SUNDERLAND CITY COUNCIL AND SOUTH TYNESIDE COUNCIL
SUNDERLAND & SOUTH TYNESIDE BIRD SURVEYS 2014-2015 NON-BREEDING SEASON REPORT
JULY 2015
Prepared By:
Arcus Consultancy Services
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2014-2015 Non-breeding Season Report Sunderland & South Tyneside Bird Surveys
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...... 3
2 INTRODUCTION ...... 4 2.1 Background Information ...... 4 2.2 Key Species ...... 6
3 SURVEY METHODS ...... 8 3.1 Site Overview ...... 8 3.2 Desk Study...... 8 3.3 Field Surveys ...... 8
4 SURVEY RESULTS ...... 11 4.1 Desk Study Results ...... 11 4.2 Breeding Seabirds ...... 14 4.3 High-tide and Low-tide Bird Activity and Disturbance Surveys ...... 14 4.4 Disturbance Surveys ...... 18 4.5 Nocturnal Surveys ...... 22
5 ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF DEVELOPMENT ON THE KEY BIRD SPECIES...... 23 5.1 Habitat Loss and Modification ...... 24 5.2 Disturbance/Displacement...... 25 5.3 Pollution (Pollution, Nutrient Enrichment and Light Pollution) ...... 26
6 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT MEASURES TO REDUCE THE IMPACT OF DISTURBANCE ACTIVITIES ON ROOST AND FORAGING SITES ...... 27
7 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER WORK ...... 28
8 CONCLUSIONS ...... 29
9 APPENDICES ...... 30 9.1 Appendix 1 ...... 30 9.2 Appendix 2 ...... 42
10 FIGURES ...... 43
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Appendix List:
Appendix 1: Survey Dates and Times – All Surveys Appendix 2: Sample Disturbance Log
Figure List:
Figure 1: Survey Areas and Designated Sites Figure 2a: Feeding Bird Locations: North Survey Area Figure 2b: Feeding Bird Locations: Central Survey Area Figure 2c: Feeding Bird Locations: South Survey Area Figure 3a: Roosting Bird Locations: North Survey Area Figure 3b: Roosting Bird Locations: Central Survey Area Figure 3c: Roosting Bird Locations: South Survey Area Figure 4: Knot: Roosting and Feeding Locations Figure 5: Purple Sandpiper: Roosting and Feeding Locations Figure 6: Sanderling: Roosting and Feeding Locations Figure 7: Turnstone: Roosting and Feeding Locations Figure 8: Location of Disturbance Events Figure 9: Key Areas of Disturbance
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1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Along the coastline of South Tyneside and Sunderland between the River Tyne and Seaham (‘the site’), there are designated sites of national and European importance for birds: the Durham Coast Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and the Northumbria Coast Special Protection Area (SPA). Arcus were commissioned by Sunderland City Council and South Tyneside Council to undertake non-breeding season bird surveys along this coastline between October 2014 and March 2015. The aim of the surveys was to provide baseline data for a Habitat Regulations Assessment (HRA) to ensure that the European sites will be protected during the formulation of spatial plans and through the development management process. The site was split into five survey areas which were further divided into 24 count sectors. Diurnal and nocturnal surveys covered the high-tide and low-tide period and focussed on the foraging and roosting behaviour of four key species associated with the nearby designated sites of national and European importance: knot, purple sandpiper, sanderling and turnstone. The above surveys also logged disturbance events across a range of tidal states. Additional, specific disturbance surveys were carried out across the five survey areas to provide additional data on disturbance events. Knot was rarely recorded during the survey period but purple sandpiper, sanderling and turnstone were all frequently recorded. The White Steel area (count sector 10) was identified as the most important area for purple sandpiper, sanderling and turnstone, this area was subjected to moderate levels of disturbance. Several other areas were identified as important for the above key species; however these areas were subject to considerable disturbance. The most frequently recorded disturbance event was dog walkers with dogs off their leads. Pressures as a result of recreational disturbance are considered key at the site, however potential habitat loss as a result of continued development, and the associated increase in potential pollution, nutrient enrichment and artificial light pollution are also identified as important areas of consideration. Recommendations have been provided to reduce potential impacts of the above, such as the creation of disturbance free refuges to provide undisturbed foraging and roosting areas, the creation of disturbance free islands of habitats, spits or promontories, zoning of potentially disturbing activities and the careful location of public access points. In order to assess the value and workings of the above recommendations monitoring has been advised. Further surveys have been recommended to extend the current baseline dataset. These recommendations include for the provision of diurnal and nocturnal surveys for species associated with the nearby designated sites during the breeding season: little tern, kittiwake, fulmar and cormorant as well as a second non-breeding season (September 2015-March 2016) for knot, sanderling, purple sandpiper and turnstone. Further disturbance surveys and surveys on the invertebrate prey within the site.
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2 INTRODUCTION Arcus have been commissioned by Sunderland City Council and South Tyneside Council to carry out a non-breeding season bird survey of the local coastline focusing primarily on species associated with the nearby European and national designated sites: the Durham Coast Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and the Northumbria Coast Special Protection Area (SPA) and Ramsar site. Surveys were designed to collect information to assist the process of undertaking a Habitat Regulations Assessment (HRA) to ensure that the European sites will be protected during the formulation of spatial plans and through the development management process. This report presents the following information: Survey methods: the surveys carried out to gather baseline data on species abundance, distribution and disturbance pressures within the survey area between October 2014 and March 2015; Survey results: the results of a desk-based study and surveys carried out to gather baseline data on species abundance, distribution and disturbance pressures within the survey area between October 2014 and March 2015; Assessment: an assessment of the impact of development on the key bird species; Recommendations: recommendations for management measures to reduce the impact of known disturbance activities on roost sites; and Further work: recommendations for further work.
2.1 Background Information The ‘site’ consists of the South Tyneside, Sunderland, and north Durham coast between the River Tyne in the north and Seaham in the south. Sections of this coastline are statutory designated sites due to their importance for breeding and non-breeding (wintering and passage) birds in the form of the Northumbria Coast SPA and Ramsar site, and the Durham Coast SSSI (Table 1 and Figure 1). Table 1 also provides the SPA conservation objectives and Wetland Bird Survey (WeBS) Alerts for the key species where alerts have been triggered. The designated sites cover large (long, patchy, linear) areas of coastline covering the area to the north and south of the ‘site’ between the River Tweed, Northumberland in the north and Crimdon, Durham in the south. Land outside of the designated site may also be used by species associated with the designated site, these areas could thus be considered functionally linked to the designated site and are also of importance. When establishing whether an area reaches a significant level of importance to a particular species, the value of 1 % of a given population (e.g. national, European, international, SPA, SSSI etc.) is considered to be that value. Table 1: Designated sites (of Ornithological Value) within the site, including conservation objectives and WeBS Alerts Site Details Northumbria Coast This site qualifies under Article 4.1 of the Directive (2009/147/EC) by SPA supporting populations of European importance of the following species listed on Annex I of the Directive: The SPA covers During the breeding season approx. 1,107.98 ha of coastline between Little tern: 40 pairs representing at least 1.7 % of the breeding population the Tweed and Tees in Great Britain (5-year peak mean 1992/93-1996/97) Estuaries. The site mainly consists of This site also qualifies under Article 4.2 of the Directive (2009/147/EC) by discrete sections of supporting populations of European importance of the following migratory rocky shore with species: associated boulder
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Site Details and cobble beaches. Over winter The SPA also includes Turnstone: 1,739 individuals representing at least 2.6 % of the wintering several artificial pier East Atlantic Flyway population (5-year peak mean 1992/93-1996/97) structures and a small section of sandy Purple sandpiper: 787 individuals representing at least 1.6 % of the beach. wintering East Atlantic Flyway population (5-year peak mean 1992/93- 1996/97) In addition, the site supports the following non-qualifying species of interest (nationally important populations): sanderling, ringed plover, and redshank. The SPA also supports a number of Annex 1 birds (below the 1 % qualifying level), including Arctic tern, and golden plover. Conservation Objectives The conservation objectives for the SPA are1: Ensure that the integrity of the site is maintained or restored as appropriate, and ensure that the site contributes to achieving the aims of the Wild Birds Directive, by maintaining or restoring: The extent and distribution of the habitats of the qualifying features. The structure and function of the habitats of the qualifying features. The supporting processes on which the habitats of the qualifying features rely. The population of each of the qualifying features; and, The distribution of the qualifying features within the site. WeBS Alerts WeBS alerts for the following species have been triggered – based on 2009- 2010 data2: Purple sandpiper: Long term (up to 25 years) HIGH ALERT (-56 %) Medium term (10 years) Medium Alert (-39 %) Short term (5 years) No Alert (+28%) Since SPA classification Medium Alert (-39 %) Turnstone: Long term (up to 25 years) Medium Alert (-46 %) Medium term (10 years) Medium Alert (-29 %) Short term (5 years) Medium Alert (-27%) Since SPA classification Medium Alert (-29 %) Northumbria Coast Species/populations occurring at levels of international Ramsar site importance: The Ramsar site Little tern: 43 apparently occupied nests, breeding, representing an covers 1,107.98 ha average of 2.2 % of the Great Britain population (Seabird 2000 Census) and comprises Purple sandpiper: 291 individuals, winter, representing an average of several discrete 1.6 % of the Great Britain population (5-year peak mean 1998/99-2002/03) stretches of the coastline in north- Turnstone: 978 individuals, winter, representing an average of 1.0 % of the east England, population (5-year peak mean 1998/99-2002/03) between Spittal in the north of Noteworthy fauna: Species currently occurring at levels of national
1 Natural England (2004) European Site Conservation Objectives for Northumbria Coast SPA: http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/6372874327687168 2 Cook, A.S.C.P., Barimore, C., Holt, C.A., Read, W.J. and Austin, G.E. (2013) Wetland Bird Survey Alerts 2009/2010: Changes in numbers of wintering waterbirds in the Constituent Countries of the United Kingdom, Special Protection Areas (SPAs) and Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs). BTO Research Report 641. BTO, Thetford.http://www.bto.org/volunteer- surveys/webs/publications/webs-annual-report
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Site Details Northumberland to an importance area just south of Cormorant: 248 apparently occupied nests, breeding, representing an Blackhall Rocks in average of 2.9 % of the Great Britain population (Seabird 2000 Census) County Durham. Kittiwake: 4,070 apparently occupied nests, breeding, representing an average of 1.1 % of the Great Britain population (Seabird 2000 Census) Arctic tern: 1,200 apparently occupied nests, breeding, representing an average of 2.2 % of the Great Britain population (Seabird 2000 Census) Golden plover: 2,911 individuals, passage, representing an average of 1.1 % of the Great Britain population (5-year peak mean 1998/99-2002/03) Eider: 1,361 individuals, wintering, representing an average of 1.8 % of the Great Britain population (5-year peak mean 1998/99-2002/03) Sanderling: 419 individuals, wintering, representing an average of 2.0 % of the Great Britain population (5-year peak mean 1998/99-2002/03) Durham Coast SSSI Wintering waders
The Durham coastline supports nationally important numbers of wintering The SSSI covers purple sandpiper. A number of discrete sections of intertidal rock with 765.41 ha of coast associated boulder and cobble beaches provide feeding areas for these birds between South at most stages of the tidal cycle. Artificial structures as at Seaham Harbour Shields and Hart and River Tyne South Pier are used as high-tide roosts. Sanderlings are Warren. present in nationally important numbers and turnstone and knot also use the site for feeding and roosting in winter. Breeding seabirds A beach at Crimdon was colonised by little tern in 1995 and now holds a nationally important breeding population. The cliffs at Marsden Bay also support a well-known seabird colony which includes kittiwake, fulmar and cormorant.
2.2 Key Species Based on the information contained within Table 1 the following are the species considered to be important in the local area: little tern, purple sandpiper, turnstone, cormorant, kittiwake, Arctic tern, golden plover, eider, sanderling, knot and fulmar. Based on discussions with Sunderland City Council and South Tyneside Council the following species were the focus of the 2014-15 non-breeding season survey: purple sandpiper, turnstone, sanderling and knot. This report and analysis focusses on these species. A summary of key information on each of these species is provided below. Other, breeding or passage species are not the focus of this work and will require separate, specific studies (see Section 7: Recommendations for Further Work) for further information and are not discussed further herein, except within Section 4.1 Desk Study Results. Key population information on the four key species is provided below:
2.2.1 Knot Breeds in Arctic North America, Greenland and northern Siberia, winters in Europe, southern Asia south to southern Africa, Australia and southern South America3. The British Isles is the northernmost climatically suitable wintering ground for a number of waders and is the preferred settlement site for juveniles. A likely reason for this is because it minimises the distance they have to migrate in their first autumn passage period, when mortality may be at its highest.
3 Robinson, R.A. (2005) BirdFacts: profiles of birds occurring in Britain and Ireland (BTO Research Report 407), BTO Thetford http://bto.org/birdfacts accessed on 16.06.2015.
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The global population is estimated to be > 1.1 million individuals4. The overall population trend is decreasing, although some populations may be stable and others have unknown trends. The UK non-breeding population is estimated to be 330,000 individuals and the Great Britain population is estimated to be 320,000 individuals (2004/05-2008/09)5. Outside of the breeding season the species is strictly coastal, frequenting tidal mudflats or sandflats, sandy beaches of sheltered coasts, rocky shelves, bays, lagoons and harbours, occasionally also oceanic beaches and saltmarshes. The species is vulnerable to extensive land reclamation projects that encroach upon staging areas in Western Europe, and is threatened by the over-exploitation of shellfish which leads directly and indirectly to reductions in prey availability. The species also suffers from disturbance in the non- breeding season as a result of tourism, foot-traffic on beaches, recreational activities and over-flying aircraft, which together reduce the size of available foraging areas. It is also potentially threatened by industrial pollution and oil exploration4.
2.2.2 Purple Sandpiper Breeds in Arctic and sub-Arctic Eurasia and North America, winters south to southern Europe and southern United States3. The overall population trend is considered stable (although has undergone an insignificant decrease in North America)4. The European population is estimated to be 227,000-249,000 adult individuals6 and the UK/Great Britain non-breeding population is estimated to be 13,000 individuals (2004/05-2008/09)5. During the winter and on passage the species shows a preference for tidal rocky shores with strong wave action and suitable high-tide roosting areas, often utilising artificial structures such as concrete sea defences and breakwaters, threats to the species include climate change and severe weather, habitat shifting and alterations4.
2.2.3 Sanderling Breeds in Arctic North America, Greenland and northern Siberia, winters in Europe, southern Asia to southern Africa, Australia and South America3. The global population is estimated to number 620,000-700,000 individuals but the overall population trend is uncertain, as some populations are decreasing, while others are increasing, stable or have unknown trends4. The UK non-breeding population is estimated to be 17,000 individuals and the Great Britain non-breeding population is estimated to be 16,000 individuals (2004/05-2008/09)5. Sanderlings are largely coastal during the winter, inhabiting open sandy beaches exposed to the sea, the outer reaches of estuaries, rocky and muddy shores, mudflats and coral reefs. The species is sensitive to disturbance on beaches, e.g. from recreational activities and free-running dogs4.
2.2.4 Turnstone Breeds in northern Eurasia and northern North America, winters in Europe, Africa, southern Asia, Australasia and Americas3. The global population is estimated to number 460,000-800,000 individuals, the overall population trend is decreasing, although some populations have unknown trends4. The UK non-breeding population is estimated to be 51,000 individuals and the Great Britain non-breeding population is estimated to be 48,000 individuals (2004/05-2008/09)5. Outside of the breeding season the species is mainly coastal, although on migration it may occur inland along dykes or on lake shores. During the winter it frequents productive
4 BirdLife International (2015) IUCN Red List for Birds. Accessed from http://birdlife.org on 16.06.2015. 5 Musgrove, A., Aebischer, N., Eaton, M., Hearn, R., Newson, S., Noble, D., Parsons, M., Risely, K. and Stroud, D. (2013) Population estimates of birds in Great Britain and the United Kingdom. British Birds, 106: 64-100. 6 BirdLife (2015a) European Red List of Birds. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
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rocky and shingle shores, breakwaters, sandy beaches with storm-wracked seaweed, short-grass saltmarshes, sheltered inlets, estuaries, mangroves swamps, exposed reefs and mudflats with beds of molluscs. Threats to turnstone populations include climate change and severe weather (habitat shifting and alteration), human intrusion and disturbance (recreational activities), residential and commercial development (commercial and industrial areas, housing and urban areas)4.
3 SURVEY METHODS
3.1 Site Overview The ‘site’ was split into five ‘survey areas’ as follows: 1. Mouth of the River Tyne (south side) and Tyne South Pier to Marsden Rock; 2. Marsden Rock to Souter Point; 3. Souter Point to Parson’s Rock; 4. Parson’s Rock to Hendon; and 5. Hendon to Seaham. In order to differentiate between different areas of coastline the above five survey areas were further split into 24 ‘count sectors’. The site, survey areas and count sectors are shown in Figure 1.
3.2 Desk Study Prior to the commencement of fieldwork, a detailed desk study of the local area was undertaken. This utilised various sources of data to identify potential areas of historical importance within the site. Information was compiled from the following sources: Environmental Records and Information Centre North East (ERIC); Reports supplied by Sunderland City Council and South Tyneside Council (referenced in text where applicable); Durham Bird Club; British Trust for Ornithology (BTO); The Birds of Durham7; Durham Bird Club Annual Reports for 20108, 20119 and 201210; and Unpublished information from local birdwatchers. The BTO was consulted regarding Wetland Bird Survey (WeBS) data for the site and the wider SPA area, however it was felt that the data they held was incomplete over the most recent 5-year period and would not substantially add to the existing desk study data.
3.3 Field Surveys Visits were undertaken to each of the five survey areas between October 2014 and March 2015. Four different surveys were conducted during this time: High-tide bird activity and disturbance survey (monthly October 2014-March 2015); Low-tide bird activity and disturbance survey (monthly October 2014-March 2015); Disturbance survey (monthly October 2014-March 2015); and Nocturnal survey (March 2015). Survey methods are outlined below. Dates, hours, weather and tidal data from all surveys are provided in Appendix 1.
