Perspective (from Latin perspicere, to see clearly) in the graphic arts, such as drawing, is an approximate representation, on a flat surface (such as paper), of an image as it is perceived by the eye.

The two most characteristic features of are:

• Objects are drawn smaller as their distance from the observer increases • The distortion of items when viewed at an angle (spatial foreshortening)

In art, the term "foreshortening" is often used synonymously with perspective, even though foreshortening can occur in other types of non-perspective drawing representations (such as oblique ). Arten von Perspektiven

One-point-perspective One is typically used for roads, railroad tracks, or buildings viewed so that the front is directly facing the viewer. Any objects that are made up of lines either directly parallel with the viewer's line of sight (like railroad tracks [4]) or directly perpendicular (the railroad slats) can be represented with one- point perspective.

Using one point perspective, parallel lines converge to one point somewhere in the distance. This point is called the vanishing point (VP). This gives objects an impression of depth.

When drawing using one point perspective all objects vanish to one common point somewhere on the horizon.

The sides of an object diminish towards the vanishing point. All vertical and horizontal lines though are drawn with no perspective. i.e. face on.

One point perspective though is of only limited use, the main problem being that the perspective is too pronounced for small products making them looking bigger than they actually are.

perspective · Markus Schröppel · 2007 1/6

Two Point Perspective

Two Point Perspective is a much more useful drawing system than the more simple One Point Perspective. Objects drawn in two point perspective have a more natural look.

In two point perspective the sides of the object vanish to one of two vanishing points on the horizon. Vertical lines in the object have no perspective applied to them.

Three point perspective

Three point perspective is a development of two point perspective. Like two point it has two vanishing points somewhere on the horizon. But three point perspective also has a vanishing point somewhere above or below the horizon which the vertical vanish to.

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Perspective in Photography:

In photography, a is a wide-angle lens that takes in an extremely wide, hemispherical image. Originally developed for use in astronomy and called "whole-sky lenses", fisheye lenses quickly became popular in general photography for their unique, distorted appearance. They are often used by photographers shooting broad landscapes to suggest the curve of the Earth.

Panoramic photography is a style of photography that aims to create images with exceptionally wide fields of view, but has also come to refer to any that is cropped to a relatively wide aspect ratio (see Panoramic format) While there is no formal definition for the point at which "wide-angle" leaves off and "panoramic" begins, truly panoramic image are thought to capture a field of view comparable to, or greater than, that of the human eye - about 160° by 75° (up to 360º) - and should do so while maintaining detail across the entire picture. The resulting images are panoramic, in that they offer an unobstructed or complete view of an area - often, but not necessarily, taking the form of a wide strip. A panoramic photograph is really defined by whether the image gives the viewer the appearance of a "panorama," regardless of any arbitrary technical definition.

perspective · Markus Schröppel · 2007 3/6

History

Allready the romans have had knowledge how to show distances in illustrationds. In Pompeji (It) they found frescos showing the gardensurrounding continuing on the wall. This knowledge would not developed, paintings and drawings typically sized objects and characters according to their spiritual or thematic importance, not with distance. Especially in Medieval art, art was meant to be read as a group of symbols, rather than seen as a coherent picture.

The Sachsenspiegel:

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Perugino: "Christ hands the keys to Petrusl..."

One point perspective

in the early 1400s, Filippo Brunelleschi demonstrated the geometrical method of perspective, used today by artists, by painting the outlines of various Florentine buildings onto a mirror. When the building's outline was continued, he noticed that all of the lines converged on the horizon line. According to Vasari, he then set up a demonstration of his painting of the Baptistry in the incomplete doorway of the Duomo. He had the viewer look through a small hole on the back of the painting, facing the Baptistry. He would then set up a mirror, facing the viewer, which reflected his painting. To the viewer, the painting of the Baptistry and the Baptistry itself were nearly indistinguishable.

perspective · Markus Schröppel · 2007 4/6

Curvilinear perspective is a way of drawing using five vanishing points. Four vanishing points are placed around in a circle, they are named N, W, S, E. And there is one vanishing point in the center of the circle.

Reverse perspective

Reverse perspective, also called inverse perspective or Byzantine perspective, is a technique of perspective drawing where the further the objects are, the larger they are drawn. The lines diverge against the horizon, rather than converge as in linear perspective. Technically, the vanishing points are placed outside the painting with the illusion that they are "in front of" the painting.

Aerial perspective

or atmospheric perspective is the effect on the appearance of an object by the atmosphere between it and a viewer (or the technique of depicting this effect in a work of art, such as a landscape painting). As the distance between an object and a viewer increases, the contrast between the object and its background decreases. The contrast of any markings or details on the object also decreases. The colours of the object also become less saturated and shift towards blue. Édouard Manet: La Bar aux Folies Bergères (1882)

perspective · Markus Schröppel · 2007 5/6

Engineering drawings:

Scale drawing

In architecture, a scale drawing in diagrammatic form showing the basic layout of the interior and exterior spaces of a structure, as if seen in a cutaway view from above.

▪ ground plan ▪ sheer plan

Isometric ()

Isometric is a mathematical method of constructing a 3 dimensional object without using perspective. Isometric was an attempt to make drawings more realistic. The mathematics involved mean that all lengths when drawn at 30 degrees can be drawn using their (in other words lines aren't shortened as with oblique drawings). An isometric drawing shows two sides of the object and the top or bottom of the object. All vertical lines are drawn vertically, but all horizontal lines are drawn at 30º to the horizontal. Isometric is an easy method of constructing a reasonable '3 dimensional' images.

Dimetric (Dimetric projection)

Dimetric projection is a form of , in which its direction of viewing is such that two of the three axes of space appear equally foreshortened, of which the attendant scale and angles of presentation are determined according to the angle of viewing; the scale of the third direction (vertical) is determined separately. Approximations are common in dimetric drawings. This type of projection is used in many computer and video games (such as in SimCity and Diablo), but is often mislabelled. Here are also all vertical lines are drawn vertically, but all horizontal lines are drawn in one hand at 7° and on the other hand at 42° according to the horizontal.

Axonometric

Axonometric or planometric as it is sometimes known is a method of drawing a plan view with a third dimension. It is used by interior designers, architects and landscape gardeners.

Axonometric works by drawing a plan view at a 45 degree angle with the depth added vertically. All lengths are drawn as their true lengths unlike when you use oblique. This gives the impression that you are viewing the objects from above. One advantage of axonometric is that circles drawn on the top faces of objects can be drawn as a normal circle.

The cavalier perspective, also called cavalier projection or high view point, is a way to represent a volumic object on a flat drawing.

Axonometric and cavalier perspective are no longer in use for technical illustrations due to ISO.

perspective · Markus Schröppel · 2007 6/6