International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 4, April 2018, pp. 11991207, Article ID: IJCIET_09_04_134 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=9&Issue=4 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed
CLASSIFICATION OF FOUNDATION SOIL: USING GEOINFORMATICS (GIS)
Farhan Khan PG Student, Civil Engineering Department, RCOEM, Nagpur (MH)
T.K. Rao Associate Professor RCOEM, Nagpur
H.D. Bhave Associate Professor RCOEM, Nagpur
ABSTRACT Nagpur city is located in the center of India. Nagpur city is growing rapidly due to the urbanization and industrialization. In next few years Nagpur will be become next metropolitan city. Due to urban growth various constructions activities are taking place due to which various soils testing is to be done here before the construction. Every now and then the construction companies and contractors are required to perform soil testing for construction of structures. The author has collected sixty bore log data across the Nagpur city and used the data for predicting the classification of soil, depth/elevation, soil type, bearing capacity using ArcGIS software with respect to the latitude and longitude of each borehole. Using this software it will be helpful for the construction companies and contractors can easily get the nearby bore log data by which the type of soil and bearing capacity can be known. Key words: ArcGIS, Boreholes, GIS, Nagpur city, Soil Profiles. Cite this Article: Farhan Khan, T.K. Rao and H.D. Bhave, Classification of Foundation Soil: Using Geoinformatics (Gis), International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(4), 2018, pp. 11991207. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=9&Issue=4
1. INTRODUCTION GIS geographic information system is a collection of computerized maps and databases that are linked together for the purpose of storing, retrieving, managing and analyzing information (ESRI, 2003). Geotechnical engineering right now keeps up an extensive database of boreholes plans and comparing test boreholes logs. These plans and logs are in difficult duplicate organizing and are put away in boxes, record cabinets, and plan drawers. Finding particular boreholes plans and test boreholes logs can be a really time spending to prepare that also depends on the
http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1199 [email protected] Classification of Foundation Soil: Using Geoinformatics (Gis) memory of the faculty who are capable for keeping up the database. Sometimes it is very troublesome and costly to distinguish soil properties that will be utilized in civil designing applications. This gives author to effective think about to explore the improvement of a Geographic Information System (GIS) of soil information which gotten from test boreholes results.
1.1. Research Problem The present system used for storing, archiving and using data of soil testing in laboratories in Nagpur is not effective and it is time consuming, so the data can be missed or lost. The Author in this research provides an alternate method for storing the soil test data electronically and linked that data to a specified location with latitude and longitude on Nagpur city map with the help of GIS software i.e. ArcGIS.
1.2. Objectives The objective of this research work is to achieve the following: a) Electronically storing soil investigation reports. b) Producing soil logs 2D and 3D. c) Preparing Cross section, profiles of soil. d) Creating lithology map for soil.
1.3. Literature Review Williams (2002) conducted a study to analyze the development of GIS to manage and distribute soils data obtained from different bore logs. That makes it easier to get data relating to soil of specific project location. According to ESRI (2012), Customized GIS applications for surroundings mapping, natural landslide, air pollution observation was developed to facilitate engineering work. Expert systems are developed for several of geotechnical applications like site investigation coming up with, soil classification parameter assessment, selection of type of foundation, and plenty of others, Youssef, and Elkhouly, (2000). A number of these systems aimed to develop inference of the deposition patterns for subsurface layers by interpretation of field and laboratory data such as Rehak et al. (1985), Lok (1987) and Adams et al. (1989) that provided two dimensional subsurface profiles. Additionally an information primarily based system developed by Olephant et al. (1996) provided 2 dimensional interpretations of the bottom conditions. An integrated GIS and knowledge based Geostatistical system is developed by Adams and Bosscher (1995) enables to view and retrieve the subsurface data. The system will give reasoning of soil formation and properties at any location inside the area of knowledge.
1.4. Study Area The study area of author is Nagpur city located at 21° 8' 47.8788'' N latitudes and 79° 5' 19.8960'' E longitudes. Nagpur is located at the exact centre of the Indian peninsula. Nagpur has an average elevation of 310 meters. The Average rainfall of this area varies from 160mm to 294mm. The population of Nagpur is 2,405,665 making it 13th largest urban city in India. The summer t
http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1200 [email protected] Farhan Khan, T.K. Rao and H.D. Bhave
Figure 1 Nagpur Location
2. METHODOLOGY The methodology of the research is divided in multiple stages and the flow chart for the research is shown in figure 2.