7 Bowey, K. and Newsome, M. (2012) The Birds of Durham. Durham Bird Club. 8 Durham Bird Club (2011) Durham Bird Club Annual Report 2010. Durham Bird Club. 9 Durham Bird Club (2012) Durham Bird Club Annual Report 2011. Durham Bird Club. 10 Durham Bird Club (2013) Durham Bird Club Annual Report 2012. Durham Bird Club.
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3.3.1 High-tide and Low-tide Bird Activity and Disturbance Surveys Surveys were carried out by five observers simultaneously completing transects through each of the five survey areas counting target wader species. Observer A surveyed Survey Area 1 (Mouth of the River Tyne (south side) and Tyne South Pier to Marsden Rock); Observer B surveyed Survey Area 2 (Marsden Rock to Souter Point) and so on. Two surveys were carried out each month between October 2014 and March 2015 inclusive, one during the high-tide period, and one during the low-tide period. Survey dates are provided in Table 2. Table 2: High-tide and low-tide bird survey visits Month High-Tide Survey Low-Tide Survey October 2014 Monday 20th Sunday 26th November 2014 Wednesday 19th Saturday 8th December 2014 Monday 1st Friday 12th January 2015 Friday 30th Friday 9th February 2015 Tuesday 17th Wednesday 25th March 2015 Saturday 21st Sunday 22nd Survey duration was six hours and covered the period three hours before and after high- /low-tide. Surveyors covered each survey area in walked and driven transects lasting 1.5 hours duration. These transects were repeated four times during the six hour survey. Weather conditions were recorded at hourly intervals in all survey areas. Bird observations were recorded during each transect. Bird locations were plotted in detail on large-scale maps, and behaviour (e.g. feeding/roosting) noted, allowing changes in distribution and behaviour to be recorded over the course of the tidal cycle. Surveys were carried out across the diurnal period, on a range of week days and weekend days so that a representative data sample was collected. Surveys also covered a range of tides (neap/spring) to ensure variation in coverage of roosting and feeding locations across different tidal states, and to account for changes in bird abundance and site use. Key species present in the non-breeding season formed the focus of the survey and included the following Northumbria Coast SPA qualifying species: turnstone and purple sandpiper, and Durham Coast SSSI notified species: purple sandpiper, sanderling, turnstone and knot. During each of the high-tide and low-tide surveys, disturbance activities were also recorded, including both actual and potential disturbance events. The disturbance logging process adopted during the bird activity surveys was the same as that undertaken for the specific disturbance surveys, which is provided in Section 3.3.2: Disturbance Surveys.
3.3.2 Disturbance Surveys Across the October 2014-March 2015 survey period additional visits were made to each survey area to focus on recording disturbance within each count sector of the site during both the high-tide and low-tide periods. Each survey area was visited once during the high-tide period and once over the low-tide period. Surveys were carried out across the diurnal period, on a range of week days and weekend days so that a representative data sample was collected. The surveys covered a range of tides (neap/spring) to ensure variation in coverage of roosting and feeding locations across different tidal states, and to account for the potential impact disturbance may have to bird abundance and distribution. Survey dates are provided in Table 3. Table 3: Disturbance survey visits Month Survey Area Tide Date October 2014 1 & 3 Low Saturday 25th November 2014 1 & 4 High Sunday 2nd
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Month Survey Area Tide Date December 2014 2 & 5 High Wednesday 17th January 2015 2 & 4 Low Saturday 24th February 2015 3 High Monday 16th March 2015 5 Low Monday 9th Survey duration was six hours and covered the period three hours before and after high- /low-tide. Surveyors covered each survey area in walked and driven transects lasting 1.5 hours duration focussing on recording disturbance events. These transects were repeated four times during the six hour survey. Weather conditions were recorded at hourly intervals in all survey areas. Methods used to log disturbance were based on Ravenscroft et al. (2007)11 and Linaker (Undated)12. Surveys recorded the number and location of key wader species (knot, purple sandpiper, sanderling and turnstone) and other wader species where present (e.g. golden plover, lapwing etc.), as well as both actual and potential disturbance as defined below: Actual disturbance includes any disturbance event, natural or human related, that caused an observed reaction from waders present within the survey area; and Potential disturbance refers to any event that could disturb birds but where the event did not cause actual disturbance at the time (e.g. if birds were not obviously within the vicinity of the event). Another consideration was the potential displacement of roosting/feeding birds as a result of potential disturbance activities. This refers to repeated events in an area which may be causing displacement of birds (e.g. a continual presence of people on a beach may be preventing birds from feeding in that area without causing any directly observable disturbance). A basic assessment of this was made by recording all disturbance events occurring around potential wader habitat within the survey areas, whether birds were nearby, or not. Comparisons were made between busier and quiet times at the same locations within survey areas. The location of each disturbance event was marked as accurately as possible onto a large-scale map using a unique identification number which cross-referenced to a disturbance log sheet. The log sheet detailed the time and type of disturbance and, where applicable, reaction, number and species of bird present and their behaviour at the time of the event (e.g. whether the species were disturbed from feeding or roosting). The reaction of any birds in the vicinity of the disturbance event was recorded as follows: N: No response; A: Alert (bird raises head and resumes activity); B: Alert (bird moves by foot from disturbance and then resumes activity); C: High Alertness (bird stops feeding/roosting and shows agitation); D1: Short-flight (<50 m); D2: Long-flight (>50 m); and D3: Birds leave the survey area. When birds moved away by foot (“B”), the surveyor estimated the distance moved by the bird. Details of disturbance events recorded, and a sample disturbance log are provide in Appendix 2.
11 Ravenscroft, N., Parker, B., Vonk, R. and Wright, M. (2007) Disturbance to waterbirds wintering in the Stour-Orwell estuaries SPA. A Report from Wildside Ecology to the Suffolk Coast and Heaths Unit. 12 Linaker, R. (Undated) Recreational Disturbance at the Teesmouth and Cleveland Coast European Marine Site: Bird Disturbance Field Work Winter 2011/2012. University of York.
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3.3.3 Nocturnal Surveys Nocturnal reconnaissance surveys were carried out during March 2015. Surveys were carried out in each of the five survey areas. Each survey area was visited once during the month. Surveys were carried out across a range of times during the nocturnal period and across a range of tidal states. All surveys started/finished at least 1.5 hours after sunset or before sunrise. Nocturnal surveys used the same transect routes established during diurnal high-tide and low-tide surveys. On each survey the walked and driven transect was completed twice across a four hour survey period. During this survey period the survey area was observed through infrared night vision optical equipment supported by the use of high-powered red-filtered torches. Data was collected in the same way as during the diurnal high-tide and low-tide surveys, as outlined in Section 3.3.1: High-tide and Low-tide Bird Activity and Disturbance Surveys. Surveys dates are provided in Table 4. Table 4: Nocturnal survey visits Survey Area Tide Date Start Finish Time Time 1 Low Monday 23rd March 2330 0330 2 Low/Rising Tuesday 24th March 2200 0200 3 Falling Wednesday 25th March 2000 2200 4 High/Falling Tuesday 31st March 0100 0500 5 Rising/High Tuesday 31st March 2330 0330
4 SURVEY RESULTS
4.1 Desk Study Results
4.1.1 Knot Knot were only occasionally recorded and in low numbers.
4.1.1.1 Feeding Three birds recorded feeding at Salterfen Rocks during 2011-12 surveys of overwintering waterbirds along the Durham coast13.
4.1.1.2 Roosting No specific roosting records obtained.
4.1.1.3 Feeding/Roosting Not Specified Early returning individuals at Whitburn Steel were three juveniles on 24th August 2012, and six birds on 27th July 201314, with two birds at Roker Pier Rocks on 4th August 2013. Also recorded off Whitburn (six birds on 13th November 2012), Jackie’s Beach, Whitburn (single individuals on in August and September 2012), Featherbed Rocks, Seaham and Seaham Hall beach (two birds on 25th February 2012 and a single bird on 4th August 2012 respectively)13. Also reported as occurring on Jarrow Slake mudflat along the river Tyne15.
13 Cadwallender, T. and Cadwallender, M. (2013) A second year review of over-wintering waterbirds of the Durham Coast: December 2012 – March 2013. Cadwallender Consultancy for Durham County Council. 14 Data from Durham Bird Club supplied by South Tyneside Council. 15 Sinclair Knight Merz (SKM) (2009) Ornithological Data Review – Port of Tyne Renewable Energy Plant. Sinclair Knight Merz, Edinburgh.
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4.1.2 Purple Sandpiper The data searches confirmed that the most important areas for purple sandpiper are off Whitburn Steel, with smaller numbers around Sunderland (including the harbour, piers docks, Parson’s Rocks and Wearmouth), off Seaburn (at the southern end of Whitburn Bay), South Shields Pier and between Ryhope to Seaham (on Featherbed and Salterfen Rocks), including Seaham Harbour.
4.1.2.1 Feeding Groups of two feeding, and six feeding at Salterfen Rocks13. Up to four birds recorded feeding on rocks north of the South Groyne, South Shields, Tynemouth and 10 birds feeding on rocks north of the South Pier, South Shields on several occasions between October 2009 and March 201016. Three birds were feeding on the north side of the pier wall at Sandhaven Beach, South Shields on 20th November 201314.
4.1.2.2 Roosting WeBS counts at South Shields during winter 2010-2011 recorded a maximum of 25 roosting individuals on 8th February 20119. Up to 12 birds recorded roosting on the rocks south of South Pier, South Shields, Tynemouth between October 2009 and March 201016. Seventeen were roosting on rocks off Whitburn Steel on 6th April 2013 and 16 birds roosting at South Shields Pier on 13th December 201314.
4.1.2.3 Feeding/Roosting Not Specified Some of the largest recent counts are of 25 individuals at Whitburn Steel on 27th October 2012, 25 birds along the shoreline between Roker to Whitburn in October 2012 during WeBS counts10, 18 birds at Parson’s Rocks (Roker) and at Whitburn Steel (probably relating to the same flock) on 17th January 201214, up to 14 individuals at Sunderland Harbour and Salterfen Rocks in early November 20108, and of 11 birds at Seaburn on 30th April 201214. One or two individuals have been recorded at Timber Beach at Hylton Red House (on the River Wear in Sunderland) during the winters of 2005 and 2006. Small numbers of purple sandpipers have also been recorded flying to South Shields’ South Pier from the north side of the Tyne during recent winters7. The numbers around South Shields’ South Pier are subject to regular fluctuation, and it is likely that there is regular interchange between the feeding and roosting site at Whitburn Steel. Records away from the regular coastline include two records from the banks of the River Tyne within Gateshead Borough; a single bird on exposed rocks at Bill Quay during winter 1989-90, and a party of four birds at the Metro-Centre Pools briefly in November 1994, before flying eastwards along the Tyne7.
4.1.3 Sanderling The data searches confirmed that the most important areas for sanderling are around Sunderland, including Roker Pier Rocks and Parson’s Rocks, Whitburn Steel, Whitburn Beach and Whitburn Bents, South Shields (including Sandhaven Beach and South Shields Pier), and Seaburn Beach at the southern end of Whitburn Bay.
4.1.3.1 Feeding Up to 72 individuals regularly recorded feeding on Sandhaven Beach between October 2009 and March 201016. Forty individuals were recorded feeding on Seaburn Beach on 30th November 201314.
16 Cadwallender, T. and Cadwallender, M. (2010) Report on over-winter bird activity at Littlehaven, South Shields for Royal Haskoning: October 2009 – March 2010. Cadwallender Consultancy for Royal Haskoning.
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4.1.3.2 Roosting Up to 39 individuals occasionally roosted on the rocks to the south of South Pier, South Shields between October 2009 and March 201016.
4.1.3.3 Feeding/Roosting Not Specified Some of the largest recent counts are of 120 birds on Sandhaven Beach, South Shields on 4th May 2012, 110 birds at Whitburn Steel on 10th March 2013, with 94 birds counted there in late November and mid-December 2012, 54 birds at Roker Pier rocks on 29th March 2013, 50 birds off Whitburn on 13th November 2012 and of 40 individuals on Seaburn Beach on 30th November 201314.
4.1.4 Turnstone Regularly recorded between Tynemouth and Seaham Harbour. The total wintering population for Durham was assessed as 450 individuals in 20057. Historically, the numbers wintering at Whitburn rose through the 1980’s with a record site count of 346 individuals in September 1989, but numbers have declined since then, although there is thought to be a lot of movement between other sites to the north and south of Whitburn Steel causing peak counts to fluctuate between years. The amount of seaweed present at Whitburn is thought to regulate the numbers of turnstone feeding in the area7.
4.1.4.1 Feeding Regularly present at South Shield Leas, with 60 birds feeding in December 201210. Between two and 10 individuals were regularly recorded feeding on or around the South Pier, South Shields between October 2009 and March 201016. Three individuals recorded feeding at Red Acre, just north of Seaham Harbour during surveys between December 2011 and March 201213.
4.1.4.2 Roosting Seventy birds were recorded roosting at Sunderland South Pier in January 2011 and 50 on South Shields South Pier in August 20119, 38 at high-tide off Whitburn Steel on 10th August 2013 and 15 on Sandhaven Beach on 14th October 201314. Small numbers were regularly recorded roosting on rocks to the south of the South Pier, South Shields between October 2009 and March 201016. Seaham Harbour (north, middle and south) was regularly used as a roosting area by Turnstone between December 2011 and March 2012 and December 2012 and March 201313, with a maximum of 13 birds recorded.
4.1.4.3 Feeding/Roosting Not Specified The maximum numbers recorded off Whitburn Steel during the 2010-2012 WeBS counts were of 170 individuals in September 20108, 129 in September 201210 and of 121 birds in January and November 20119. Fifty birds were at Whitburn and Whitburn Bents on 13th November 2012 and 7th December 2012 respectively10, 78 birds were present at Seaburn Beach (at the southern end of Whitburn Bay) on 30th April 201214 and 60 birds at South Shields Leas on 23rd December 201214. Up to 100 of the local wintering turnstone regularly use Whitburn Ranges as a feeding and roosting area, most often during spells of stormy weather and over exceptionally high-tides, but also in benign conditions17. Low numbers of turnstone regularly use the lower stretches of the River Tyne and River Wear, particularly during the autumn and winter months. On the River Tyne, between one and six individuals were regularly recorded feeding at Jarrow Slake between 2010-12, with the largest numbers in April and
17 Siggens, G. (2006) A Review of Avifauna for the Whitburn Army Range Report for South Tyneside MBC. Durham Bird Club.
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November 20108,9,10, with up to 18 birds present for most of the year on occasions15. In April 2004 a flock of 40 birds was recorded by the Tyneside Bird Club at Jarrow Slake14. The Timber Beach area on the River Wear in Sunderland is occasionally used as a feeding area by turnstone, with five birds recorded in July and August 2011, and four birds in November 20119. Turnstones have also been recorded from Dunston Mudflats and Bill Quay (both on the River Tyne)7.
4.2 Breeding Seabirds The desk study results for four key species associated with the designated sites are presented below14.
4.2.1 Fulmar Fulmars were recorded breeding at Dawdon Blast Beach, near Seaham (a pair apparently nesting on the cliffs on 7th May 2012 and eight pairs present (and possibly nesting) in April 2013). Twelve pairs were recorded nesting in Marsden New Quarry in June 2013, and around 10 pairs were nesting at Noses Point, just south of Seaham in May 2013. Birds were also recorded from Whitburn Coastal Park in April and May 2012 (with no specific data on numbers or behaviour), and a single bird was also recorded at Seaham Hall on 24th July 2012.
4.2.2 Cormorant Cormorants were recorded breeding at Marsden, with 150 adults and juveniles counted on Jack Rock, 45 adults and juveniles on Marsden Rock and 5 adults and juveniles on Pompey’s Pillar, all on 29th June 2013. An additional 55 birds including five sitting on nests were recorded at Lizard Point (south-east of South Shields) on 3rd April 2013. Non- breeding cormorants were also recorded on Seaham Marina (two on 7th July 2013), Parson’s Rocks, Roker (five on 12th May 2013) South Shields Pier (one or two birds in June and July 2012), and at Whitburn Steel (three on 30th July 2012).
4.2.3 Kittiwake An increasing breeding colony exists in Seaham North Harbour, with at least 12 nests in 2012 and an estimated 55 nests in June 2013. An additional 15 nests were present on rocks below Nose’s Point, just south of Seaham in May 2013. At least 60 birds were counted in Seaham Marina on 7th July 2013. Small numbers of kittiwake were also noted at Whitburn Coastal Park in April 2012 and on Marsden Rock in April, May and July 2013, but further details are lacking.
4.2.4 Little Tern Only two records of two birds resting on rocks at Whitburn Steel and Whitburn, both on 16th May 2012, and both likely to relate to the same two individuals. The closest little tern breeding colony to the site is at Crimdon Dene, County Durham.
4.3 High-tide and Low-tide Bird Activity and Disturbance Surveys Data was gathered across the high-tide and low-tide period to show feeding and roosting areas used by the four key species: knot, purple sandpiper, sanderling and turnstone. Feeding bird locations recorded across all of the surveys are shown in Figures 2a, 2b and 2c, and roosting bird locations recorded across all of the surveys are shown in Figures 3a, 3b and 3c. These figures also show the locations of disturbance activities in order to ascertain where birds may be under pressure of disturbance at key times during the tidal cycle. Summaries for each species are provided below. Disturbance details are provided in Section 4.4: Disturbance Surveys below.
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4.3.1 Knot Knot were rarely recorded (four records) during the October 2014-March 2015 survey period: three records during a low-tide survey in October 2014 and one record during a high-tide survey in February 2015. A peak count of one bird was recorded roosting (in count sector 10) and a peak count of 27 birds was recorded feeding (in count sector 11). Feeding and roosting areas used by knot during the period October 2014-March 2015 are shown in Figure 4. The peak count of knot recorded during a single survey (including feeding/roosting birds), across all survey areas was 28 birds, recorded during a low-tide survey on 26th October 2014.
