AMERICAN HISTORY

Connecting with the Past | FOURTEENTH EDITION

ALAN BRINKLEY Columbia University

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Published by McGraw-Hill, an imprint of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2007, 2003, 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Previous editions © 1995, 1991 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved. © 1987, 1983 by Richard N. Current, T. H. W. Inc., Frank Freidel, and Alan Brinkley. All rights reserved. © 1979, 1971, 1966, 1964, 1961, 1959 by Richard N. Current, T. Harry Williams, and Frank Freidel. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic stor- age or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.

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ISBN: 978-0-07-340695-4 MHID: 0-07-340695-3

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The credits section for this book begins on page C-1 and is considered an extension of the copyright page.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Brinkley, Alan. American history: a survey / Alan Brinkley.—14th ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-07-340695-4—ISBN 978-0-07-737950-6—ISBN 978-0-07-737949-0 1. United States—History—Textbooks. I. Title. E178.1.B826 2011 973—dc22 2011010353 www.mhhe.com ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Alan Brinkley is the Allan Nevins Professor of History at Columbia University. He served as University Provost at Columbia from 2003–2009. He is the author of Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and the Great Depression, which won the 1983 National Book Award; The Unfi nished Nation: A Concise History of the American People; The End of Reform: New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War; Liberalism and Its Discontents; Franklin D. Roosevelt; and The Publisher: Henry Luce and His American Century. He is the chair of the board of the National Humanities Center, the chair of the board of the Century Foundation, and a trustee of Oxford University Press. He is a member of the Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1998–1999, he was the Harmsworth Professor of History at Oxford University, and in 2011–2012, the Pitt Professor at the University of Cambridge. He won the Joseph R. Levenson Memorial Teaching Award at Harvard, and the Great Teacher Award at Columbia. He was educated at Princeton and Harvard.

• iii AMERICANALAN Connecting with the Past Connecting with

American History shows students that history is not just a collection of names and dates, but an ongoing story, which teaches us about the present as well as the past.

▲ NEW “Consider the Source” features guide students CONSIDER THE SOURCE through careful analysis of historical documents and prompt them to make connections with contemporary events. How much does the current Tea Party movement TEA PARTIES THE BOSTON Tea Party of 1773 was a revolt against “taxation without representation.” The poem “Ye glorious sons of freedom” celebrates the action of the Boston Tea Party, expresses the colo- have in common with the original Boston Tea Party? How nists’ resentments and complaints against the distant London government, and calls upon Boston patriots to continue to resist British actions. was President Obama’s rhetoric about the current finan- The twenty-fi rst century Tea Party movement became prominent in 2009. Although not an offi - cial political party, members tend to endorse Republican candidates. The modern Tea Party move- cial crisis informed by that used by President Roosevelt ment has borrowed its name from the Boston event that took place more than two hundred years ago, and has picked up some (although not all) of the ideas of the 1773 Boston Tea Party: hostility during the Great Depression? Consider the Source and to distant authority (London then, Washington now) and resentment of taxes (imposed by Britain then, and by Washington now). Although taxation in our time does not really take place “without find out! representation,” today’s Tea Partiers certainly feel that contemporary taxation is as illegitimate as the Bostonians felt it was in 1773. Connect with the EXPERIENCE A American History models the interpretive process off

DEBATING THE PAST ““doingd history,” showing students how historians use eevidencev to create our understanding of the past, and iinvitingn them to participate in the process.

▲ “Debating the Past” essays, featured throughout the The Causes of the Civil War nnarrative,a illustrate the contested quality of much of the his second inaugural address in March 1865, Abraham Lincoln looked back at statement, but IN the beginning of the Civil War four years earlier. “All knew,” he said, that slavery about whether sl AAmericanm past. Through these, students gain a sense of “was somehow the cause of the war.” Few historians doubt the basic truth of Lincoln’s principal, cause o This debate b In 1858, Senator ttheh evolving nature of historical scholarship and an took note of two sectional tension nation. On one uunderstandingn of present-day interpretations. who believed the dental, unnecess fanatical agitators HISTORYBRINKLEY 14TH EDITION America’s Past

■ NEW! “Understand, Analyze, and Evaluate” prompts at the end of each feature essay encourage students to think critically about historical information. ■ NEW! “Recall and Refl ect” prompts at the end of the chapter guide students through mastery of the key events and main ideas of each chapter.

Connect to SUCCESS in History

CoConnectnnect HiHistorystory papavesves a papathth ttoo ststudentudent susuccess.cc Do you understand the tools of history? Learn how to investigate primary sources, understand maps and geog- raphy, and build critical analysis skills. ■ Students study more eff ectively with Connect History, a groundbreaking digital program. Students confi rm what they know and learn what they don’t through engaging activities and review questions. ■ Connect History works in tandem with “Understand, Analyze, and Evaluate” and “Recall and Refl ect” questions in each chapter and builds a personalized study plan for each student for every chapter. ■ Connect History builds critical thinking skills by placing students in a “critical mission” and asking them to examine, evaluate, and analyze the data in order to support a point of view. ■ Connect History includes tools to aid students in understanding maps and geog- raphy, exploring primary source documents, and writing a research paper (includ- ing how to document sources and avoid plagiarism). BRIEF CONTENTS

PREFACE xxxiii

1 THE COLLISION OF CULTURES 1 2 TRANSPLANTATIONS AND BORDERLANDS 35 3 SOCIETY AND CULTURE IN PROVINCIAL AMERICA 66 4 THE EMPIRE IN TRANSITION 100 5 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 130 6 THE CONSTITUTION AND THE NEW REPUBLIC 160 7 THE JEFFERSONIAN ERA 182 8 VARIETIES OF AMERICAN NATIONALISM 217 9 JACKSONIAN AMERICA 234 10 AMERICA’S ECONOMIC REVOLUTION 260 11 COTTON, SLAVERY, AND THE OLD SOUTH 297 12 ANTEBELLUM CULTURE AND REFORM 320 13 THE IMPENDING CRISIS 346 14 THE CIVIL WAR 373 15 RECONSTRUCTION AND THE NEW SOUTH 410 16 THE CONQUEST OF THE FAR WEST 442 17 INDUSTRIAL SUPREMACY 471 18 THE AGE OF THE CITY 500 19 FROM CRISIS TO EMPIRE 529 20 THE PROGRESSIVES 567 21 AMERICA AND THE GREAT WAR 601 22 THE “NEW ERA” 632 23 THE GREAT DEPRESSION 658 24 THE NEW DEAL 682 25 THE GLOBAL CRISIS, 1921–1941 708 26 AMERICA IN A WORLD AT WAR 727 27 THE COLD WAR 756 28 THE AFFLUENT SOCIETY 778 29 CIVIL RIGHTS, VIETNAM, AND THE ORDEAL OF LIBERALISM 806 30 THE CRISIS OF AUTHORITY 833 31 FROM THE “AGE OF LIMITS” TO THE AGE OF REAGAN 864 32 THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION 886

APPENDIXES A-1

CREDITS C-1

INDEX I-1

vi • CONTENTS

THE COLLISION SETTING THE STAGE 2 1 AMERICA BEFORE COLUMBUS 3 OF CULTURES 1 The Peoples of the Precontact Americas 3 The Growth of Civilizations: The South 3 The Civilizations of the North 6 Tribal C ultures 8 EUROPE LOOKS WESTWARD 9 Commerce and Nationalism 10 Christopher C olumbus 12 The C onquistadores 13 Spanish Amer ica 15 Northern O utposts 16 The Empire at High Tide 18 Biological and Cultural Exchanges 19 Africa and America 21 THE ARRIVAL OF THE ENGLISH 23 The Commercial Incentive 23 The Religious Incentive 25 The English in Ireland 28 The French and the Dutch in America 30 The First English Settlements 31 Roanoke 31 Debating the Past Why Do Historians So Often Differ? 8 Debating the Past The American Population before Columbus 10 America in the World The Atlantic Context of Early American History 22 America in the World Mercantilism and Colonial Commerce 26

