet and music tracks “ripped” or copied from Table 2 CDs. The converted data can then be played back on the Memory Stick Walkman or similar device. Note: ATRAC3 compressed music data can only be played back on devices that have ATRAC3 decoding capabilities. MP3 players for example are not capable of decoding ATRAC3 encoded data.

14 15 network. Because OpenMG technology supports MagicGate, digital mu- Copy Protection sic content can be recorded to portable equipment and media (such as MS Walkman and MG Memory Stick) that are authenticated as the de- Introduction vices in which MagicGate is installed. The OpenMG software application Music copyrights, as with any other form of protected intellectual prop- is responsible for managing all copyright protected data which is stored erty, must be respected. This is especially true with music data trans- on a PC. ferred over the Internet. In order to achieve full compliance with these There are several limitations on the use of the OpenMG Jukebox soft- copyright laws and with Secure Digital Music Initiative (SDMI) specifica- ware application: tions, Sony has created MagicGate and OpenMG technology. • Music tracks that have been saved on the hard disk using OpenMG Secure Digital Music Initiative (SDMI) Jukebox must be played back on the same PC. These tracks cannot be copied to another PC’s hard drive once they have been encrypted The Secure Digital Music Initiative was established in December 1998 by by the OpenMG application. a group of about 130 companies in the fields of recorded audio content, • A single copy of OpenMG Jukebox cannot be installed on more than computers and consumer electronics. SDMI aims to protect the copy- one PC. Each copy of the OpenMG Jukebox application which is rights of digital music and to develop a unified system of copyright protec- supplied with the portable device (e.g. Memory Stick Walkman) has a tion technology that can be commonly used all over the world. software key or CD key. This key or code is necessary to install the SDMI is working to create a framework for preventing improper usage of application and allow it to run. audio files and to promote legal music distribution services. The copy- • When there are usage rules attached to a specific music track by the right protection technologies MagicGate and OpenMG are based on the copyright holder or content provider regarding conditions of use of SDMI standard. that track, only those operations that are specified by such rules can MagicGate be performed. For example, in the case of music data from a CD that has no usage rules, only operations which conform to the default us- MagicGate (MG) technology supports copyright protection between de- age rules of SDMI are possible. In this case, the default usage rule is vices such as the Memory Stick Walkman and MagicGate Memory Sticks. that check-out can be performed only three times for each music track IC chips in both the MS Walkman and MG Memory Stick are used to on the CD. provide the encryption and decryption of data transferred between the • The OpenMG application cannot handle music data that contains a devices. This data encryption alters the data signal so that it can only be copy protection signal in accordance with the SDMI agreement. For read by a device equipped with the proper decryption technology. More example, if an attempt is made to read music data that was recorded information about this process will be discussed during the data transfer by a DVD audio system, the OpenMG Jukebox will detect the copy- (check-in/out) section. protection signal and a warning message may appear, stating that the OpenMG music data cannot be handled. Future upgrading of the OpenMG Jukebox application is possible. The OpenMG technology supports copyright protection of music content from application software is manufactured in accordance with the present agree- such sources as Electronic Music Distribution and Audio CDs which are ment of SDMI. If the SDMI specification is modified in the future, some then stored on a PC. The OpenMG Jukebox application software is in- part of the OpenMG application may become unusable. If this should stalled on a PC and is used to encrypt the digital music content as it is happen, upgrades for the application will be made available. It is possible recorded on a hard drive. Music content can then be played back on the that these upgrades may be charged for depending on the actual changes. PC, but it is prevented from being distributed or transmitted across a NOTES

16 17 Authentication Music Track Data Encryption (ATRAC3) Authentication is the process which ensures that only SDMI-Compliant As discussed earlier, the OpenMG jukebox application is responsible for components can exchange data. This process checks to make sure that creating music tracks (ATRAC3 data). When the OpenMG application the devices being used for data transfer conform to the OpenMG or creates ATRAC3 data from a CD or other media, it encrypts the ATRAC3 MagicGate specifications. If the authentication fails, transfer of music data in the following order and records it onto the computers hard disk. data and playback of music data are disabled. Refer to figure 15. Application software such as OpenMG jukebox or a portable device such 1. A “contents key” is created by the OpenMG Jukebox application. as the MS Walkman, which each contain the OpenMG and MagicGate 2. OpenMG encrypts the ATRAC3 data using the contents key. copyright protection technologies, contain a built-in key. This key is called 3. An “OpenMG Storage Key” is created which is used to encrypt the a “Session key”. These session keys are exchanged by the devices and contents key created in step 1. application software to determine whether they conform to the OpenMG 4. The encrypted “contents key” is recorded in the header portion of the or MagicGate specifications. encrypted ATRAC3 data and also recorded on the PC’s hard disk. The authentication process may be done several times depending on the This encryption process of creating a contents key and OpenMG Storage actual applications. For example, in the case of the MS Walkman which Key is performed for each music track (song). has removable media and the OpenMG jukebox application, several session keys will be used. See Figure 14A. Session keys need to be exchanged between the OpenMG jukebox and the MS Walkman, and then between the MS Walkman and the MG Memory Stick. If a standard Memory Stick (purple) were put in the MS Walkman, no session keys would be exchanged because the standard stick does not have copy protection and no music data will be exchanged.

