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Ludwig von Bertalanffy – Wikipedia https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy Ludwig von Bertalanffy Karl Ludwig von Bertalanffy (* 19. September 1901 in Atzgersdorf, Österreich; † 12. Juni 1972 in Buffalo, New York, USA) war einer der bedeutendsten theoretischen Biologen und Systemtheoretiker des 20. Jahrhunderts. Er war Mitglied der Deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina[1] (seit 1968) und der New York Academy of Sciences. Inhaltsverzeichnis Leben Familie Werk Veröffentlichungen Sekundärliteratur Einzelnachweise Weblinks 1 Leben Ludwig von Bertalanffy wurde 1901 in Atzgersdorf bei Wien geboren. Er wuchs als Einzelkind auf und wurde von Privatlehrern unterrichtet, bis er zehn war, und besuchte im Anschluss das Gymnasium Wien XII. Rosasgasse. In dieser Zeit pflegte er auch Kontakt mit Paul Kammerer, einem Nachbarn, der ein berühmter Biologe und zugleich ein Vorbild für ihn war. 1918 begann er an der Universität Innsbruck Kunstgeschichte und Philosophie zu studieren, wechselte aber 1924 nach Wien. Er war mit der Zeit immer mehr hin- und hergerissen, sein Studium zu wechseln. So fasste er den Entschluss, schließlich auch Biologie zu studieren, da er der Meinung war, dass er auch noch zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt Philosoph werden könne. An der Universität Wien galt sein Interesse daher sowohl der Philosophie als auch den Naturwissenschaften (insbesondere der Biologie). 1926 verfasste er unter seinem Doktorvater Moritz Schlick, dem Physiker und Naturphilosophen, seine Doktorarbeit über den Physiker und Naturphilosophen Gustav Fechner mit dem Titel: „Fechner und das Problem der Integration höherer Ordnung“. Damit promovierte er zum Doktor der Philosophie. 1934 wurde er habilitiert. Ludwig von Bertalanffy trat 1939 der NSDAP bei und wurde ein Jahr später außerplanmäßiger Professor an der Universität Wien. Nach Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges wurde ihm aufgrund der NSDAP-Mitgliedschaft der Professorentitel aberkannt und die Lehrbefugnis entzogen[2]. Später war er Professor an der Universität London (1948–49), an der Universität Montreal (1949), an der Universität Ottawa (1950–54), an der University of Southern California (1955–58), an der Menninger Foundation (1958–60), an der University of Alberta in Edmonton (1961–68) sowie von 1969 bis 1972 an der State University of New York in 1 von 3 11.11.2018, 17:03 Ludwig von Bertalanffy – Wikipedia https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy Buffalo (SUNY). 2 Familie 1924 lernte Bertalanffy seine zukünftige Frau kennen, welche er für die nächsten 40 Jahre beinahe ohne Unterbrechung neben sich haben sollte. Sie studierte ebenfalls, beendete ihr Studium aber nie, sondern unterstützte ihren Mann, soweit sie konnte. Zusammen hatten sie einen Sohn, der später in die Krebsforschung gehen sollte und somit die Arbeit seines Vaters weiterführte. Bertalanffy starb 1972 an einem Herzinfarkt. 3 Werk Der Wissenschaftler beschäftigte sich im Laufe seines Lebens mit den Themenkomplexen Physiologie und Krebsforschung, Biophysik offener Systeme (er führte hierbei den Begriff des Fließgleichgewichtes ein) und Thermodynamik lebender Systeme, die er von den geschlossenen Systemen der Physik unterschied. Er verfasste eine Allgemeine Systemtheorie, die versucht, auf der Grundlage des methodischen Holismus gemeinsame Gesetzmäßigkeiten in physikalischen, biologischen und sozialen Systemen zu finden und zu formalisieren. Prinzipien, die in einer Klasse von Systemen gefunden werden, sollen auch in anderen Systemen zu beobachten sein. Dazu zählen zum Beispiel: Komplexität, Gleichgewicht, Rückkopplung und Selbstorganisation. Bertalanffy unterscheidet verschiedene Typen von Gleichgewichten bei Systemen: Dynamisches Gleichgewicht ist der Überbegriff für echtes Gleichgewicht