4.3.2 Purple Sandpiper Purple sandpipers were frequently recorded (140 records) during the October 2014- March 2015 survey period: 72 records during the high-tide surveys and 68 records during the low-tide surveys. A peak count of 39 birds was recorded roosting (in count sector 3) and a peak count of 24 birds was recorded feeding (in count sector 17), this represents 5.0 % and 3.1 % of the cited SPA population respectively. Feeding and roosting areas used by purple sandpiper during the period October 2014- March 2015 are shown in Figure 5. The peak count of purple sandpiper recorded during a single survey (including feeding/roosting birds), across all survey areas was 59 birds, recorded during a high-tide survey on 21st March 2015; this is equivalent to 7.5 % of the cited SPA population (787 individuals). Count sectors that supported over 1 % of the SPA cited population over the high-tide and low-tide periods (based on maximum counts) are shown in Table 5 (high-tide) and Table 6 (low-tide). Five of the 24 count sectors did not support any feeding or roosting purple sandpipers during the high-tide, or low-tide period, these count sectors were: 6, 9, 13, 14 and 16. Table 5: Important count sectors – High-Tide Rank Count Sector Max Count % of SPA Population 1 3 39 5.0 2 10 20 2.5 3 12 19 2.4 4 2 14 1.8 5 11 13 1.7 6 24 11 1.4 7 19 9 1.1 Table 6: Important count sectors – Low-Tide Rank Count Sector Max Count % of SPA Population 1 17 24 3.0 2 19 21 2.7 3 10 16 2.0 3 11 16 2.0 5 21 11 1.4 When feeding and roosting birds are combined, over both the high and low-tide period the following are the ‘Top 5’ most important count sectors for purple sandpiper: count sectors 10, 3, 11, 17, 19 and 2. The full list of count sectors in rank order, with percentage of SPA cited population is shown in Table 7. Table 7: Important count sectors – Feeding/Roosting over High-/Low-tide (Combined) with percentage of SPA cited population Rank Count Sector Total Max % of SPA Population Count 1 10 53 6.7
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Rank Count Sector Total Max % of SPA Population Count 2 3 42 5.3 3 11 32 4.1 4 17 31 3.9 5 19 30 3.8 6 2 21 2.7 7 12 20 2.5 8 4 15 1.9 9 24 14 1.8 10 21 11 1.4 11 1 10 1.3 11 5 10 1.3 13 18 8 1.0 14 15 7 0.9 15 8 6 0.8 16 23 5 0.6 17 7 2 0.3 17 22 2 0.3 19 20 1 0.1 20 6 0 0 20 9 0 0 20 13 0 0 20 14 0 0 20 16 0 0
4.3.3 Sanderling Sanderling was frequently recorded (159 records) during the October 2014-March 2015 survey period. Eighty-seven records were made during the high-tide surveys, and 72 records were made during the low-tide surveys. A peak count of 72 birds was recorded roosting (in count sector 2) and a peak count of 80 birds was recorded feeding (in count sector 12). Feeding and roosting areas used by sanderling during the period October 2014- March 2015 are shown in Figure 6. The peak count of sanderling recorded during a single survey (including feeding/roosting birds), across all survey areas was 197 birds, recorded during a high-tide survey on 17th February 2015. When feeding and roosting birds are combined, over both the high and low-tide period the following are the ‘Top 5’ most important count sectors for sanderling: count sectors 10, 11, 2, 12, and 16. The full list of count sectors in rank order is shown in Table 8. Table 8: Important count sectors – Feeding/Roosting over High-/Low-tide (Combined) Rank Count Sector Total Max Count 1 10 248 2 11 150 3 2 126 4 12 121 5 16 61 6 3 50 7 17 44 8 8 37 9 1 33 10 18 17 11 15 11 12 13 7
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Rank Count Sector Total Max Count 13 6 6 14 5 5 15 4 4 16 9 2 16 14 2 18 7 0 18 19 0 18 20 0 18 21 0 18 22 0 18 23 0 18 24 0
4.3.4 Turnstone Turnstones were commonly recorded (520 records) during the October 2014-March 2015 survey period. Two hundred and fifty-four records were made during the high-tide surveys and 266 records were made during the low-tide surveys. A peak count of 90 birds was recorded roosting (in count sector 8) and a peak count of 142 birds was recorded feeding (in count sector 10), this represents 5.2 % and 8.2 % of the cited SPA population respectively. Feeding and roosting areas used by turnstone during the period October 2014- March 2015 are shown in Figure 7. The peak count of turnstone recorded during a single survey (including feeding/roosting birds), across all survey areas was 367 birds, recorded during a low-tide survey on 26th October 2014; this is equivalent to 21.1 % of the cited SPA population (1,739 individuals). Count sectors that supported over 1 % of the SPA cited population over the high-tide and low-tide periods (based on maximum counts) are shown in Table 9 (high-tide) and Table 10 (low-tide). The majority of count sectors were used at some point during either low-tide or high-tide, however count sector 13 was not used during high-tide, and count sector 12 was not used during low-tide. Table 9: Important count sectors – High-Tide Rank Count Sector Max Count % of SPA Population 1 9 136 7.8 2 12 130 7.5 3 8 113 6.5 4 10 101 5.8 5 4 48 2.8 6 3 47 2.7 7 17 44 2.5 8 11 36 2.1 8 19 36 2.1 10 18 35 2.0 10 24 35 2.0 12 5 29 1.7 13 16 21 1.2 Table 10: Important count sectors – Low-Tide Rank Count Sector Max Count % of SPA Population 1 10 142 8.2 2 9 108 6.2 3 19 66 3.8 4 5 47 2.7 5 21 33 1.9
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Rank Count Sector Max Count % of SPA Population 6 8 29 1.7 6 23 29 1.7 7 11 28 1.6 8 4 24 1.4 8 2 24 1.4 9 17 23 1.3 10 20 19 1.1 11 18 18 1.0 When feeding and roosting birds are combined, over both the high and low-tide period the following are the ‘Top 5’ most important count sectors for turnstone: count sectors 10, 9, 8, 12, and 19. The full list of count sectors in rank order, with percentage of SPA cited population is shown in Table 11. Table 11: Important count sectors – Feeding/Roosting over High-/Low-tide (Combined) with percentage of SPA cited population Rank Count Sector Total Max % of SPA Population Count 1 10 324 18.6 2 9 276 15.9 3 8 232 13.3 4 12 161 9.3 5 19 121 7.0 6 11 115 6.6 7 17 82 4.7 8 18 80 4.6 9 4 77 4.4 9 5 77 4.4 11 3 69 4.0 11 24 69 4.0 13 21 49 2.8 14 16 43 2.5 15 2 38 2.2 15 23 38 2.2 17 15 37 2.1 18 6 32 1.8 19 20 22 1.3 20 7 20 1.2 21 22 16 0.9 22 14 15 0.9 23 13 11 0.6 24 1 8 0.5
4.3.5 Other Species Other wader species recorded incidentally during the surveys included: ringed plover, golden plover, grey plover, lapwing, dunlin, snipe, bar-tailed godwit, curlew and redshank.
4.4 Disturbance Surveys A total of 2,527 disturbance events (Figure 8) were recorded during the disturbance surveys (from a combination of the standalone diurnal disturbance surveys and the diurnal high-tide and low-tide surveys described above). Table 12 lists all of the count sectors in rank order of the number of disturbance events recorded, these are also shown in Figure 9 which separates count sectors into Red: High Disturbance Zones (100+ disturbance events), Amber: Moderate Disturbance Zones (30-99 disturbance events),
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and Green: Low Disturbance Zones (0-29 disturbance events). Note that ten disturbance events occurred just outside the site, but are included herein for completeness. Table 12: Number of disturbance events recorded in each count sector Rank Count Sector Number of Disturbance Events 1 14 376 2 12 355 3 3 222 4 15 202 5 8 168 6 6 144 7 11 136 8 22 133 9 18 123 10 9 98 10 10 98 12 13 90 13 4 79 14 1 60 15 5 57 16 24 52 17 23 42 18 2 29 19 7 23 20 20 20 - Out of Area 10 21 19 5 22 21 3 23 16 1 24 17 1 Table 13 lists all of the count sectors in rank order of the number of disturbance events recorded (as shown in Table 12), the five most heavily disturbed count sectors highlighted in red. Table 13 also shows the most important count sectors for purple sandpiper, turnstone and sanderling (N.B.: knot is not shown as it was only recorded in two count sectors (count sectors 10 and 11). The table highlights (in green cells) the five most important count sectors for each of these three species. Table 13: Disturbance rank for each count sector, and relative importance for purple sandpiper, turnstone and sanderling Rank Count Purple Turnstone Sanderling Sector Sandpiper 1 14 20 22 16 2 12 7 4 4 3 3 2 11 6 4 15 14 17 11 5 8 15 3 8 6 6 20 18 13 7 11 3 6 2 8 22 17 21 18 9 18 13 8 10 10 9 20 2 16 10 10 1 1 1 12 13 20 23 12 13 4 8 9 15 14 1 11 24 9 15 5 11 9 14 16 24 9 11 18 17 23 16 15 18 18 2 6 15 3
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Rank Count Purple Turnstone Sanderling Sector Sandpiper 19 7 17 20 18 20 20 19 19 18 21 19 5 5 18 22 21 10 13 18 23 16 20 14 5 24 17 4 7 7 The most frequently recorded form of disturbance, both actual and potential, concerned dog walkers with dog(s) off lead, 1,138 out of the 2,527 (45.0 %) events. Table 14 lists all disturbance events recorded. During all surveys, the greatest number and density of disturbance events were recorded on the beaches, typically with no birds in the vicinity. These areas were popular with the public, particularly dog walkers. Table 14: Disturbance events recorded Rank Type of Disturbance Event Number of Records 1 Dog walker with dog/s off lead 1,138 2 Walker (no dog) 647 3 Angler 237 4 Dog walker with dog/s on lead 120 5 Beachcomber 64 6 Jogger/runner 58 7 Other18 57 8 Unknown 54 9 Bait digger 32 10 Natural disturbance19 27 11 Birdwatcher 24 12 Workmen – machinery 18 13 Photographer 16 14 Horse rider 14 15 School group/children 10 16 Sea kayak 5 17 Helicopter 4 18 Workmen – hand tools 2 Beaches, such as those at Whitburn Bay (count sector 12), often had a near constant presence of people (for example there was a minimum of 300 people in count sector 21 on 22nd March during a low-tide survey), though during quiet times there were records of sanderling, purple sandpiper and turnstone feeding/roosting there. Due to the length of time of surveys some hours of the day received more coverage than others, however it was considered that there was a peak in disturbance events between 10 am and 2 pm (Table 15). Fewer disturbance events were recorded prior to 8 am, and after 4 pm. Table 15: Hourly breakdown of disturbance events Times Number of Disturbance Events 07:00-08:00 34 08:00-09:00 163 09:00-10:00 214 10:00-11:00 368 11:00-12:00 414 12:00-13:00 363 13:00-14:00 396 14:00-15:00 261 15:00-16:00 150
18 ‘Other’ includes: cyclists, surfers, vehicles, kite surfers, wind-blown plastic bags etc. 19 ‘Natural disturbance’ includes: crow, gulls, birds of prey, and unseen natural disturbance.
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Times Number of Disturbance Events 16:00-17:00 77 17:00-18:00 52 18:00-19:00 17 Not Recorded 18 Table 16 provides the monthly totals of actual and potential disturbance events. Most disturbance activities were recorded in February 2015, with 471 disturbance events recorded, though disturbance levels were similar throughout the winter survey period. Table 16: Monthly totals of disturbance events Month Number of Disturbance Events October 2014 451 November 2014 439 December 2014 336 January 2015 380 February 2015 471 March 2015 450 Disturbance events per hour surveyed per day are provided in Table 17. At times, particularly on weekends, there were very large numbers of people causing disturbance/displacement. For example, surveys on a Monday recorded 4.2 disturbance events per hour of observation, whereas surveys on Sunday recorded 9.6 disturbance events per hour of observation. Of interest was the spike in disturbance noted during February half term school holidays20 when 8.6 disturbance events per hour of observation was recorded on a Tuesday. Table 17: Disturbance events per hour surveyed Day Disturbance Events Hours of Observation Events per Hour Monday 303 72 4.2 Tuesday 257 30 8.6 Wednesday 361 72 5.0 Thursday21 0 0 0 Friday 495 90 5.5 Saturday 423 84 5.0 Sunday 688 72 9.6 The responses of birds to disturbance events are shown in Table 18. The majority of disturbance events (2,084 of the 2,527; 82.5 %) did not directly affect (disturb) birds, because none were present in the vicinity of the disturbance event. However it should be noted that the reason for this may be because of the background levels of disturbance preventing birds from using the areas in the first place. Birds were present for 443 of the 2,527 disturbance events (17.5 %). Disturbance was caused as a result of 362 (81.7 %) of the disturbance events recorded, with no responses observed as a result of 81 (18.3 %). Of the 443 bird disturbance records, 243 (54.9 %) were in relation to the key species: knot, purple sandpiper, sanderling, or turnstone. The most frequent response to disturbance was either a short flight, or a longer flight from the disturbance event (33.4 % and 32.6 % respectively). Table 18: Responses to disturbance events Response Number of Responses No birds present 2,084 No response 81 Alert (bird raises head and resumes activity) 42
20 It was half term in Newcastle and Sunderland on the Tuesday surveyed. 21 Surveys programmed for Thursday were postponed due to poor weather, hence no data for Thursday.
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Response Number of Responses Alert (bird moves by foot from disturbance and then resumes activity) 34 High alertness (bird stops feeding/roosting and shows agitation) 17 Short flight (<50 m) 121 Long flight (>50 m) 118 Bird leaves the survey area/flies out of sight 30
4.5 Nocturnal Surveys Nocturnal reconnaissance surveys were carried out in March 2015 in order to develop a repeatable methodology for future survey. The survey focussed on the key species: knot, purple sandpiper, sanderling and turnstone and also recorded nocturnal disturbance activities. Turnstone was the only key species recorded during the nocturnal surveys. Between three and nine birds were recorded in Survey Area 2 and between two and seven birds were recorded in Survey Area 3. No key species were recorded in Survey Areas 1, 4 or 5. A summary of birds encountered during the nocturnal surveys are shown in Table 18. Table 18: Birds recorded during nocturnal surveys Survey Area Target Species Number of Birds Number of Birds Other Species recorded in Transect 1 in Transect 2 Recorded Survey Area 1 None n/a n/a Oystercatcher Survey Area 2 Turnstone 6 3 Oystercatcher Curlew Survey Area 3 Turnstone 5 2 Oystercatcher Curlew Redshank Survey Area 4 None n/a n/a Oystercatcher Ringed plover Redshank Survey Area 5 None n/a n/a Oystercatcher Redshank Overall, numbers of all wader species were low compared with diurnal surveys. This could be attributable, in part, to the season as many species may have begun migrating back to their breeding areas by late-March. The visit to Survey Area 4 coincided with a night of bad weather which may have also reduced number of sightings due to birds seeking shelter outside of the survey area (or in areas out of the wind out of sight of the observers), or due to the difficulty in detecting birds with the image-intensifying optics in the poor weather, or a combination of both of the above. Thermal imaging cameras may provide better, clearer information of bird behaviour during the non-breeding season than image-intensifying optics. Turnstone recorded in Survey Area 2 included foraging birds which were present in two count sectors. Four were on the coast adjacent to the south end of Whitburn Coastal Park with up to three present on rocks a little further south at Souter Point. Roosting turnstone were recorded in Survey Area 3 on rocks at ‘White Steel’, adjacent to the school. Two further birds were recorded roosting on rocks between ‘White Steel’ and Whitburn Sands beach. Twenty-three disturbance events were recorded during nocturnal surveys. A summary of disturbance events is provided in Table 19. As expected, the number of disturbance events was considerably lower than during the diurnal surveys. Numerous fox records are considered to relate to two or three individual animals foraging along the shoreline. Table 19: Disturbance events recorded during nocturnal surveys Survey Area Total Events Event Type Survey Area 1 10 Other (Fox) x 10
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Survey Area Total Events Event Type Survey Area 2 2 Other (Fox) x 1 Helicopter x 1 Survey Area 3 2 Dog Walker (no lead) x 2 Survey Area 4 3 Natural (wind-blown debris) x 1 Natural (wind-blown sand) x 1 Walker x 1 Survey Area 5 6 Angler x 3 Other (Fox) x 3
5 ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF DEVELOPMENT ON THE KEY BIRD SPECIES Birds require energy to survive and breed. Different species are adapted to feed on different resources and therefore favour different habitats, even within the same habitat, different species may be using different food resources, each having evolved to exploit particular niches22. The winter foraging requirements of the key species are: Knot feed on inter-tidal invertebrates, especially molluscs; Sanderling feed on small invertebrates; Turnstone feed on a wider range of invertebrates and other materials at other times; and, Purple sandpiper feed on invertebrates, and some plant material, on rocks near tide edge. The particle size of sediments varies throughout an estuary and along a coastline, with the settlement patterns of particles of different sizes determined by currents, tides and weather. Whether a substrate is rocky, shingly, sandy or muddy is a key determinant of which prey animals and food-plants are abundant in which parts of an estuary or coastline and of which are available as food to the various species of estuarine bird. In the estuarine and coastal environment, the tidal cycle has a strong effect on bird behaviour, as it means that intertidal habitats and their associated food resources become unavailable on a regular cycle22. When intertidal mudflats are covered by the tide, many waders and wildfowl often move to a safe resting area where they roost and wait for the tide to turn23, whilst some may seek alternative feeding sites such as coastal fields or lagoons adjacent to the estuary/coast24. Roosting minimises unnecessary and wasteful energy expenditure and so roosting sites need to be safe from predators and disturbance, for example a saltmarsh or an island or mudflat. Man-made objects such as concrete islands and jetties sometimes provide a suitable roosting location. This reliance on the tidal cycle means that many estuarine and coastal birds sometimes need to feed at night, particularly in winter when the mudflats may be available for only a few hours during daytime23. The potential impact of development within the vicinity of the SPA and SSSI could potentially result in the following impacts to waders, including the qualifying interest species: knot, purple sandpiper, sanderling and turnstone: 1. Habitat loss and modification; 2. Disturbance/displacement; and, 3. Pollution (chemical, nutrient enrichment, and artificial light).