Computer with OpenMG Magic Gate Jukebox Memory Stick Application installed

Session Key 1 Session Key 2

Figure 14A Creation of Session Keys during Authentication 4 Header Figure 15: Creation OMG-Storage of ATRAC3 data and Contents Recording on the Hard Disk by the Keys created by 1 OpenMG Jukebox OpenMG Jukebox Contents

OMG-Storage

2 Contents Contents

3 OMG-Storage

Contents Music Contents Music Contents (ATRAC3 Data) (ATRAC3 Data) OMG Storage Key encrypts Contents Key encrypts Contents Key Encrypted Contents Key is recorded ATRAC3 data in the header portion of the encrypted ATRAC3 data

8/10/00

18 19 4. Integrated control of Music Data – Allows manipulation of ATRAC3 OpenMG Jukebox Application data stored in the Jukebox. The user can create custom albums using the “My Select” function for creating a compilation album of favor- All music data, regardless of its source, is encrypted and controlled by the ite tracks. Also, the filter function can be used to play tracks such as OpenMG Jukebox Application. This application is responsible for man- “Songs Not Played Yet” or “Songs Played Yesterday”. Approximately aging the data stored on the PC’s hard drive. In addition, the transferring 20 different filters are available. (check-in/check-out) of music data to and from the portable device is man- 5. Playback of Music Tracks stored on the PC – The OpenMG Juke- aged by the OpenMG Jukebox. (Note: All explanations are based on box Application allows the user to play back ATRAC3 music tracks, version 1.2 of the OpenMG Jukebox.) which are stored on the PC’s hard drive directly through the PC’s Basic Operation of OpenMG Jukebox Application audio system without the use of a portable device. The PC must have audio capabilities (sound card, speakers, headphone, etc.) to play Main functions of the OpenMG Jukebox Application are: back music. 1. Creation of ATRAC3 data – All music data is converted to ATRAC3 6. Title Entry function – User can enter the album, track and artist format regardless of its original source. Using the application soft- names. Titles cannot be entered on the PD but can be viewed on the ware, OpenMG Jukebox, the ATRAC3 data can be created in the PD’s display. Therefore, this information needs to be entered using following three ways: the OpenMG Jukebox software application. Having this information • Music programs can be recorded (compressed by the sound com- entered also makes keeping track of music data on the PC’s hard pression technology of ATRAC3) from music CDs using a CD- drive easier. ROM drive that is connected to the PC. CD track titles can also be automatically entered when the CD is re- • Music programs can be downloaded from music distribution ser- corded by downloading the information via a connection to the “Com- vices using the Internet (Electronic Music Distribution). pact Disc Database” (WWW.CDDB.COM) on the Internet. The • Existing music files in MP3 and WAV formats can be converted to OpenMG application will handle this automatically if access to the ATRAC3 format. Internet (ISP account) has been set up. The CDDB database is an 2. Check-out and Check-in – The application software can transfer the Internet site which maintains a database of Table of Contents (TOC) created ATRAC3 data to a portable device (PD) such as a Memory from a large number of CDs. The OpenMG application provides the Stick Walkman. This transfer operation is called “check-out”. The number of tracks and length of each (via the Internet connection) to reverse operation of returning the data from the PD to the PC’s hard the CDDB website. This information is compared to all the TOC’s in drive is called “check-in”. The OpenMG application is also respon- their database. If a match is found, it is downloaded to the OpenMG sible for managing the number of check-outs and check-ins made by application. the user. 7. CD-EXTRA support – When a CD-EXTRA type CD is recorded using 3. Selection of recording modes – Three different recording modes the jukebox application, various data such as album name, track name having different bit-rates can be selected using the OpenMG Jukebox and artist name are automatically read from the CD and entered in the application. The user has the option to choose 66, 105 or 132 kilobit/ jukebox. CD-TEXT type CD’s are not supported by the OpenMG sec (kbps) bit rates which offer added control over recording time and application at this time. sound quality. A higher bit rate provides for higher sound quality with a reduction in total recording time. Installing the OpenMG Application tion portion of the Electronic Music Data section of this manual for more Each Sony portable device comes with its own version of the OpenMG details on EMD. Jukebox application. It is necessary for the user to install the application Connecting the Portable Device to the PC onto their PC so that they can use the portable device. The application Note: Each portable device (i.e. Memory Stick Walkman, Music Clip, etc.) installs drivers to the PC which are required so that the portable device will vary slightly in hook-up. These differences may be seen in memory and the PC can communicate. The software should be installed before type (removable or non-removable), power connections (AC adaptor or the portable device is hooked up to the PC. power supplied through USB cable) or operation of the PD itself. The Multiple portable devices of the same type (i.e. Memory Stick Walkman) operation of the OpenMG Jukebox is the same for all. Refer to the own- can be used with the same OpenMG application. If more than one type of ers manual of the specific model for exact instructions. The NW-MS7 portable device such as a Memory Stick Walkman and Music Clip are Memory Stick Walkman will be discussed here. going to be used with the same PC, then a separate copy of each applica- A portable device such as the Memory Stick Walkman must be connected tion needs to be installed. to the computer via a Universal Serial Port (USB). To connect the PD, a The installation process will recognize that another copy of OpenMG Juke- MG Memory Stick must first be inserted into the PD. Then the DC/USB box is already installed for another PD and only install the necessary soft- adaptor needs to be connected to the PD. The DC/USB adaptor pro- ware components for the new PD. This way the user only sees one copy vides connections for the DC jack and USB cable. Refer to figure 16. of the application and is able to share music data between the various portable devices they may own. The application itself recognizes which portable device is connected and responds accordingly. Only one PD should be connected to a PC at one time. The portable device comes with a CD-ROM which is placed into the CD- ROM drive of the computer. The Setup program should start automatically and requires little customer interaction. If the Setup program does not start automatically then double-click on “setup.exe” located on the Figure 16 Memory Stick Walkman Hook-up CD-ROM. A CD key is required to be entered during the installation process and can be found written on the CD-ROM jewel case. Once the installation is complete the computer needs to be rebooted so that the new drivers can be recognized by the Windows98 operating sys- Ensure that the computer is turned on and has completed its boot up tem. process before connecting the supplied USB cable (or PD) to the Registering the OpenMG Jukebox Application computer’s USB port. After the USB cable has been connected to the When the computer is restarted after installing the software, the computer and PD’s DC/USB adaptor, “PC CONNECT” should appear in “OpenMG(name of PD)Registration” icon will appear on the desktop. The the display. user should make sure that they can connect to the Internet, then double- Unlike the Music Clip, the Memory Stick Walkman does not receive power click on this icon to start the customer registration for the portable device from the USB port so the AC adaptor must be connected or the battery and for the EMD services. Registering the software is important so that will drain quickly. When the PD is connected to the PC, the PD remains in future updates can be made available to the user and to ensure that they the full “ON” state and does not shut down when idle, causing the battery have access to EMD services. Please see the Electronic Music Distribu- 20 21 to be continuously drained. Therefore, it is necessary to have the PD connected to AC power when connected to the computer. When connecting a portable device such as the Memory Stick Walkman to a computer for the first time, the USB driver Installer window appears. The onscreen instructions in the Installer window should be followed to complete the installation of the USB drivers. These drivers are different from the ones provided with Windows98 and are necessary for the PD to function with the PC. Some other things to keep in mind when using a portable device with a computer are: • Do not connect more than two USB devices to the computer. Normal operation will not be guaranteed. • Using a PD with a USB hub or USB extension cable is not guaranteed. • A malfunction may occur depending on the USB devices connected at any one time. NOTES

