DOCSLIB.ORG

The Genetic Population Structure of Northern Sweden and Its Implications for Mapping Genetic Diseases

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Genetic Population Structure of Northern Sweden and Its Implications for Mapping Genetic Diseases Hereditas 144: 171Á180 (2007) The genetic population structure of northern Sweden and its implications for mapping genetic diseases ELISABET EINARSDOTTIR1, INEZ EGERBLADH2, LARS BECKMAN1,$, DAN HOLMBERG1 and STEFAN A. ESCHER1 1Medical and Clinical Genetics, Dept. of Medical Biosciences, Umea˚ University, Umea˚, Sweden 2Centre for Population Studies, Umea˚ University, Umea˚, Sweden $Deceased 5 October 2005 Einarsdottir, E., Egerbladh, I., Beckman, L., Holmberg, D. and Escher, S. A. 2007. The genetic population structure of northern Sweden and its implications for mapping genetic diseases. * Hereditas 144: 171Á180. Lund, Sweden. eISSN 1601- 5223. Received April 25, 2007. Accepted April 25, 2007 The northern Swedish population has a history of admixture of three ethnic groups and a dramatic population growth from a relatively small founder population. This has resulted in founder effects that together with unique resources for genealogical analyses provide excellent conditions for genetic mapping of monogenic diseases. Several recent examples of successful mapping of genetic factors underlying susceptibility to complex diseases have suggested that the population of northern Sweden may also be an important tool for efficient mapping of more complex phenotypes. A potential factor contributing to these effects may be population sub-isolates within the large river valleys, constituting a central geographic characteristic of this region. We here provide evidence that marriage patterns as well as the distribution of gene frequencies in a set of marker loci are compatible with this notion. The possible implications of this population structure on linkage- and association based strategies for identifying genes contributing risk to complex diseases are discussed. Stefan A. Escher, Department of Molecular Biology, Umea˚ University, SE-901 87 Umea˚, Sweden. E-mail: stefan.a.escher@ molbiol.umu.se Complex diseases have large repercussions on society, variants underlying complex phenotypes. To allow for but identification of the genetic risk factors underlying an optimal study design, it is thus important to them remains, in most cases, a major challenge. Large characterise in detail the population(s), revealing efforts and resources have been invested in this stratification possibilities and sub-isolates (HELGASON work, but the success rate to date has been limited et al. 2005). The population of northern Sweden has and most successful positional cloning projects been used extensively for genetic mapping of mono- focusing on complex diseases have been achieved genic diseases in particular (LUNDIN et al. 1997, using linkage-based approaches in populations with BURSTEDT et al. 1999, EINARSDOTTIR et al. 2004), reduced genetic heterogeneity (PELTONEN 1996, 2000, and lately also more complex traits (CARLSSON et al. SHEFFIELD et al. 1998, SHIFMAN and DARVASI 2001). 2002, VENKEN et al. 2005) and a detailed study of the More recently, large-scale association studies based population structure and hidden stratifications is on linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping, made pos- essential to maximise future genetic mapping efforts sible through rapid technological development and in this population. efforts to establish a global haplotype map covering Northern Sweden is here defined as the two north- the genome, have come to light (HAPMAPPROJECT ernmost counties of Sweden, Va¨sterbotten and Norr- 2003). These efforts are likely to benefit from studies botten, with a total population of around 500 000 of different population isolates, due to their restricted individuals. Disease-mapping efforts in northern Swe- degree of genetic heterogeneity and extended regions den have been aided by several factors other than the of LD (JOHANSSON et al. 2005). genetic composition of the population itself. These Association-based mapping of genetic traits is include 1) a high-quality healthcare system, contribut- sensitive to hidden stratifications and confounding ing to a low frequency of undiagnosed cases and a factors within the population (BERGER et al. 2006), positive attitude towards genetic research; 2) large making accurate matching of controls essential to biobanks and disease registries further aiding the keep both false positive and false negative results to a study of diseases in this population; 3) a tradition of minimum. Founder effects and inbreeding may com- genealogical interest and comprehensive church regis- plicate association-based studies, but