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 33

TRANSPLANTATIONS AND SETTING THE STAGE 36 2 THE EARLY CHESAPEAKE 37 BORDERLANDS 35 The Founding of Jamestown 37 Reorganization 37 Tobacco 38 Expansion 39 Exchanges of Agricultural Technology 40 Maryland and the Calverts 40 Turbulent V irginia 41 Bacon’s R ebellion 42 THE GROWTH OF NEW ENGLAND 42 Plymouth P lantation 43 The Puritan Experiment 44 The Expansion of New England 46 Settlers and Natives 47 The Pequot War, King Philip’s War, and the Technology of Battle 49 THE RESTORATION COLONIES 50 The English Civil War 50 The C arolinas 50

• vii viii • CONTENTS

New Netherland, New York, and New Jersey 52 The Quaker Colonies 53 BORDERLANDS AND MIDDLE GROUNDS 54 The Caribbean Islands 55 Masters and Slaves in the Caribbean 57 The Southwestern Borderlands 57 The Southeastern Borderlands 58 The Founding of Georgia 59 Middle Gr ounds 59 THE EVOLUTION OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE 62 The Drive for Reorganization 62 The Dominion of New England 63 The “Glorious Revolution” 63 Debating the Past Native Americans and the “Middle Ground” 60

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 64

SOCIETY AND CULTURE IN SETTING THE STAGE 67 3 THE COLONIAL POPULATION 68 PROVINCIAL AMERICA 66 Indentured S ervitude 68 Birth and Death 69 Medicine in the Colonies 70 Women and Families in the Chesapeake 71 Women and Families in New England 72 The Beginnings of Slavery in British America 73 Changing Sources of European Immigration 75 THE COLONIAL ECONOMIES 77 The Southern Economy 78 Northern Economic and Technological Life 79 The Extent and Limits of Technology 81 The Rise of Colonial Commerce 82 The Rise of Consumerism 83 PATTERNS OF SOCIETY 84 The P lantation 84 Plantation S lavery 85 The Puritan Community 87 The Witchcraft Phenomenon 88 Cities 89 Inequality 90 AWAKENINGS AND ENLIGHTENMENTS 91 The Pattern of Religions 91 The Great Awakening 92 The E nlightenment 93 Education 93 The Spread of Science 96 Concepts of Law and Politics 96 Debating the Past The Origins of Slavery 74 Debating the Past The Witchcraft Trials 90 Patterns of Popular Culture Colonial Almanacs 94

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 98 CONTENTS • ix

THE EMPIRE SETTING THE STAGE 101 4 LOOSENING TIES 102 IN TRANSITION 100 A Tradition of Neglect 102 The Colonies Divided 102 THE STRUGGLE FOR THE CONTINENT 103 New France and the Iroquois Nation 103 Anglo-French C onflicts 104 The Great War for the Empire 107 THE NEW IMPERIALISM 109 Burdens of Empire 109 The British and the Tribes 112 The Colonial Response 112 STIRRINGS OF REVOLT 115 The Stamp Act Crisis 115 Internal R ebellions 116 The Townshend Program 116 The Boston Massacre 117 The Philosophy of Revolt 119 The Tea Excitement 120 COOPERATION AND WAR 124 New Sources of Authority 124 Lexington and Concord 127 America in the World The First Global War 106 Consider the Source Tea Parties 122 Patterns of Popular Culture Taverns in Revolutionary Massachusetts 124

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 128

THE AMERICAN SETTING THE STAGE 131 5 THE STATES UNITED 132 REVOLUTION 130 Defining American War Aims 132 The Decision for Independence 133 Responses to Independence 133 Mobilizing for War 134 THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 136 The First Phase: New England 137 The Second Phase: The Mid-Atlantic Region 138 The Iroquois and the British 141 Securing Aid from Abroad 142 The Final Phase: The South 142 Winning the Peace 145 WAR AND SOCIETY 145 Loyalists and Minorities 145 The War and Slavery 147 Native Americans and the Revolution 148 Women’s Rights and Women’s Roles 149 The War Economy 150 x • CONTENTS

THE CREATION OF STATE GOVERNMENTS 151 The Assumptions of Republicanism 151 The First State Constitutions 152 Revising State Governments 152 Toleration and Slavery 152 THE SEARCH FOR A NATIONAL GOVERNMENT 153 The C onfederation 153 Diplomatic F ailures 153 The Confederation and the Northwest 154 Indians and the Western Lands 156 Debts, Taxes, and Daniel Shays 156 Debating the Past The American Revolution 134 America in the World The Age of Revolutions 146

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 158

THE CONSTITUTION AND SETTING THE STAGE 161 6 FRAMING A NEW GOVERNMENT 162 THE NEW REPUBLIC 160 Advocates of Centralization 162 A Divided Convention 164 Compromise 164 The Constitution of 1787 165 The Limits of the Constitution 167 Federalists and Antifederalists 168 Completing the Structure 169 FEDERALISTS AND REPUBLICANS 170 Hamilton and the Federalists 170 Enacting the Federalist Program 171 The Republican Opposition 172 ESTABLISHING NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY 173 Securing the Frontier 173 Native Americans and the New Nation 174 Maintaining Neu trality 174 Jay’s Treaty and Pinckney’s Treaty 175 THE DOWNFALL OF THE FEDERALISTS 175 The Election of 1796 176 The Quasi War with France 177 Repression and Protest 177 The “Revolution” of 1800 178 Debating the Past The Meaning of the Constitution 166

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 180 CONTENTS • xi

THE JEFFERSONIAN SETTING THE STAGE 183 7 THE RISE OF CULTURAL ERA 182 NATIONALISM 184 Patterns of Education 184 Medicine and Science 185 Cultural Aspirations in the New Nation 185 Religious S kepticism 187 The Second Great Awakening 187 STIRRINGS OF INDUSTRIALISM 191 Technology in America 191 Transportation I nnovations 192 The Rising Cities 195 JEFFERSON THE PRESIDENT 195 The Federal City and the “People’s President” 196 Dollars and Ships 197 Conflict with the Courts 198 DOUBLING THE NATIONAL DOMAIN 200 Jefferson and Napoleon 200 The Louisiana Purchase 203 Lewis and Clark Explore the West 203 The Burr Conspiracy 204 EXPANSION AND WAR 205 Conflict on the Seas 205 Impressment 206 “Peaceable C oercion” 206 The “Indian Problem” and the British 207 Tecumseh and the Prophet 209 Florida and War Fever 210 THE WAR OF 1812 211 Battles with the Tribes 211 Battles with the British 211 The Revolt of New England 213 The Peace Settlement 213 Consider the Source Religious Revivals 188 America in the World The Global Industrial Revolution 194 Patterns of Popular Culture Horse Racing in Early America 198

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 214 xii • CONTENTS

VARIETIES OF AMERICAN SETTING THE STAGE 218 8 BUILDING A NATIONAL MARKET 219 NATIONALISM 217 Banking, Currency, and Protection 219 Transportation 220 EXPANDING WESTWARD 221 The Great Migrations 222 The Plantation System in the Southwest 222 Trade and Trapping in the Far West 223 Eastern Images of the West 224 THE “ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS” 224 The End of the First Party System 224 John Quincy Adams and Florida 225 The Panic of 1819 226 SECTIONALISM AND NATIONALISM 226 The Missouri Compromise 226 Marshall and the Court 227 The Court and the Tribes 228 The Latin American Revolution and the Monroe Doctrine 228 THE REVIVAL OF OPPOSITION 229 The “Corrupt Bargain” 230 The Second President Adams 230 Jackson T riumphant 231

