Ageing in Greater Western Sydney

CENSUS 2016 TOPIC PAPER

By Amy Lawton, Social Research and Information Officer, WESTIR Limited March 2019

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Acronyms ...... 4 Introduction ...... 5 Summary of key findings...... 5 Regions and terms used in this paper ...... 7 A note about Greater Western Sydney boundaries ...... 8 Ageing in Greater Western Sydney ...... 10 1. Population and gender ...... 10 Population and gender ...... 10 Changes in age over time ...... 13 Age forecasts ...... 15 2. Family and relationships ...... 16 Registered and social marital status ...... 16 Number of children ever born ...... 17 Providing unpaid childcare...... 18 Grandparent families ...... 19 Same sex couples ...... 20 Lone person households ...... 20 3. Housing ...... 22 Tenure and landlord type ...... 22 4. Cultural diversity ...... 24 Country of birth ...... 24 Language spoken at home ...... 25 Proficiency in spoken English ...... 26 Religion ...... 27 5. Indigenous status ...... 28 6. Education ...... 30 Highest year of school completed ...... 30 Non-school qualifications ...... 30 7. An ageing workforce ...... 33 Labour force status ...... 33 Industry of employment ...... 34 Occupation ...... 35 Total personal income (weekly) ...... 37 Volunteering ...... 39 8. Social security ...... 40 9. Need for assistance ...... 43 Core activity need for assistance ...... 43

Providing unpaid assistance to a person with disability ...... 46 Indigenous need for assistance ...... 46 10. Health ...... 48 Life expectancy at 65 years ...... 48 Dementia hospitalisations ...... 49 Prevalence of falls in elderly ...... 51 11. Aged care...... 53 12. Conclusion ...... 57 Appendices ...... 58

Acronyms

ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics

AIHW Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (Commonwealth)

ACPR Aged Care Planning Regions

ASCED Australian Standard Classification of Education

ATSI Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander

DPE Department of Planning and Environment (NSW)

DSS Department of Social Services (Commonwealth)

FACS Department of Family and Community Services (NSW)

GWS Greater Western Sydney

LGA Local Government Area

LHD Local Health District

SWS South Western Sydney

NSW New South Wales

WESTIR Ltd Western Sydney Regional Information and Research Service

WS Western Sydney

Introduction

The population of Australia is ageing. The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) states that “the proportion of older people, those aged 65 years and over, has been steadily increasing over the last century for both men and women, and this trend is expected to continue. Improvements in the life expectancy of both men and women, decreasing death rates, higher standards of healthcare, and the birth rate falling below the replacement rate, are all contributing to this trend”1.

The 2016 ABS Census of Population and Housing showed that the number of people aged 65 years and over in Australia had increased from one in seven people in 2011 (14%) to nearly one in every six people in 2016 (16%)1. The ageing population presents several opportunities and challenges for decisionmakers (such as the ongoing Commonwealth aged care reforms to ensure a more sustainable aged care system for future generations2), hence a solid evidence base is required to ensure effective policymaking and resource allocation.

The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the ageing population (65 years and over) in Greater Western Sydney (GWS), one of the fastest growing regions in New South Wales (NSW). The paper explores 2016 Census data from the ABS as well as other datasets, where relevant. The topics explored include gender, family and relationships, housing, cultural diversity, Indigenous status, education and employment, social security, need for assistance, health and aged care.

Summary of key findings

The main findings of this topic paper are:

• Population and gender: In 2016, there were approximately 285,096 usual residents in GWS who were aged 65 years and over, equating to 12.4% of the region’s total population. Of those aged 65 years and over, 46.5% were males (132,513 persons) and 53.5% were females (152,607 persons).

• Changes over time and age forecasts: The proportion of persons aged 65 years and over in GWS has increased over time, from 10.2% of the total population in 2006, 11.1% in 2011 and 12.4% in 2016. The 65+ population of GWS is expected to increase from approximately 300,750 persons in 2016 to 600,200 persons in 2036, with the highest growth rate to occur in the 85 years and over age group (+171.5%).

• Registered marital status: Between 2006 and 2016, most persons aged 65 years and over stated that they were married, increasing from 55.8% of the age group in 2006 to 58.3% in 2016. The proportion of persons aged 65 years and over who were separated, divorced or never married also grew, while the proportion of widowers declined during this time period.

• Social marital status: The proportion of persons aged 65 years and over in GWS, in a de facto marriage, increased from 1.0% in 2006 to 2.7% in 2016. The rate of de facto marriages (+286.4%) among older people in GWS grew at a notably faster rate

1ABS 2018, 2071.0 Stories from the Census – Ageing Population, 2016, https://bit.ly/2EmLH4a 2A good overview of the Commonwealth aged care reforms can be found on the NSW Health website: https://bit.ly/2T4UMql

than those who were married (+47.1%) or not married (+33.2%) between 2006 and 2016.

• Housing and lone households: In 2016, 56% of persons aged 65 years and over in GWS owned their dwelling outright and 15.7% rented their dwellings. Approximately 18.5% of the region’s 65+ population were living in lone households. Persons aged 65 years and over in GWS were significantly more likely to own their dwelling outright and live alone than those under 65 years old.

• Country of birth and language spoken at home: The top five countries of birth for persons aged 65 years and over in GWS in 2016 were Australia (39.2%), England (5.3%), Italy (3.9%), China (3.9%) and Lebanon (3.1%). The top five languages spoken at home for this age group in GWS were English (54.0%), Arabic (4.9%), Italian (3.8%), Greek (3.3%) and Cantonese (3.1%).