at the same time ters which have enabled the tracing of families to significantly reduce the genetic heterogeneity of a common founders and the identification of common population and aid in the identification of genetic founder mutations or haplotypes. DOI: 10.1111/j.2007.0018-0661.02007.x 172 E. Einarsdottir et al. Hereditas 144 (2007) Three main population-groups, Swedes, Finns and to a relative stability of the population from a genetic the Saami, make up the bulk of the northern Swedish point of view. population. The Saami are the endogenous population A number of genetic mapping projects have of northern Scandinavia, reaching northern Sweden provided evidence that founder effects, established as via Finland during the later Bronze Age. The Saami a result of the demographic history of the region, population lived in the inland areas of Sweden (SKO¨ LD underlie many of the diseases studied in the 2004), especially in the northernmost regions, but northern Swedish population (LUNDIN et al. 1997, became a minority group as the Swedes started to BURSTEDT et al. 1999, CARLSSON and FASTH 2001). move north. An early Finnish population settled down This, together with the geographic distribution of gene along the northern part of the Gulf of Bothnia, and frequencies of the disease-associated genes (BITTLES maintained frequent contacts with the population in and EGERBLADH 2005), suggests stratification in the northwestern Finland. A number of Finns also population and the potential existence of genetic sub- isolates. A plausible hypothesis, supported by histor- migrated to northern Sweden via the southeastern ical and demographic data, is that such sub-isolates parts of Sweden. A successive Swedish colonisation might have been formed in the large river valleys that took place in the coastal areas of northern Sweden, run from the mountains in the west to the coast in the strengthened by encouragements from the Swedish east and which are separated from each other by vast State in the early 14th century. It was not until forests. Each of these sub-isolates will have been much later, during the 19th century in particular, founded by different proportions of each of the three that colonisation took place in both the forested population-groups, contributing to initial differences areas near the coast and in the inland areas. In the of the sub-isolate populations (combined with the inland areas this process was characterised by an effects of genetic drift). However, each population will initial colonisation stemming from a relatively small subsequently have evolved into a distinct population, number of pioneers from the coastal parts within not characteristic for any of the three original the regions and from Finland, with subsequent population groups. settlements performed mainly by their descendants. Hence, immigration was small, and clusters of settle- ments representing several generations were formed METHODS (BYLUND 1960, 1994). To test the hypothesis that geographically defined sub- The size of the northern Swedish population was isolates exist in the population structure of northern around 15 000Á16 000 in 1571. Most people lived in the Sweden, we divided Norrbotten and Va¨sterbotten coastal parts of the region, 13%, at most, in the inland. counties into regions based on the major rivers in Almost 200 years later, the region had only 36 000 the area. These rivers run from the mountains in the inhabitants according to the population sta- west of Sweden bordering Norway, to the eastern tistics in 1751 Á reliable at least for the non-Saami Swedish coast on the Bothnic Sea (Fig. 2). Five such population in the inland areas. The Saami population river valley regions were identified and a sixth region was nomadic and moved between districts and coun- represented an inland area located between two major tries, making it difficult to count even in late 18th rivers in Norrbotten. The population of each of these century (HOLLSTEN 1777). river valley regions is likely to be a unique mix of The relatively high fertility and low mortality, Finnish, Saami and Swedish genetic contributions, but however, resulted in a notable growth after 1750; an founder effects and subsequent inbreeding within each increase by 250% during the following century and small founder population could be hypothesised to another 274% to 1950 (Fig. 1). have resulted in a relatively homogeneous population Contribution from net in-migration from other within each river valley region. parts of Sweden was mainly a result of the large- scale exploitation of iron ore fields in region E and F Demographic studies from the turn of the 20th century, which also meant As a first approach to test the hypothesis that the main a decade of net in-migration on the