Azonto, L'an(A)Them -E- (Électronique) Ghanéen

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Azonto, L'an(A)Them -E- (Électronique) Ghanéen UNIVERSITÉ PARIS 8 – VINCENNES – SAINT DENIS UFR ARTS, PHILOSOPHIE, ESTHÉTIQUE Département de Musique Azonto, L'an(a)them -e- (électronique) ghanéen Thomas Jacques Le Seigneur [email protected] Mémoire de Master 2 en Ethnomusicologie réalisé sous la direction de Mme Sandrine Loncke Année universitaire 2013/2014 Remerciements, « Voyager, c’est bien utile, ça fait travailler l’imagination. Tout le reste n’est que déceptions et fatigues. Notre voyage à nous est entièrement imaginaire. Voilà sa force. […] tout le monde peut en faire autant. Il suffit de fermer les yeux.».1 Aux rêveurs et doux imaginateurs. A cette jeunesse qui s’ignore. Â nos jeunes qu’on ignore. A nos traversées oniriques, à vos voyages, quêtes secrètes et chevauchées imperceptibles, à leurs fantasmes, tapis de l’invisible. A ces musiques nouvelles - aventure éphémère d’un ailleurs- qui foisonnent et fleurissent aux quatre coins de nos mondes. A ces chiendents qui dévastent nos cultures millénaires, à cette chienlit qui agite identités, traditions et froides légitimités. A ces printemps explosifs, adolescences assoiffées par cette rumeur qu’est l’avenir. Au bientôt célèbre King Koko qui, la nuit venue, déshabille pour vous, Accra de ses secrets. A Vishnu, Ras Petit, Kweku, et tous mes frères d’Amammomo Beach Garden, pour m’avoir fait atterrir, décoller, toujours léger, au dessus des ghettos de Korlegono. A Adam, frère de peau, partenaire d’Eden, camarade de classe et d’esprit. A Queenslay, reine du Sabbat, princesse du sarcasme, à sa parole précieuse. A Benji pour sa gentillesse, sa générosité et son travail, qui chante pour nous des lendemains. A Ambolley pour le tranquille sourire et Reggie Rockstone pour le style. A Panji Anoff pour ses volutes d’esprit, et Appietus pour ses malices. A la langue bien pendue de Gasmilla, aux minimalismes de Guru, et à E.L pour ses compositions détonantes. Merci à Joseph Hanson Kwabena Nketia pour m’avoir éclairer de sa sagesse, à J.C. Collins renforcé par ses convictions, et à Frédéric Saffar pour ses aiguisées corrections. J’adresse une pensée toute particulière à Sandrine Loncke qui a accepté de m’accompagner dans cette fastidieuse entreprise. A ses conseils, ses relectures et sa patience infinie. Merci à Anton, frère de plume, qui m’a porté quand le temps s’est fait lâche. A l’Autre ; spleen qui souffle si fuit sa peau. Aux restants, ma famille, les amis, ces attaches qui m’ont permis de dériver sans me perdre dans ces voyages qui m’emportent quand s’ouvre la nuit. 1. Préface de Voyage au bout de la nuit, Louis-Ferdinand Céline, Denoël et Steele, Paris, 1932. 2 Avant-Propos C’est ma passion pour la culture africaine-américaine2, puis mon intérêt pour la musique caribéenne, qui m’ont mené sur les traces mythiques d’une Afrique des origines. Loin de ce que je m’attendais découvrir, j’ai mis plusieurs années à appréhender, puis comprendre cette musique qui se jouait sur le continent africain. En 2013-2014, l’envie m’a pris d’aller plus loin. Je me suis donc lancé. Parti à la recherche des racines parisiennes du coupé décalé ivoirien, j’ai découvert en bas de chez moi, chez mes voisins, des horizons musicaux insoupçonnés, m’ouvrant une fenêtre sur la Côte d’Ivoire, pays où je n’avais jamais mis les pieds. Plus largement, j’ai pu envisager la richesse et la complexité du continent africain, souvent vu, de notre lointaine Europe, sous un horizon uniforme, unifié, comme un territoire retiré du monde. Cependant, si le coupé décalé s’était largement diffusé dans toute l’Afrique subsaharienne francophone, il ne semblait pas avoir réussi à conquérir la scène des pays anglophones ou lusophones. Comment expliquer qu’une musique écoutée jusque dans les diasporas africaines francophones du monde entier ne soit pas arrivée au Ghana, pays frontalier de la Côte d’Ivoire ? Aussi, la communauté africaine-française vivant à Paris semblait, depuis 2012, s’ouvrir à de nouvelles musiques venues du sous-continent. En 2013, Benjamin Lebrave, producteur franco-américain résidant à Accra, me soufflait que la dernière tendance en Afrique de l’Ouest était l’azonto ghanéen. Il semblait alors naturel, après avoir mis un pied du côté francophone à travers la culture ivoirienne, de traverser la frontière pour me lancer à la découverte de l’univers anglophone, à travers ce nouveau style émergeant. J’ai alors parcouru la Toile3, puis j’ai glané dans les bibliothèques, informations, articles et livres pouvant concerner de près ou de loin mon sujet, et enfin je suis parti. J’ai mené durant deux mois une enquête de terrain concernant ce mouvement, à Accra, capitale du Ghana, regroupant témoignages, expériences et analyses de terrain. A peine de retour en France, je décidai de partir à nouveau pour compléter mes premiers résultats. L’azonto, comme le coupé décalé, produit musical de la dynamique très particulière d’une diaspora et de son pays d’origine, je décidais de compléter mon entreprise africaine, par deux séjours à Londres, capitale de l’immigration ghanéenne. Ce mémoire, c’est un an de conversation avec une musique, une danse, une culture, un pays, puis son analyse à travers les cheminements intellectuels qui ont marqué mes études. Il s’agit d’un travail non-exhaustif, sans a priori (négatif ou protecteur), dont le dessein et d’expliquer et de mettre des mots là où souffle pour l’instant le silence académique. 