und Fließgleichgewicht: Echtes Gleichgewicht stellt sich in geschlossenen Systemen ein, die weder Materie noch Energie mit ihrer Umgebung austauschen. Es stellt den Zustand maximaler Entropie dar, das System kann also keine Arbeit mehr verrichten. Alle makroskopischen Zustandsgrößen sind konstant, auch wenn mikroskopische Prozesse weiterlaufen. (Beispiel: Chemisches Gleichgewicht) Fließgleichgewicht stellt sich in offenen Systemen ein, die mit ihrer Umgebung Materie oder Energie austauschen. Es ist durch die Konstanz einer Größe charakterisiert, die durch primäre Regulation (Rückwirkungen, die auf einfachen Prinzipien der Kinetik und Thermodynamik beruhen) bewirkt wird. Homöostatisches Gleichgewicht, ebenfalls ein Fließgleichgewicht, stellt sich in offenen Systemen durch sekundäre Regulation ein. Diese Systeme sind mit einem speziellen Informationssystem ausgestattet, das eine negative Rückkopplung bewirkt. Als theoretischer Biologe war Ludwig von Bertalanffy ein Kritiker des reduktionistischen Evolutionsmodells des Neodarwinismus', das er als vage, mangelhaft verifizierbar und dogmatisch charakterisierte. Die Systemtheorie Ludwig von Bertalanffys spielte eine entscheidende Rolle in der Pflegetheorie der US- Pflegetheoretikerin Imogene King (1923–2007).[3] In der psychiatrischen Krankenpflege publizierte die US- amerikanische Krankenschwester Shirley Smoyak im Jahr 1975 eine Arbeit zur "psychiatrischen Pflegekraft als Familientherapeut", in der sie sich grundlegend auf Ludwig von Bertalanffy bezog.[4][5] 4 Veröffentlichungen Nikolaus von Kues (1928). Theoretische Biologie (1932). Das biologische Weltbild (1949). General System Theory. In: Biologia Generalis. 1/1949, S. 114–129. 2 von 3 11.11.2018, 17:03 Ludwig von Bertalanffy – Wikipedia https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy The Theory of Open Systems in Physics and Biology. In: Science. Band 111, 1950, S. 23–29. Biophysik des Fließgleichgewichtes (1953). Robots, men and minds (1967). 5 Sekundärliteratur Luitfried Salvini-Plawen, Maria Mizzaro: 150 Jahre Zoologie an der Universität Wien. In: Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft in Österreich (Hrsg.): Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Österreich. Band 136. Wien 1999, S. 1–76 (landesmuseum.at (http://www.landesmuseum.at/datenbanken/digilit/?serienr=146) – Verzeichnis). 6 Einzelnachweise 1. Mitgliedseintrag von Ludwig von Bertalanffy (https://www.leopoldina.org/de/mitglieder/mitgliederverzeichnis /member/1977/) (mit Bild und CV) bei der Deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina, abgerufen am 9. März 2017. 2. Bertalanffy, (Karl) Ludwig von (1901–1972), Biologe (http://www.biographien.ac.at/oebl/oebl_B /Bertalanffy_Ludwig_1901_1972.xml), Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950. 3. Hubert Kolling (Hrsg.): Biographisches Lexikon zur Pflegegeschichte „Who was who in nursing history“. Band 7 hps media nidda 2015, S. 148–150. 4. Shirley Smoyak: The Psychiatric Nurse as a Family Therapist. In: Nursing Research. 25, 1972, 3, S. 200–200. 5. Maria Mischo-Kelling, Karin Wittneben: Pflegebildung und Pflegetheorien. 1. Auflage. Urban & Schwarzenberg, München / Wien / Baltimore 1995, S. 140, S. 198. 7 Weblinks Literatur von und über Ludwig von Bertalanffy (https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch& query=11865666X) im Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Shelia Guberman: (2002) Reflections on Ludwig von Bertalanfy’s “General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications”. In: Res-Systemica. Band 2, Special Issue: Proceedings of the fifth European Systems Science Congress (afscet.asso.fr (http://www.afscet.asso.fr/resSystemica/Crete02/Guberman.pdf) PDF; 187 kB, analysiert die Grundkonzepte der allgemeinen Systemtheorie von Ludwig von Bertalanffy; in Englischer Sprache, Namensschreibfehler im Original) Bertalanffy