county level river valleys in northern Sweden contain sub-isolates, 1871Á1910 in contrast to the permanent net out- the frequencies of individuals choosing a spouse migration from Va¨sterbotten county observed at least within the same river valley region versus another in 1851Á1970 (HOFSTEN and LUNDSTRO¨ M 1976). region were scored. For this purpose, we analysed the More than 90% of the population in late 20th marriages of the descendants of a couple that settled century in the northernmost regions was inborn in Lycksele in 1650. All recorded marriages from (SVERIGES NATIONALATLAS (SNA) 1991), testifying generations 1Á4; and marriages in generations 5Á9of Hereditas 144 (2007) Genetic population structure of northern Sweden 173 Region A 160 000 Region B 150 000 Region C Region D 140 000 Region E 130 000 Region F 120 000 110 000 100 000 90 000 80 000 70 000 Population 60 000 50 000 40 000 30 000 20 000 10 000 0 1571 1699 1751 1810 1830 1850 1870 1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 Year Fig.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ORNIS SVECICA Vol 18, No 1, 2008 Sveriges Ornitologiska Förening Stenhusa Gård 380 62 Mörbylånga Ornis Svecica Vol 18 No 1 2008 ORNIS SVECICA Vol 18, No 1, 2008
    POSTTIDNING 2008 No 1, 18, Vol ORNIS SVECICA Sveriges Ornitologiska Förening Stenhusa gård 380 62 Mörbylånga Ornis Svecica Vol 18 No 1 2008 ORNIS SVECICA Vol 18, No 1, 2008 Innehåll – Contents 3 OTTVALL, R. Ortolansparvens Emberiza hortulana förekomst och habitatval i Sverige. GREEN, M. Distribution and habitat choice of the Ortolan Bunting Emberiza hortulana in Sweden. LINDSTRÖM, Å. SVENSSON, S. ESSEEN, P.-A. MARKLUND, L. 17 ARHEIMER, O. Breeding performance of the Fieldfare Turdus pilaris in the subalpine birch zone SVENSSON, S. in southern Lapland: a 20 year study. Björktrastens Turdus pilaris häckning i den subalpina björkzonen i södra Lappland: en 20-årig studie. 45 SKYLLBERG, U. Spring staging of Taiga Bean Goose Anser f. fabalis in southern Sweden 2007 – TJERNBERG, M. estimate of the size of populations using the western and central flyways. Vårrastning av taigasädgås Anser f. fabalis i södra Sverige 2007 – uppskattning av storleken på populationer som nyttjar det västra och centrala flyttstråket. 52 NILSSON, J.-E. Resultat av 20 års holkstudier – främst rörande svartvit flugsnappare Ficedula hypoleuca. A 20-year study of a nest-box breeding bird population with special regard to the Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca. Korta rapporter – Shot communications 65 HEDENSTRÖM, L. Häckning av svarthakedopping Popiceps auritus i Östergötlands ytterskärgård 2007. Breeding record of Horned Grebe Popiceps auritus in the outer archipelago of Östergötland in 2007. Grahns Tryckeri AB, Lund 2008 ORNIS SVECICA ISSN 1102-6812 Instruktioner till författarna Instructions to authors Ornis Svecica is indexed in BIOSIS, CSA/Ecology Abstracts, Zoological Record, and Elsevier Bibliographical Databases. Free access to abstracts in www.eurobirding.com.
    [Show full text]
  • Monthly Journal from the Luleå Biennial 0
    � Monthly journal from the Luleå Biennial 0:- Nr.1 “We Were Traitors of the Nation, They Said” Aug 2018 attack can be seen as the culmination of the preceding years of nationalism, warmongering and hatred against the communists in the re- gion. Its features and planning are remarkable: one of the key agents in the act, Ebbe Hallberg, was state attorney and chief of police in Luleå. Together with a journalist at the conservative newspaper Norrbottens-Kuriren and some army officers, they organised and carried out the bru- tal deed with the aim of silencing dissidents. We will also direct our attention to the history of the Swedish government’s establishment of internment camps for anti-fascists and anti-na- zis during the 1930s and 40s. The largest of the camps was located in the Norrbotten town Stors- ien in the Kalix municipality. Interned here were, among others, members of Flamman’s editorial staff. The camp and the attack overlap in time, 1 sentiment and the destinies they affected. 1 By addressing this dark history, we reflect on Swe- den’s idea of itself and its neutrality. How do these Monument by Toivo Lundmark, in memory of the attack events resonate today? What happens when we on Norrskensflamman. Photo: Thomas Hämén, 2018. look back and remember together? And why do these stories feel especially pertinent at this par- Between two private residences on Kungsgatan ticular time? These are questions we have raised 32 in the centre of Luleå is a memorial to the five in a research process that will lead us further to- people who fell victim to the attack on the com- wards the opening of the Luleå Biennial in Novem- munist newspaper Norrskensflamman on the 3rd ber 2018.