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 232

JACKSONIAN AMERICA 234 SETTING THE STAGE 235 9 THE RISE OF MASS POLITICS 236 Expanding D emocracy 236 Tocqueville a nd Democracy in America 238 The Legitimization of Party 238 “President of the Common Man” 240 “OUR FEDERAL UNION” 240 Calhoun and Nullification 241 The Rise of Van Buren 241 The Webster-Hayne Debate 241 The Nullification Crisis 243 THE REMOVAL OF THE INDIANS 243 White Attitudes Toward the Tribes 244 The Black Hawk War 244 The “Five Civilized Tribes” 244 Trails of Tears 245 The Meaning of Removal 246 JACKSON AND THE BANK WAR 247 Biddle’s I nstitution 248 The “Monster” Destroyed 249 The Taney Court 249 THE CHANGING FACE OF AMERICAN POLITICS 250 Democrats and Whigs 250 Van Buren and the Panic of 1837 252 CONTENTS • xiii

The Log Cabin Campaign 253 The Frustration of the Whigs 254 Whig D iplomacy 255 Debating the Past The “Age of Jackson” 238 Patterns of Popular Culture The Penny Press 256

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 257

AMERICA’S ECONOMIC SETTING THE STAGE 261 10 THE CHANGING AMERICAN POPULATION 262 REVOLUTION 260 The American Population, 1820–1840 262 Immigration and Urban Growth, 1840–1860 263 The Rise of Nativism 265 TRANSPORTATION, COMMUNICATIONS, AND TECHNOLOGY 269 The Canal Age 269 The Early Railroads 271 The Triumph of the Rails 272 Innovations in Communications and Journalism 274 COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY 274 The Expansion of Business, 1820–1840 274 The Emergence of the Factory 275 Advances in Technology 276 MEN AND WOMEN AT WORK 277 Recruiting a Native Workforce 277 The Immigrant Workforce 282 The Factory System and the Artisan Tradition 283 Fighting for Control 283 “Free L abor” 284 PATTERNS OF INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY 284 The Rich and the Poor 284 Social M obility 286 Middle-Class L ife 287 The Changing Family 287 Women and the “Cult of Domesticity” 289 Leisure Act ivities 292 THE AGRICULTURAL NORTH 293 Northeastern Ag riculture 293 The Old Northwest 293 Rural L ife 294 Consider the Source Nativism and Anti-Immigration Sentiment 266 Consider the Source Rules for Employees 278 Patterns of Popular Culture Shakespeare in America 290

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 295 xiv • CONTENTS

COTTON, SLAVERY, SETTING THE STAGE 298 11 THE COTTON ECONOMY 299 AND THE OLD SOUTH 297 The Rise of King Cotton 299 Southern Trade and Industry 300 Sources of Southern Difference 302 WHITE SOCIETY IN THE SOUTH 303 The Planter Class 303 “Honor” 303 The “Southern Lady” 304 The Plain Folk 306 SLAVERY: THE “PECULIAR INSTITUTION” 307 Varieties of Slavery 308 Life under Slavery 309 Slavery in the Cities 310 Free African Americans 311 The Slave Trade 312 Slave R esistance 313 THE CULTURE OF SLAVERY 314 Language and Music 314 African American Religion 315 The Slave Family 315 Debating the Past The Character of Slavery 310 Patterns of Popular Culture The Slaves’ Music 316

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 317

ANTEBELLUM CULTURE SETTING THE STAGE 321 12 THE ROMANTIC IMPULSE 322 AND REFORM 320 Nationalism and Romanticism in American Painting 322 Literature and the Quest for Liberation 322 Literature in the Antebellum South 323 The T ranscendentalists 324 The Defense of Nature 325 Visions of Utopia 325 Redefining Gender Roles 325 The M ormons 327 REMAKING SOCIETY 328 Revivalism, Morality, and Order 328 The Temperance Crusade 329 Health Fads and Phrenology 329 Medical S cience 330 Reforming Ed ucation 331 Rehabilitation 332 The Indian Reservation 333 The Emergence of Feminism 336 THE CRUSADE AGAINST SLAVERY 337 Early Opposition to Slavery 337 Garrison and Abolitionism 337 Black Ab olitionists 338 Anti-Abolitionism 339 Abolitionism D ivided 340 CONTENTS • xv

Consider the Source The Rise of Feminism 334 America in the World The Abolition of Slavery 340 Patterns of Popular Culture Sentimental Novels 342

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 343

THE IMPENDING CRISIS 346 SETTING THE STAGE 347 13 LOOKING WESTWARD 348 Manifest D estiny 348 Americans in Texas 349 Tensions between the United States and Mexico 350 Oregon 351 Westward M igration 351 Life on the Trail 352 EXPANSION AND WAR 354 The Democrats and Expansion 354 The Southwest and California 355 The Mexican War 357 THE SECTIONAL DEBATE 359 Slavery and the Territories 359 The California Gold Rush 359 Rising Sectional Tensions 361 The Compromise of 1850 361 THE CRISES OF THE 1850s 363 The Uneasy Truce 363 “Young Amer ica” 363 Slavery, Railroads, and the West 363 The Kansas-Nebraska Controversy 364 “Bleeding K ansas” 364 The Free-Soil Ideology 365 The Pro-Slavery Argument 366 Buchanan and Depression 368 The Dred Scott D ecision 368 Deadlock over Kansas 368 The Emergence of Lincoln 369 John Brown’s Raid 370 The Election of Lincoln 370 Patterns of Popular Culture Lyceums 366

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 371 xvi • CONTENTS

THE CIVIL WAR 373 SETTING THE STAGE 374 14 THE SECESSION CRISIS 375 The Withdrawal of the South 375 The Failure of Compromise 375 Fort S umter 375 The Opposing Sides 377 THE MOBILIZATION OF THE NORTH 378 Economic M easures 378 Raising the Union Armies 379 Wartime P olitics 381 The Politics of Emancipation 384 African Americans and the Union Cause 385 The War and Economic Development 386 Women, Nursing, and the War 386 THE MOBILIZATION OF THE SOUTH 388 The Confederate Government 388 Money and Manpower 388 States’ Rights versus Centralization 389 Economic and Social Effects of the War 389 STRATEGY AND DIPLOMACY 391 The C ommanders 391 The Role of Sea Power 393 Europe and the Disunited States 394 The American West and the War 394 THE COURSE OF BATTLE 395 The Technology of Battle 395 The Opening Clashes, 1861 397 The Western Theater 398 The Virginia Front, 1862 398 The Progress of War 401 1863: Year of Decision 402 The Last Stage, 1864–1865 403 Debating the Past The Causes of the Civil War 380 Consider the Source Suspending the Writ of Habeas Corpus 382 Patterns of Popular Culture Baseball and the Civil War 392 America in the World The Consolidation of Nations 396

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 407 CONTENTS • xvii

RECONSTRUCTION AND SETTING THE STAGE 411 15 THE PROBLEMS OF PEACEMAKING 412 THE NEW SOUTH 410 The Aftermath of War and Emancipation 412 Competing Notions of Freedom 413 Issues of Reconstruction 414 Plans for Reconstruction 414 The Death of Lincoln 415 Johnson and “Restoration” 415 RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION 416 The Black Codes 416 The Fourteenth Amendment 416 The Congressional Plan 417 The Impeachment of the President 418 THE SOUTH IN RECONSTRUCTION 418 The Reconstruction Governments 419 Education 420 Landownership and Tenancy 421 The Crop-Lien System 422 The African American Family in Freedom 423 THE GRANT ADMINISTRATION 424 The Soldier President 424 The Grant Scandals 424 The Greenback Question 425 Republican D iplomacy 425 THE ABANDONMENT OF RECONSTRUCTION 426 The Southern States “Redeemed” 426 The Ku Klux Klan Acts 426 Waning Northern Commitment 426 The Compromise of 1877 427 The Legacies of Reconstruction 430 THE NEW SOUTH 430 The “ Redeemers” 430 Industrialization and the “New South” 431 Tenants and Sharecroppers 434 African Americans and the New South 434 The Birth of Jim Crow 436 Debating the Past Reconstruction 428 Patterns of Popular Culture The Minstrel Show 432 Debating the Past The Origins of Segregation 438