22 Woodward, I., Bray, J., Marchant, J., Austin, J. and Calladine, J. (2015) A review of literature on the qualifying interest species of Special Protection Areas (SPAs) in the Firth of Forth and development related influences. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 804. 23 Van de Kam, J., Ens, B., Piersma, T. and Zwarts, L. (2004) Shorebirds. An illustrated behavioural ecology. KNNV Publishers, Utrecht, The Netherlands. 24 Townshend, D.J. (1981) The Importance of Field Feeding to the Survival of Wintering Male and Female Curlews Numenius arquata on the Tees Estuary. Feeding and Survival Strategies of Estuarine Organisms. Marine Science, 15: 261–273.
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5.1 Habitat Loss and Modification The most obvious impact of land claim or major developments on birds is the loss of natural habitats that have been claimed from the sea and intertidal areas. In time, some of the areas claimed from the estuary/coast develop into different habitats, some of which, perhaps ironically, become valued as wildlife habitats and local nature reserves in their own right22. Birds displaced by habitat loss may either be unable to settle on the remaining areas because they are at capacity, or be displaced onto less favourable areas resulting in lower survival or productivity. The effects of habitat loss on waders have been considered in a number of recent studies. The ability of birds to find new sites following land claim or major development will depend on the quality of nearby sites and also whether these sites have any capacity to support extra birds. A study of birds displaced by the construction of Cardiff Bay barrage highlighted that displaced birds will not necessarily be able to find suitable alternative long-term habitat elsewhere25,26,27. The barrage caused the displacement of almost all of the shelduck, oystercatcher, dunlin, curlew and redshank that had previously used the area. It is likely that the birds most likely to be displaced will be juvenile birds, the most vulnerable section of the population. The British Isles is the northernmost climatically suitable wintering ground for a number of waders and is the preferred settlement site for juveniles. A likely reason for this is because it minimises the distance they have to migrate in their first autumn passage period, when mortality may be at its highest. It is likely that rather than direct mortality, winter survival may also decrease due to suboptimal feeding conditions, which eventually leads to mortality. Another scenario of habitat loss would be for the reduction in productivity when birds return to their breeding grounds; this may impact on breeding success and population growth. Relatively small-scale developments with relatively minor direct loss of estuarine habitat may not appear significant in isolation but planners will need to bear in mind the potential cumulative effect of several small-scale developments. Similarly, the extent of the impact may extend beyond that of the direct footprint of the development. A small development could have impacts on the wider morphology of the estuary or coastline, and that subsequent changes to water flows and sediment deposition may occur, which could in turn affect benthic invertebrate abundance and hence bird populations. For example, the creation of outflows into the estuary/sea may affect nutrient input, and the creation of jetties may create a barrier which can cause additional accretion to occur one side of the jetty and reduced accretion on the other22. Even where development has minimal or no physical impact on intertidal habitat, birds may still be affected. Some developments adjacent to the estuary/coast may not directly affect estuarine/coastal habitats but result in loss of inland habitat used by estuarine/coastal birds that can be particularly important at certain times (e.g. foraging or roosting areas such as count sector 9 – The Rifle Ranges). Adjacent development may also displace birds from intertidal habitats even when this habitat is unaffected, as a result of disturbance during and after construction (discussed in Section 5.2: Disturbance/Displacement). Therefore, it is important that, even for small-scale developments, planning assessment takes into account not only the direct impact of loss of intertidal and inland habitat, but also any potential indirect effects that may occur
25 Burton, N.H.K., Rehfisch, M.M. and Clark, N.A. (2003) The effect of the Cardiff Bay barrage on Waterbird Populations. Final Report. BTO Research Report 343. British Trust for Ornithology. Thetford. 26 Burton, N.H.K. (2006) The impact of the Cardiff Bay barrage on wintering waterbirds. In: Boere, G., Galbraith, C., Stroud, D. (ed.), Waterbirds Around the World, p. 805. The Stationery Office, Edinburgh, UK. 27 Burton, N.H.K., Rehfisch, M.M., Clark, N.A. and Dodd, S.G. (2006) Impacts of sudden winter habitat loss on the body condition and survival of redshank Tringa totanus. Journal of Applied Ecology, 43: 464–473.
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through changes to the water and sediment flows and through disturbance as well as cumulative impacts. The species most likely to be affected by habitat loss are those which feed for the highest proportion of the tidal cycle and therefore require high tidal level feeding areas, since areas nearest the shore are lost most rapidly to development.
5.2 Disturbance/Displacement Cayford (1993)28 defines disturbance as a nebulous concept which loosely describes causal relationships between a wide range of (usually) anthropogenic stimuli and the responses they elicit in animals. Disturbance can be defined operationally as any relatively discrete event in time that disrupts ecosystems, communities or populations, whereas disruption refers to a change in behaviour, physiology, numbers or survival. Disturbance varies in its magnitude, frequency, predictability, spatial distribution and duration. Moreover, species (and individuals within species) vary greatly in their susceptibility to disturbance and this susceptibility is likely to vary with age, season, weather and the degree of previous exposure (habituation). As a general rule, disturbance to waders is highly localised in time and space. For example, recreational disturbance is usually concentrated in the upper shore zones and is restricted mainly to daylight hours, especially weekends in summer, although our surveys show that there can be localised high levels of disturbance throughout the winter daylight hours on any day of the week, peaking between 10 am and 2 pm, over weekends, and during school holidays (i.e. the disturbance is locally continuous). Our surveys also showed that disturbance occurred across a range of locations, including not just the upper shore zones, potentially impacting a wider range of species (e.g. including turnstone and purple sandpiper), and areas within the site (e.g. rocky shore areas, not just beaches). Disturbance of waders is probably most important over the high-tide period, when the number of safe, undisturbed, roosting sites may be limited, and in severe weather conditions when foraging time may be insufficient to enable birds to obtain their daily energetic requirements. Disturbance, particularly that caused by recreational activities, is increasingly perceived as a threat, especially since many recreational activities appear to be increasing in intensity, coverage or period of the year in which they take place28. However, based on our surveys, birds were also frequently disturbed while feeding. Some areas, e.g. those without public access – such as the docks at Sunderland Port offered disturbance free roosting and foraging refuges, though the number of these areas is very limited within the site. People walking dogs (on/off lead) was the most numerous cause of disturbance within the site, with some areas prone to almost constant disturbance and this is a national and global trend. Walking and dog-walking are among the most common and widespread activities carried out on British estuaries29. Most individual instances of disturbance from these activities may be relatively minor, however, the impact will potentially be greater when a larger number of disturbances occur. A study of sanderlings in Florida found that the number of people within 100 metres was the most important factor explaining the variability in time spent actively foraging, and that daylight foraging time decreased after the number of people increased dramatically, with more foraging taking place at night30. Dogs can be especially disturbing29, particularly free-running dogs which can cause substantial disturbance at both roost and feeding sites. For example, in a study of
28 Cayford, J.T. (1993) Wader disturbance: a theoretical overview. Wader Study Group Bulletin, 68: 3–5. 29 Davidson, N.C. and Rothwell, P.I. (1993) Human disturbance to waterfowl on estuaries: conservation and coastal management implications of current knowledge. Wader Study Group Bulletin, 68: 97–106. 30 Burger, J. and Gochfeld, M. (1991) Human activity influence and diurnal and nocturnal foraging of Sanderlings (Calidris alba). Condor, 93: 259–265.
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sanderlings in California they were found to be the most significant negative factor31. Our survey findings would agree with these findings, particularly in regard to sanderling that were often observed being corralled by dogs on beaches. Current disturbance events are likely a key driving factor in the behaviour of knot, sanderling, purple sandpiper and turnstone within the site. Any increase in disturbance could result in further, additional pressures on these species, potentially leading to negative impacts on the SPA population and should be a consideration in planning process. Count sectors 14, 12, 3, 15 and 8 were the five most heavily disturbed areas within the site during the survey period. These areas are also closest to the larger urban areas (South Shields and Sunderland) and have adjacent tourist attractions and amenities. Count sectors 3, 8 and 12 were also in the top-five areas used by sanderling, turnstone and purple sandpiper. It is probable that with reduced disturbance in these areas they may be used by more birds. Count Sector 10 was the most important area for sanderling, purple sandpiper and turnstone (and was one of only two areas knot was recorded, the other being the adjacent count sector 11); this area received moderate disturbance levels (joint 10th most disturbed count sector). An increase in residents, e.g. through new housing may increase disturbance in areas already heavily disturbed – such as through general activity and increase in dog walkers, and may also increase disturbance in areas currently less heavily disturbed. Either of which could result in an increase in negative impacts to the four key species, though it is not possible to quantify the number of additional people/disturbance events that will trigger a reduction in carrying capacity. Increases/changes in tourist infrastructure may also result in an increase in disturbance. A study of wader roost sites south of the site, at Hartlepool found that disturbances from helicopters, rats, raptors and boats were more likely than other factors (e.g. building work, people and gulls) to cause roosting birds to move to another roost site32, presumably because birds can become habituated to some forms of disturbance. Although not a form of recreational disturbance, planners should be aware of the potential of construction work to cause disturbance to feeding/roosting birds, particularly during periods of severe winter weather.
5.3 Pollution (Pollution, Nutrient Enrichment and Light Pollution) A wide range of anthropogenic additions to the estuarine/coastal environment come under the heading of pollution and nutrient enrichment, from items on the seabed or in the water column to chemicals as coatings on surfaces or dispersed in the water or sediment. These may affect wildlife in various ways. Some waders have been found to carry high levels of pollutants in their body tissues, particularly heavy metals, which can lead to premature mortality. Chemical coatings, such as from an oil spill are usually lethal to all wildlife affected. Chemicals diffused in the water or sediment may also kill wildlife, or have sub-lethal effects on an individual’s health or reproduction. Nutrient enrichment disturbs the natural ecological balance of an estuary by promoting the few species best suited to a high-nutrient environment, often to the detriment of others22. At its most extreme, pollution can have a direct and highly visible effect on estuarine wildlife, and can kill birds directly, for example oil spills. However, significant and highly polluting events are rare. Pollution occurs more commonly as a result of low-level inputs coming into the estuarine system from many diffuse sources, including shipping, industry,
31 Thomas, K., Kvitek, R.G. and Bretz, C. (2003) Effects of human activity on the foraging behaviour of Sanderlings Calidris alba. Biological Conservation, 109: 67–71. 32 Burton, N.H.K., Evans, P.R. and Robinson, M.A. (1996) Effects on shorebird numbers of disturbance, the loss of a roost site and its replacement by an artificial island at Hartlepool, Cleveland. Biological Conservation, 77: 193–201.
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agriculture and residential properties. In most cases, these pollutants are invisible to the human eye. An increase in the above may lead to an increase in pollutants in the area of concern. Attraction of birds to artificial light sources is well documented (e.g. migrant birds attracted to lighthouses), artificial light can have a disorientating impact on birds and can lead to direct mortality in some instances. The problem of artificial street lights can be reduced significantly by shielding which should be put in place at new developments. There is evidence of positive impacts of certain lighting scenarios (e.g. red-light illumination) providing benefit for nocturnal foraging waders and some species, such as turnstone, that forage on a wider range of food.
6 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT MEASURES TO REDUCE THE IMPACT OF DISTURBANCE ACTIVITIES ON ROOST AND FORAGING SITES The most obvious method to reduce the impact of disturbance is to stop or substantially reduce access to a site or to key areas within the site. This is proven to work in some situations, such as in Delaware Bay in the United States of America, where a combination of signs, education, the construction of viewing platforms and patrols on key beaches, helped to reduce the number of disturbances during spring migration33. However, this is likely to be impractical at this site, particularly for extended periods rather than the four- week migration period in the Delaware Bay example22. Therefore, any attempt to reduce the impacts of disturbance needs to focus on where disturbance is likely to be having a significant long term impact at a species level, and to make an assessment of the most important habitats, the most important species, and the type and severity of disturbance events. Within the site count sectors 14, 12, 3, 15 and 8 are the most heavily disturbed, and of these count sectors the following: 3, 8 and 12 are also of importance to the key species sanderling, turnstone and purple sandpiper. It is recommended that plans are put in place to reduce levels of disturbance in count sectors 3, 8, and 12. Local, and often voluntary, exclusion zones are widely implemented by, for example sailing clubs and other recreational organisations, and it is recommended that similar approaches are made here. Other widely practiced and advocated measures to reduce disturbance includes encouraging access to less sensitive parts of a site, for example through the creation of access points, and preventing access to certain other, more important areas. The reduction of disturbance in count sectors 9, 10 and 11 is considered likely to be beneficial to the key species. At many estuaries and coastal sites, the provision of safe roost sites for waders is likely to be especially important, as studies have shown that this is where they are most likely to be disturbed22. Roost use is highly variable according to conditions (e.g. wind direction), so the provision of a range of undisturbed natural and artificial roosts within an appropriate distance (for species involved) of feeding areas may be important34. Similarly, measures to prevent disturbance in late winter may also be particularly important as this will be when many species are likely to be most at risk and less able to compensate for the effects of disturbance; declining temperatures and food quality combine to make survival more difficult in late winter35. This is especially true during periods of severe weather, when birds may be at risk of starvation even without the added impact of disturbance.
33 Burger, J., Jeitner, C., Clark, K. and Niles, L.J. (2004) The effect of human activities on migrant shorebirds: successful adaptive management. Environmental Conservation, 31: 283–288. 34 Peters, K.A. and Otis, D.L. (2007) Shorebird roost-site selection at two temporal scales: Is human disturbance a factor? Journal of Applied Ecology, 44: 196–209. 35 West, A.D., Goss-Custard, J.D., Stillman, R.A., Caldow, R.W.G., Durell, S.E.A. le V. dit and McGrorty, S. (2002) Predicting the impacts of disturbance on shorebird mortality using a behaviour-based model. Biological Conservation, 106: 319–328.
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The following preliminary recommendations are based on one non-breeding season for management measures to reduce the impact of known disturbance activities on roost sites and foraging areas: 1. Creation of disturbance free refuges to provide undisturbed foraging and roosting opportunities for waders; these may be more valuable at inland sites, such as the Rifle Ranges which are currently known to support a range of key species. Other inland coastal areas may require land purchase in suitable areas; 2. Creation of disturbance free islands of habitat, spits or promontories (e.g. a pier that can be used as a roosting refuge, sea-defence structures – could be achieved by restricting access to piers that are currently suitable, and used by birds, but are frequently disturbed by fishermen); 3. Zoning of potentially disturbing activities (e.g. dog walking), prohibit access, and enhancement of those areas devoted to waders, for example, restricting access during the winter period within 100 m of the base of Tyne South Pier to allow the key species room to forage and roost along Tyne South Pier and the adjacent beach in an undisturbed area; 4. Careful location of public access points and concealment of public/observers where possible e.g. along the coast near the Rifle Ranges (e.g. screening, banking, bunding etc.). It is recommended that monitoring is carried out to test the effectiveness of the above: 1. Monitoring surveys of bird use (feeding/roosting) – e.g. are birds continuing to use the same areas, are birds forced to use other areas (potentially sub-optimal areas), do numbers of key species decrease (or increase)? 2. Monitoring surveys of disturbance activities – e.g. does disturbance increase/ decrease?
7 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER WORK Following the successful completion of the 2014-2015 non-breeding surveys, the following surveys are recommended to complete a full and comprehensive dataset for this site. A second non-breeding season (September 2015-March 2016) of diurnal surveys following the methodology developed during the 2014-2015 survey period; Surveys along the River Tyne (to the Tyne Tunnel crossing), River Wear (to the A19 bridge) and at inland sites identified during 2014-2015 surveys and desk-study with the potential to support key species. The river estuaries and inland sites may be functionally linked to the SPA and should therefore form a key component of future work; A complete non-breeding season (September 2015-March 2016) of nocturnal surveys covering the high and low-tide period. Based on the surveys carried out during March 2015 surveys, the use of thermal imaging cameras is recommended to complement the use of infra-red cameras due to the increased detection of birds with thermal imaging cameras; Research work on prey abundance across the site so that areas supporting a greater invertebrate prey density can be identified, and if necessary protected from disturbance; Specific disturbance surveys during the diurnal and nocturnal period during the complete non-breeding season (September 2015-March 2016) to cover a range of tidal states and days of the week; Breeding season surveys to assess distribution and abundance of, and disturbance pressures on, qualifying SPA and SSSI breeding species: little tern, kittiwake, fulmar and cormorant.