22 23 Using the OpenMG Jukebox Application 14. List Titles – Lists the songs in the selected album. Songs can be sorted by Title, Artist, Genre, Length, Recorded Time, CD Track #, Once the portable device is connected to the computer, the OpenMG Check Out Remaining, Format, Bit Rate or File Size. Which items are Jukebox application can be started. The PD can be connected or discon- displayed (and their order) is controlled using “Album Details” tab in nected with the application running, but it is recommended to do so be- the “Option” dialog box selected from “File/Settings” pull-down. fore the application is started. Also, the OpenMG Jukebox application can be set to open automatically when the computer recognizes that a 15. Song Column – Displays the songs included in the selected album. portable device has been connected. The marks preceding the song number denote the remaining Check Out count. Figure 18. The Basic OpenMG Display Referring to figure 17, the OpenMG Jukebox main screen can be seen. The major components of this screen are: : 4 or more 1. Recorder – Starts the OpenMG Recorder. Used to record audio from a CD to the Jukebox. : 3 2. Internet – Accesses the Web site for the EMD service supporting : 2 OpenMG. 3. Portable Player – Opens the portable player (PD) window. The PD : 1 must be connected to the computer for this button to operate. Some : 0 (cannot check out) computers may automatically open the portable player window when a proper PD is connected to the computer. Figure 18 4. Edit My Select – Opens My Select screen. The My Select screen is used to create custom albums. 16. Menu Bar – OpenMG Jukebox menu 5. Shuffle indicator – Displays shuffle play status. Click here to display 17. Others – Displays a jacket image (if available), level meter or equal- the short-cut menu and to select Shuffle On/Off. izer when song is playing. 6. Repeat indicator – Displays the repeat play status. Click here to 18. Simple mode switch – Switches the OpenMG Jukebox to Simple display the short-cut menu and to select the repeat play mode. mode. The Simple mode converts the Jukebox to a player only This 7. Volume indicator – Displays the current volume level. Click this to is useful when just playing back songs and using other software on display the short-cut menu and to select Muting On/Off. the PC where screen space is necessary. 8. Play Mode control buttons – Controls the play mode. These buttons operate the same as any other audio device. 9. Volume Buttons – Adjusts the volume level. 10. Original – Displays the Original album list. The Original album list is all the music being managed by the Jukebox. 11. My Select – Displays the My Select album list created using Edit My Select. 12. Filter – Switches the filter window. The filter is used to view a list of songs which match specific conditions. 13. Album Title Column – Displays the Original or My Select album. 17 16

5 6 7

1 3

2 4 8

10 18

11 12 9 15 14

FIGURE 17 24 25 CD Recorder Window Referring to figure 19, the OpenMG CD Recorder window can be seen. This window is displayed when the Recorder is selected from the OpenMG Jukebox main screen and is used to record songs from Audio CDs. The major components of the screen are: 1. Counter Indication – Displays the elapsed time after playback starts, 8. Track indication – Shows a list of tracks on an audio CD and their and remaining available recording time. respective information (track #, track name, artist name, track length, 2. Bit rate indication – Displays the bit rate upon recording. rec. status). Track name and Artist name can also be entered manu- 3. Remain indications – Displays remaining disk space, total time of ally. A check mark next to a track indicates that the track is selected selection or required disk space. These can be selected by clicking for recording. on the remain section to display a pull down menu. 9. CD Info – Clicking here connects to the CDDB server (via an Internet 4. Play mode control buttons - – Controls the play mode. These but- connection) and gets the CD information. tons operate the same as any other audio device. 10. Select All – Selects all songs on the CD for recording. 5. Volume indicator - Displays the current volume level. Click this to 11. Clear All – Clears all the selected songs on the CD Recorder Win- display the short-cut menu and select Muting On/Off. dow. 6. Volume Buttons – Adjusts the volume level (when playing back on 12. Auto Check Out to … - Displays the PD window if the OpenMG Re- the PC). corder is set to check out to the portable device automatically after 7. CD information – When CD information is retrieved (via CDDB), the recording. album title, and artist name of the audio CD is shown. The user can 13. Menu Bar – OpenMG CD Recorder menu. also input and or edit this information manually. 1 3 5 2

13 6 4

10 12 11

FIGURE 19 26 27 Portable Player Window 4 2 When a portable device is connected to the computer or the portable 3 player icon is clicked on the Portable Player Window is displayed. This window shows contents of the portable device. Referring to figure 20, the major components of this window are: 1. Return – Closes the Portable Player window. 2. Display Portable Player Name – Displays the name of the PD currently connected. By clicking on this area, the name of the PD can be 1 entered or the user can switch between portable players (when more than one PD is connected). By default, the names of the portable players are not displayed and need to be entered by the user. Once they have been entered, the system remembers this and will display the name of the PD connected. 3. Display Space of the Portable Player – Displays the Remain/Total 6 or Data/Total space in the portable player connected. Clicking on this area brings up a shortcut menu to switch between indications. 9 7 4. START/STOP – Starts or stops Check-in/Check-out process. 5 5. Add as Check-out Candidate – Adds the currently selected song as a Check-out candidate. 8 6. Add as Check-in Candidate – Adds the song currently selected in the portable player window as a Check-in candidate. 7. Add All Songs as Check-in Candidate – Adds all songs in the portable player window as Check-in candidates. 8. Cancel Check-in/Check-out Candidates – Cancels all songs currently selected as Check-in/Check-out candidates. 9. Portable Player Song List – Displays the titles and playback time of the songs in the portable player. The marks preceding the song num- bers show whether that song can be checked in or not. Fig. 21. : Can be checked in : Cannot be checked in Figure 21