    [Show full text]
  • TRAIL GUIDE: Stiehpaltjåhkkå Height 686 M.A.S.L
    TRAIL GUIDE: Height 686 m.a.s.l. WGS84 66°32’1.1”N 16°21’54.0”E SWEREF99 TM 7380056, 560651 Stiehpaltjåhkkå Stiehpaltjåhkkå is located just south of the Arctic circle. At the top you are rewarded with a sweeping view towards the Norwegian mountains, N the lake Sädvvájávrre and Ruonekjåhkkå flowing along the Smuolevágge valley. Directions: 102 km from Arjeplog, E95, going west. Just after a sign for Lillviken, Stiehpal, you can begin the hike from a parking bay. If you arrive from the west you start the hike just after the Arctic Circle, on the left-hand side. A sign marks the beginning of the trail. Height: 684 m.a.s.l. ARCTIC CIRCLE Distance to the top: 1.8 km. Hiking: Easy and intermediate. Recommended for children. The ascent is relatively steep for a stretch of around 200 m. Equipment: Boots/rubber boots recommended as parts are marshland. A map and compass might be useful. Bring water . – there is no stream along the path. Start Path: There are two older trails: one slightly better from Lillviken Grass-of-Parnassus and one beginning at Camp Polcirkeln, the latter is not included in Parnassia palustris the drawings on the map. View: A vast mountain landscape with the Smuolevágge valley to the east and in clear weather you can see the border mountains to the west. Shelter: None, but nearby you have Camp Polcirkeln with a shop, Vuoggatjålme with restaurant and cabins and Sandvikens Fjällgård 0 km 2,5 km 5 km 7,5 km 10 km with cabins and a shop.
    [Show full text]
  • Forecasting Environmental Responses to Restoration of Rivers Used As Log Floatways: an Interdisciplinary Challenge
    Ecosystems (2005) 8: 779–800 DOI: 10.1007/s10021-005-0030-9 Forecasting Environmental Responses to Restoration of Rivers Used as Log Floatways: An Interdisciplinary Challenge Christer Nilsson,1* Fabio Lepori,2 Bjo¨rn Malmqvist,2 Erik To¨rnlund,1 Niclas Hjerdt,1 James M. Helfield,1 Daniel Palm,3 Johan O¨ stergren,3 Roland Jansson,1 Eva Bra¨nna¨s,3 and Hans Lundqvist3 1Landscape Ecology Group, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umea˚ University, SE-901 87 Umea˚ , Sweden; 2Stream Ecology Group, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umea˚ University, SE-901 87 Umea˚ , Sweden; 3Department of Aquaculture, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umea˚ , Sweden ABSTRACT Log floating in the 19th to mid 20th centuries has interactions and increasing the retention capacity profoundly changed the environmental conditions of water, sediment, organic matter and nutrients. in many northern river systems of the world. The geomorphic and hydraulic/hydrologic altera- Regulation of flow by dams, straightening and tions are supposed to favor production, diversity, narrowing of channels by various piers and wing migration and reproduction of riparian and aquatic dams, and homogenization of bed structure are organisms. The response rates are likely to vary some of the major impacts. As a result, the condi- according to the types of processes and organisms. tions for many riverine organisms have been al- Some habitat components, such as beds of very tered. Removing physical constructions and large boulders and bedrock outcrops, and avail- returning boulders to the channels can potentially ability of sediment and large woody debris are be- restore conditions for these organisms.
    [Show full text]
  • The Economical Geography of Swedish Norrland Author(S): Hans W:Son Ahlmann Source: Geografiska Annaler, Vol
    The Economical Geography of Swedish Norrland Author(s): Hans W:son Ahlmann Source: Geografiska Annaler, Vol. 3 (1921), pp. 97-164 Published by: Wiley on behalf of Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/519426 Accessed: 27-06-2016 10:05 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography, Wiley are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Geografiska Annaler This content downloaded from 137.99.31.134 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 10:05:39 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms THE ECONOMICAL GEOGRAPHY OF SWEDISH NORRLAND. BY HANS W:SON AHLMrANN. INTRODUCTION. T he position of Sweden can scarcely be called advantageous from the point of view of commercial geography. On its peninsula in the north-west cor- ner of Europe, and with its northern boundary abutting on the Polar world, it forms a backwater to the main stream of Continental communications. The southern boundary of Sweden lies in the same latitude as the boundary between Scotland and England, and as Labrador and British Columbia in America; while its northern boundary lies in the same latitude as the northern half of Greenland and the Arctic archipelago of America.