Center for the Study of Systems Science BCSSS (http://www.bcsss.org/) Abgerufen von „https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy&oldid=173959206“ Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 13. Februar 2018 um 11:29 Uhr bearbeitet. Der Text ist unter der Lizenz „Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike“ verfügbar; Informationen zu den Urhebern und zum Lizenzstatus eingebundener Mediendateien (etwa Bilder oder Videos) können im Regelfall durch Anklicken dieser abgerufen werden. Möglicherweise unterliegen die Inhalte jeweils zusätzlichen Bedingungen. Durch die Nutzung dieser Website erklären Sie sich mit den Nutzungsbedingungen und der Datenschutzrichtlinie einverstanden. Wikipedia® ist eine eingetragene Marke der Wikimedia Foundation Inc. 3 von 3 11.11.2018, 17:03 System – Wikipedia https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/System System Als System (altgr. σύστημα sýstēma, ‚aus mehreren Einzelteilen zusammengesetztes Ganzes‘) wird allgemein eine Gesamtheit von Elementen bezeichnet, die miteinander verbunden sind und dadurch als eine aufgaben-, sinn- oder zweckgebundene Einheit angesehen werden können, als strukturierte systematische Ganzheit. In unterschiedlichen Fachgebieten werden darüber hinaus spezifischere Begriffsverwendungen vorgeschlagen, diskutiert und angewendet.[1] Siehe auch: Systemtheorie Begriffsgeschichtlich tritt neben die Verwendung der Bezeichnung „System“ für funktionale Gebilde wie Sonnensysteme oder Tonsysteme die Verwendung für „eine einheitliche, nach einem bestimmten Prinzip, einer Grundidee, einer methodischen Einsicht durchgeführte Anordnung einer Vielfalt von Erkenntnissen zu einer logisch begründeten Gesamtanschauung, einem Lehrgebäude, in welchem jeder Teil seinen vernunftmäßig bestimmten Platz einnimmt“ (Grimm’sches Wörterbuch).[2] Ein hierzu ähnlicher Begriff ist Konstrukt (vgl. auch die Theorie des Sozialkonstruktivismus). Inhaltsverzeichnis Begriffs- und Ideengeschichte Antike Neuzeit Systembegriff der Systemtheorie Systembegriff
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  • John A. Wheeler 1911–2008

    John A. Wheeler 1911–2008

    John A. Wheeler 1911–2008 A Biographical Memoir by Kip S. Thorne ©2019 National Academy of Sciences. Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. JOHN ARCHIBALD WHEELER July 9, 1911–April 13, 2008 Elected to the NAS, 1952 John Archibald Wheeler was a theoretical physicist who worked on both down- to-earth projects and highly speculative ideas, and always emphasized the importance of experiment and observation, even when speculating wildly. His research and insights had large impacts on nuclear and particle physics, the design of nuclear weapons, general relativity and relativistic astrophysics, and quantum gravity and quantum information. But his greatest impacts were through the students, postdocs, and mature physicists whom he educated and inspired. Photography by AIP Emilio Segrè Visual Archives Photography by AIP Emilio Segrè He was guided by what he called the “principle of radical conservatism, ”inspired by Niels Bohr: Base your research on well-established physical laws (be conservative), but By Kip S. Thorne push them into the most extreme conceivable domains (be radical). He often pushed far beyond the boundaries of well understood physics, speculating in prescient ways that inspired future generations of physicists. After completing his PhD. with Karl Herzfeld at Johns Hopkins University (1933), Wheeler embarked on a postdoctoral year with Gregory Breit at New York University (NYU) and another with Niels Bohr in Copenhagen. He then moved to a three-year assistant professorship at the University of North Carolina (1935–1937), followed by a 40-year professorial career at Princeton University (1937–1976) and then ten years as a professor at the University of Texas, Austin (1976–1987).