Figure 20 Portable Player Window Importing Audio Data to the OpenMG Jukebox 5. Once the desired music tracks are selected, the record button can be pressed and the import process begins. As each track is imported it is In order to transfer audio to a portable device for playback, it first has to converted to ATRAC3 format, encrypted and written to the computer’s be imported to the OpenMG Jukebox. There are three ways to import hard drive. data; recording from an audio CD, using an EMD service or importing Importing music data from WAV files MP3/WAV files. Once the audio files have been imported, they can be checked-out to the portable device. The imported WAV files are encoded into the ATRAC3 format and encrypted into the OpenMG format so that they can be managed by the Importing an CD Audio OpenMG Jukebox. The OpenMG CD Recorder is used to import CD audio to the Jukebox. Only the following types of WAV file can be converted to the ATRAC3 The basic steps are: format and imported: Linear PCM, 16 bit, monaural/stereo, 32 kHz/44.1 1. Insert the audio CD into the CD-ROM drive of the computer. The kHz/48 kHz. OpenMG CD Recorder screen should appear automatically. If not, The basic steps for importing WAV files are as follows: click on the Recorder button in the OpenMG Jukebox main screen. Note: the first time the CD Recorder is used, the application will ask if 1. From the Main OpenMG Jukebox window, click on File and choose the user wants to optimize the CD Drive. It is recommended that this File Import – MP3/WAV. be done, but the user can skip the step and perform the optimization 2. From the pull down menu in the File Importer window, choose Wave later. This process is necessary to ensure proper CD-ROM opera- Format (*.wav), then click Start. tion. If the time it takes to record a song seems to be too long, the 3. Specify the folder where the WAV format files are stored and click optimization should be done. OK. 2. Once the CD Recorder is open, the CD is read and the song tracks 4. Select the files(s) which are desired to be imported. are displayed on the Track Indication area of the window. The Disk 5. Enter an album name and click Start Importing to start the importing Name, Track Name and Artist Name will appear as “Unknown” or “Un- process. This will convert and encode the file(s) to the ATRAC3 for- titled” until they are entered manually or the CD Info button is pressed. mat and encrypt it into the OpenMG format. (CD-EXTRA CDs may display titles.) If title information had previ- 6. When the process is complete click Exit. The imported WAV audio ously been downloaded from CDDB then clicking on the CD Info but- files should now be seen under Original Albums in the Album Title ton will display that information. If not, then the CDDB web site can be column. accessed at this time and titles downloaded. Importing music data from MP3 files 3. After the title information has been entered the user can select which The imported MP3 audio files are encoded into ATRAC3 format and en- music tracks they would like to import. The tracks selected are shown crypted in the OpenMG format so they can be managed by the OpenMG as check marks to the left of the Track No. Clicking on the check mark Jukebox. Files can be encrypted two ways, OpenMG ATRAC3 Format will select/deselect each music track. In addition, the Select All and and OpenMG MP3 Format. Contents imported as OpenMG MP3 Format Clear All buttons can be pressed to select all tracks or clear all tracks. cannot be used for portable players which do not support MP3. With Double clicking on a Track Name (or clicking on the play button) will Sony portable devices the OpenMG ATRAC3 Format is used. play the track through the computer’s audio system. Only the following types of MP3 files can be converted to ATRAC3 and 4. Bit Rate should be selected. To choose the bit rate, click Control and imported: 16 bit, monaural/stereo, 32kHz/44.1kHz/48kHz. In addition only then Settings. The Settings window appears. Click on the Recording those files up to 256 kbps can be imported. Data created with variable bit Setup tab and choose the desired bit rate. rates cannot be imported.

28 29 The basic steps for importing MP3 files are as follows: 1. From the Main OpenMG Jukebox window, click on File and choose File Import – MP3/WAV. 2. From the pull down menu in the File Importer window, choose MPEG Audio Layer3 Format (*.mp3), then click Start. 3. Specify the folder where the MP3 format files are stored and click OK. 4. In the File Importer window, choose OpenMG ATRAC3 Format. 5. Select the files(s) which are desired to be imported. 6. Enter an album name and click Start Importing to start the importing process. This will convert and encode the file(s) to the ATRAC3 format and encrypt it into the OpenMG format. 7. When the process is complete click Exit. The imported MP3 audio files should now be seen under Original Albums in the Album Title column.

Importing music data using EMD services EMD stands for Electronic Music Distribution, which are services that distribute digital audio contents via the Internet. In order to use EMD services, you must be able to access the Internet, install EMD key and complete the required registration for using EMD service. Once the EMD service has been installed, clicking on the Internet button in the OpenMG Jukebox main window will automatically connect the user to the Internet and access the EMD service. From the EMD service, digital music data can be purchased and downloaded to the computer. The actual process for selecting and downloading music from the EMD service will vary depending on the actual service used. After the desired digital audio data has been downloaded to the computer, it needs to be imported into the OpenMG Jukebox. This is done using the File Import function within the OpenMG Jukebox. The downloaded files are usually saved as WMT (Windows Media Technology) compatible audio files with extensions such as .asf, .wm or .wma. Liquid Audio files can also be downloaded by this process and will be saved with the .lqt extension. Liquid Audio files require that the special Liquid Audio Player for OpenMG be installed. The rest of the import process is performed the same as for importing MP3 or WAV files. NOTES