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8 CONCLUSIONS Diurnal and nocturnal surveys were carried out along the coast between the River Tyne and Seaham (‘the site’) over the 2014-2015 non-breeding season. In addition to foraging and roosting bird surveys across the high-tide and low-tide period surveys were carried out to record disturbance events (primarily those as a result of recreational activities). The surveys showed that the site is used by a wide range of waders, including frequently by SPA purple sandpiper and turnstone and SSSI sanderling, and rarely SSSI knot. Clear patterns were observed with regard to preferred foraging and roosting areas for purple sandpiper, turnstone and sanderling, though knot was not recorded frequently enough to allow any clear patterns to be observed. The preferred foraging and roosting areas were largely considered to be based on the location of suitable habitat within the site. Disturbance levels were generally moderate to high across the site with some areas particularly heavily disturbed (e.g. beach areas), while others (e.g. private sites such as ports) were less disturbed. The primary cause of disturbance was people walking their dogs (off lead), this accounted for almost half of disturbance activities recorded. Disturbance was highest on weekends and was increased during weekdays during school holidays. Peak levels of disturbance occurred between 10 am and 2 pm. It is considered likely that the distribution of purple sandpiper, turnstone, sanderling, and to a less extent, knot is limited by the availability of undisturbed foraging and roosting resources. There is evidence from the survey data that current levels of disturbance influence the behaviour of the above species on a frequent basis and this should be a consideration of any future plans that may either directly or indirectly result in an increase in people within the site. For example, the improvement of tourist facilities in South Shields or Sunderland could potentially increase disturbance in an area already heavily used and important for feeding/roosting birds. An increase in housing within the local area could increase potential disturbance in already heavily disturbed areas, or in currently less disturbed areas as people look for ‘quieter’ areas for recreational purposes. Some of the (currently) moderately disturbed areas are also the most important for feeding and roosting purple sandpiper, turnstone and sanderling, e.g. the White Steel area. Additional pressures on these species in these areas could force birds to other sub- optimal areas, and may even lead to an increase in mortality during severe winter conditions. Measures should be put in place to control disturbance in areas of the site to maintain the low disturbance levels of some areas, such as within the ports, and reduce potential disturbance at potential bird and people conflict areas – e.g. close to important areas of suitable foraging/roosting habitat already used by birds. Further, innovative methods of restricting access and informing the public of the value of the site for these nationally and internationally important species is recommended. The creation of suitable disturbance free refuges should be considered by developers, either on land, or over water within the site. Further surveys should be carried out to collect more data for species of importance during the breeding season (e.g. SPA and SSSI species), and further information on non- breeding season interest (diurnal and nocturnal) should be collected. In addition, further detailed disturbance surveys would add value to the dataset.
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9 APPENDICES
9.1 Appendix 1 Table A.1 Bird activity and disturbance survey dates and times Survey Start Survey Tide Date Observer End Time Tide Area Time Duration Time36 20-Oct-14 1 IM 11:30 17:30 06:00 High 14:30 20-Oct-14 2 JAB 11:30 17:30 06:00 High 14:30 20-Oct-14 3 MS 11:30 17:30 06:00 High 14:30 20-Oct-14 4 PC 11:30 17:30 06:00 High 14:30 20-Oct-14 5 DF 11:30 17:30 06:00 High 14:30 26-Oct-14 1 IM 08:30 14:30 06:00 Low 11:45 26-Oct-14 2 JAB 08:15 14:15 06:00 Low 11:45 26-Oct-14 3 CG 08:30 14:30 06:00 Low 11:45 26-Oct-14 4 PC 08:30 14:30 06:00 Low 11:45 26-Oct-14 5 DF 08:30 14:30 06:00 Low 11:45 08-Nov-14 1 DF 07:15 13:15 06:00 Low 10:10 08-Nov-14 2 CG 07:15 13:15 06:00 Low 10:10 08-Nov-14 3 JAB 07:15 13:15 06:00 Low 10:10 08-Nov-14 4 PC 07:15 13:15 06:00 Low 10:10 08-Nov-14 5 IM 07:15 13:15 06:00 Low 10:10 19-Nov-14 1 SE 10:20 16:20 06:00 High 13:20 19-Nov-14 2 CG 10:20 16:20 06:00 High 13:20 19-Nov-14 3-4 RS 10:20 16:20 06:00 High 13:20 19-Nov-14 4-5 PC 10:20 16:20 06:00 High 13:20 01-Dec-14 1 DF 07:55 13:55 06:00 High 10:55 01-Dec-14 2 JAB 07:55 13:55 06:00 High 10:55 01-Dec-14 3 MS 07:55 13:55 06:00 High 10:55 01-Dec-14 4 PC 07:55 13:55 06:00 High 10:55 01-Dec-14 5 IM 07:55 13:55 06:00 High 10:55 12-Dec-14 1 DF 09:56 15:56 06:00 Low 12:56 12-Dec-14 2 BS 09:56 15:56 06:00 Low 12:56 12-Dec-14 3 IM 09:56 15:56 06:00 Low 12:56 12-Dec-14 4 PC 09:56 15:56 06:00 Low 12:56 12-Dec-14 5 CG 09:56 15:56 06:00 Low 12:56 09-Jan-15 1 RS 08:50 14:50 06:00 Low 11:50 09-Jan-15 2 CG 08:50 14:50 06:00 Low 11:50 09-Jan-15 3 PC 08:50 14:50 06:00 Low 11:50 09-Jan-15 4 MS 08:50 14:50 06:00 Low 11:50 09-Jan-15 5 IM 08:50 14:50 06:00 Low 11:50 30-Jan-15 1 IM 09:10 15:10 06:00 High 12:10 30-Jan-15 2 CG 09:10 15:10 06:00 High 12:10 30-Jan-15 3 JAB 09:10 15:10 06:00 High 12:10 30-Jan-15 4 PC 09:10 15:10 06:00 High 12:10 30-Jan-15 5 MS 09:10 15:10 06:00 High 12:10 17-Feb-15 1 RS 11:10 17:10 06:00 High 14:10 17-Feb-15 2 TJ 11:10 17:10 06:00 High 14:10 17-Feb-15 3 CG 11:10 17:10 06:00 High 14:10 17-Feb-15 4 PC 11:10 17:10 06:00 High 14:10 17-Feb-15 5 IM 11:10 17:10 06:00 High 14:10 25-Feb-15 1 PC 11:18 17:18 06:00 Low 14:18 25-Feb-15 2 CG 11:18 17:18 06:00 Low 14:18 25-Feb-15 3 RS 11:18 17:18 06:00 Low 14:18 25-Feb-15 4 IM 11:18 17:18 06:00 Low 14:18 25-Feb-15 5 DF 11:15 17:15 06:00 Low 14:18 21-Mar-15 1 RS 13:00 19:00 06:00 High 16:00
36 Tide estimates were obtained from: http://www.visitmyharbour.com/tides/129/uk-tables/sunderland-tide-tables
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Survey Start Survey Tide Date Observer End Time Tide Area Time Duration Time36 21-Mar-15 2 CG 13:00 19:00 06:00 High 16:00 21-Mar-15 3 JAB 13:00 19:00 06:00 High 16:00 21-Mar-15 4 PC 13:00 19:00 06:00 High 16:00 21-Mar-15 5 DF 13:00 19:00 06:00 High 16:00 22-Mar-15 1 DF 07:50 13:50 06:00 Low 10:50 22-Mar-15 2 JAB 07:50 13:50 06:00 Low 10:50 22-Mar-15 3 CG 07:50 13:50 06:00 Low 10:50 22-Mar-15 4 PC 07:50 13:50 06:00 Low 10:50 22-Mar-15 5 RS 07:50 13:50 06:00 Low 10:50
Observers: Jack Aston-Booth (JAB), Paul Cook (PC), Chris Gomersall (CG), Tim Jones (TJ), Matthew Slaymaker (MS), Rob Stonehouse (RS), Ian Mills (IM), Dave Foster (DF), and Steve Egglestone (SE). Table A.2 Disturbance survey dates and times Survey Start Survey Tide Date Observer End Time Tide Area Time Duration Time36 25-Oct-14 1 PC 08:00 14:00 06:00 Low 11:09 25-Oct-14 3 DF 08:00 14:00 06:00 Low 11:09 02-Nov-14 1 DF 08:15 14:15 06:00 High 11:20 02-Nov-14 4 PC 08:15 14:15 06:00 High 11:20 17-Dec-14 2 IM 08:32 14:32 06:00 High 11:32 17-Dec-14 5 DF 08:26 14:26 06:00 High 11:32 24-Jan-15 2 DF 09:15 15:15 06:00 Low 12:15 24-Jan-15 4 IM 09:15 15:15 06:00 Low 12:15 16-Feb-15 3 IM 10:17 16:17 06:00 High 13:17 09-Mar-15 5 RS 08:35 14:35 06:00 Low 11:35
Observers: Paul Cook (PC), Rob Stonehouse (RS), Ian Mills (IM), and Dave Foster (DF). Table A.3 Nocturnal survey dates and times Survey Start Survey Tide Date Observer End Time Tide Area Time Duration Time36 23-Mar-15 1 PC & RS 23:30 03:30 06:00 Low/Rising 00:00 24-Mar-15 2 PC & RS 22:00 02:00 06:00 Low 00:43 25-Mar-15 3 PC & RS 20:00 00:00 06:00 Falling 01:28 31-Mar-15 4 PC & IM 01:00 05:00 06:00 High/Falling 01:50 31-Mar-15 5 PC & IM 23:30 03:30 06:00 Rising/High 02:47
Observers: Paul Cook (PC), Rob Stonehouse (RS), and Ian Mills (IM).
Table A.4 Weather conditions for each hour of bird activity and disturbance survey
Rain
Date
Hour
Frost
Snow
Visibility
Observer
WindSpeed
SurveyArea Cover Cloud
Cloud Height Cloud
End of Watch End
StartWatch of WindDirection 20-Oct-14 1 IM 11:30 17:30 1 3-4 W 0 8 2 2 0 0 20-Oct-14 1 IM 11:30 17:30 2 4-5 W 0 6 2 2 0 0 20-Oct-14 1 IM 11:30 17:30 3 3-4 W 0 6 2 2 0 0 20-Oct-14 1 IM 11:30 17:30 4 3 W 0 5 2 2 0 0 20-Oct-14 1 IM 11:30 17:30 5 3 W 0 4 2 2 0 0 20-Oct-14 1 IM 11:30 17:30 6 2 W 0 3 2 2 0 0 20-Oct-14 2 JAB 11:30 17:30 1 3-4 WSW 0 8-7 2 2 0 0 20-Oct-14 2 JAB 11:30 17:30 2 3-4 WSW 0 7 2 2 0 0 20-Oct-14 2 JAB 11:30 17:30 3 4-5 W 0 7-8 2 2 0 0 20-Oct-14 2 JAB 11:30 17:30 4 4-5 W 0-2 8-6 2 2 0 0 20-Oct-14 2 JAB 11:30 17:30 5 4 W 0 6-5 2 2 0 0
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Rain
Date
Hour
Frost
Snow
Visibility
Observer
WindSpeed
SurveyArea Cover Cloud
Cloud Height Cloud
End of Watch End
StartWatch of WindDirection 20-Oct-14 2 JAB 11:30 17:30 6 3-4 W 0 6 2 2 0 0 20-Oct-14 3 MS 11:30 17:30 1 2-3 W 0 5 2 2 0 0 20-Oct-14 3 MS 11:30 17:30 2 4 W 0 7 2 2 0 0 20-Oct-14 3 MS 11:30 17:30 3 5 SW 0 8 2 2 0 0 20-Oct-14 3 MS 11:30 17:30 4 4-5 SW 0-2 7 2 2 0 0 20-Oct-14 3 MS 11:30 17:30 5 4 SW 0 2 2 2 0 0 20-Oct-14 3 MS 11:30 17:30 6 4-5 SW 0 3 2 2 0 0 20-Oct-14 4 PC 11:30 17:30 1 3 W 0 5 2 2 0 0 20-Oct-14 4 PC 11:30 17:30 2 4 W 0 5 2 2 0 0 20-Oct-14 4 PC 11:30 17:30 3 4 W 0 3 2 2 0 0 20-Oct-14 4 PC 11:30 17:30 4 3 W 0 3 2 2 0 0 20-Oct-14 4 PC 11:30 17:30 5 3 W 0 4 2 2 0 0 20-Oct-14 4 PC 11:30 17:30 6 3 W 0 3 2 2 0 0 20-Oct-14 5 DF 11:30 17:30 1 5 W 0 7 2 2 0 0 20-Oct-14 5 DF 11:30 17:30 2 5 W 0 N/R N/R N/R N/R 0 20-Oct-14 5 DF 11:30 17:30 3 5 W 0 5 2 2 0 0 20-Oct-14 5 DF 11:30 17:30 4 4 W 0 N/R N/R N/R N/R 0 20-Oct-14 5 DF 11:30 17:30 5 4 W 0 4 2 2 0 0 20-Oct-14 5 DF 11:30 17:30 6 4 W 0 N/R N/R N/R N/R 0 26-Oct-14 1 IM 08:30 14:30 1 5 SW 0 6 2 2 0 0 26-Oct-14 1 IM 08:30 14:30 2 5 SW 0 5 2 2 0 0 26-Oct-14 1 IM 08:30 14:30 3 4-5 SW 0 7 2 2 0 0 26-Oct-14 1 IM 08:30 14:30 4 5-6 SW 0 8 2 2 0 0 26-Oct-14 1 IM 08:30 14:30 5 6 SW 0 7 2 2 0 0 26-Oct-14 1 IM 08:30 14:30 6 6 SW 0 8 2 2 0 0 26-Oct-14 2 JAB 08:15 14:15 1 5-6 WSW 0 7-6 2 2 0 0 26-Oct-14 2 JAB 08:15 14:15 2 5-6 SW 0 6 2 2 0 0 26-Oct-14 2 JAB 08:15 14:15 3 5-6 SW 2 7 2 2 0 0 26-Oct-14 2 JAB 08:15 14:15 4 6 WSW 0 7 2 2 0 0 26-Oct-14 2 JAB 08:15 14:15 5 6-7 WSW 0 7 2 2 0 0 26-Oct-14 2 JAB 08:15 14:15 6 7 WSW 0 8 2 2 0 0 26-Oct-14 3 CG 08:30 14:30 1 3 SW 0 5 2 2 0 0 26-Oct-14 3 CG 08:30 14:30 2 4 SW 1 7 2 2 0 0 26-Oct-14 3 CG 08:30 14:30 3 3 SW 1 8 2 2 0 0 26-Oct-14 3 CG 08:30 14:30 4 4 SW 0 7 2 2 0 0 26-Oct-14 3 CG 08:30 14:30 5 5 SW 0 8 2 2 0 0 26-Oct-14 3 CG 08:30 14:30 6 6 SW 0 8 2 2 0 0 26-Oct-14 4 PC 08:30 14:30 1 5 SW 0 4 2 2 0 0 26-Oct-14 4 PC 08:30 14:30 2 5 SW 1 5 2 2 0 0 26-Oct-14 4 PC 08:30 14:30 3 4 SW 0 3 2 2 0 0 26-Oct-14 4 PC 08:30 14:30 4 6 SSW 0 4 2 2 0 0 26-Oct-14 4 PC 08:30 14:30 5 6 SSW 0 6 2 2 0 0 26-Oct-14 4 PC 08:30 14:30 6 6 SSW 0 6 2 2 0 0 26-Oct-14 5 DF 08:30 14:30 1 6 WSW 0 4 2 2 0 0 26-Oct-14 5 DF 08:30 14:30 2 6 WSW 0 4 2 2 0 0 26-Oct-14 5 DF 08:30 14:30 3 6 WSW 0 4 2 2 0 0 26-Oct-14 5 DF 08:30 14:30 4 7 WSW 2 6 2 2 0 0 26-Oct-14 5 DF 08:30 14:30 5 7 WSW 2 6 2 2 0 0 26-Oct-14 5 DF 08:30 14:30 6 6 WSW 0 3 2 2 0 0 08-Nov-14 1 DF 07:15 13:15 1 3 WSW 0 1 2 2 0 0 08-Nov-14 1 DF 07:15 13:15 2 3 WSW 0 1 2 2 0 0 08-Nov-14 1 DF 07:15 13:15 3 3 WSW 0 6 2 2 0 0