2. Se réfère au concept d’"african-american", popularisé par Malcom X aux États- Unis qui désire rompre avec les désignations héritées de l’Histoire raciste occidentale, et que l’on considérera comme une terminologie de référence pour désigner les populations de descendance africaine vivant aujourd’hui sur un autre continent que l’Afrique. 3. De la traduction du terme anglais Web, désignant communément Internet ; 3 Sommaire Introduction 5 I) Azonto ! Un pas vers une Electronique Nationale A) De l’anathème au panthéon, l’insaisissable insertion stylistique 11 1. Azonto. Le rythme fuyant le pas. 11 2. Azonto sur hiplife, le pas sur un phrasé local 21 3. La pièce, de l’azonto jusqu’aux racines 27 B) La musique ghanéenne à l’heure électronique ? 33 1 Création électronique ? 34 2. Implosion électronique de la production 40 3. L’oreille électronique ? 45 C) Azonto, hymne à l’instabilité structurelle 50 1. National Shift, la politique des Indépendances au libéralisme 50 2. Le désert culturel ghanéen 55 3. Un model économique entre adaptation et innovation 59 4. Un système sous-exploité 65 D) Azonto, portrait musical du ghanéen du XXIe siècle 69 1. Vers un nouvel horizon social ? 69 2. La jeunesse urbaine se rêve consommatrice star 75 3. Les racines, force d’existence 80 4 L’identité ghanéenne en jeu 85 II) Global Ghana, azonto, une Internationale électronique ? A) Global Ghana 91 1. L’Atlantique Noir, l’héritage ghanéen 91 2. Global Ghana, le pouvoir diasporique 95 3. Étude du cas britannique 100 B) la mue électronique africaine, Azonto ! 104 1. Mondialisation musicale ? 104 2. l’Afrique en instantané, Afrofuturisme ! 110 3. La Ritournelle électronique 114 C) Les rencontres ratées du quatrième monde 118 1. De la world music à la musique du quatrième monde 118 2. Le quatrième monde de la Dance Music ? 124 3. Les chemins d’une rencontre impossible ? 128 Table des Annexes 133 Bibliographie 192 Introduction « Tous les mots justes et courageux parlant de liberté qui ont été diffusés aux quatre coins du monde, ont pris racines et ont poussé dans des endroits pour lesquels ils n’étaient pas destinés.» 4 Kwame Nkrumah Cette pique poétique lancée à l’ouest dans le contexte de la décolonisation, reste là, flottante dans l’air, ouvrant à la manière d’un proverbe ghanéen des univers pluriels de significations. Elle qualifie d’abord une humanité paradoxale qui désigne, sans le nommer, l’interventionnisme d’un Occident qui peine à l’autocritique. Elle pourrait aujourd’hui décrire la position délicate de ce "premier monde" qui oscille à l’international entre les nécessités/conséquences d’une « realpolitik » et déclarations morales décalées : engagé militairement en Afrique (Mali, Centrafrique) et au Moyen-Orient (Irak, Afghanistan), ce bloc atlantique se positionne aussi contre un ensemble de pays hétéroclites allant de l’Amérique latine (Venezuela) aux confins asiatiques (Russie, Iran, Chine) en passant par les Caraïbes (Cuba) au nom de valeurs universalistes qu’il ne semble pas respecter chez lui. Que penserait un Ghanéen du traitement réservé aux migrants qui traversent illégalement la Méditerranée dans les centres de rétentions administratifs tenus par ces défenseurs de valeurs humanistes? Comment le regard africain comprend-il aujourd’hui le paradoxe des lois sécuritaires et liberticides adoptées par ces mêmes pays, légitimées par la menace terroriste venue justement de pays où ils combattent au nom de la liberté ?5 La formule du président Nkrumah nous suggère ensuite que la liberté est à essayer ailleurs, qu’elle aurait choisi une autre terre pour se réaliser. C’est ce second degré de compréhension que nous amène le refrain de la chanson de highlife, Ghana Freedom, signée par E.T. Mensah6 : « Ghana Terre de Liberté, Ghana nous avons maintenant la liberté ! ». Mais ce que pointait justement Kwame Nkrumah chez ses contemporains occidentaux semble aussi avoir rattrapé les ambitions nationales ghanéennes. Le Ghana, premier pays à sortir de la domination coloniale en 1957, deviendra le guide de nombreux 4. « All the fair brave words spoken about freedom that had been broadcast to the four corners of the earth took seed and grew where they had not been intended. » Kwame Nkrumah, Neo-Colonialism, The Last Stage of Imperialism; 1965 5. Que ce soit le USA Patriot-Act signé peu de temps après les attentats du 11 Septembre 2001, ou le projet de loi français en passe d’être adopté relatif à la lutte contre le terrorisme.
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