Figure 2 Methodology flow chart
2.1. Data Collection and Editing Collection of bore log data is the time consuming and costly part of GIS. The process of collection and editing data in ArcGIS is further divided into two categories: collection of data and syncronizing it with ArcGIS. There are different sources of data: Soil testing Laboratories of Nagpur city
http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1201 [email protected] Classification of Foundation Soil: Using Geoinformatics (Gis)
Soil investigation reports containing soil data 60 boreholes covering about 60% of Nagpur city and containing necessary data of different layers of soil. Google satellite images USGS satellite images
2.2. Preparation of Data In this stage the geo-referencing process is done for satellite images and coordinate system has been selected and database has been created and the process is completed as shown below.
2.2.1. Geo-referenced image Geo-referencing process has been made in the satellite images obtained from USGS to obtain a map with coordinates according to WGS 1984 coordinates system.
2.2.2. Project Database Creating project database is an important part of the project. The accuracy of the data used and completeness, determines the accuracy of results. Tables needed in data management are made in MS-Excel as shown in Table 1. The table contains general information of soil such as (location, water leveletc.)
Table 1 Showing borehole data
2.2.3. Synchronization of Data with Software ArcGIS and Rockworks 16 The data is imported to ArcGIS 10 software which includes connecting attribute, spatial data for boreholes and all data related to soil for its analysis. The borehole points are imported to ArcGIS according to its actual location on earth i.e. according to latitude and longitude. For
http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1202 [email protected] Farhan Khan, T.K. Rao and H.D. Bhave further analysis, data is linked with Rockworks 16. In rockworks Cross-sections, Soil Profile, Lithology can be drawn.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Based on analysis of data following outcomes have been archived. a) Surface map with borehole location b) Soil profile c) Statistics and Relationship d) Visualization of subsurface data The details of the results are shown below:
3.1. Surface map with borehole location: The Rockworks software is used to make the surface map which is helpful in study of area stratigraphy. The Figure 3 shows the bore log location in the Nagpur city. The 2D stratigraphy of bore log obtained from the Rockworks software is shown in the Figure 4.
Figure 3 Location of bore logs
http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1203 [email protected] Classification of Foundation Soil: Using Geoinformatics (Gis)
Figure 4 Surface lithology 2D with bore holes location.
3.2. Soil Profile Soil profile can be drawn from Rockworks software. This helps in determining the depth of soil layer beneath the surface of ground. The Figure 4 shows the soil profile which includes three soil, soft rock, and hard rock.
3.3. Classification analysis This classification gives more details for soil types. The type of soil helps engineers taking decision regarding the foundation type selection. The Soil Classification is shown in Figure 5. Basically the types of soil found in Nagpur city are: a) Kali soils: These are black cotton soils which are fine grained clayey in texture and varies in depth from 1 m to 6 m or more and retain moisture. They are found around Kalmeshwar, Saoner and Nagpur. b) Morand soils: These are predominant in the district. They are black cotton soils with higher percentage of lime than the Kali soils. They are black, grey or light to dark brown in colour, clayey in texture and have a depth of about 1 to 3 m.
http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1204 [email protected] Farhan Khan, T.K. Rao and H.D. Bhave
Figure 5 Cross section A-Soil profile.
3.4. Visualize Subsurface Data with Rockworks Rockworks is integrated software package for geological and soil data management, analysis, and visualization. Rockworks is special software for visualization of subsurface data as borelogs, cross sections, fence diagrams, solid models, and maps in both 2D and 3D windows. The borehole data manager is used for easy entry of borehole data. Using this data various outputs can be obtained such as, create point, contour, plan-view, and lithology/stratigraphy surface (geology) maps; bore logs; assortment of 3D diagrams: logs, surfaces, fence diagrams, and solid models.