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 440 xviii • CONTENTS

THE CONQUEST OF THE SETTING THE STAGE 443 16 THE SOCIETIES OF THE FAR WEST 444 FAR WEST 442 The Western Tribes 444 Hispanic New Mexico 445 Hispanic California and Texas 446 The Chinese Migration 447 Anti-Chinese S entiments 448 Migration from the East 449 THE CHANGING WESTERN ECONOMY 451 Labor in the West 451 The Arrival of the Miners 451 The Cattle Kingdom 453 THE ROMANCE OF THE WEST 455 The Western Landscape 455 The Cowboy Culture 456 The Idea of the Frontier 457 Frederick Jackson Turner 458 The Loss of Utopia 459 THE DISPERSAL OF THE TRIBES 460 White Tribal Policies 460 The Indian Wars 461 The Dawes Act 465 THE RISE AND DECLINE OF THE WESTERN FARMER 466 Farming on the Plains 466 Commercial Ag riculture 467 The Farmers’ Grievances 468 The Agrarian Malaise 468 Patterns of Popular Culture The Wild West Show 456 Debating the Past The “Frontier” and the West 458

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 468

INDUSTRIAL SETTING THE STAGE 472 17 SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL SUPREMACY 471 GROWTH 473 Industrial T echnologies 473 The Airplane and the Automobile 473 Research and Development 475 The Science of Production 476 Railroad Ex pansion 477 The C orporation 478 Consolidating Corporate America 479 The Trust and the Holding Company 479 CAPITALISM AND ITS CRITICS 480 The “Self-Made Man” 480 Survival of the Fittest 481 The Gospel of Wealth 485 Alternative V isions 485 The Problems of Monopoly 487 CONTENTS • xix

INDUSTRIAL WORKERS IN THE NEW ECONOMY 489 The Immigrant Workforce 489 Wages and Working Conditions 490 Women and Children at Work 491 The Struggle to Unionize 492 The Great Railroad Strike 493 The Knights of Labor 493 The AF L 494 The Homestead Strike 495 The Pullman Strike 495 Sources of Labor Weakness 496 Consider the Source Philanthropy 482 Patterns of Popular Culture The Novels of Horatio Alger 486 Patterns of Popular Culture The Novels of Louisa May Alcott 488

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 497

THE AGE OF THE CITY 500 SETTING THE STAGE 501 18 THE URBANIZATION OF AMERICA 502 The Lure of the City 502 Migrations 503 The Ethnic City 505 Assimilation 506 Exclusion 507 THE URBAN LANDSCAPE 508 The Creation of Public Space 508 Housing the Well-to-Do 509 Housing Workers and the Poor 510 Urban T ransportation 511 The “ Skyscraper” 512 STRAINS OF URBAN LIFE 512 Fire and Disease 512 Environmental D egradation 512 Urban P overty 513 Crime and Violence 513 The Machine and the Boss 514 THE RISE OF MASS CONSUMPTION 515 Patterns of Income and Consumption 515 Chain Stores and Mail-Order Houses 515 Department S tores 516 Women as Consumers 516 LEISURE IN THE CONSUMER SOCIETY 517 Redefining L eisure 517 Spectator S ports 517 Music and Theater 520 The M ovies 520 Working-Class L eisure 520 The Fourth of July 522 Mass C ommunications 522 xx • CONTENTS

HIGH CULTURE IN THE AGE OF THE CITY 523 The Literature of Urban America 523 Art in the Age of the City 523 The Impact of Darwinism 524 Toward Universal Schooling 525 Education for Women 526 America in the World Global Migrations 504 Patterns of Popular Culture Coney Island 518

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 526

FROM CRISIS SETTING THE STAGE 530 19 THE POLITICS OF EQUILIBRIUM 531 TO EMPIRE 529 The National Government 531 Presidents and Patronage 531 Cleveland, Harrison, and the Tariff 532 New Public Issues 534 THE AGRARIAN REVOLT 535 The Gr angers 535 The Farmers’ Alliances 537 The Populist Constituency 538 Populist I deas 539 THE CRISIS OF THE 1890s 539 The Panic of 1893 539 The Silver Question 541 “A CROSS OF GOLD” 543 The Emergence of Bryan 543 The Conservative Victory 545 McKinley and Recovery 546 STIRRINGS OF IMPERIALISM 547 The New Manifest Destiny 547 Hemispheric H egemony 549 Hawaii and Samoa 550 WAR WITH SPAIN 554 Controversy over Cuba 554 “A Splendid Little War” 555 Seizing the Philippines 558 The Battle for Cuba 558 Puerto Rico and the United States 559 The Debate over the Philippines 560 THE REPUBLIC AS EMPIRE 561 Governing the Colonies 561 The Philippine War 562 The Open Door 564 A Modern Military System 565 Patterns of Popular Culture The Chautauquas 540 Debating the Past Populism 544 CONTENTS • xxi

America in the World Imperialism 550 Patterns of Popular Culture Yellow Journalism 552 Consider the Source Memorializing National History 556

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 565

THE PROGRESSIVES 567 SETTING THE STAGE 568 20 THE PROGRESSIVE IMPULSE 569 Varieties of Progressivism 569 The M uckrakers 569 The Social Gospel 569 The Settlement House Movement 570 The Allure of Expertise 571 The P rofessions 571 Women and the Professions 572 WOMEN AND REFORM 573 The “New Woman” 573 The C lubwomen 574 Woman S uffrage 574 THE ASSAULT ON THE PARTIES 577 Early At tacks 577 Municipal R eform 577 New Forms of Governance 577 Statehouse P rogressivism 578 Parties and Interest Groups 579 SOURCES OF PROGRESSIVE REFORM 580 Labor, the Machine, and Reform 580 Western P rogressives 581 African Americans and Reform 581 CRUSADE FOR SOCIAL ORDER AND REFORM 583 The Temperance Crusade 583 Immigration R estriction 585 CHALLENGING THE CAPITALIST ORDER 585 The Dream of Socialism 586 Decentralization and Regulation 587 THEODORE ROOSEVELT AND THE MODERN PRESIDENCY 588 The Accidental President 588 Government, Capital, and Labor 588 The “Square Deal” 589 Roosevelt and Conservation 592 Roosevelt and Preservation 592 The Hetch Hetchy Controversy 592 The Panic of 1907 593 THE TROUBLED SUCCESSION 594 Taft and the Progressives 594 The Return of Roosevelt 595 Spreading I nsurgency 595 Roosevelt versus Taft 595 xxii • CONTENTS

WOODROW WILSON AND THE NEW FREEDOM 596 Woodrow W ilson 596 The Scholar as President 597 Retreat and Advance 598 Debating the Past Progressivism 572 America in the World Social Democracy 578 Consider the Source Dedicated to Conserving America 590

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 598

AMERICA AND THE GREAT SETTING THE STAGE 602 21 THE “BIG STICK”: AMERICA AND THE WORLD, WAR 601 1901–1917 603 Roosevelt and “Civilization” 603 Protecting the “Open Door” in Asia 604 The Iron-Fisted Neighbor 604 The Panama Canal 605 Taft and “Dollar Diplomacy” 605 Diplomacy and Morality 605 THE ROAD TO WAR 607 The Collapse of the European Peace 607 Wilson’s Neu trality 608 Preparedness versus Pacifism 608 A War for Democracy 609 “WAR WITHOUT STINT” 610 Entering the War 610 The American Expeditionary Force 610 The Military Struggle 612 The New Technology of Warfare 612 THE WAR AND AMERICAN SOCIETY 614 Organizing the Economy for War 614 Labor and the War 615 Economic and Social Results of the War 615 THE FUTILE SEARCH FOR SOCIAL UNITY 616 The Peace Movement 617 Selling the War and Suppressing Dissent 617 THE SEARCH FOR A NEW WORLD ORDER 620 The Fourteen Points 620 Early O bstacles 621 The Paris Peace Conference 621 The Ratification Battle 622 Wilson’s O rdeal 623 A SOCIETY IN TURMOIL 623 Industry and Labor 623 The Demands of African Americans 624 The Red Scare 626 CONTENTS • xxiii