30 31 The Check-Out/Check-In Process Checking-Out Music The OpenMG Jukebox allows you to transfer music data stored on your If the portable device is recognized by the OpenMG Jukebox application, computer to a portable player (Check out), and to transfer music from a then authentication between all components has been completed suc- portable player back to your computer (Check in). cessfully. See the Authentication explanation in the Copy Protection section of this manual for more information on Authentication. This process Note that there are restrictions for copyright protection in checking-in or must be completed successfully before any music can be checked-out. checking-out as follows: In order to check-out songs, the user will first select the album which they • You cannot check-out the same song more than three times (ex- want to copy music from. Then click on the songs they want to copy to the cluding certain types of data). Note that if you transfer the song PD. The user can then drag the song over to the Portable Player window back to your computer (Check-in), you can then check out the or click on the “Add as Check-out Candidate” button. Once all the songs song again. desired for check-out have been moved to the Portable Player window • You can check-in songs checked-out to the portable player only to (an arrow will been seen next to each song under the No. column), the that computer used for the Check-out. You cannot check-in or “check IN check OUT” button can be pressed to start the check-out pro- transfer such songs to other computers. Also, copied or trans- cess. ferred songs cannot be played back. The OpenMG Jukebox performs the check-out operation of music tracks The number of Check-outs/Check-ins can be seen in the OpenMG Juke- to the PD in the following order: Refer to Fig. 22 box main window and the Portable Player window. The following symbols represent the number of available Check-outs/Check-ins as seen in the 1. The Contents Key that was encrypted by the OMG Storage Key and PD Window: recorded to the header section of the ATRAC3 data to be checked- : Can be checked in out (see Music Track Data Encryption in Copy Protection section) is decrypted by the OMG Storage Key to extract the Contents Key. : Cannot be checked in 2. OpenMG Jukebox performs the authentication operation again with the portable device to create Session Key 1. Figure 21 3. The following data is then checked-out to the portable device: • The Contents Key that was encrypted by Session Key 1 Operation during Check-Out • The ATRAC3 data that was encrypted by the Contents Key Before music can be checked-out to the portable device, authentication must take place between the PD, Memory Stick (if PD uses one) and the computer. It is necessary to perform this process to ensure that each device conforms to the OpenMG and Magic Gate copy protection format. OMG-Storage Session Key 1

Contents Contents

From header section of ATRAC3 data to be checked-out Contents

1 2

Contents Session Key 1

Contents Key decrypted Session 1 Key created by OMG Storage by authentication Music Contents process (ATRAC3 Data)

Fig. 22 Operation during Check-Out from OpenMG Jukebox to Portable Device

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32 33 In the case of the Memory Stick Walkman, the PD transfers music track data to the Magic Gate Memory Stick in the following order: Refer to Fig. 23

1. In the PD, the internal Magic Gate IC decrypts the transferred Con- tents Key that was encrypted by Session Key 1 in order to extract the Contents Key. 2. The Magic Gate IC generates the Magic Storage key internally. 3. The Contents Key is encrypted by the Magic Storage key. 4. The PD performs the authentication operation with the MG Memory Stick again and creates the Session Key 2. 5. The Magic Gate IC decrypts the Contents Key that was encrypted by the Magic Storage key. 6. The Contents Key is then encrypted by the Session Key 2. 7. The following data is then checked-out to the MG Memory Stick: • The Contents Key that was encrypted by Session Key 2 • The ATRAC3 data that was encrypted by the Contents Key 4 Session Key 2 created Session Key 1 Session Key 2

Session Key 2

Contents Magic Storage Key

Contents Key Contents 1 decrypted by Session Key 1 Contents Contents 7 Magic Storge Contents Key Contents 2 Key created by 5 decrypted by Magic Gate IC Magic Storage Key Magic Storage Key Contents

Magic Storage Session Key 2 Key encrypts 6 encrypts 3 Contents Key Contents Key Magic Storage Key Session Key 2 Music Contents (ATRAC3 Data)

Contents Contents Fig. 23 Operation during Check-out from PD to MG Memory Stick

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34 35 Finally the music track data is written to the internal flash RAM (either in the MG Memory Stick or the device itself). The procedure on the Magic Gate Memory Stick is as follows: Refer to Fig 24

1. The controller inside the Magic Gate Memory Stick decrypts the transferred Contents Key that was encrypted by the Session Key 2 in order to extract the Contents Key. 2. The MS Storage Key is created by the controller inside the Magic Gate Memory Stick. 3. The MS Storage Key encrypts the Contents Key. 4. The controller inside the Magic Gate Memory Stick records the contents key that was encrypted by the MS Storage Key in the header section of the ATRAC3 data that was encrypted by the Contents Key. Then it records the music tracks into the flash RAM inside the Magic Gate Memory Stick.

This completes the Check-out process. The generation, locking and un- locking of these keys is performed for each music track in order to prevent illegal interpolation of the music data. Header 3 MS-Storage Session Key 2 MS-Storage

Contents Contents Contents

MS-Storage Key encrypts Contents Contents Key

Contents Key MS-Storage Key 1 decrypted by 2 created by MG Session Key 2 Controller Contents MS-Storage

Music Contents (ATRAC3 Data)

Fig. 24 Operation during data recording to RAM

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36 37 Operation during Check-in Checking-in Music Before describing the Check-in process, the “contents ID” must be ex- When the Check-in operation begins, the OpenMG Jukebox application plained. According to the basic principle of SDMI, four copies of music judges whether the ATRAC3 data (music track) that is selected for Check- tracks are allowed to be manufactured by a single copying except for in is the same ATRAC3 data that it previously checked-out. This is done music tracks to which specific usage rules are attached. Of the four cop- by reading the contents ID that is recorded in the header section of each ies, one copy is saved inside the computer while the remaining three cop- ATRAC3 data track and comparing it with the contents ID’s of the ATRAC3 ies can be checked-out to portable players. data tracks that are controlled by the OpenMG Jukebox. When the When the ATRAC3 data is created under these conditions, four copies OpenMG Jukebox recognizes that it had previously checked-out that music having the same contents ID are created as seen in Fig. 25. The contents track, the application increments the ATRAC3 data counter on the hard ID is used in three of the copies for checking-out music tracks to equip- disk and deletes the ATRAC3 data that is recorded in the Magic Gate ment which support SDMI copyright technology. Memory Stick. The actual data is not transferred back to the computer, only the counter is updated and then the data is deleted on the portable device. See Figure 26. Contents ID Contents ID Contents ID Contents ID Figure 25