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Rain
Date
Hour
Frost
Snow
Visibility
Observer
WindSpeed
SurveyArea Cover Cloud
Cloud Height Cloud
End of Watch End
StartWatch of WindDirection 08-Nov-14 1 DF 07:15 13:15 4 4 WSW 0 7 2 2 0 0 08-Nov-14 2 CG 07:15 13:15 1 2 SSW 0 1 2 2 0 0 08-Nov-14 2 CG 07:15 13:15 2 1-2 SSW 0 1 2 2 0 0 08-Nov-14 2 CG 07:15 13:15 3 1 S 0 2 2 2 0 0 08-Nov-14 2 CG 07:15 13:15 4 1 SSW 0 4 2 2 0 0 08-Nov-14 2 CG 07:15 13:15 5 2 SSW 0 7 2 2 0 0 08-Nov-14 2 CG 07:15 13:15 6 4 SSW 0 8 2 2 0 0 08-Nov-14 3 JAB 07:15 13:15 1 2 SSW 0 1 2 1 0 0 08-Nov-14 3 JAB 07:15 13:15 2 2-3 SSW 0 3-4 2 1 0 0 08-Nov-14 3 JAB 07:15 13:15 3 3-4 S 0 6 2 1 0 0 08-Nov-14 3 JAB 07:15 13:15 4 4-5 SW 0 6-7 2-1 1 0 0 08-Nov-14 3 JAB 07:15 13:15 5 4-5 SW 0 7 1 1 0 0 08-Nov-14 3 JAB 07:15 13:15 6 5 SW 0 7 1 1 0 0 08-Nov-14 4 PC 07:15 13:15 1 1 SW 0 0 - 2 0 0 08-Nov-14 4 PC 07:15 13:15 2 3 SW 0 0 - 2 0 0 08-Nov-14 4 PC 07:15 13:15 3 3 SSW 0 2 2 2 0 0 08-Nov-14 4 PC 07:15 13:15 4 3 SSW 0 5 2 2 0 0 08-Nov-14 4 PC 07:15 13:15 5 4 SSW 0 7 2 2 0 0 08-Nov-14 4 PC 07:15 13:15 6 4 SSW 0 8 2 2 0 0 08-Nov-14 5 IM 07:15 13:15 1 2 SSW 0 0 - 2 0 0 08-Nov-14 5 IM 07:15 13:15 2 2 SW 0 2 2 2 0 0 08-Nov-14 5 IM 07:15 13:15 3 2 SW 0 6 2 2 0 0 08-Nov-14 5 IM 07:15 13:15 4 3 SW 0 7 2 2 0 0 08-Nov-14 5 IM 07:15 13:15 5 4 SW 0 8 2 2 0 0 08-Nov-14 5 IM 07:15 13:15 6 3 SW 0 8 2 2 0 0 19-Nov-14 1 SE 10:20 16:20 1 4 SSW 0 7 1 2 0 0 19-Nov-14 1 SE 10:20 16:20 2 4 SSW 0 7 1 2 0 0 19-Nov-14 1 SE 10:20 16:20 3 4 SSW 0 8 1 1 0 0 19-Nov-14 1 SE 10:20 16:20 4 4 SW 0 7 1 2 0 0 19-Nov-14 1 SE 10:20 16:20 5 4 SW 0 8 1 1 0 0 19-Nov-14 1 SE 10:20 16:20 6 3 SW 0 8 1 1 0 0 19-Nov-14 2 CG 10:20 16:20 1 4 S 1 8 2 2 0 0 19-Nov-14 2 CG 10:20 16:20 2 4 SE 0 8 2 2 0 0 19-Nov-14 2 CG 10:20 16:20 3 4 SSE 0 8 2 2 0 0 19-Nov-14 2 CG 10:20 16:20 4 4 SE 0 7 2 2 0 0 19-Nov-14 2 CG 10:20 16:20 5 5 SE 1 8 2 1 0 0 19-Nov-14 2 CG 10:20 16:20 6 4 SE 1 8 2 1 0 0 19-Nov-14 3-4 RS 10:20 16:20 1 3 ESE 0 8 2 2 0 0 19-Nov-14 3-4 RS 10:20 16:20 2 3 ESE 0 7 2 2 0 0 19-Nov-14 3-4 RS 10:20 16:20 3 3 ESE 0 8 2 2 0 0 19-Nov-14 3-4 RS 10:20 16:20 4 3 ESE 0 7 2 2 0 0 19-Nov-14 3-4 RS 10:20 16:20 5 3 ESE 0 8 2 2 0 0 19-Nov-14 3-4 RS 10:20 16:20 6 4 ESE 3 8 2 2 0 0 19-Nov-14 4-5 PC 10:20 16:20 1 3 E 0 8 2 2 0 0 19-Nov-14 4-5 PC 10:20 16:20 2 4 ESE 0 8 2 2 0 0 19-Nov-14 4-5 PC 10:20 16:20 3 4 SE 0 8 2 2 0 0 19-Nov-14 4-5 PC 10:20 16:20 4 4 SE 0 8 2 2 0 0 19-Nov-14 4-5 PC 10:20 16:20 5 4 SE 0 8 2 2 0 0 19-Nov-14 4-5 PC 10:20 16:20 6 3 SE 4 8 2 2 0 0 01-Dec-14 1 DF 07:55 13:55 1 2 SSW 1 8 2 1 0 0 01-Dec-14 1 DF 07:55 13:55 2 2 SSW 1 8 2 1 0 0 01-Dec-14 1 DF 07:55 13:55 3 2 WSW 0 7 2 2 0 0
Sunderland City Council Arcus Consultancy Services Ltd July 2015 Page 33 2014-2015 Non-breeding Season Report
Sunderland & South Tyneside Bird Surveys
Rain
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Observer
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End of Watch End
StartWatch of WindDirection 01-Dec-14 1 DF 07:55 13:55 4 3 WSW 0 7 2 2 0 0 01-Dec-14 1 DF 07:55 13:55 5 2 WSW 0 8 2 2 0 0 01-Dec-14 1 DF 07:55 13:55 6 2 WSW 0 8 2 2 0 0 01-Dec-14 2 JAB 07:55 13:55 1 2-3 SSE 0-1 8 1 2 0 0 01-Dec-14 2 JAB 07:55 13:55 2 3-4 SSE 0 8 1 2-1 0 0 01-Dec-14 2 JAB 07:55 13:55 3 2-3 SSE 0 8 1 2 0 0 01-Dec-14 2 JAB 07:55 13:55 4 3 SSE 0 8 1-2 2 0 0 01-Dec-14 2 JAB 07:55 13:55 5 3-4 SSE 0 8 2 2 0 0 01-Dec-14 2 JAB 07:55 13:55 6 4-5 SSE 0 8 2-1 2-1 0 0 01-Dec-14 3 MS 07:55 13:55 1 3 SE 0 8 2 2 0 0 01-Dec-14 3 MS 07:55 13:55 2 3-4 SE 0 8 2 2 0 0 01-Dec-14 3 MS 07:55 13:55 3 4 SSE 0 8 2 2 0 0 01-Dec-14 3 MS 07:55 13:55 4 4-3 SSE 0 8 2 2 0 0 01-Dec-14 3 MS 07:55 13:55 5 3-4 SSE 0 8 2 2 0 0 01-Dec-14 3 MS 07:55 13:55 6 4-5 SSE 0 8 2 2 0 0 01-Dec-14 4 PC 07:55 13:55 1 2 SE 1 8 2 2 0 0 01-Dec-14 4 PC 07:55 13:55 2 3 SE 0 8 2 2 0 0 01-Dec-14 4 PC 07:55 13:55 3 3 SE 0 8 2 2 0 0 01-Dec-14 4 PC 07:55 13:55 4 3 SE 0 8 2 2 0 0 01-Dec-14 4 PC 07:55 13:55 5 3 SE 0 8 2 2 0 0 01-Dec-14 4 PC 07:55 13:55 6 3 SE 0 8 2 2 0 0 01-Dec-14 5 IM 07:55 13:55 1 2 S 1 8 2 2 0 0 01-Dec-14 5 IM 07:55 13:55 2 2 S 0 8 2 2 0 0 01-Dec-14 5 IM 07:55 13:55 3 2 S 0 8 2 2 0 0 01-Dec-14 5 IM 07:55 13:55 4 2 S 0 8 2 2 0 0 01-Dec-14 5 IM 07:55 13:55 5 2 S 0 8 2 2 0 0 01-Dec-14 5 IM 07:55 13:55 6 2 S 0 8 2 2 0 0 12-Dec-14 1 DF 09:56 15:56 1 2 W 0 4 2 2 0 0 12-Dec-14 1 DF 09:56 15:56 2 2 W 0 4 2 2 0 0 12-Dec-14 1 DF 09:56 15:56 3 4 W 0 3 2 2 0 0 12-Dec-14 1 DF 09:56 15:56 4 5 WNW 0 3 2 2 0 0 12-Dec-14 1 DF 09:56 15:56 5 5 WNW 0 3 2 2 0 0 12-Dec-14 1 DF 09:56 15:56 6 5 WNW 0 3 2 2 0 0 12-Dec-14 2 BS 09:56 15:56 1 2 NW 0 0 - 2 0 0 12-Dec-14 2 BS 09:56 15:56 2 3 NW 0 0 - 2 0 0 12-Dec-14 2 BS 09:56 15:56 3 4 NW 0 0 - 2 0 0 12-Dec-14 2 BS 09:56 15:56 4 4 NW 0 0 - 2 0 0 12-Dec-14 2 BS 09:56 15:56 5 4 NW 0 0 - 2 0 0 12-Dec-14 2 BS 09:56 15:56 6 4 NW 0 0 - 2 0 0 12-Dec-14 3 IM 09:56 15:56 1 2 WSW 0 1 2 2 0 0 12-Dec-14 3 IM 09:56 15:56 2 2 WSW 0 0 - 2 0 0 12-Dec-14 3 IM 09:56 15:56 3 3 WSW 0 2 2 2 0 0 12-Dec-14 3 IM 09:56 15:56 4 2 SW 0 1 2 2 0 0 12-Dec-14 3 IM 09:56 15:56 5 3 SW 0 1 2 2 0 0 12-Dec-14 3 IM 09:56 15:56 6 2 SW 0 1 2 2 0 0 12-Dec-14 4 PC 09:56 15:56 1 3 W 0 0 - 2 0 0 12-Dec-14 4 PC 09:56 15:56 2 4 W 0 0 - 2 0 0 12-Dec-14 4 PC 09:56 15:56 3 4 W 0 0 - 2 0 0 12-Dec-14 4 PC 09:56 15:56 4 4 W 0 1 2 2 0 0 12-Dec-14 4 PC 09:56 15:56 5 4 W 0 2 2 2 0 0 12-Dec-14 4 PC 09:56 15:56 6 3 W 0 4 2 2 0 0 12-Dec-14 5 CG 09:56 15:56 1 2 NW 0 2 2 2 0 0
Arcus Consultancy Services Ltd Sunderland City Council Page 34 July 2015 2014-2015 Non-breeding Season Report
Sunderland & South Tyneside Bird Surveys
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End of Watch End
StartWatch of WindDirection 12-Dec-14 5 CG 09:56 15:56 2 1 NW 0 1 2 2 0 0 12-Dec-14 5 CG 09:56 15:56 3 2 WNW 0 2 2 2 0 0 12-Dec-14 5 CG 09:56 15:56 4 2 NW 0 3 2 2 0 0 12-Dec-14 5 CG 09:56 15:56 5 2 NW 0 3 2 2 0 0 12-Dec-14 5 CG 09:56 15:56 6 3 WNW 0 4 2 2 0 0 09-Jan-15 1 RS 08:50 14:50 1 7 W 0 2 2 2 0 0 09-Jan-15 1 RS 08:50 14:50 2 7 W 0 6 2 2 0 0 09-Jan-15 1 RS 08:50 14:50 3 7 W 0 7 2 2 0 0 09-Jan-15 1 RS 08:50 14:50 4 7 W 0 4 2 2 0 0 09-Jan-15 1 RS 08:50 14:50 5 7 NW 0 6 2 2 0 0 09-Jan-15 1 RS 08:50 14:50 6 5 WNW 0 8 2 2 0 0 09-Jan-15 2 CG 08:50 14:50 1 6 W 0 7 2 2 0 0 09-Jan-15 2 CG 08:50 14:50 2 6 W 0 8 2 2 0 0 09-Jan-15 2 CG 08:50 14:50 3 5-6 W 0 8 2 2 0 0 09-Jan-15 2 CG 08:50 14:50 4 4 W 0 8 2 2 0 0 09-Jan-15 2 CG 08:50 14:50 5 5 W 0 8 2 2 0 0 09-Jan-15 2 CG 08:50 14:50 6 5-6 W 1 8 2 2 0 0 09-Jan-15 3 PC 08:50 14:50 1 7 WSW 0 3 2 2 0 0 09-Jan-15 3 PC 08:50 14:50 2 7 WSW 0 3 2 2 0 0 09-Jan-15 3 PC 08:50 14:50 3 6 WSW 0 5 2 2 0 0 09-Jan-15 3 PC 08:50 14:50 4 6 WSW 0 4 2 2 0 0 09-Jan-15 3 PC 08:50 14:50 5 7 WSW 0 3 2 2 0 0 09-Jan-15 3 PC 08:50 14:50 6 5 WSW 0 3 2 2 0 0 09-Jan-15 4 MS 08:50 14:50 1 7 W 0 4 2 2 0 0 09-Jan-15 4 MS 08:50 14:50 2 7 W 0 4 2 2 0 0 09-Jan-15 4 MS 08:50 14:50 3 6-7 W 0 3 2 2 0 0 09-Jan-15 4 MS 08:50 14:50 4 6-5 WSW 0 4-8 2 2 0 0 09-Jan-15 4 MS 08:50 14:50 5 5 WSW 0 8 2 2 0 0 09-Jan-15 4 MS 08:50 14:50 6 4-2 W 0-2 8 2 2 0 0 09-Jan-15 5 IM 08:50 14:50 1 7 W 0 4 2 2 0 0 09-Jan-15 5 IM 08:50 14:50 2 6 W 0 7 2 2 0 0 09-Jan-15 5 IM 08:50 14:50 3 6 W 0 4 2 2 0 0 09-Jan-15 5 IM 08:50 14:50 4 5 W 0 6 2 2 0 0 09-Jan-15 5 IM 08:50 14:50 5 4 W 0 8 2 2 0 0 09-Jan-15 5 IM 08:50 14:50 6 4 W 0 8 2 2 0 0 30-Jan-15 1 IM 09:10 15:10 1 3 WNW 0 6 2 2 0 0 30-Jan-15 1 IM 09:10 15:10 2 3 WNW 0 4 2 2 0 0 30-Jan-15 1 IM 09:10 15:10 3 3 WNW 0 3 2 2 0 0 30-Jan-15 1 IM 09:10 15:10 4 3 WNW 0 2 2 2 0 0 30-Jan-15 1 IM 09:10 15:10 5 2/3 WNW 0 0 - 2 0 0 30-Jan-15 1 IM 09:10 15:10 6 2/3 WNW 0 0 - 2 0 0 30-Jan-15 2 CG 09:10 15:10 1 3 NW 0 5 2 2 1 0 30-Jan-15 2 CG 09:10 15:10 2 4 NW 0 4 2 2 1 0 30-Jan-15 2 CG 09:10 15:10 3 4 NW 0 3 2 2 1 0 30-Jan-15 2 CG 09:10 15:10 4 3 NW 0 2 2 2 0 0 30-Jan-15 2 CG 09:10 15:10 5 3 NW 0 2 2 2 0 0 30-Jan-15 2 CG 09:10 15:10 6 3 NW 0 1 2 2 0 0 30-Jan-15 3 JAB 09:10 15:10 1 5 WNW 0 5 2 2 1 0-1 30-Jan-15 3 JAB 09:10 15:10 2 5 WNW 0 4 2 2 1 1 30-Jan-15 3 JAB 09:10 15:10 3 5 W 0 3 2 2 1 0 30-Jan-15 3 JAB 09:10 15:10 4 5-4 W 0 1 2 2 1 0 30-Jan-15 3 JAB 09:10 15:10 5 4-5 W 0 0 - 2 1 0
Sunderland City Council Arcus Consultancy Services Ltd July 2015 Page 35 2014-2015 Non-breeding Season Report
Sunderland & South Tyneside Bird Surveys
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End of Watch End