Refuting the Red Scare 628 The Retreat from Idealism 629 Patterns of Popular Culture Billy Sunday and Modern Revivalism 618

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 629

THE “NEW ERA” 632 SETTING THE STAGE 633 22 THE NEW ECONOMY 634 Technology and Economic Growth 634 Economic O rganization 635 Labor in the New Era 635 Women and Minorities in the Workforce 638 The “American Plan” 639 Agricultural Technology and the Plight of the Farmer 639 THE NEW CULTURE 640 Consumerism 640 Advertising 641 The Movies and Broadcasting 642 Modernist R eligion 642 Professional W omen 643 Changing Ideas of Motherhood 643 The “Flapper”: Image and Reality 643 Pressing for Women’s Rights 644 Education and Youth 645 The D isenchanted 648 The Harlem Renaissance 649 A CONFLICT OF CULTURES 649 Prohibition 649 Nativism and the Klan 650 Religious F undamentalism 650 The Democrats’ Ordeal 653 REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT 654 Harding and Coolidge 654 Government and Business 656 Consider the Source Communications Technology 636 America in the World The Cinema 644 Patterns of Popular Culture Dance Halls 646

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 656 xxiv • CONTENTS

THE GREAT SETTING THE STAGE 659 23 THE COMING OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION 660 DEPRESSION 658 The Great Crash 660 Causes of the Depression 660 Progress of the Depression 661 THE AMERICAN PEOPLE IN HARD TIMES 662 Unemployment and Relief 662 African Americans and the Depression 665 Mexican Americans in Depression America 666 Asian Americans in Hard Times 667 Women and the Workplace in the Great Depression 668 Depression F amilies 669 THE DEPRESSION AND AMERICAN CULTURE 669 Depression V alues 669 Artists and Intellectuals in the Great Depression 669 Radio 670 Movies in the New Era 671 Popular Literature and Journalism 672 The Popular Front and the Left 674 THE UNHAPPY PRESIDENCY OF HERBERT HOOVER 675 The Hoover Program 675 Popular P rotest 677 The Election of 1932 678 The “ Interregnum” 678 Debating the Past Causes of the Great Depression 662 America in the World The Global Depression 664 Patterns of Popular Culture The Films of Frank Capra 672

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 679

THE NEW DEAL 682 SETTING THE STAGE 683 24 LAUNCHING THE NEW DEAL 684 Restoring C onfidence 684 Agricultural Ad justment 684 Industrial R ecovery 685 Regional P lanning 689 Currency, Banks, and the Stock Market 689 The Growth of Federal Relief 690 THE NEW DEAL IN TRANSITION 690 Critics of the New Deal 690 The “Second New Deal” 691 Labor M ilitancy 692 Organizing B attles 693 Social S ecurity 694 New Directions in Relief 694 The 1936 “Referendum” 695 CONTENTS • xxv

THE NEW DEAL IN DISARRAY 697 The Court Fight 697 Retrenchment and Recession 698 LIMITS AND LEGACIES OF THE NEW DEAL 700 The Idea of the “Broker State” 700 African Americans and the New Deal 700 The New Deal and the “Indian Problem” 701 Women and the New Deal 703 The New Deal in the West and the South 704 The New Deal and the National Economy 705 The New Deal and American Politics 706 Consider the Source Banking Crises 686 Patterns of Popular Culture The Golden Age of Comic Books 698 Debating the Past The New Deal 702

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 706

THE GLOBAL CRISIS, SETTING THE STAGE 709 25 THE DIPLOMACY OF THE NEW ERA 710 1921–1941 708 Replacing the League 710 Debts and Diplomacy 710 Hoover and the World Crisis 711 ISOLATIONISM AND INTERNATIONALISM 712 Depression D iplomacy 713 America and the Soviet Union 714 The Good Neighbor Policy 714 The Rise of Isolationism 714 The Failure of Munich 717 FROM NEUTRALITY TO INTERVENTION 718 Neutrality T ested 718 The Third-Term Campaign 721 Neutrality Ab andoned 721 The Road to Pearl Harbor 723 America in the World The Sino-Japanese War, 1931–1941 716 Patterns of Popular Culture Orson Welles and the “War of the Worlds ” 718 Debating the Past The Question of Pearl Harbor 722

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 725 xxvi • CONTENTS

AMERICA IN A WORLD SETTING THE STAGE 728 26 WAR ON TWO FRONTS 729 AT WAR 727 Containing the Japanese 729 Holding Off the Germans 729 America and the Holocaust 731 THE AMERICAN PEOPLE IN WARTIME 732 Prosperity 732 The War and the West 733 Labor and the War 736 Stabilizing the Boom 736 Mobilizing P roduction 736 Wartime Science and Technology 737 African Americans and the War 739 Native Americans and the War 739 Mexican American War Workers 739 Women and Children at War 740 Wartime Life and Culture 741 The Internment of Japanese Americans 743 Chinese Americans and the War 745 The Retreat from Reform 745 THE DEFEAT OF THE AXIS 746 The Liberation of France 746 The Pacific Offensive 748 The Manhattan Project 750 Atomic W arfare 751 Consider the Source The Face of the Enemy 734 Patterns of Popular Culture The Age of Swing 742 Debating the Past The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb 752

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 754

THE COLD WAR 756 SETTING THE STAGE 757 27 ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR 758 Sources of Soviet-American Tension 758 Wartime D iplomacy 758 Yalta 758 THE COLLAPSE OF THE PEACE 759 The Failure of Potsdam 760 The China Problem 760 The Containment Doctrine 761 The Marshall Plan 762 Mobilization at Home 762 The Road to NATO 763 Reevaluating Cold War Policy 763 AMERICAN SOCIETY AND POLITICS AFTER THE WAR 765 The Problems of Reconversion 765 The Fair Deal Rejected 766 CONTENTS • xxvii

The Election of 1948 766 The Fair Deal Revived 768 The Nuclear Age 768 THE KOREAN WAR 769 The Divided Peninsula 769 From Invasion to Stalemate 769 Limited M obilization 771 THE CRUSADE AGAINST SUBVERSION 772 HUAC and Alger Hiss 772 The Federal Loyalty Program and the Rosenberg Case 772 McCarthyism 773 The Republican Revival 773 Debating the Past Origins of the Cold War 760 Debating the Past “McCarthyism ” 774

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 774

THE AFFLUENT SOCIETY 778 SETTING THE STAGE 779 28 “THE ECONOMIC MIRACLE” 780 Sources of Economic Growth 780 The Rise of the Modern West 780 The New Economics 781 Capital and Labor 781 THE EXPLOSION OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 782 Medical B reakthroughs 782 Pesticides 783 Postwar Electronic Research 783 Postwar Computer Technology 784 Bombs, Rockets, and Missiles 784 The Space Program 785 PEOPLE OF PLENTY 786 The Consumer Culture 786 The Landscape and the Automobile 786 The Suburban Nation 787 The Suburban Family 788 The Birth of Television 788 Travel, Outdoor Recreation, and Environmentalism 790 Organized Society and Its Detractors 791 The Beats and the Restless Culture of Youth 791 Rock ‘n’ Roll 792 THE “OTHER AMERICA” 794 On the Margins of the Affluent Society 794 Rural P overty 795 The Inner Cities 795 xxviii • CONTENTS

THE RISE OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT 796 The Brown Decision and “Massive Resistance” 796 The Expanding Movement 797 Causes of the Civil Rights Movement 798 EISENHOWER REPUBLICANISM 798 “What Was Good for . . . General Motors” 799 The Survival of the Welfare State 799 The Decline of McCarthyism 800 EISENHOWER, DULLES, AND THE COLD WAR 800 Dulles and “Massive Retaliation” 800 France, America, and Vietnam 800 Cold War Crises 801 Europe and the Soviet Union 802 The U-2 Crisis 802 Patterns of Popular Culture Lucy and Desi 792