    [Show full text]
  • Saami Religion
    Edited by Tore Ahlbäck Saami Religion SCRIPTA INSTITUTI DONNERIANI ABOENSIS XII SAAMI RELIGION Based on Papers read at the Symposium on Saami Religion held at Åbo, Finland, on the 16th-18th of August 1984 Edited by TORE AHLBÄCK Distributed by ALMQVIST & WIKSELL INTERNATIONAL, STOCKHOLM/SWEDEN Saami Religion Saami Religion BASED ON PAPERS READ AT THE SYMPOSIUM ON SAAMI RELIGION HELD AT ÅBO, FINLAND, ON THE 16TH-18TH OF AUGUST 1984 Edited by TORE AHLBÄCK PUBLISHED BY THE DONNER INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH IN ÅBO/FINLANDRELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL HISTORY DISTRIBUTED BY ALMQVIST & WIKSELL INTERNATIONAL STOCKHOLM/SWEDEN ISBN 91-22-00863-2 Printed in Sweden by Almqvist & Wiksell Tryckeri, Uppsala 1987 Reproduction from a painting by Carl Gunne, 1968 To Professor Carl-Martin Edsman on the occasion of his seventififth birthday 26 July 1986 Contents Editorial note 9 CARL-MARTIN EDSMAN Opening Address at the Symposium on Saami religion arranged by the Donner Institute 16-18 August 1984 13 ROLF KJELLSTRÖM On the continuity of old Saami religion 24 PHEBE FJELLSTRÖM Cultural- and traditional-ecological perspectives in Saami religion 34 OLAVI KORHONEN Einige Termini der lappischen Mythologie im sprachgeographischen Licht 46 INGER ZACHRISSON Sjiele sacrifices, Odin treasures and Saami graves? 61 OLOF PETTERSSON t Old Nordic and Christian elements in Saami ideas about the realm of the dead 69 SIV NORLANDER-UNSGAARD On time-reckoning in old Saami culture 81 ØRNULV VORREN Sacrificial sites, types and function 94 ÅKE HULTKRANTZ On beliefs in non-shamanic guardian spirits among the Saamis 110 JUHA Y. PENTIKÄINEN The Saami shamanic drum in Rome 124 BO LÖNNQVIST Schamanentrachten in Sibirien 150 BO LUNDMARK Rijkuo-Maja and Silbo-Gåmmoe - towards the question of female shamanism in the Saami area 158 CARL F.
    [Show full text]
  • Fishing in Luleå
    SWEDISHthe destinations of LAPLAND YOUR ARCTIC DESTINATION Fishing luck in Luleå Helena Holm Helena Photo: ALWAYS A FISHING WATER WITHIN REACH The summer sun sets down by the restaurants of University, among other things. Today, fishing on the river is not what Luleå’s north harbour. You order a classic Kalix it once was, although salmon and trout are still caught here. However, there are even better opportunities to catch pike and perch. If you are vendace roe starter, to celebrate something. The looking for a wild salmon river, the Råne River is a beautiful option, waiter tells you that you can also order fried also offering magnificent pike fishing, and opportunities to catch wild vendace today, known in Finnish as muikku, river crayfish in the autumn. Around the city of Luleå, you will find and something of a national dish. The vendace, many well maintained fishing waters, both for families and enthusi- Coregonus albula in Latin, is a small salmonid asts. Lake Hertsöträsket has been adapted for accessibility, to provide a good fishing experience even for those in wheelchairs. Luleå was not fish which gives us the amazing vendace roe, and just founded on fish, it is also a place for those who like to fish. Just as also Norrbotten’s official county fish. Since 2010, you could expect from a city on the coast of the Gulf of Bothnia. Kalix vendace roe has been an item with protected designation of origin, such as Parma ham, Stilton good to know Carefully check that you are fishing on licenced waters, cheese and champagne.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Supply Potentials in the Northern Counties of Finland, Norway and Sweden Towards Sustainable Nordic Electricity and Heating Sectors: a Review