StartWatch of WindDirection 30-Jan-15 3 JAB 09:10 15:10 6 4-5 W 0 6 2 2 1 0 30-Jan-15 4 PC 09:10 15:10 1 3 W 0 5 2 2 0 0 30-Jan-15 4 PC 09:10 15:10 2 4 W 0 3 2 2 0 0 30-Jan-15 4 PC 09:10 15:10 3 4 W 0 2 2 2 0 0 30-Jan-15 4 PC 09:10 15:10 4 3 W 0 0 - 2 0 0 30-Jan-15 4 PC 09:10 15:10 5 4 W 0 0 - 2 0 0 30-Jan-15 4 PC 09:10 15:10 6 3 W 0 0 - 2 0 0 30-Jan-15 5 MS 09:10 15:10 1 4 W 0 4 2 2 0 0 30-Jan-15 5 MS 09:10 15:10 2 4 W 0 2 2 2 0 0 30-Jan-15 5 MS 09:10 15:10 3 4 W 0 1 2 2 0 0 30-Jan-15 5 MS 09:10 15:10 4 4 W 0 1 2 2 0 0 30-Jan-15 5 MS 09:10 15:10 5 4 W 0 0 - 2 0 0 30-Jan-15 5 MS 09:10 15:10 6 4 W 0 0 - 2 0 0 17-Feb-15 1 RS 11:10 17:10 1 2 WSW 0 4 2 2 0 0 17-Feb-15 1 RS 11:10 17:10 2 3 WSW 0 5 2 2 0 0 17-Feb-15 1 RS 11:10 17:10 3 3 WSW 0 6 2 2 0 0 17-Feb-15 1 RS 11:10 17:10 4 3 WSW 0 6 2 2 0 0 17-Feb-15 1 RS 11:10 17:10 5 3 WSW 0 4 2 2 0 0 17-Feb-15 1 RS 11:10 17:10 6 3 WSW 0 4 2 2 0 0 17-Feb-15 2 TJ 11:10 17:10 1 3 WSW 0 4 2 2 0 0 17-Feb-15 2 TJ 11:10 17:10 2 3-4 SW 0 5 2 2 0 0 17-Feb-15 2 TJ 11:10 17:10 3 4 SW 0 5 2 2 0 0 17-Feb-15 2 TJ 11:10 17:10 4 3 SW 0 4 2 2 0 0 17-Feb-15 2 TJ 11:10 17:10 5 2 SW 0 4 2 2 0 0 17-Feb-15 2 TJ 11:10 17:10 6 2 SW 0 4 2 2 0 0 17-Feb-15 3 CG 11:10 17:10 1 4 WSW 0 5 2 2 0 0 17-Feb-15 3 CG 11:10 17:10 2 3 WSW 0 3 2 2 0 0 17-Feb-15 3 CG 11:10 17:10 3 3 WSW 0 6 2 2 0 0 17-Feb-15 3 CG 11:10 17:10 4 2 WSW 0 5 2 2 0 0 17-Feb-15 3 CG 11:10 17:10 5 4 WSW 0 6 2 2 0 0 17-Feb-15 3 CG 11:10 17:10 6 3 WSW 0 5 2 2 0 0 17-Feb-15 4 PC 11:10 17:10 1 4 W 0 4 2 2 0 0 17-Feb-15 4 PC 11:10 17:10 2 3 W 0 5 2 2 0 0 17-Feb-15 4 PC 11:10 17:10 3 3 W 0 4 2 2 0 0 17-Feb-15 4 PC 11:10 17:10 4 3 W 0 4 2 2 0 0 17-Feb-15 4 PC 11:10 17:10 5 4 W 0 4 2 2 0 0 17-Feb-15 4 PC 11:10 17:10 6 4 WSW 0 5 2 2 0 0 17-Feb-15 5 IM 11:10 17:10 1 3 SW 0 6 2 2 0 0 17-Feb-15 5 IM 11:10 17:10 2 2/3 SW 0 6 2 2 0 0 17-Feb-15 5 IM 11:10 17:10 3 2 SW 0 5 2 2 0 0 17-Feb-15 5 IM 11:10 17:10 4 2/3 SW 0 4 2 2 0 0 17-Feb-15 5 IM 11:10 17:10 5 2 SW 0 4 2 2 0 0 17-Feb-15 5 IM 11:10 17:10 6 2 SW 0 5 2 2 0 0 25-Feb-15 1 PC 11:18 17:18 1 2 WNW 0 1 2 2 0 0 25-Feb-15 1 PC 11:18 17:18 2 2 NNW 0 3 2 2 0 0 25-Feb-15 1 PC 11:18 17:18 3 3 WNW 0 3 2 2 0 0 25-Feb-15 1 PC 11:18 17:18 4 3 W 0 4 2 2 0 0 25-Feb-15 1 PC 11:18 17:18 5 2 W 0 6 2 2 0 0 25-Feb-15 1 PC 11:18 17:18 6 3 WSW 0-4 8 2 2 0 0 25-Feb-15 2 CG 11:18 17:18 1 1 WNW 0 4 2 2 0 0 25-Feb-15 2 CG 11:18 17:18 2 2 W 0 7 2 2 0 0 25-Feb-15 2 CG 11:18 17:18 3 3 WSW 0 5 2 2 0 0
Arcus Consultancy Services Ltd Sunderland City Council Page 36 July 2015 2014-2015 Non-breeding Season Report
Sunderland & South Tyneside Bird Surveys
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End of Watch End
StartWatch of WindDirection 25-Feb-15 2 CG 11:18 17:18 4 2 SW 0 8 2 2 0 0 25-Feb-15 2 CG 11:18 17:18 5 2 SW 0 8 2 2 0 0 25-Feb-15 2 CG 11:18 17:18 6 3 SW 0-4 8 2 2 0 0 25-Feb-15 3 RS 11:18 17:18 1 2 W 0 0 - 2 0 0 25-Feb-15 3 RS 11:18 17:18 2 2 W 0 2 2 2 0 0 25-Feb-15 3 RS 11:18 17:18 3 2 W 0 6 2 2 0 0 25-Feb-15 3 RS 11:18 17:18 4 2 W 0 7 2 2 0 0 25-Feb-15 3 RS 11:18 17:18 5 3 S 0 8 2 2 0 0 25-Feb-15 3 RS 11:18 17:18 6 3 S 2 8 2 2 0 0 25-Feb-15 4 IM 11:18 17:18 1 1 SW 0 1 2 2 0 0 25-Feb-15 4 IM 11:18 17:18 2 1 SW 0 6 2 2 0 0 25-Feb-15 4 IM 11:18 17:18 3 1 SW 0 6 2 2 0 0 25-Feb-15 4 IM 11:18 17:18 4 2 SW 0 7 2 2 0 0 25-Feb-15 4 IM 11:18 17:18 5 3 SW 0 8 2 2 0 0 25-Feb-15 4 IM 11:18 17:18 6 2 SW 2 8 2 2 0 0 25-Feb-15 5 DF 11:15 17:15 1 2 W 0 1 2 2 0 0 25-Feb-15 5 DF 11:15 17:15 2 2 W 0 1 2 2 0 0 25-Feb-15 5 DF 11:15 17:15 3 2 W 0 2 2 2 0 0 25-Feb-15 5 DF 11:15 17:15 4 3 S 0 2 2 2 0 0 25-Feb-15 5 DF 11:15 17:15 5 3 SSE 0 7 2 2 0 0 25-Feb-15 5 DF 11:15 17:15 6 3 SSE 4 8 2 2 0 0 21-Mar-15 1 RS 13:00 19:00 1 3 W 0 8 2 2 0 0 21-Mar-15 1 RS 13:00 19:00 2 3 W 0 8 2 2 0 0 21-Mar-15 1 RS 13:00 19:00 3 3 W 0 8 2 2 0 0 21-Mar-15 1 RS 13:00 19:00 4 2 W 0 8 2 2 0 0 21-Mar-15 1 RS 13:00 19:00 5 2 W 0 8 2 2 0 0 21-Mar-15 2 CG 13:00 19:00 1 4 NE 0 8 2 2 0 0 21-Mar-15 2 CG 13:00 19:00 2 5 NE 0 8 2 2 0 0 21-Mar-15 2 CG 13:00 19:00 3 4 NE 0 8 2 2 0 0 21-Mar-15 2 CG 13:00 19:00 4 4 NE 0 8 2 2 0 0 21-Mar-15 2 CG 13:00 19:00 5 3 NE 0 8 2 2 0 0 21-Mar-15 2 CG 13:00 19:00 6 2 NE 0 8 2 2 0 0 21-Mar-15 3 JAB 13:00 19:00 1 3/4 NNE 0 8 1 2 0 0 21-Mar-15 3 JAB 13:00 19:00 2 3/4 N 0 8 1 2 0 0 21-Mar-15 3 JAB 13:00 19:00 3 3/4 N 0 8 1 2 0 0 21-Mar-15 3 JAB 13:00 19:00 4 4 N 0 8 1 2 0 0 21-Mar-15 3 JAB 13:00 19:00 5 3/4 NNE 0 8 1 2 0 0 21-Mar-15 3 JAB 13:00 19:00 6 4 NNE 0 8 1 2 0 0 21-Mar-15 4 PC 13:00 19:00 1 3 N 0 7 2 2 0 0 21-Mar-15 4 PC 13:00 19:00 2 3 N 0 8 2 2 0 0 21-Mar-15 4 PC 13:00 19:00 3 4 NNW 0 8 2 2 0 0 21-Mar-15 4 PC 13:00 19:00 4 4 NNW 0 8 2 2 0 0 21-Mar-15 4 PC 13:00 19:00 5 4 N 0 7 2 2 0 0 21-Mar-15 4 PC 13:00 19:00 6 3 NNW 0 7 2 2 0 0 21-Mar-15 5 DF 13:00 19:00 1 6 N 0 8 1 2 0 0 21-Mar-15 5 DF 13:00 19:00 2 6 N 0 8 1 2 0 0 21-Mar-15 5 DF 13:00 19:00 3 5 N 0 8 1 2 0 0 21-Mar-15 5 DF 13:00 19:00 4 5 N 0 8 1 2 0 0 21-Mar-15 5 DF 13:00 19:00 5 4 N 0 8 2 2 0 0 21-Mar-15 5 DF 13:00 19:00 6 4 N 0 8 2 2 0 0 22-Mar-15 1 DF 07:50 13:50 1 2 W 0 5 2 2 0 0 22-Mar-15 1 DF 07:50 13:50 2 2 SW 0 5 2 2 0 0
Sunderland City Council Arcus Consultancy Services Ltd July 2015 Page 37 2014-2015 Non-breeding Season Report
Sunderland & South Tyneside Bird Surveys
Rain
Date
Hour
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Visibility
Observer
WindSpeed
SurveyArea Cover Cloud
Cloud Height Cloud
End of Watch End
StartWatch of WindDirection 22-Mar-15 1 DF 07:50 13:50 3 3 SW 0 4 2 2 0 0 22-Mar-15 1 DF 07:50 13:50 4 3 SW 0 3 2 2 0 0 22-Mar-15 1 DF 07:50 13:50 5 3 SW 0 4 2 2 0 0 22-Mar-15 1 DF 07:50 13:50 6 3 SW 0 4 2 2 0 0 22-Mar-15 2 JAB 07:50 13:50 1 3 SW 0 5 2 2 0 0 22-Mar-15 2 JAB 07:50 13:50 2 3 SW 0 4 2 2 0 0 22-Mar-15 2 JAB 07:50 13:50 3 3 SW 0 4 2 2 0 0 22-Mar-15 2 JAB 07:50 13:50 4 3/4 SW 0 3 2 2 0 0 22-Mar-15 2 JAB 07:50 13:50 5 3/4 SW 0 3 2 2 0 0 22-Mar-15 2 JAB 07:50 13:50 6 3/4 SW 0 5 2 2 0 0 22-Mar-15 3 CG 07:50 13:50 1 2 SW 0 3 2 2 0 0 22-Mar-15 3 CG 07:50 13:50 2 2 SW 0 3 2 2 0 0 22-Mar-15 3 CG 07:50 13:50 3 3 SW 0 2 2 2 0 0 22-Mar-15 3 CG 07:50 13:50 4 3 SW 0 2 2 2 0 0 22-Mar-15 3 CG 07:50 13:50 5 2 SW 0 3 2 2 0 0 22-Mar-15 3 CG 07:50 13:50 6 3 SW 0 4 2 2 0 0 22-Mar-15 4 PC 07:50 13:50 1 2 SSW 0 1 2 2 0 0 22-Mar-15 4 PC 07:50 13:50 2 3 SSW 0 2 2 2 0 0 22-Mar-15 4 PC 07:50 13:50 3 2 WSW 0 1 2 2 0 0 22-Mar-15 4 PC 07:50 13:50 4 2 WSW 0 1 2 2 0 0 22-Mar-15 4 PC 07:50 13:50 5 3 W 0 1 2 2 0 0 22-Mar-15 5 RS 07:50 13:50 1 1 SSW 0 0 - 2 0 0 22-Mar-15 5 RS 07:50 13:50 2 1 SSW 0 1 2 2 0 0 22-Mar-15 5 RS 07:50 13:50 3 1 SSW 0 1 2 2 0 0 22-Mar-15 5 RS 07:50 13:50 4 1 SSW 0 1 2 2 0 0 22-Mar-15 5 RS 07:50 13:50 5 1 SSW 0 1 2 2 0 0 22-Mar-15 5 RS 07:50 13:50 6 1 SSW 0 2 2 2 0 0
Notes: Visibility: 0 = Poor (<1 km); 1 = Moderate (1-2 km); 2 = Good (>2 km) Wind direction: according to 16-point compass (- indicates there was no wind) Wind strength: according to Beaufort Scale Cloud cover: in eighths of sky (oktas) Cloud height: 0 = <150 m; 1 = 150-500 m; 2 = >500 m Rain: 0 = None; 1 = Drizzle/Mist; 2 = Light showers; 3 = Heavy showers; 4 = Heavy rain Frost: 0 = None; 1 = Ground frost; 2 = All day frost Snow: 0 = None; 1 = On site; 2 = On high ground N/R = Not Recorded
Observers: Jack Aston-Booth (JAB), Paul Cook (PC), Chris Gomersall (CG), Tim Jones (TJ), Matthew Slaymaker (MS), Rob Stonehouse (RS), Ian Mills (IM), Dave Foster (DF), and Steve Egglestone (SE).
Table A.5 Weather conditions for each hour of disturbance survey
Rain
Date
Hour
Frost
Snow
Visibility
Observer
WindSpeed
SurveyArea Cover Cloud
Cloud Height Cloud
End of Watch End
StartWatch of WindDirection 25-Oct-14 1 PC 08:00 14:00 1 2 WSW 0 1 2 2 0 0 25-Oct-14 1 PC 08:00 14:00 2 3 W 0 3 2 2 0 0 25-Oct-14 1 PC 08:00 14:00 3 4 W 0 5 2 2 0 0 25-Oct-14 1 PC 08:00 14:00 4 3 W 0 4 2 2 0 0
Arcus Consultancy Services Ltd Sunderland City Council Page 38 July 2015 2014-2015 Non-breeding Season Report
Sunderland & South Tyneside Bird Surveys
Rain
Date
Hour
Frost
Snow
Visibility
Observer
WindSpeed
SurveyArea Cover Cloud
Cloud Height Cloud
End of Watch End
StartWatch of WindDirection 25-Oct-14 1 PC 08:00 14:00 5 4 W 0 3 2 2 0 0 25-Oct-14 1 PC 08:00 14:00 6 4 W 0 5 2 2 0 0 25-Oct-14 3 DF 08:00 14:00 1 5 WSW 0 4 2 2 0 0 25-Oct-14 3 DF 08:00 14:00 2 5 WSW 0 4 2 2 0 0 25-Oct-14 3 DF 08:00 14:00 3 5 WSW 0 3 2 2 0 0 25-Oct-14 3 DF 08:00 14:00 4 6 WSW 0 3 2 2 0 0 25-Oct-14 3 DF 08:00 14:00 5 6 WSW 0 3 2 2 0 0 25-Oct-14 3 DF 08:00 14:00 6 6 WSW 0 3 2 2 0 0 02-Nov-14 1 DF 08:15 14:15 1 4 SW 0 5 2 2 0 0 02-Nov-14 1 DF 08:15 14:15 2 4 SW 0 5 2 2 0 0 02-Nov-14 1 DF 08:15 14:15 3 4 WSW 0 4 2 2 0 0 02-Nov-14 1 DF 08:15 14:15 4 5 WSW 0 4 2 2 0 0 02-Nov-14 1 DF 08:15 14:15 5 6 WSW 0 4 2 2 0 0 02-Nov-14 1 DF 08:15 14:15 6 5 WSW 0 3 2 2 0 0 02-Nov-14 4 PC 08:15 14:15 1 4 SSW 0 3 2 2 0 0 02-Nov-14 4 PC 08:15 14:15 2 3 SSW 0 3 2 2 0 0 02-Nov-14 4 PC 08:15 14:15 3 3 SSW 0 3 2 2 0 0 02-Nov-14 4 PC 08:15 14:15 4 2 SSW 0 5 2 2 0 0 02-Nov-14 4 PC 08:15 14:15 5 2 SSW 0 4 2 2 0 0 02-Nov-14 4 PC 08:15 14:15 6 3 SSW 0 3 2 2 0 0 17-Dec-14 2 IM 08:32 14:32 1 2 W 0 8 2 2 0 0 17-Dec-14 2 IM 08:32 14:32 2 3 W 0 7 2 2 0 0 17-Dec-14 2 IM 08:32 14:32 3 3 W 0 8 2 2 0 0 17-Dec-14 2 IM 08:32 14:32 4 3 W 0 8 2 2 0 0 17-Dec-14 2 IM 08:32 14:32 5 3 W 0 8 2 2 0 0 17-Dec-14 2 IM 08:32 14:32 6 3 W 0 7 2 2 0 0 17-Dec-14 5 DF 08:26 14:26 1 4 WNW 0 7 2 2 0 0 17-Dec-14 5 DF 08:26 14:26 2 4 WNW 0 7 2 2 0 0 17-Dec-14 5 DF 08:26 14:26 3 3 W 0 6 2 2 0 0 17-Dec-14 5 DF 08:26 14:26 4 3 W 0 4 2 2 0 0 17-Dec-14 5 DF 08:26 14:26 5 3 W 0 3 2 2 0 0 17-Dec-14 5 DF 08:26 14:26 6 2 W 0 3 2 2 0 0 24-Jan-15 2 DF 09:15 15:15 1 6 W 0 3 2 2 0 0 24-Jan-15 2 DF 09:15 15:15 2 6 W 0 2 2 2 0 0 24-Jan-15 2 DF 09:15 15:15 3 5 WNW 0 2 2 2 0 0 24-Jan-15 2 DF 09:15 15:15 4 5 WNW 0 1 2 2 0 0 24-Jan-15 2 DF 09:15 15:15 5 5 WNW 0 1 2 2 0 0 24-Jan-15 2 DF 09:15 15:15 6 4 NW 0 2 2 2 0 0 24-Jan-15 4 IM 09:15 15:15 1 3 N/R 0 1 2 2 0 0 24-Jan-15 4 IM 09:15 15:15 2 3 N/R 0 1 2 2 0 0 24-Jan-15 4 IM 09:15 15:15 3 3 N/R 0 0 - 2 0 0 24-Jan-15 4 IM 09:15 15:15 4 3 N/R 0 1 2 2 0 0 24-Jan-15 4 IM 09:15 15:15 5 2 N/R 0 1 2 2 0 0 24-Jan-15 4 IM 09:15 15:15 6 3 N/R 0 1 2 2 0 0 16-Feb-15 3 IM 10:17 16:17 1 3 SSW 1 8 2 1 0 0 16-Feb-15 3 IM 10:17 16:17 2 2 SW 0 8 2 2 0 0 16-Feb-15 3 IM 10:17 16:17 3 2 WSW 0 8 2 2 0 0 16-Feb-15 3 IM 10:17 16:17 4 2 WSW 0 8 2 2 0 0 16-Feb-15 3 IM 10:17 16:17 5 2 WSW 0 7 2 2 0 0 16-Feb-15 3 IM 10:17 16:17 6 2 WSW 0 7 2 2 0 0 09-Mar-15 5 RS 08:35 14:35 1 4 SSW 0 6 2 2 0 0 09-Mar-15 5 RS 08:35 14:35 2 4 S 0 6 2 2 0 0
Sunderland City Council Arcus Consultancy Services Ltd July 2015 Page 39 2014-2015 Non-breeding Season Report
Sunderland & South Tyneside Bird Surveys
Rain
Date
Hour
Frost
Snow
Visibility
Observer
WindSpeed
SurveyArea Cover Cloud
Cloud Height Cloud
End of Watch End
StartWatch of WindDirection 09-Mar-15 5 RS 08:35 14:35 3 4 S 0 8 2 2 0 0 09-Mar-15 5 RS 08:35 14:35 4 5 S 0 8 2 2 0 0 09-Mar-15 5 RS 08:35 14:35 5 6 S 2 8 2 2 0 0 09-Mar-15 5 RS 08:35 14:35 6 6 S 1 8 2 2 0 0
Notes: Visibility: 0 = Poor (<1 km); 1 = Moderate (1-2 km); 2 = Good (>2 km) Wind direction: according to 16-point compass (- indicates there was no wind) Wind strength: according to Beaufort Scale Cloud cover: in eighths of sky (oktas) Cloud height: 0 = <150 m; 1 = 150-500 m; 2 = >500 m Rain: 0 = None; 1 = Drizzle/Mist; 2 = Light showers; 3 = Heavy showers; 4 = Heavy rain Frost: 0 = None; 1 = Ground frost; 2 = All day frost Snow: 0 = None; 1 = On site; 2 = On high ground N/R = Not Recorded
Observers: Paul Cook (PC), Rob Stonehouse (RS), Ian Mills (IM), and Dave Foster (DF).