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 803

CIVIL RIGHTS, VIETNAM, SETTING THE STAGE 807 29 AND THE ORDEAL OF EXPANDING THE LIBERAL STATE 808 John K ennedy 808 LIBERALISM 806 Lyndon J ohnson 808 The Assault on Poverty 809 Cities, Schools, and Immigration 810 Legacies of the Great Society 810 THE BATTLE FOR RACIAL EQUALITY 811 Expanding P rotests 812 A National Commitment 814 The Battle for Voting Rights 814 The Changing Movement 814 Urban V iolence 815 Black P ower 816 Malcolm X 817 “FLEXIBLE RESPONSE” AND THE COLD WAR 817 Diversifying Foreign Policy 818 Confrontations with the Soviet Union 818 Johnson and the World 819 THE AGONY OF VIETNAM 819 The First Indochina War 820 Geneva and the Two Vietnams 822 America and Diem 822 From Aid to Intervention 822 The Q uagmire 825 The War at Home 826 THE TRAUMAS OF 1968 827 The Tet Offensive 827 The Political Challenge 827 The King and Kennedy Assassinations 828 The Conservative Response 829 CONTENTS • xxix

Debating the Past The Civil Rights Movement 812 Debating the Past The Vietnam Commitment 820 Patterns of Popular Culture The Folk-Music Revival 824 America in the World 1968 828

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 831

THE CRISIS OF SETTING THE STAGE 834 30 THE YOUTH CULTURE 835 AUTHORITY 833 The New Left 835 The C ounterculture 838 THE MOBILIZATION OF MINORITIES 840 Seeds of Indian Militancy 841 The Indian Civil Rights Movement 841 Latino Ac tivism 842 Gay L iberation 844 THE NEW FEMINISM 845 The R ebirth 845 Women’s L iberation 846 Expanding Achi evements 846 The Abortion Controversy 847 ENVIRONMENTALISM IN A TURBULENT SOCIETY 847 The New Science of Ecology 848 Environmental Ad vocacy 849 Environmental D egradation 849 Earth Day and Beyond 849 NIXON, KISSINGER, AND THE WAR 850 Vietnamization 850 Escalation 850 “Peace with Honor” 851 Defeat in Indochina 852 NIXON, KISSINGER, AND THE WORLD 853 China and the Soviet Union 854 The Problems of Multipolarity 854 POLITICS AND ECONOMICS UNDER NIXON 855 Domestic I nitiatives 855 From the Warren Court to the Nixon Court 855 The Election of 1972 856 The Troubled Economy 856 Inequality 857 The Nixon Response 857 xxx • CONTENTS

THE WATERGATE CRISIS 858 The S candals 858 The Fall of Richard Nixon 860 Patterns of Popular Culture Rock Music in the Sixties 836 America in the World The End of Colonialism 852 Debating the Past Watergate 858

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 861

FROM THE “AGE OF SETTING THE STAGE 865 31 LIMITS” TO THE AGE POLITICS AND DIPLOMACY AFTER WATERGATE 866 OF REAGAN 864 The Ford Custodianship 866 The Trials of Jimmy Carter 866 Human Rights and National Interests 867 The Year of the Hostages 868 THE RISE OF THE NEW AMERICAN RIGHT 869 The Sunbelt and Its Politics 869 The Politics of Religion 870 The New Right 872 The Tax Revolt 873 The Campaign of 1980 873 THE “REAGAN REVOLUTION” 874 The Reagan Coalition 874 Reagan in the White House 874 “Supply-Side” Eco nomics 874 The Fiscal Crisis 876 Reagan and the World 877 The Election of 1984 878 AMERICA AND THE WANING OF THE COLD WAR 878 The Fall of the Soviet Union 878 Reagan and Gorbachev 879 The Fading of the Reagan Revolution 880 The Election of 1988 880 The First Bush Presidency 880 The First Gulf War 881 The Election of 1992 882 Patterns of Popular Culture The Mall 870

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 883 CONTENTS • xxxi

THE AGE OF SETTING THE STAGE 887 32 A RESURGENCE OF PARTISANSHIP 888 GLOBALIZATION 886 Launching the Clinton Presidency 888 The Republican Resurgence 888 The Election of 1996 888 Clinton Triumphant and Embattled 889 The Election of 2000 890 The Second Bush Presidency 891 The Election of 2004 891 THE ECONOMIC BOOM 892 From “Stagflation” to Growth 892 Downturns 893 The Two-Tiered Economy 893 Globalization 893 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE NEW ECONOMY 894 The Digital Revolution 894 The I nternet 894 Breakthroughs in Genetics 895 A CHANGING SOCIETY 896 A Shifting Population 896 African Americans in the Post–Civil Rights Era 897 Modern Plagues: Drugs and AIDS 898 A CONTESTED CULTURE 899 Battles over Feminism and Abortion 899 The Growth of Environmentalism 902 THE PERILS OF GLOBALIZATION 902 Opposing the “New World Order” 902 Defending O rthodoxy 905 The Rise of Terrorism 905 The War on Terrorism 906 The Iraq War 908 TURBULENT POLITICS 909 The Unraveling of the Bush Presidency 909 The Election of 2008 910 The Obama Presidency 911 Patterns of Popular Culture Rap 900 Debating the Past Women’s History 902 America in the World The Global Environmental Movement 904

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 913

APPENDIXES A-1

CREDITS C-1

INDEX I-1

PREFACE

do so many people take an interest in history? It is, I States is a nation whose people share many things: a common WHY think, because we know that we are the products of political system, a connection to an integrated national (and the past—that everything we know, everything we see, and now international) economy, and a familiarity with a shared everything we imagine is rooted in our history. It is not surpris- and enormously powerful mass culture. To understand the ing that there have been historians throughout almost all of American past, it is necessary to understand both the forces recorded time. It is only natural that we are interested in what that divide Americans and the forces that draw them together. the past was like. Whether we study academic history or not, we Among the changes in the fourteenth edition of American all are connected to the past. History: Connecting to the Past are a new set of primary-source Americans have always had a love of their own history. It is features titled “Consider the Source.” By juxtaposing historical a daunting task to attempt to convey the long and remarkable and more current sources, my hope is that these features will story of America in a single book, but that is what this volume prompt students to not only consider the way that historians attempts to do. The new subtitle of this book, “Connecting with read historical documents but also to think carefully about the the Past,” describes this edition’s focus on encouraging readers many current sources of information they encounter on a daily to be aware of the ways in which our everyday experiences are basis. A new pedagogical program integrated throughout the rooted in our history. text further prompts students to engage with our history, at Like any history, this book is a product of its time and both the levels of basic understanding and more complex analy- reflects the views of the past that historians of recent genera- sis. All content is now reinforced and supplemented by a rich tions have developed. A comparable book published decades set of online practice and assessment resources, housed within from now will likely seem as different from this one as this the Connect platform. It is not only the writing of history that book appears different from histories written a generation or changes with time—the tools and technologies through which more ago. The writing of history changes constantly—not, of information is delivered change as well. course, because the past changes, but because of shifts in the I am grateful to many people for their help on this book— way historians, and the publics they serve, ask and answer ques- especially the people at McGraw-Hill who have supported and tions about the past. sustained this book so well for many years. I am grateful to Matt There are now, as there have always been, critics of changes Busbridge, Stacy Ruel, Emily Pecora, and Jasmin Tokatlian. I in historical understanding. Many people argue that history is a am grateful, too, to Deborah Bull for her help with photo- collection of facts and should not be subject to “interpretation” graphs. I also appreciate the many suggestions and corrections or “revision.” But historians insist that history is not and cannot I have received from students over the last several years, as well be simply a collection of facts. They are only the beginning of as the reviews provided by a group of talented scholars and historical understanding. It is up to the writers and readers of teachers. history to try to interpret the evidence before them; and in Alan Brinkley doing so, they will inevitably bring to the task their own ques- Columbia University tions, concerns, and experiences. New York, NY Our history requires us to examine the experience of the many different peoples and ideas that have shaped American society. But it also requires us to understand that the United