    energies Review Energy Supply Potentials in the Northern Counties of Finland, Norway and Sweden towards Sustainable Nordic Electricity and Heating Sectors: A Review Robert Fischer * ID , Erik Elfgren and Andrea Toffolo Energy Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97187 Luleå, Sweden; [email protected] (E.E.); [email protected] (A.T.) * Correspondence: robert.fi[email protected]; Tel.: +46-920-49-1454 Received: 28 February 2018; Accepted: 23 March 2018; Published: 26 March 2018 Abstract: The lands in the northernmost corner of Europe present contradictory aspects in their social and economic development. Urban settlements are relatively few and small-sized, but rich natural resources (minerals, forests, rivers) attract energy-intensive industries. Energy demand is increasing as a result of new investments in mining and industries, while reliable energy supply is threatened by the planned phase out of Swedish nuclear power, the growth of intermittent power supplies and the need to reduce fossil fuel consumption, especially in the Finnish and Norwegian energy sectors. Given these challenges, this paper investigates the potentials of so far unexploited energy resources in the northern counties of Finland, Norway and Sweden by comparing and critically analyzing data from statistic databases, governmental reports, official websites, research projects and academic publications. The criteria for the technical and economic definition of potentials are discussed separately for each resource. It is concluded that, despite the factors that reduce the theoretical potentials, significant sustainable techno-economic potentials exist for most of the resources, providing important insights about the possible strategies to contribute to a positive socio-economic development in the considered regions.
    [Show full text]
  • Kingdom of Sweden
    Johan Maltesson A Visitor´s Factbook on the KINGDOM OF SWEDEN © Johan Maltesson Johan Maltesson A Visitor’s Factbook to the Kingdom of Sweden Helsingborg, Sweden 2017 Preface This little publication is a condensed facts guide to Sweden, foremost intended for visitors to Sweden, as well as for persons who are merely interested in learning more about this fascinating, multifacetted and sadly all too unknown country. This book’s main focus is thus on things that might interest a visitor. Included are: Basic facts about Sweden Society and politics Culture, sports and religion Languages Science and education Media Transportation Nature and geography, including an extensive taxonomic list of Swedish terrestrial vertebrate animals An overview of Sweden’s history Lists of Swedish monarchs, prime ministers and persons of interest The most common Swedish given names and surnames A small dictionary of common words and phrases, including a small pronounciation guide Brief individual overviews of all of the 21 administrative counties of Sweden … and more... Wishing You a pleasant journey! Some notes... National and county population numbers are as of December 31 2016. Political parties and government are as of April 2017. New elections are to be held in September 2018. City population number are as of December 31 2015, and denotes contiguous urban areas – without regard to administra- tive division. Sports teams listed are those participating in the highest league of their respective sport – for soccer as of the 2017 season and for ice hockey and handball as of the 2016-2017 season. The ”most common names” listed are as of December 31 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the Third Finnish-Swedish Seminar on the Gulf of Bothnia
    VESIENTUTKIMUSLAITOKSEN JULKAISUJA PUBLICATIONS OF THE WATER RESEARCH INSTITUTE PENTTI KANGAS AND MIKAELA FORSSKAHL (eds.) PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD FINNISH-SWEDISH SEMINAR ON THE GULF OF BOTHNIA Pori, Finland, August 20—21, 1984 VESI- JA YMPÄRISTOHALLITUS — NATIONAL BOARD OF WATERS AND ENVIRONM ENT, FINLAND Helsinki 1986 Tekijät ovat vastuussa julkaisun sisällöstä, eikä siihen voida vedota vesi- ja ympäristöhallituksen virallisena kannanottona. The authors are responsible for the contents of the publication. It may not be referred to as the official view or policy of the National Board of Waters and Environment. ISBN 951-47-0881-4 ISSN 0355-0982 Helsinki 1987. Valtion painatuskeskus 3 CONTENTS Lauri Tarasti: Opening address 6 HYDROGRAPHY Stig Fonselius: The hydrography of the Gulf of Bothnia. Report from the hydrography group. 8 Cecilia Ambjörn: The water exchange between the Gulf of Bothnia and the Baltic proper as simulated by the meteorological conditions in a statistical model. 17 Hannu Grönvall & Simo Kalliosaari: The use of satellite pictures for mapping the ice conditions and surface temperatures in the Gulf of Bothnia. 19 Raimo Heikkilä: Recent sedimentation in the delta of the Kyrönjoki, Western Finland. 