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American History AMERICAN HISTORY Connecting with the Past | FOURTEENTH EDITION ALAN BRINKLEY Columbia University TM TM Published by McGraw-Hill, an imprint of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2007, 2003, 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Previous editions © 1995, 1991 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved. © 1987, 1983 by Richard N. Current, T. H. W. Inc., Frank Freidel, and Alan Brinkley. All rights reserved. © 1979, 1971, 1966, 1964, 1961, 1959 by Richard N. Current, T. Harry Williams, and Frank Freidel. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic stor- age or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 RRD/RRD 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN: 978-0-07-340695-4 MHID: 0-07-340695-3 Senior Sponsoring Editor: Matthew Busbridge Marketing Manager: Stacy Ruel Development Editor: Emily Pecora Production Editor: Jasmin Tokatlian Manuscript Editor: Margaret Moore Digital Product Manager: Catherine Vanderhoof Media Project Manager: Sarah B. Hill Design Manager and Cover Designer: Preston Thomas Interior Designer: Brian Salisbury Art Editor: Robin Mouat Illustrators: Mapping Specialists, Patti Isaacs, Bill Smith Group Lead Photo Research Coordinator: Nora Agbayani Photo Research: Deborah Bull, NY; Jullie Chung Buyer: Laura Fuller Composition: 10/12 Scala Pro by Aptara®, Inc. Printing: 45# New Era Thin by R.R. Donnelley & Sons Vice President, Editorial: Michael Ryan Publisher: Christopher Freitag Editorial Director: William R. Glass Director of Development: Rhona Robbin Cover images (top to bottom): Archive Holdings Inc./Getty Images; Appleping/Getty Images The credits section for this book begins on page C-1 and is considered an extension of the copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Brinkley, Alan. American history: a survey / Alan Brinkley.—14th ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-07-340695-4—ISBN 978-0-07-737950-6—ISBN 978-0-07-737949-0 1. United States—History—Textbooks. I. Title. E178.1.B826 2011 973—dc22 2011010353 www.mhhe.com ABOUT THE AUTHOR Alan Brinkley is the Allan Nevins Professor of History at Columbia University. He served as University Provost at Columbia from 2003–2009. He is the author of Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and the Great Depression, which won the 1983 National Book Award; The Unfi nished Nation: A Concise History of the American People; The End of Reform: New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War; Liberalism and Its Discontents; Franklin D. Roosevelt; and The Publisher: Henry Luce and His American Century. He is the chair of the board of the National Humanities Center, the chair of the board of the Century Foundation, and a trustee of Oxford University Press. He is a member of the Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1998–1999, he was the Harmsworth Professor of History at Oxford University, and in 2011–2012, the Pitt Professor at the University of Cambridge. He won the Joseph R. Levenson Memorial Teaching Award at Harvard, and the Great Teacher Award at Columbia. He was educated at Princeton and Harvard. • iii AMERICANALAN Connecting with the Past Connecting with American History shows students that history is not just a collection of names and dates, but an ongoing story, which teaches us about the present as well as the past. ▲ NEW “Consider the Source” features guide students through careful analysis of historical documents and CONSIDER THE SOURCE prompt them to make connections with contemporary events. How much does the current Tea Party movement TEA PARTIES THE BOSTON Tea Party of 1773 was a revolt against “taxation without representation.” The poem “Ye glorious sons of freedom” celebrates the action of the Boston Tea Party, expresses the colo- have in common with the original Boston Tea Party? How nists’ resentments and complaints against the distant London government, and calls upon Boston patriots to continue to resist British actions. was President Obama’s rhetoric about the current finan- The twenty-fi rst century Tea Party movement became prominent in 2009. Although not an offi - cial political party, members tend to endorse Republican candidates. The modern Tea Party move- cial crisis informed by that used by President Roosevelt ment has borrowed its name from the Boston event that took place more than two hundred years ago, and has picked up some (although not all) of the ideas of the 1773 Boston Tea Party: hostility during the Great Depression? Consider the Source and to distant authority (London then, Washington now) and resentment of taxes (imposed by Britain then, and by Washington now). Although taxation in our time does not really take place “without find out! representation,” today’s Tea Partiers certainly feel that contemporary taxation is as illegitimate as the Bostonians felt it was in 1773. Connect with the EXPERIENCE A American History models the interpretive process off DEBATING THE PAST ““doingd history,” showing students how historians use eevidencev to create our understanding of the past, and iinvitingn them to participate in the process. ▲ “Debating the Past” essays, featured throughout the The Causes of the Civil War nnarrative,a illustrate the contested quality of much of the his second inaugural address in March 1865, Abraham Lincoln looked back at statement, but IN the beginning of the Civil War four years earlier. “All knew,” he said, that slavery about whether sl AAmericanm past. Through these, students gain a sense of “was somehow the cause of the war.” Few historians doubt the basic truth of Lincoln’s principal, cause o This debate b In 1858, Senator ttheh evolving nature of historical scholarship and an took note of two sectional tension nation. On one uunderstandingn of present-day interpretations. who believed the dental, unnecess fanatical agitators HISTORYBRINKLEY 14TH EDITION America’s Past ■ NEW! “Understand, Analyze, and Evaluate” prompts at the end of each feature essay encourage students to think critically about historical information. ■ NEW! “Recall and Refl ect” prompts at the end of the chapter guide students through mastery of the key events and main ideas of each chapter. Connect to SUCCESS in History CoConnectnnect HiHistorystory papavesves a papathth ttoo ststudentudent susuccess.cc Do you understand the tools of history? Learn how to investigate primary sources, understand maps and geog- raphy, and build critical analysis skills. ■ Students study more eff ectively with Connect History, a groundbreaking digital program. Students confi rm what they know and learn what they don’t through engaging activities and review questions. ■ Connect History works in tandem with “Understand, Analyze, and Evaluate” and “Recall and Refl ect” questions in each chapter and builds a personalized study plan for each student for every chapter. ■ Connect History builds critical thinking skills by placing students in a “critical mission” and asking them to examine, evaluate, and analyze the data in order to support a point of view. ■ Connect History includes tools to aid students in understanding maps and geog- raphy, exploring primary source documents, and writing a research paper (includ- ing how to document sources and avoid plagiarism). BRIEF CONTENTS PREFACE xxxiii 1 THE COLLISION OF CULTURES 1 2 TRANSPLANTATIONS AND BORDERLANDS 35 3 SOCIETY AND CULTURE IN PROVINCIAL AMERICA 66 4 THE EMPIRE IN TRANSITION 100 5 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 130 6 THE CONSTITUTION AND THE NEW REPUBLIC 160 7 THE JEFFERSONIAN ERA 182 8 VARIETIES OF AMERICAN NATIONALISM 217 9 JACKSONIAN AMERICA 234 10 AMERICA’S ECONOMIC REVOLUTION 260 11 COTTON, SLAVERY, AND THE OLD SOUTH 297 12 ANTEBELLUM CULTURE AND REFORM 320 13 THE IMPENDING CRISIS 346 14 THE CIVIL WAR 373 15 RECONSTRUCTION AND THE NEW SOUTH 410 16 THE CONQUEST OF THE FAR WEST 442 17 INDUSTRIAL SUPREMACY 471 18 THE AGE OF THE CITY 500 19 FROM CRISIS TO EMPIRE 529 20 THE PROGRESSIVES 567 21 AMERICA AND THE GREAT WAR 601 22 THE “NEW ERA” 632 23 THE GREAT DEPRESSION 658 24 THE NEW DEAL 682 25 THE GLOBAL CRISIS, 1921–1941 708 26 AMERICA IN A WORLD AT WAR 727 27 THE COLD WAR 756 28 THE AFFLUENT SOCIETY 778 29 CIVIL RIGHTS, VIETNAM, AND THE ORDEAL OF LIBERALISM 806 30 THE CRISIS OF AUTHORITY 833 31 FROM THE “AGE OF LIMITS” TO THE AGE OF REAGAN 864 32 THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION 886 APPENDIXES A-1 CREDITS C-1 INDEX I-1 vi • CONTENTS THE COLLISION SETTING THE STAGE 2 1 AMERICA BEFORE COLUMBUS 3 OF CULTURES 1 The Peoples of the Precontact Americas 3 The Growth of Civilizations: The South 3 The Civilizations of the North 6 Tribal C ultures 8 EUROPE LOOKS WESTWARD 9 Commerce and Nationalism 10 Christopher C olumbus 12 The C onquistadores 13 Spanish Amer ica 15 Northern O utposts 16 The Empire at High Tide 18 Biological and Cultural Exchanges 19 Africa and America 21 THE ARRIVAL OF THE ENGLISH 23 The Commercial Incentive 23 The Religious Incentive 25 The English in Ireland 28 The French and the Dutch in America 30 The First English Settlements 31 Roanoke 31 Debating the Past Why Do Historians So Often Differ? 8 Debating the Past The American Population before Columbus 10 America in the World The Atlantic Context of Early American History 22 America in the World Mercantilism and Colonial Commerce 26 END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 33 TRANSPLANTATIONS AND SETTING THE STAGE 36 2 THE EARLY
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