Because a single, unique contents ID is created for every ATRAC3 data track (song), OpenMG Jukebox can check whether the contents ID of the ATRAC3 data to be checked-in is the same ATRAC3 data that it previously checked-out. Header Header

Contents ID Contents ID

Contents Contents

Music Contents Music Contents (ATRAC3 Data) (ATRAC3 Data)

Figure 26 Operation during Check-in

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38 39 Operation during ATRAC3 Data Read – Playback In order to play back music on the portable device, the recorded music tracks are read out of the Magic Gate Memory Stick in the following order: See figure 27. 1. The controller inside the Magic Gate Memory Stick extracts the Con- tents Key. This is done by decrypting the Contents Key that was encrypted by the MS Storage Key from the flash RAM inside the Memory Stick. This key was recorded in the header section of the ATRAC3 data. 2. The controller inside the Magic Gate Memory Stick performs authentication with the portable device again and generates the Session Key 2. It then encrypts the Contents Key with Session Key 2. 3. After the controller inside the Magic Gate Memory Stick encrypts the Contents Key with Session Key 2, it transfers the following data to the PD: • Contents Key that was encrypted by Session Key 2 • ATRAC3 data that was encrypted by the Contents Key 4. The Magic Gate IC inside the PD decrypts the transferred Contents Key that was encrypted by Session Key 2 with Session Key 2 and extracts the Contents Key. 5. Finally, the ATRAC3 data that was encrypted by the Contents Key is decrypted by the Contents Key and the ATRAC3 data can be played back. MS-Storage Key Session Key 2 1 2 Contents Session Key 2

Contents Contents

Header 3

Session Key 2 Session Key 2 Figure 27 Operation during Playback Contents Contents

Contents Contents 4 5 Contents

Music Contents (ATRAC3 Data) Music Contents Music Contents (ATRAC3 Data) (ATRAC3 Data)

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40 41 • Plug-and-Play compatible – Allows auto-configuration managed by Universal Serial Bus (USB) the PC. No switches to set or jumpers to configure. • A universal set of connectors – USB enables PCs to use only one In order to Check-out/Check-in (transfer) music data between the com- type of connector for various purposes (such as keyboard, mouse or puter and the portable device, a physical connection must be made be- parallel port) that conventionally required different connectors. tween the two. For portable devices such as the Memory Stick Walkman, • Almost an unlimited number of peripheral devices can be con- Music Clip and Network Walkman, the Universal Serial Bus (USB) is used. nected – Up to 127 devices can be connected in principle to a single Introduction to USB USB port. • Minimal Resource Usage – USB allows 2-way communication. Usu- The Universal Serial Bus (USB) was proposed as an external bus inter- ally each peripheral device which allows 2-way communication re- face for connecting a personal computer with peripheral devices. As the quires it own IRQ number (there are only 15 max on standard PCs name implies, USB is a serial bus. There are only 4 signal pins, consist- and most are taken up by internal devices standard to the PC) and I/ ing of a pair of data lines and another pair of power lines. See Table 4. O logical port which can cause conflicts. USB uses only one IRQ for Power is supplied from the host PC to the portable device. The supply all devices. voltage is 5V +/- 5% and the supply current is limited to 500 mA per de- • Power sharing – Devices can be powered through the USB cable vice. The total supply current is limited to 5 Amps. Since there are only 4 from power being supplied by the host computer. Thus many periph- pins, the cable is thin and connectors are small, which helps reduce the eral devices, such as the VAIO Music Clip, will not need their own cost and allows cheaper peripheral devices to be developed. power source. Of course devices which require higher power, such Pin No. Pin Function as amplified speakers, may need their own power supplies. 1 +5V DC Topology of USB 2 DATA - (D-) There are three key elements required when constructing a USB bus con- 3 DATA + (D+) nection: 4 GND • Host PC – Of course a host PC is necessary. The host PC is respon- The USB system is designed from the outset for ease of use. One of the sible for controlling all the data transfer schedules and data transfer main features making USB easy to use is its plug-and-play capability. rates. The USB concept was first made public in March 1995. Microsoft, Intel, • Hub – The USB bus tree spreads out through hubs. See Figure 28. IBM, Compaq, DEC, Northern Telecom and NEC are the seven compa- Hubs can be dedicated devices used to connect several USB periph- nies that originally promoted the USB format, and more than 470 compa- eral devices to a single connection on the host (or another hub) or can nies have since joined the USB Implementers Forum. be devices in the form of a display monitor or keyboard. USB Advantages • Peripheral devices – Devices such as a USB keyboard and USB mouse are essential to construct the USB bus tree. USB has improved the user interface in the following ways to facilitate use by ordinary people who are not personal computer experts. • Hot Swapping – Peripheral devices can be connected and disconnected freely. The USB system is designed to allow peripheral devices to be connected or disconnected while the main power of the PC is still on. Figure 28 USB HUB Examples