24 Folke Koroleff & Vappu Tervo: The concentration of iron in the waters of the Gulf of Bothnia during 1973—1984, with a note on other heavy metals in Baltic waters. 29 Matti Leppäranta & Pekka Alenius: Statistical features of the hydrography in the Gulf of Bothnia. 33 Kalervo Mäkelä: Variations in dry matter, phosphorus and organic carbon in two Bothnian Bay sediment cores in relation to hydraulic engineering works. 36 Heikki Pitkänen, Pentti Kangas, Petri Ekholm & Matti Perttilä: Surface distribution of total phosphorus and total nitrogen in the Finnish coastal waters in 1979—1983.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIQUE PLACES to VISIT PITEÅ CITY PITEÅ to ÄLVSBYN Piteå Is Located on the Southern Coast of Swedish Lapland, at the Distance 52 Km
    UNIQUE PLACES TO VISIT PITEÅ CITY PITEÅ TO ÄLVSBYN Piteå is located on the southern coast of Swedish Lapland, at the Distance 52 km. Travel time approx 40 min. mouth of the Pite River and not far from the arctic circle. a place of PITEÅ ÄLVSBYN STORFORSEN contrasts. Light and darkness, warmth and cold, the mountains and ATTRACTIONS the archipelago. Sweden’s highest water temperatures are often STORMYRBERGET recorded at Pite Havsbad which is known as the Nordic Riviera – Feel the scent of new-mown hay, a soft horse muzzle against your hand. Enjoy a trip The Pite River Valley is located in the southern region of Swedish The first half of the overall journey from Piteå to Jokkmokk hard to believe if you heard the ice crunching against the hull of the to the forest landscape or a delicious meal made from on-farm products. Stormyr- berget is a farm stay and guesthouse just to the north of Piteå. Set in the rolling Lapland and this touring route describes the area from the follows the Pite river, through forest land, and past the mighty icebreaker Arctic Explorer a few months earlier. The sea of the Gulf farms lands close between the river and the forest lands. Ideal for both a day visit municipalities of Piteå and Älvsbyn, across the arctic circle and Storforsen falls, Europes largest rapids. From Storforsen to of Bothnia also serves as an area for skating, dog sledding and snow with lunch or stay a night or two in one of the farm cottages. on to Jokkmokk.
    [Show full text]
  • Buch Neues Layout 01.04.10 10:54 Seite 1
    www.ssoar.info Shipyards and boatbuilding sites: features of the maritime cultural landscapes of the north Westerdahl, Christer Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Westerdahl, C. (2009). Shipyards and boatbuilding sites: features of the maritime cultural landscapes of the north. Deutsches Schiffahrtsarchiv, 32, 267-344. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-65958-5 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Deposit-Lizenz (Keine This document is made available under Deposit Licence (No Weiterverbreitung - keine Bearbeitung) zur Verfügung gestellt. Redistribution - no modifications). We grant a non-exclusive, non- Gewährt wird ein nicht exklusives, nicht übertragbares, transferable, individual and limited right to using this document. persönliches und beschränktes Recht auf Nutzung dieses This document is solely intended for your personal, non- Dokuments. Dieses Dokument ist ausschließlich für commercial use. All of the copies of this documents must retain den persönlichen, nicht-kommerziellen Gebrauch bestimmt. all copyright information and other information regarding legal Auf sämtlichen Kopien dieses Dokuments müssen alle protection. You are not allowed to alter this document in any Urheberrechtshinweise und sonstigen Hinweise auf gesetzlichen way, to copy it for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the Schutz beibehalten werden. Sie dürfen dieses Dokument document in public, to perform, distribute or otherwise use the nicht in irgendeiner Weise abändern, noch dürfen Sie document in public. dieses Dokument für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke By using this particular document, you accept the above-stated vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, aufführen, vertreiben oder conditions of use. anderweitig nutzen. Mit der Verwendung dieses Dokuments erkennen Sie die Nutzungsbedingungen an.
    [Show full text]