Table A.6 Weather conditions for each hour of nocturnal survey
Rain
Date
Hour
Frost
Snow
Visibility
Observer
WindSpeed
SurveyArea Cover Cloud
Cloud Height Cloud
End of Watch End
StartWatch of WindDirection 23-Mar-15 1 PC & RS 23:30 03:30 1 3 W 0 0 - 2 0 0 23-Mar-15 1 PC & RS 23:30 03:30 2 4 WNW 0 1 2 2 0 0 23-Mar-15 1 PC & RS 23:30 03:30 3 4 WNW 0 1 2 2 0 0 23-Mar-15 1 PC & RS 23:30 03:30 4 3 W 0 0 - 2 0 0 24-Mar-15 2 PC & RS 22:00 02:00 1 0 - 0 1 2 2 0 0 24-Mar-15 2 PC & RS 22:00 02:00 2 2 NNW 0 1 2 2 0 0 24-Mar-15 2 PC & RS 22:00 02:00 3 1 NNW 0 0 - 2 0 0 24-Mar-15 2 PC & RS 22:00 02:00 4 2 NNW 0 1 2 2 0 0 25-Mar-15 3 PC & RS 20:00 00:00 1 4 ESE 0 0 - 2 0 0 25-Mar-15 3 PC & RS 20:00 00:00 2 4 ESE 0 0 - 2 0 0 25-Mar-15 3 PC & RS 20:00 00:00 3 4 SE 0 0 - 2 0 0 25-Mar-15 3 PC & RS 20:00 00:00 4 4-5 SSE 0 0 - 2 0 0 31-Mar-15 4 PC & IM 01:00 05:00 1 6 W 0 2 2 2 0 0 31-Mar-15 4 PC & IM 01:00 05:00 2 6-7 W 0 1 2 2 0 0 31-Mar-15 4 PC & IM 01:00 05:00 3 6-7 W 0 0 - 2 0 0 31-Mar-15 4 PC & IM 01:00 05:00 4 7 W 0 0 - 2 0 0 31-Mar-15 5 PC & IM 23:30 03:30 1 4 NW 0 0 - 2 0 0 31-Mar-15 5 PC & IM 23:30 03:30 2 4-5 NW 0 0 - 2 0 0 31-Mar-15 5 PC & IM 23:30 03:30 3 5 NW 0 0 - 2 0 0 31-Mar-15 5 PC & IM 23:30 03:30 4 3-4 NW 0 1 2 2 0 0
Notes: Visibility: 0 = Poor (<1 km); 1 = Moderate (1-2 km); 2 = Good (>2 km) Wind direction: according to 16-point compass (- indicates there was no wind) Wind strength: according to Beaufort Scale Cloud cover: in eighths of sky (oktas) Cloud height: 0 = <150 m; 1 = 150-500 m; 2 = >500 m Rain: 0 = None; 1 = Drizzle/Mist; 2 = Light showers; 3 = Heavy showers; 4 = Heavy rain Frost: 0 = None; 1 = Ground frost; 2 = All day frost
Arcus Consultancy Services Ltd Sunderland City Council Page 40 July 2015 2014-2015 Non-breeding Season Report Sunderland & South Tyneside Bird Surveys
Snow: 0 = None; 1 = On site; 2 = On high ground N/R = Not Recorded
Observers: Paul Cook (PC), Rob Stonehouse (RS), and Ian Mills (IM).
Sunderland City Council Arcus Consultancy Services Ltd July 2015 Page 41 2014-2015 Non-breeding Season Report Sunderland & South Tyneside Bird Surveys
9.2 Appendix 2 Disturbance log recording sheet
Arcus Consultancy Services Ltd Sunderland City Council Page 42 July 2015 2014-2015 Non-breeding Season Report Sunderland & South Tyneside Bird Surveys
10 FIGURES
Sunderland City Council Arcus Consultancy Services Ltd July 2015 Page 43 436000 440000 444000 448000
2 1 Survey Area 1: Mouth of River Tyne (south side) and Tyne South Pier to Marsden Rock 568000 568000
3
4
5
Survey Area 2: Marsden Rock 6 to Souter Point
7 564000 564000
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10 Survey Area 3: Souter Point to Parson's Rock 11
12 560000 560000 13
14 Survey Area 4: Parson's Rock 15 to Hendon
16
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Survey Area 5: Hendon to 19 Seaham
20
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436000 440000 444000 448000 Produced: KB Ref: 1797/REP/003 Count Sector Area Reviewed: RMc Approved: AW Date: 13/07/2015 Northumbria Coast Ramsar Site Survey Areas and Designated Sites Northumbria Coast Special Figure 1 Protection Area Durham Coast Site of 1:60,000 Scale @ A3 ¯ 2014-2015 Non-Breeding Season Report Sunderland and South Special Scientific Interest 0 1 2 km Tyneside Bird Surveys
Reproduced fromOrdnance Survey digital map data ©Crown copyright 2015.All rights reserved. License number100048606
P:\Projects\1797 Sunderland Bird Surveys\Document Files\Reports\Winter 14-15 Report\1797_Figure1_Survey_Areas_and_Designated_Sites.mxd 438000 440000 442000
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11 438000 440000 442000 Produced: KB Ref: 1797/REP/004 Species Number of Birds Reviewed: RMc ( 81 - 130 Approved: AW Date: 14/07/2015 (! Knot ( 1 - 10 ( Feeding Birds Locations (! Purple Sandpiper 11 - 20 North Survey Area (! Sanderling ( 21 - 50 Figure 2a (! Turnstone ( 51 - 80 1:22,000 Scale @ A3 ¯ 2014-2015 Non-Breeding Season Report Sunderland and South 0 0.5 1 km Tyneside Bird Surveys
Reproduced fromOrdnance Survey digital map data ©Crown copyright 2015.All rights reserved. License number100048606
P:\Projects\1797 Sunderland Bird Surveys\Document Files\Reports\Winter 14-15 Report\1797_Figure2a_Feeding_Bird_Locations_North_Survey_Area.mxd 440000 442000 444000 9 562000 562000 9 10 562000 562000
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440000 442000 444000 Produced: KB Ref: 1797/REP/003 Species Number of Birds Reviewed: RMc ( 81 - 130 Approved: AW Date: 14/07/2015 (! Knot ( 1 - 10 ( Feeding Bird Locations (! Purple Sandpiper 11 - 20 Central Survey Area (! Sanderling ( 21 - 50 Figure 2b (! Turnstone ( 51 - 80 1:22,000 Scale @ A3 ¯ 2014-2015 Non-Breeding Season Report Sunderland and South 0 0.5 1 km Tyneside Bird Surveys
Reproduced fromOrdnance Survey digital map data ©Crown copyright 2015.All rights reserved. License number100048606
P:\Projects\1797 Sunderland Bird Surveys\Document Files\Reports\Winter 14-15 Report\1797_Figure2b_Feeding_Bird_Locations_Central_Survey_Area.mxd 440000 442000 444000 17
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440000 442000 444000 Produced: KB Ref: 1797/REP/006 Species Number of Flights Reviewed: RMc Approved: AW Date: 14/07/2015 (! Purple Sandpiper ( 1 - 10 ( Feeding Bird Locations (! Sanderling 11 - 20 South Suvey Area (! Turnstone ( 21 - 50 Figure 2c ( 51 - 80 1:20,000 Scale @ A3 ¯ 2014-2015 Non-Breeding Season Report Sunderland and South 0 0.5 1 km Tyneside Bird Surveys
Reproduced fromOrdnance Survey digital map data ©Crown copyright 2015.All rights reserved. License number100048606
P:\Projects\1797 Sunderland Bird Surveys\Document Files\Reports\Winter 14-15 Report\1797_Figure2c_Feeding_Bird_Locations_South_Survey_Area.mxd 438000 440000 442000
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566000 5 566000
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11 438000 440000 442000 Produced: KB Ref: 1797/REP/007 Species Number of Birds Reviewed: RMc ( 81 - 130 Approved: AW Date: 14/07/2015 (! Knot ( 1 - 10 ( Roosting Bird Locations (! Purple Sandpiper 11 - 20 North Survey Area (! Sanderling ( 21 - 50 Figure 3a (! Turnstone ( 51 - 80 1:22,000 Scale @ A3 ¯ 2014-2015 Non-Breeding Season Report Sunderland and South 0 0.5 1 km Tyneside Bird Surveys
Reproduced fromOrdnance Survey digital map data ©Crown copyright 2015.All rights reserved. License number100048606
P:\Projects\1797 Sunderland Bird Surveys\Document Files\Reports\Winter 14-15 Report\1797_Figure3a_Roosting_Bird_Locations_North_Survey_Area.mxd 440000 442000 444000
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562000 10 562000
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8
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440000 442000 444000 Produced: KB Ref: 1797/REP/008 Species Number of Birds Reviewed: RMc ( 81 - 130 Approved: AW Date: 14/07/2015 (! Knot ( 1 - 10 ( Roosting Bird Location (! Purple Sandpiper 11 - 20 Central Survey Area (! Sanderling ( 21 - 50 Figure 3b (! Turnstone ( 51 - 80 1:22,000 Scale @ A3 ¯ 2014-2015 Non-Breeding Season Report Sunderland and South 0 0.5 1 km Tyneside Bird Surveys
Reproduced fromOrdnance Survey digital map data ©Crown copyright 2015.All rights reserved. License number100048606
P:\Projects\1797 Sunderland Bird Surveys\Document Files\Reports\Winter 14-15 Report\1797_Figure3b_Roosting_Bird_Locations_Central_Survey_Area.mxd 442000 444000 17
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442000 444000 Produced: KB Ref: 1797/REP/007 Species Number of Birds Reviewed: RMc Approved: AW Date: 14/07/2015 (! Purple Sandpiper ( 1 - 10 ( Roosting Bird Locations (! Turnstone 11 - 20 South Survey Area ( 21 - 50 Figure 3c
1:20,000 Scale @ A3 ¯ 2014-2015 Non-Breeding Season Report Sunderland and South 0 0.5 1 km Tyneside Bird Surveys
Reproduced fromOrdnance Survey digital map data ©Crown copyright 2015.All rights reserved. License number100048606
P:\Projects\1797 Sunderland Bird Surveys\Document Files\Reports\Winter 14-15 Report\1797_Figure3c_Roosting_Bird_Locations_South_Survey_Area.mxd 436000 440000 444000 448000
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436000 440000 444000 448000 Produced: KB Ref: 1797/REP/010 Number of Birds Behaviour Durham Coast Site of Reviewed: RMc Special Scientific Interest Approved: AW Date: 14/07/2015 ( 1 - 10 (! Feeding Knot: Roosting and Feeding ( 11 - 20 (! Roosting Locations ( 21 - 24 Northumbria Coast Ramsar Figure 4 Site ( 25 - 50 1:60,000 Scale @ A3 ¯ 2014-2015 Non-Breeding Season Report Northumbria Coast Special Sunderland and South Protection Area 0 1 2 km Tyneside Bird Surveys
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P:\Projects\1797 Sunderland Bird Surveys\Document Files\Reports\Winter 14-15 Report\1797_Figure4_Knot_Roosting_and_Feeding_Locations.mxd 436000 440000 444000 448000
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436000 440000 444000 448000 Number of Birds Behaviour Durham Coast Site of Produced: KB Ref: 1797/REP/011 Reviewed: RMc Special Scientific Interest Date: 14/07/2015 ( 1 - 10 (! Feeding Approved: AW ( 11 - 20 (! Roosting Purple Sandpiper: Roosting and Feeding Locations ( 21 - 24 Northumbria Coast Ramsar Figure 5 Site 25 - 50 ( Northumbria Coast Special 1:60,000 Scale @ A3 ¯ 2014-2015 Non-Breeding Season Report Sunderland and South Protection Area 0 1 2 km Tyneside Bird Surveys
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P:\Projects\1797 Sunderland Bird Surveys\Document Files\Reports\Winter 14-15 Report\1797_Figure5_Purple_Sandpiper_Roosting_and_Feeding_Locations.mxd 436000 440000 444000 448000
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436000 440000 444000 448000 Produced: KB Ref: 1797/REP/012 Number of Durham Coast Site of Reviewed: RMc Special Scientific Interest Approved: AW Date: 14/07/2015 ( 1 - 10 (! Feeding Sanderling: Roosting and ( 11 - 20 (! Roosting Feeding Locations ( 21 - 24 Northumbria Coast Ramsar Figure 6 Site ( 25 - 50 1:60,000 Scale @ A3 ¯ 2014-2015 Non-Breeding Season Report Northumbria Coast Special Sunderland and South Protection Area 0 1 2 km Tyneside Bird Surveys
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P:\Projects\1797 Sunderland Bird Surveys\Document Files\Reports\Winter 14-15 Report\1797_Figure6_Sandlering_Roosting_and_Feeding_Locations.mxd 436000 440000 444000 448000
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436000 440000 444000 448000 Produced: KB Ref: 1797/REP/013 Number of Birds Behaviour Durham Coast Site of Special Reviewed: RMc Scientific Interest Approved: AW Date: 14/07/2015 ( 1 - 10 (! Feeding ( ! Turnstone: Roosting and 11 - 20 ( Roosting Feeding Locations ( 21 - 24 Northumbria Coast Ramsar Figure 7 Site ( 25 - 50 1:60,000 Scale @ A3 ¯ 2014-2015 Non-Breeding Season Report Northumbria Coast Special Sunderland and South Protection Area 0 1 2 km Tyneside Bird Surveys
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P:\Projects\1797 Sunderland Bird Surveys\Document Files\Reports\Winter 14-15 Report\1797_Figure7_Turnstone_Roosting_and_Feeding_Locations.mxd 436000 440000 444000 448000
^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ 2^ ^ ^^ ^ ^ ^^^^^ ^ ^ ^^^^2^^ ^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ 1 ^^ ^^^^1 ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^ ^ 568000 ^^^^ ^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^ ^ ^^^ 568000 ^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^ ^ ^^ ^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^ ^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^^^^3 ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^ ^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^4^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ ^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^ ^ ^ ^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^5^ ^^^^^^^ 3 ^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^ ^ ^^ ^^ ^ ^^^^^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^ 6 ^^^ 4 ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ 7 ^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^ ^^^^^^ ^ 4 ^^^^ ^ ^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^ 564000 ^^^^ ^ 564000 ^ ^^^^^^^ ^ ^^^ ^ 5 ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^ ^^^ ^ ^8 ^ ^ ^^ ^^^ ^ ^ ^^ ^ ^^^ ^ ^^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^ ^ ^^^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^ ^^^8 ^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^ ^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^9^^^^^^ ^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ ^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^ ^^^ ^ ^^^ ^ ^^ ^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^ ^ ^^ ^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^ ^^^^^^ 6 ^^^^^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ ^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^10^^^^^ 9 ^ ^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^ ^^^^ ^ ^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^ ^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^ ^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^ ^^^ ^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^11^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^ ^ ^^^^^^^^ ^ ^^ ^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^ ^^^ ^ 7 ^^^^^^^^ ^ ^ ^ ^^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^ ^ ^^ ^ ^^^^^^^12^ ^ ^ ^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^ ^ ^^ ^ ^^^^^^ ^ ^ 560000 ^^^^ ^ 560000 ^ ^^^^ ^^10 ^ ^^^^^13 ^^^ ^ ^^^ ^ ^^^^^ ^ ^^ ^ ^^^^^^^ ^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ ^^^^14 ^^^ ^^^8 ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^ ^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^^^^ ^ ^ ^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ ^ ^ ^^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^ ^ ^^^ ^ ^^^15 ^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^ ^ ^^^ ^ ^^ ^^ 16 ^ ^ ^^ ^ ^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^ ^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^ ^ ^^^^^ ^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^^ ^11 ^ ^^^^^^^ ^ ^ ^^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^^ ^ 17 ^^^^^^^^^ 21 ^^^^^^^^ ^ ^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^ ^ ^^^^^^^^^^ ^ ^ ^^^^^^^ ^ ^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^
556000 ^ 556000 ^^^^^^^^ ^ ^ ^^^^^^ ^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^ ^ ^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^ ^^^^^ ^ ^^ ^^^ 18 ^^^^^^^ 12 ^ ^ ^^^ ^ ^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^^ ^ ^ ^ ^^^^^^ ^ ^^ ^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^ 22 ^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^ ^ 19 ^^^^^^ ^^ ^ ^^^ ^^ ^ ^^^ ^^^ ^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^ ^ ^^ ^^^ ^^ 20 ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ 13 ^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ 21^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^^^^ 552000 ^ ^ 552000 ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^ 23 ^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^ 22 ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ 14 ^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^ ^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ 23 ^^^^^^^^^^^ 15 ^^^^ ^^ ^^ ^ ^^ ^ ^^ ^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^ ^^ ^ ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ ^^ ^ ^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^ 24 ^^^24^^^^ ^^ ^ ^ 548000 548000
436000 440000 444000 448000 ^ ^ Produced: KB Ref: 1797/REP/014 Disturbance Events Dog walker(s) - no lead Walkers Reviewed: RMc ^ Dog walker(s) - on lead ^ Workmen using handtools Date: 16/07/2015 ^ Angler Approved: AW ^ Horse rider(s) ^ Workmen using machinery ^ Beachcomber ^ Jogger(s) ^ Bait Digger Locations of Disturbance Events ^ Jogger(s) with dog(s) ^ Birdwatcher Figure 8 ^ Other ^ Large disturbance event ^ ^ Photographer(s) Unknown disturbance 1:65,000 Scale @ A3 ¯ 2014-2015 Non-Breeding Season Report ^ School Group ^ Natural Disturbance Sunderland and South ^ Sea Kayak 0 1 2 km Tyneside Bird Surveys
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P:\Projects\1797 Sunderland Bird Surveys\Document Files\Reports\Winter 14-15 Report\1797_Figure8_Locations_of_Disturbance_Events.mxd 436000 440000 444000 448000
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436000 440000 444000 448000 Produced: RMc Ref: 1797/REP/015 Low Disturbance Zone Reviewed: SC Approved: AW Date: 15/07/2015 Moderate Disturbance Zone High Disturbance Zone Key Areas of Disturbance Figure 9
1:65,000 Scale @ A3 ¯ 2014-2015 Non-Breeding Season Report Sunderland and South 0 1 2 km Tyneside Bird Surveys
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P:\Projects\1797 Sunderland Bird Surveys\Document Files\Reports\Winter 14-15 Report\1797_Figure9_Key_Areas_of_Disturbance.mxd