42 43 Structure of USB Cable USB Icon The USB cable consists of four signal lines, two signal lines for data com- In order to discriminate USB ports and USB cables from other types, the munication and two lines to supply power to hubs or other functions (such USB Standard specifies the icon shown in figure 31. This icon facilitates as the VAIO Music Clip). See Figure 29. USB performs data communi- the connection of USB devices for users. cation using differential data in order to protect the USB cable from the adverse effect of external noise. The data cables are a twisted pair to further reduce the effect of noise. The entire USB cable is shielded and the shielding wire is grounded in order to suppress noise that the USB cable itself generates and to reduce external noise. This structure allows the USB cable to be as long a 5 meters (approximately 16 feet). Cables used exclusively for low speed do not require the ground shield or twisted pair signal lines, but have a maximum cable length of 3 meters (approx. 10 feet). Considering the propagation delay within the cable and the delay due to hubs, the maximum distance of the farthest peripheral device from the host PC is 30 meters (approximately 100 feet). Figure 31 USB Icon Types of USB connectors In general there are two connectors used on USB cables. One is the series A connector having a rectangular outside shape and the other is the series B connector (refer to figure 30) having an almost square outside shape. These connectors can be easily identified from the USB bus tree icon structure stamped on the connector ends. The series A connector is usually connected to the upstream (up-link or the host PC) port and the series B connector is connected to the downstream (down-link, hub, peripheral) port. The use of two different connectors eliminates the chances that the downstream ports of a hub could be connected together. Sony has introduced a different version of the series B connector to be used with small portable devices. Its function is the same as the standard series B connector, but it takes up less space, which is ideal for small devices. D+ Twisted pair for signal line

D-

Power Lines

Ground

VCC Shielded wire

Figure 29 Cross section of USB Cable

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44 45 Electrical Characteristics of USB USB Data Transfer Speed Two cables (D+ and D-) are used for data communication as described In the current USB standard, two data transfer speeds are defined. One above. The signal level must be in the range of 0V to 3.6V. These signals is 12 Mbps, which is the basic operating speed of USB and is called full- are handled as differential signals. Even though noise enters the signal speed. The other is 1.5 Mbps, which is called low-speed. line, its adverse effect is canceled by differential operation that provides Full-speed data packets are designed not to be sent to low-speed periph- high noise-immunity. See Figure 32. eral devices. This is possible because the USB bus tree is branched by hubs. When an upstream hub to which a low-speed peripheral device is connected sends data, it automatically selects low-speed data packets only and sends them downstream. By doing this, only low-speed signal strings that have less electromagnetic radiation are sent to the low-speed peripheral devices. Consequently, low-speed peripheral devices using less expensive cables and simplified electromagnetic shielding can be used. See Figure 33.

Noise D + signal Input signal Output signal with no noise with no noise

Transmission Reception Circuit Circuit D - signal

Figure 32 Differential operation of USB signals Full speed data + Low Speed data

HUB

Full speed data Low Speed Low Speed + Peripheral Full Speed Data only Peripheral Low Speed data

Figure 33 Hub and low-speed peripheral 8/16/00 Figure 33 Hub and low-speed peripheral

46 47 USB Data Transfer Systems fer and interrupt transfer methods consume little frame time), the bulk transfer system can use the bus most effectively. Conversely, if the USB uses four types of transfer systems. These systems describe how bus is heavily loaded (isochronous and interrupt transfer methods are data is to be transferred between the peripheral device and the host PC. consuming most of the frame time), bulk transfer has the lowest prior- • Control Transfer – This method is used when the USB peripheral ity. However, unlike isochronous transfer, if an error is found in a data devices transfer their configuration information to the host PC. The packet, a re-transmission request is issued so that the contents of the data packet format of this transfer method is defined by the USB speci- data transfer are guaranteed. This method provides the most reliable fications since the configuration information must be transferred early data transfer but could provide the slowest speed. on, while the characteristics of the peripheral devices are still not know. The Memory Stick Walkman uses the Control Transfer and Bulk Transfer • Isochronous Transfer – Data is sent out with a guaranteed transfer methods to transfer data between the portable device and the host PC. width and at a guaranteed transfer time. However, the data is not guaranteed. During the Control Transfer period, the device requests from the host PC, the data transfer width (the number of bytes of data to be sent every 1 millisecond). The host PC always establishes the schedule at which data will be transferred at what time within the 1 millisecond time frame. Isochronous transfer is assigned top priority. Functions using other transfer methods perform data transfer in the time remaining. In this method it can be said that data is sent out in “real time”. This makes this method suitable for multimedia type data, such as audio, being sent to external speakers. • Interrupt Transfer – Suitable for applications where small amounts of data need to be input periodically from the USB device to the host PC. Example devices would be a keyboard or mouse. As with isochronous transfer, when the device is connected to the host PC, it in- forms the host PC of the number of bytes of data and interval (in milliseconds) necessary to transfer data. This happens during the Control Transfer period. Based on this information, the host PC establishes the schedule for issuing data transfer requests to the device. • Bulk Transfer – The Bulk Transfer method is used as an effective transfer system when a large amount of data such as for a printer, scanner or digital camera is to be transferred. However, the data does not normally occur periodically and the real-time performance of the data transfer is not so important. Bulk Transfer sends data in the vacant periods of time within a frame when isochronous transfer and interrupt transfer methods are not in use. Therefore, when the USB bus is lightly loaded (isochronous trans- NOTES

