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Reducing Visual Impacts of Renewable Energy Facilities on BLM-Administered Lands

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Reducing Visual Impacts of Renewable Energy Facilities on BLM-Administered Lands BLM Best Management Practices for Reducing Visual Impacts of Renewable Energy Facilities on BLM-Administered Lands First Edition - 2013 i The BLM’s multiple-use mission is to sustain the health and productivity of the public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations. The Bureau accomplishes this by managing such activities as outdoor recreation, livestock grazing, mineral development, and energy production, and by conserving natural, historical, cultural, and other resources on public lands. BLM/WY/PL-13/013+1340 ii Renewable Energy Visual BMPs Prepared By: United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management Wyoming State Office Suggested Citation United States Department of the Interior. 2013. Best Management Practices for Reducing Visual Impacts of Renewable Energy Facilities on BLM-Administered Lands. Bureau of Land Management. Cheyenne, Wyoming. 342 pp, April. First Edition 2013 iv Contributors Tom Lahti of BLM (retired) originally conceived the idea for the Renewable Energy Visual BMP publication and obtained funding for its development. Sherry Roché (National Landscape Conservation System and Visual Resource Program Lead, BLM Wyoming State Office) was the BLM project manager for development of the BMP publication. Robert Sullivan (Environmental Scientist, Argonne National Laboratory), Ron Kolpa (Principal Environmental Systems Engineer, Argonne National Laboratory), and John McCarty (Chief Landscape Architect, BLM Washington Office) were the principal authors. The following individuals reviewed all or portions of the BMP publication and provided comments. BLM Reviewers x Beverly Gorny, Public Affairs Specialist, BLM Wyoming State Office x Ken Henke, State Natural Resource Specialist, BLM Wyoming State Office x Jim Perry, Senior Natural Resource Specialist, BLM Washington Office x Adrienne Pilmanis, Plant Conservation Lead/Science Coordinator, BLM Wyoming State Office x Karla Rogers, Landscape Architect/VRM Specialist, BLM National Operations Center x David Scott, Safety Officer, BLM Wyoming State Office x Mike Valle, Renewable Energy Coordinator, BLM Wyoming State Office x Bob Wick, Wilderness and Wild and Scenic Rivers Program Lead, BLM California State Office Other Reviewers x Laine Anderson, Plant Supervisor, Pacificorp Energy x Kevin Boesch, Stormwater and Air Quality Permitting Specialist, Logan Simpson Design, Inc. x Ken Borngrebe, Manager of Siting and Permitting, First Solar, Inc. x Jeremy Call, Senior Landscape Architect and Environmental Planner, Logan Simpson Design, Inc. x Terry DeWan, Principal, Terrence J. DeWan and Associates x Craig Johnson, Senior Landscape Architect and Environmental Planner, Logan Simpson Design, Inc. x Louise Kling, Environmental Planning Lead, URS Corporation x Randy Manion, Renewable Resource Program Manager, Western Area Power Administration x Jim May, Environmental Scientist, Argonne National Laboratory x Mark Meyer, Renewable Energy Visual Resource Specialist, National Park Service x Chad Moore, Night Skies Team Leader, National Park Service x Guy Nelson, Executive Director, Utility Geothermal Working Group x Merlyn Paulson, Professor, Department of Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University x Kate Schwarzler, Landscape Architect/Principal, Otak, Inc. The authors and BLM wish to thank the reviewers for their many thoughtful and helpful comments. Lindsey Utter (Argonne National Laboratory) contributed sketch graphics. Pamela Richmond, Carolyn Steele, and Vicki Skonicki of Argonne National Laboratory were responsible for graphic design, production, editing, and word processing. Several organizations and individuals contributed photographs and illustrations; their contributions are acknowledged in the figure captions. v Renewable Energy Visual BMPs Table of Contents 1 Introduction _________________________________________________________________________ 1 1.1 Purpose and Need ___________________________________________________________________________ 1 1.2 How to Use the Renewable Energy Visual BMP Publication _____________________________________________ 4 2 Visual Resources _____________________________________________________________________ 7 2.1 An Overview of the BLM Visual Resource Management (VRM) System ____________________________________ 7 2.1.1 Visual Resource Inventory __________________________________________________________________ 7 2.1.2 The RMP and Visual Resource Management Classes ____________________________________________ 10 2.1.3 Visual Contrast Rating ____________________________________________________________________ 12 2.2 Visual Contrast and Visibility Factors _____________________________________________________________ 14 2.2.1 Visual Contrast _________________________________________________________________________ 15 2.2.2 Visibility Factors ________________________________________________________________________ 19 3 Wind _________________________________________________________________________________ 35 3.1 Consider Topography When Siting Wind Turbines __________________________________________________ 44 3.2 Cluster or Group Turbines to Break up Overly Long Lines of Turbines ____________________________________ 46 3.3 Create Visual Order and Unity among Turbine Clusters _______________________________________________ 48 3.4 Site Wind Turbines to Minimize Shadow Flicker ____________________________________________________ 49 3.5 Relocate Turbines to Avoid Visual Impacts _________________________________________________________ 50 3.6 Use Audio Visual Warning System (AVWS) Technology to Reduce Night Sky Impacts _________________________ 52 3.7 Create Visual Uniformity in Shape, Color, and Size __________________________________________________ 54 3.8 Use Fewer, Larger Turbines ____________________________________________________________________ 55 3.9 Use Non-reflective Coatings on Wind Turbines and Other Facility Components ____________________________ 56 3.10 Prohibit Commercial Messages and Symbols on Wind Turbines _______________________________________ 57 3.11 Keep Wind Turbines in Good Repair ____________________________________________________________ 58 3.12 Clean Nacelles and Towers ___________________________________________________________________ 59 4 Solar _________________________________________________________________________________ 61 4.1 Develop a Glint and Glare Assessment, Mitigation, and Monitoring Plan _________________________________ 80 4.2 Use Dry-Cooling Technology for CSP Facilities ______________________________________________________ 82 4.3 Site and Operate Solar Collectors to Avoid Offsite Glare ______________________________________________ 83 4.4 Screen Solar Collectors to Avoid Off-site Glare _____________________________________________________ 85 4.5 Use Color-Treated Solar Collectors and Support Structures ____________________________________________ 87 4.6 Maintain Color-Treated Surfaces of Solar Collectors _________________________________________________ 89 vi Table of Contents 4.7 Avoid Complete Removal of Vegetation beneath Solar Collector Array ____________________________________ 90 4.8 Prohibit Commercial Messages and Symbols on Solar Power Towers and Solar Collector Arrays ________________ 92 5 Geothermal _________________________________________________________________________ 93 5.1 Use Dry-Cooling Technology ___________________________________________________________________ 100 5.2 Screen Pipelines from Roads and Other Sensitive Viewpoints _________________________________________ 102 5.3 Paint or Coat Aboveground Pipelines ____________________________________________________________ 104 5.4 Minimize Drill Rig and Well Test Facility Lighting ___________________________________________________ 106 6 Common Elements ________________________________________________________________ 107 6.1 Mitigation Planning 6.1.1 Ensure that Qualified Individuals Conduct and Review Impact Analyses and Mitigation ____________________ 114 6.1.2 Use Appropriate Methods and Data for Visual Impact Assessment and Mitigation Planning and Design _______ 116 6.1.3 Incorporate Stakeholder Input into the Siting and Design and Mitigation Planning Processes _______________ 118 6.1.4 Consult the Applicable Visual Resource Inventory (VRI) and Visual Resource Management (VRM) Class Designations ________________________________________________________________________ 120 6.1.5 Conduct a Thorough Assessment of Existing and Potentially Affected Visual Resources _____________________ 123 6.1.6 Develop Spatially Accurate and Realistic Photo Simulations of Project Facilities __________________________ 127 6.1.7 Develop a Visual Resource Impact Monitoring and Mitigation Compliance Plan __________________________ 131 6.1.8 Develop a Decommissioning and Site Reclamation Plan ____________________________________________ 133 6.1.9 Hold a Preconstruction Meeting to Coordinate the Mitigation Strategy _________________________________ 134 6.1.10 Discuss Visual Mitigation Objectives with Equipment Operators _____________________________________ 136 6.1.11 Use Offsite Mitigation _____________________________________________________________________ 138 6.2 Siting and Design 6.2.1 Site Facilities and ROWs outside Sensitive Viewsheds, or as Far as Possible from Sensitive Viewing Locations ___ 141 6.2.2 Site ROW Crossings to Minimize Impacts on Linear KOPs ___________________________________________ 145 6.2.3 Site Projects Away from Visually Prominent Landscape Features ______________________________________
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