• xxxiii A GUIDED TOUR OF AMERICAN HISTORY EXPERIENCE SUCCESS IN HISTORY

American History connects students to the relevance of history through a series of engaging features:

CONSIDER THE SOURCE

TEA PARTIES THE BOSTON Tea Party of 1773 was a revolt against “taxation without representation.” The poem “Ye glorious sons of freedom” celebrates the action of the Boston Tea Party, expresses the colo- nists’ resentments and complaints against the distant London government, and calls upon Boston patriots to continue to resist British actions. The twenty-fi rst century Tea Party movement became prominent in 2009. Although not an offi - cial political party, members tend to endorse Republican candidates. The modern Tea Party move- ment has borrowed its name from the Boston event that took place more than two hundred years ago, and has picked up some (although not all) of the ideas of the 1773 Boston Tea Party: hostility to distant authority (London then, Washington now) and resentment of taxes (imposed by Britain then, and by Washington now). Although taxation in our time does not really take place “without representation,” today’s Tea Partiers certainly feel that contemporary taxation is as illegitimate as the Bostonians felt it was in 1773.

New > Consider the Source features These features guide students through careful analysis of historical documents, both textual and visual, and prompt them to make connections with contemporary events. Among the twelve topics covered are Tea Parties, the Rise of Feminism, Nativism and Anti-Immigration Sentiment, and Banking Crises.

xxxiv • D Debatinge th e DEBATING THE PAST PPasta essays TTwenty-fivew essays introduce ststudentsu to the contested quality of The Causes of the Civil War mmuchu of the American past, and prprovideo a sense of the evolving his second inaugural address in March 1865, Abraham Lincoln looked back at statement, but they have disagreed sharply IN the beginning of the Civil War four years earlier. “All knew,” he said, that slavery about whether slavery was the only, or even the nanaturet of historical scholarship. From “was somehow the cause of the war.” Few historians doubt the basic truth of Lincoln’s principal, cause of the war. This debate began even before the war itself. aaddressingdd the question of “Why do In 1858, Senator William H. Seward of New York took note of two competing explanations of the sectional tensions that were then inflaming the hihistorianss so often disagree?” to nation. On one side, he claimed, stood those who believed the sectional hostility to be “acci- exexamininga specific differences in dental, unnecessary, the work of interested or fanatical agitators.” Opposing them stood those (like Seward himself ) who believed there to be hihistoricals understandings of the “an irrepressible conflict between opposing and enduring forces.” CoConstitution, the character of The “irrepressible conflict” argument dominat- ed historical discussion of the war from the 1860s to the 1920s. Because the North and the South had slslavery,a and the causes of the Great reached positions on the issue of slavery that were both irreconcilable and seemingly unalterable, DDepression,e these essays familiarize some historians claimed, the conflict had become “inevitable.” James Rhodes, in his seven-volume History of the United States from the Compromise ststudentsu with the interpretive of 1850 . . . (1893–1900), placed greatest empha- sis on the moral conflict over slavery, but he ccharacterha of historical “ON TO FREEDOM” This painting by Theodore Kaufmann shows a group of fugitive slaves escaping suggested as well that the struggle also reflected from the South in the late years of the Civil War. Thousands of former slaves crossed the Union lines, where fundamental differences between the Northern they were given their freedom. Many of them joined the Union Army. (The Granger Collection, New York) and Southern economic systems. Charles and ununderstanding.d Mary Beard in The Rise of American Civilization

New > Understand, Analyze, and Evaluate review questions Appearing at the end of every feature essay, these questions encourage students to move beyond memorization of facts and names to explore the importance and significance of the featured content.

• xxxv AmericaAm in th e WorldW essays TheseT he fifteen essays focus on specificspe parallels between American historyhis and those of other nations, andand demonstrate the importance ofof thet many global influences on thethe American story. Topics like the globalglo industrial revolution, the abolitionabo of slavery, and the origins ofof thet Cold War provide concrete examplesexa of the connections betweenbet the history of the United StatesSta and the history of other nations.nat

PatternsPa o f P opular PATTERNS OF POPULAR CULTURE CultureCu features TheseT he twenty-six features bring fads, Baseball and the Civil War crazes,cra hang-outs, hobbies, and entertainmentent into the story of before the great urban stadiums, long before the lights and the cameras and idle moments to lay out baseball diamonds and AmericanAm history, encouraging LONG the multimillion-dollar salaries, long before the Little Leagues and the high organize games. There were games in prison school and college teams, baseball was the most popular game in America. And during camps; games on the White House lawn (where the Civil War, it was a treasured pastime for soldiers, and for thousands of men (and Union soldiers were sometimes billeted); and studentsstu to expand their definition of some women) behind the lines, in both North and South. games on battlefields that were sometimes inter- The legend that baseball was invented by Abner Doubleday, who probably never even rupted by gunfire and cannonfire. “It is aston- whatwh constitutes history, and to think saw the game, came from Albert G. Spalding, a patriotic sporting-goods manufacturer ishing how indifferent a person can become to eager to prove that the game had purely American origins and to dispel the notion that danger,” a soldier wrote home to Ohio in 1862. it came from England. In fact, baseball was derived from a variety of earlier games, “The report of musketry is heard but a very little aboutabo how we can best understand especially the English pastimes of cricket and rounders. American baseball took its own distance from us, . . . yet over there on the other distinctive form beginning in the 1840s, when Alexander Cartwright, a shipping clerk, side of the road is most of our company, play- thethe lived experience of past lives. formed the New York Knickerbockers, laid out a diamond-shaped field with four bases, ing Bat Ball.” After a skirmish in Texas, another and declared that batters with three strikes were out and that teams with three outs Union soldier lamented that, in addition to casu- were retired. alties, his company had lost “the only baseball Cartwright moved west in search of gold in 1849, ultimately grew rich, and settled in Alexandria, Texas.” Far from discouraging finally in Hawaii (where he brought the game to Americans in the Pacific). But the game baseball, military commanders—and the United did not languish in his absence. Henry Chadwick, an English-born journalist, spent States Sanitary Commission, the Union army’s much of the 1850s popularizing the game (and regularizing its rules). By 1860, baseball medical arm—actively encouraged the game was being played by college students and Irish workers, by urban elites and provincial during the war. It would, they believed, help keep farmers, by people of all classes and ethnic groups from New England to Louisiana. It up the soldiers’ morale. was also attracting the attention of women. Students at Vassar College formed “ladies” Away from the battlefield, baseball continued teams in the 1860s, and in Philadelphia, free black men formed the first of what was to flourish. In New York City, games between to become a great network of African American baseball teams, the Pythians. From the local teams drew crowds of ten or twenty thou- beginning, they were barred from playing against most white teams. sand. The National Association of Baseball When young men marched off to war in 1861, some took their bats and balls with Players (founded in 1859) had recruited ninety- them. Almost from the start of the fighting, soldiers in both armies took advantage of one clubs in ten northern states by 1865; a North xxxvixxxvi • American History ensures student success through review features and an exciting digital program, Connect History.

End-of-chapter review content, cons isting of Recall and Reflect questions, key term lists, and significant events timelines, provide effective tools for reviewing content. With Connect History, a groundbreaking digital program, students study more effectively by confirming what they know and learning what they don’t through engaging activities and review questions. Plus, each student receives a personalized study plan for every chapter. Additionally, Connect History builds critical thinking skills by placing students in a “critical mission” scenario and asking them to examine, evaluate, and analyze data.

McGraw-Hill’s Primary Source Investigator is available online at www.mhhe.com/psi and gives students and instructor access to more than 650 primary and secondary sources including documents, images, maps, and videos.