48 49 converted from digital data to analog audio, amplified and then output MS Walkman Overall Block (Data) through the headphone jack. During playback, Magic Gate encrypted ATRAC3 data is read out of the Overview MG Memory Stick and into System Control IC701 through pin 12. IC701 The Memory Stick Walkman, VAIO Music Clip and the Network Walkman converts the serial data to 16 bit parallel data and sends the data to the all have similar circuitry. Currently, these models are only serviced to Magic Gate IC IC702 via the 16 bit parallel bus. The Magic Gate IC702 board level. decrypts the data and stores it in its internal RAM. The overall audio data block diagram for the Memory Stick Walkman (NW- When the ATRAC3 Encoder/Decoder IC703 is ready to receive data, it MS7) will be covered in this section. Its circuitry is similar to the other outputs a data request signal (low) at pin 32 (not shown). The ATRAC3 portable devices, plus it has removable media. Since no troubleshooting data is then sent out by the Magic Gate IC702 via pin 62 in two bytes to will be done on this product, a description of how audio signals are pro- form one data word. The ATRAC3 Encoder/Decoder IC703 acknowl- cessed will be discussed. Please refer to Figure 34. edges the receipt of a complete word by changing the data request signal at pin 32 to a high. This process is repeated until all the ATRAC3 data Microprocessor Interface words have been sent. The ATRAC3 Encoder/Decoder IC703 is capable The System Control IC701 uses a 16-bit parallel bus that consists of ad- of encoding data to the ATRAC3 format but that function is not used in the dress lines (not shown) and data lines, and is used to send and receive NW-MS7. parallel data. The ATRAC3 data (compressed to about one-tenth of CD) that is sup- Writing data to the MG Memory Stick plied from Magic Gate IC702 is expanded first in the ATRAC3 Decoder block inside IC703. As the data is expanded, the DA data is generated. During the Check-out process, the USB Control IC IC704 receives the The DA data that is generated is transferred to the Audio Data Interface differential data (D+ and D-) at pins 3 and 4 respectively. The IC performs block inside IC703. the subtraction operation of the D+ and D- signals and creates the Re- ceived data as a result of the subtraction operation. The USB is a serial The DA data is output from the ATRAC3 Encoder/Decoder IC703 pin 33 bus as the name implies and the USB IC converts the Received serial to the D/A Converter IC301pin 5. This digital signal is similar to signals data to parallel data after signal processing of the USB protocol layer as found in CD players with its left and right channel data sent alternately on been performed. The parallel data is output from pins 23-34 and 37-40 one line in synchronization with the left/right clock (LRCK) and bit clock on the CPU bus. (BCK) signals (not shown) sent on separate lines. The parallel data is stored in the S-RAM IC708 as the System Controller The D/A Converter IC301 receives the digital data and filters it through an IC701’s internal DMA controller processes the data and converts it back internal 8-times over-sampling digital filter. After this filtering, the Left to serial data. This serial data is then output from pin 12 of IC701 and channel signal is converted to an analog signal and output from pin 12, written to the Magic Gate Memory stick. The process is reversed during and the Right channel is converted and output pin 9. The D/A Converter the Check-in process. IC301 has an internal volume control that controls the volume level according to commands from the System Control IC701. Operation during Playback When a song is selected and the play button is pressed, encrypted ATRAC3 music data is read from the MG Memory Stick, decrypted and decoded, X704

AUDIO 12MHz

SIGNAL PATH USB D- 13 14

3 USB IC704 DIGITAL INPUT/ USB CONTROL OUTPUT 4 93,

92, 23-34,37-40 ANALOG

USB D+ 90, 16 89, 87,

D0-D15

86, IC703 82, IC702 62 28 33 5

ATRAC3 IC031

80, MAGIC GATE IC 29- 77, ENCODER/ D/A

IC708 36, 16 54 31

76, DECODER S-RAM 38- 74, 45 16 9 12 73, 71-

16 RIGHT LEFT

108-105,102-96, 94,92-89 21 22

DI0 IC701 12 SYSTEM CONTROL IC302 HEADPHONE RTC CLK FSI FSO RTC CE RTC SIO AMP 69 68 17 18 19 113 115 4 2

X701 3 4 5 6 7 4MHz R L CS XSCK SIO MAGIC GATE DI D0 MEMORY STICK IC705 IC706 EEPROM REALTIME J303 CLOCK HEADPHONE 2 3 JACK X706 32.768kHz

FIGURE 34 NW-MS7 OVERALL BLOCK (DATA) 1A123 1240 8/18/00

50 51 The Left and Right channel analog signals output from the D/A Converter EEPROM IC301 are input to the Headphone Amp IC302 pins 22 (left) and 21 (right). The EEPROM IC705 is responsible for keeping data that cannot be lost The signals are amplified by the Headphone Amp IC302 and output from due to power loss (low battery). The data that is kept in the EEPROM pin 2 (left) and pin 4 (Right) to the Headphone Jack J303. The Head- IC705 is Authentication key data encrypted by Magic Gate IC702, Vol- phone Amp IC302 is also responsible for other functions. These are mute, ume control setup data and menu data the is set up by the user. analog bass boost and beep function. Real Time Clock The Memory Stick Walkman is capable of displaying date and time information. The Real Time Clock IC706 is responsible for maintaining clock data. The data is set using the front panel display and can be cleared using the Rest button. When the clock data is to be set, the System Controller IC701 outputs the clock setup data from pin 19 (RTC SIO) to Real Time Clock IC706 pin 7 (SIO). This data signal is sent in synchronization with the clock at pin 18 (RTC CLK) and the chip select signal at pin 17 (RTC CE from the System Controller IC701 to pin 6 (XSCK) and to pin 5 (CS) of the Real Time Clock IC 706. To display Date and Time information, the same operation is used and data is read from Real Time Clock IC706 pin 7 to pin 19 of the System Control IC701. X704

AUDIO 12MHz

SIGNAL PATH USB D- 13 14

3 USB IC704 DIGITAL INPUT/ USB CONTROL OUTPUT 4 93,

92, 23-34,37-40 ANALOG

USB D+ 90, 16 89, 87,

D0-D15

86, IC703 82, IC702 62 28 33 5

ATRAC3 IC031

80, MAGIC GATE IC 29- 77, ENCODER/ D/A

IC708 36, 16 54 31

76, DECODER S-RAM 38- 74, 45 16 9 12 73, 71-

16 RIGHT LEFT

108-105,102-96, 94,92-89 21 22

DI0 IC701 12 SYSTEM CONTROL IC302 HEADPHONE RTC CLK FSI FSO RTC CE RTC SIO AMP 69 68 17 18 19 113 115 4 2

X701 3 4 5 6 7 4MHz R L CS XSCK SIO MAGIC GATE DI D0 MEMORY STICK IC705 IC706 EEPROM REALTIME J303 CLOCK HEADPHONE 2 3 JACK X706 32.768kHz

FIGURE 34 NW-MS7 OVERALL BLOCK (DATA) 1A123 1240 8/18/00

52 S is a trademark of Sony Electronics

SEL Service Company A Division of Sony Electronics Inc. 1 Sony Drive Park Ridge, New Jersey 07656 A12310000 Printed in U.S.A.