3.4.1. Log Profile A log profile is one in which the logs of individual borehole are "projected" onto a single profile line cut. In log profiles, the distance between logs is determined by their perpendicular projection onto the profile line. Log profile of the data used is shown in Figure 6.
http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1205 [email protected] Classification of Foundation Soil: Using Geoinformatics (Gis)
Figure 6 Log profile in both 2D and 3D
3.4.2. Lithology Model Using Rockworks it is possible to create a 3-Dimensional Cells diagram that illustrates lithology types. The lithology can be color-coded based on their background colors in the Lithology Type Table Algorithm. 3D Strip logs can be appended. Selected lithology types can be displayed and volumes computed. The 3D strip log of the data is shown in the Figure 7.
Figure 7 3D lithology model of borehole
4. CONCLUSION GIS for geotechnical information management system have been developed to assist geotechnical Engineers, Structural engineers and Geologists. By using GIS, the users can produce the maps of soil classifications, obtain engineering information regarding soil type, an initial indication of soil properties and create soil profile for any location. Rockworks was linked with ArcGIS to get 2D logs, 3D logs, fences, sections, profiles and maps for any location in Nagpur City.
http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1206 [email protected] Farhan Khan, T.K. Rao and H.D. Bhave
REFERENCES
[1] Adams, T. M., Christiano, P., & Hendrickson, C. (1989). Some expert system applications in geotechnical engineering. Foundation Engineering: Current principles and practices. ASCE: New York, pp. 885-902. [2] Adams T. M., & Bosscher, P. J. (1995). Integration 0f GIS_And_Knowledge-Based Systems for Subsurface Characterization. In M. L. Maher & I. Tommelein (Eds.), Expert Systems for Civil Engineers: Integrated &Distributed Systems. New York: ASCE. [3] Bui, E. N., Smettem, K. R. J., Moran, C. J., & Williams, J. (1995). Use of soil survey information to assess regional salinization risk using Geographical information system. Journal of Environmental Quality,25(3),433439.http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1996.00472425002500030008x [4] ESRI. (2012). Environmental and Geotechnical Engineering Applications of GIS. Map Book Online Volume 24. [5] Fayer, M. J., Gee, G. W., Rockhold, M. L., Freshley, M. D., & Walters, T. B. (1995). Estimating recharge rates for a groundwater model using GIS. Journal of Environmental Quality, 25(3), 510-518.http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1996.00472425002500030016x [6] Kothyari, U. C., & Jain, S. K. (1997). Sediment yield estimation using GIS. Hydrological Science Journal, 42(6), 833-843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626669709492082 [7] Lok M. (1987). LOGS: A Prototype Expert System to Determine Stratification Profile from Multiple Boring Logsty, Pittsburgh. [8] Meijerink. (1996). Comparison of approaches for erosion modeling using flow accumulation with GIS, [9] Application of GIS system in Hydrology and water resource management (pp. 437-444). IAHS Publication n 235, Wallingford: IAHS press. [10] Olephant, J., Ibrahim, J. A. R., & Jowitt, P. W. (1996). ASSIST: A Computer-based Advisory System for Site Investigations. Proc. Instn. Civil Engineers Geotechnical Engineering, 119, 109-122.http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/igeng.1996.28170 [11] Player, R. (2006). Geographic Information System (GIS) Use in Geotechnical Engineering. GeoCongress 2006. held in Atlanta, Georgia, February 26-March 1, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40803(187)123 [12] Rahman, S., Munn, L. C., Vance, G. F., & Arneson, C. (1997). Wyoming rocky mountain forest soils. Mapping using an ARC/INFO Geographical Information System. Soil science society of America journal, 61(6), 1730-1737. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1997.03615995006100060026x [13] Williams, T. (2002). GIS applications in geotechnical engineering. Trenton: New Jersey Dept. of Transportation. New Jersey. & United States. [14] M. V. Raju, SS. Asadi, M. Satish Kumar and Hepsibah Palivela, Estimation of Runoff For Agricultural Utilization Using Geoinformatics: A Model Study From Telangana State. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(4), 2017, pp. 11321144. [15] SS. Asadi, M. Satish Kumar, N. Vijay Kumar and K. Rajyalakshmi, Estimation of Runoff for Agricultural Utilization Using Geoinformatics: A Model Study from Telangana State. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(10), 2017, pp. 472483. [16] Basavarajappa H.T, Manjunatha M.C, Jeevan L, Application of Geoinformatics on Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zones of Chitradurga District, Karnataka, India, International Journal of Computer Engineering & Technology (IJCET), Volume 5, Issue 5, May (2014), pp. 94-108
http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1207 [email protected]