• xxxvii bri79500_fm_i-xxviii.indd Page xxvi 4/23/11 10:05 PM user-f494 /208/MHSF280/kin3549x_disk1of1/007803549X/kin3549x_pagefiles AMERICANALAN Connecting with the Past HIGHLIGHTS of

Chapter 1 Chapter 5 New Consider the Source Expanded discussion of the Revised discussion of Native feature, “Rules for Employees” peoples of pre-contact Americas Americans and the American Chapter 11 New America in the World Revolution essay, “Mercantilism and Expanded coverage on slave Colonial Commerce” Chapter 6 resistance and slave revolts Revised coverage of religion in New section, “The Limits England at the time of American of the Constitution” Chapter 12 colonization Expanded coverage of the Expanded coverage of Republican opposition to the abolitionism Chapter 2 Constitution New Consider the Source Expanded discussion of the feature, “The Rise of Feminism” Puritans’ religious practices and Chapter 7 beliefs Expanded coverage of Chapter 13 Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh Revised discussion of the Chapter 3 Revised discussion of the War conflict between Mexico and the Revised discussion of the of 1812 peace settlement United States in the 1830s agricultural base of the early New Consider the Source essay, Expanded coverage of the Northern economy “Religious Revivals” Mexican War Revised discussion of the rise of Expanded coverage of consumerism Chapter 8 Douglass’s and Lincoln’s views New coverage of the “halfway Revised discussion of trading on slavery covenant” and trapping in the Far West New coverage of economic Chapter 14 stratification in early New Chapter 9 New coverage of photography England New section on Tocqueville and and the Civil War Democracy in America Chapter 4 New Consider the Source New maps on the elections of feature, “Suspending the Writ of New America in the World 1836 and 1840 Habeas Corpus” essay, “The First Global War” Expanded discussion of African New coverage of internal Chapter 10 American soldiers challenges to power in the New Consider the Source New section on the Union’s American colonies feature, “Nativism and Anti- slow progress during the first New Consider the Source Immigration Sentiment” two years of the war feature, “Tea Parties” New section on the concept of “free labor” bri79500_fm_i-xxviii.indd Page xxvii 4/23/11 10:05 PM user-f494 /208/MHSF280/kin3549x_disk1of1/007803549X/kin3549x_pagefiles HISTORYBRINKLEY 14TH EDITION the 14th EDITION

Chapter 15 Chapter 21 Chapter 27 Expanded discussion of Refined discussion of the post- Expanded coverage of the Reconstruction and partisan WWI search for social unity post-WWII “China problem” politics New section, “Refuting the Refined discussion of the Chapter 16 Red Scare” Korean War Revised discussion of the Chapter 22 Chapter 28 mining boom in the West Refined discussion of “the Refined discussion of France, Revised discussion of the disenchanted” America, and Vietnam in the “cattle kingdom” Refined discussion of nativism 1950s Chapter 17 in the 1920s Chapter 29 New Consider the Source New Consider the Source feature, “Communications Streamlined discussion of the feature, “Philanthropy” Technology” Vietnam War Chapter 18 Chapter 23 Chapter 30 Streamlined discussion of Refined discussion on the New America in the World “the ethnic city” causes of the Great Depression essay, “The End of Colonialism” Streamlined discussion of Streamlined discussion of the leisure and consumer society Chapter 24 Nixon presidency New Consider the Source New Section on inequality Chapter 19 feature, “Banking Crises” in America Expanded coverage of the Spanish-American conflict Chapter 25 Chapter 31 New Consider the Source Refined coverage of Pearl Expanded coverage of the first feature, “Memorializing Harbor Gulf War National History” Chapter 26 Chapter 32 Chapter 20 New Consider the Source Expanded coverage of the war Refined discussion of the feature, “The Face of the on terrorism settlement house movement Enemy” New America in the World New coverage on the decline in Revised discussion of the Pacific essay, “The Global voter turnout in the early offensive Environmental Movement” twentieth century New section on the Obama New Consider the Source presidency feature, “Conservation” ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to the many advisors and reviewers who gener- Digiposium Attendees ously offered comments, suggestions, and ideas at various Salvadore Anselmo, Delgado Community College stages in the development of this project. Olwyn Blouet, Virginia State University Roger Chan, Washington State University Academic Reviewers Laura Dunn, Brevard Community College Eirlys Barker, Thomas Nelson Community College Arthur Durand, Metropolitan Community College Cathy Briggs, Northwest Vista College R. David Goodman, Pratt Institute Jeff Carlisle, Oklahoma City Community College John Hosler, Morgan State University Mike Downs, University of Texas—Arlington James Jones, Prairie View A&M University John Ehrhardt, Oklahoma City Community College Philip Kaplan, University of North Florida Mary Farmer-Kaiser, University of Louisiana at Lafayette Michael Kinney, Calhoun Community College Linda Foutch, Walters State Community College Sandra Norman, Florida Atlantic University Brandon Franke, Blinn College Linda Scherr, Mercer County Community College Keith Freese, Itawamba Community College Carlton Wilson, North Carolina Central College Wendy Gunderson, Collin County Community College Michael Harkins, William Rainey Harper College Timothy Holder, Walters State Community College Focus Group Participants Bruce Ingram, Itawamba Community College Javier Aguirre, Northeast Lakeview College Greg Kelm, Dallas Baptist University Steven Boyd, University of Texas—San Antonio Wendy Kline, University of Cincinnati Kathleen Brosnan, University of Houston Jennifer Lawrence, Tarrant County College June Cheatham, Richland College Pat Ledbetter, North Central Texas College Andrea Crosson, University of Texas—San Antonio John W. Meador, Central New Mexico Community College Kevin Davis, North Central Texas College Rachel Mitchell, Itawamba Community College Ambronita Douzart, Ph.D., Richland College Michael Namorato, University of Mississippi Mike Downs, University of Texas—Arlington Jessica Patton, Tarrant County College Rex Field, Palo Alto College Susan Richards, Central New Mexico Community College Ronald Goodwin, Prairie View A&M University Esther Robinson, Lone Star College—Cyfair Devethia Guillory, Prairie View A&M University Erik Schmeller, Tennessee State University David Hansen, University of Texas—San Antonio Manfred Silva, El Paso Community College Scott Hickle, Blinn College—Bryan Armando Villarreal, Tarrant County College South Matt Hinkley, Eastfield College Roger Ward, Collin County Community College Valerie Hinton, Richland College Bill Zeman, Citrus Community College Alan Johnson, HCC—Northeast College James Jones, Prairie View A&M University Connect Consultants Carol Keller, San Antonio College Charles Ambler, University of Texas—El Paso Gregory Kosc, University of Texas—Arlington Tramaine Anderson, Tarrant County College Karen Marcotte, Palo Alto College Mario Bennekin, Georgia Perimeter College Linda McCabe, Tarrant County College Northeast Cassandra Cookson, Lee College Suzanne McFadden, Austin Community College—Riverside Nancy Duke, Daytona State College Peter Myers, Palo Alto College Wendy Gunderson, Collin County Community College Michelle Novak, HCC—Southeast College Aimee Harris, El Paso Community College Darren Pierson, Blinn College—Bryan Stephen Lopez, San Jacinto College Linda Reed, University of Houston Mark Newell, Ramapo College of New Jersey Beverly Tomek, Wharton County Junior College Jessica Patton, Tarrant County College Joel Tovanche, Tarrant County College Penne Restad, University of Texas—Austin Victor Vigorito, Austin Community College—Rio Grande Manfred Silva, El Paso Community College Armando Villarreal, Tarrant County College South Richard Straw, Radford University Rudy Villarreal, HCC—Northeast College David Stricklin, Dallas Baptist University Eric Walther, University of Houston Paddy Swiney, Tulsa Community College Southeast Roger Ward, Collin College—Plano Teresa Thomas, Austin Community College Christopher Whitaker, Lee College Armando Villarreal, Tarrant County College South Laura Matysek Wood, Tarrant County College Northwest Roger Ward, Collin County College xl •