• English proficiency: In 2016, 54.0% of persons aged 65 years and over in GWS spoke English only and 40.2% spoke another language and spoke English at various proficiencies. The proportion of persons aged 65 years and over in GWS who spoke English only declined from 59.1% in 2006 to 54.0% in 2016, while those who spoke English and another language increased from 35.2% in 2006 to 40.2% in 2016.

• Indigenous status: In 2016, there were 6,496 persons aged 50 years and over in GWS that identified as Indigenous, equating to 1.0% of the 50+ population. Since 2006, the number of Indigenous persons aged 50 years and over in GWS increased by 3,399 persons (or +109.8%).

• Employment and volunteering: The employment rate for the GWS 65+ population in 2016 was 11.2%, the unemployment rate was 3.1% and the labour force participation rate was 11.6%. The unemployment and labour force participation rates for the region’s 65+ population increased between 2006 and 2016. Approximately 11.9% of persons aged 65 years and over in GWS stated that they had volunteered for an organisation or group in 2016, lower than rates for Greater Sydney (14.6%) and NSW (17.3%).

• Total personal income and social security: In 2016, most persons aged 65 years and over in GWS had a total personal income between $1-$499 per week (55.5%). Approximately 200,503 persons were receiving the age pension in GWS in September 2018.

• Need for assistance: Approximately 22.8% of persons aged 65 years and over and 18.2% of Indigenous persons aged 50 years and over in GWS stated that they needed assistance with core activities (that is, self-care, body movement and communication) in 2016.

• Health and aged care: Out of all the Local Health Districts (LHDs) in GWS, Western Sydney LHD had the highest life expectancy at 65 years in 2016 (86.5 years) and the highest prevalence of falls among the elderly (20.8%) in 2015. Aged care data as of 30 June 2017 shows that there were 72.7 places per 1,000 in residential care for Nepean, 68.3 places per 1,000 in Western Sydney and 76.2 places per 1,000 in South Western Sydney. This is lower than the rates for NSW (78.6 per 1,000) and Australia (76.5 per 1,000).

Regions and terms used in this paper

Ageing population

The ageing population in this paper is defined as persons aged 65 years and over. The only exception to this is the Indigenous population, where the ageing population is defined as persons 50 years and over. This is consistent with current government policy.

Indigenous and non-Indigenous

The term Indigenous is used in this paper to classify those who identified as Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander and both Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (ATSI) origin. Those who are non-Indigenous did not identify with any of the origins above. Overall, these terms have been chosen for ease when comparing Census data between Indigenous and non- Indigenous households and populations.

Regions

Greater Western Sydney (GWS) is made up of the following 13 Local Government Areas (LGAs) (See Map 1):

• Blacktown • Blue Mountains • Camden • Campbelltown • Canterbury-Bankstown • Cumberland • Fairfield • Hawkesbury • Liverpool • Parramatta • Penrith • The Hills Shire • Wollondilly

This paper also covers two additional LGAs, Lithgow and Wingecarribee, but are not included in GWS totals.

GWS is also compared with data for Greater Sydney, Rest of Sydney, FACS Western Sydney District, FACS South Western Sydney District and NSW:

• Greater Sydney and NSW are compiled from ABS boundaries. • Rest of Sydney is calculated by subtracting the totals of Greater Sydney with the totals of GWS. • FACS Western Sydney District (FACS WS District) is made up of Blacktown, Blue Mountains, Cumberland, Hawkesbury, Lithgow, Parramatta, Penrith and The Hills Shire LGAs.

• FACS South Western Sydney (FACS SWS District) is made up of Camden, Campbelltown, Canterbury-Bankstown, Fairfield, Liverpool, Wingecarribee and Wollondilly LGAs.

All data is based on place of usual residence, unless otherwise stated.

A note about Greater Western Sydney boundaries

Changes in the GWS boundaries have occurred over time due to LGA amalgamations in the region in 2016. The variables in this paper have been drawn out from ABS Time Series Profiles so that consistent time series analysis for current LGA boundaries can be undertaken on a regional level. Where relevant, time series analysis has been undertaken on Census data from 2006, 2011 and 2016.

Map 1: Local Government Areas of GWS (including Lithgow and Wingecarribee LGAs)

Ageing in Greater Western Sydney

1. Population and gender

Population and gender

In 2016, there were approximately 285,096 usual residents in GWS who were aged 65 years and over. This equated to approximately 12.4% of the region’s total population, which was lower than the rate for persons aged 65 years and over in Greater Sydney (13.9%) and NSW (16.3%). The proportion of persons aged 65 years and over varied across GWS LGAs, from 10.3% in Blacktown to 19.5% in the Blue Mountains. Rates of persons aged 65 years and over were also higher in the more rural LGAs such as Lithgow (22.0%) and Wingecarribee (25.9%) which are located outside of GWS (See Figure 1).

Figure 1: Persons aged 65 years and over, as a proportion of the total area population, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016

Persons aged 65 years and over, as a proportion of the total area population, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016 30.0 25.9 25.0 22.0 19.5 20.0 15.416.3 14.3 15.0 13.9 13.8 13.5 13.3 13.213.9 11.8 12.211.7 12.412.3 10.3 10.6 11.2 10.4 10.0

5.0

% % oftotal area population 0.0

LGA/Region

Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing, General Community Profile, G04

The proportion of age groups do not reflect the numerical concentration of certain groups, hence an exploration of the raw numbers is also important. In GWS, the LGA with the highest number of persons aged 65 years and over in 2016 was Canterbury-Bankstown (48,256 persons) while the lowest number was in Wollondilly (6,458 persons) (See Figure 2).

Figure 2: Number of persons aged 65 years and over, GWS LGAs (including Lithgow and Wingecarribee), 2016

Number of persons aged 65 years and over, GWS LGAs (including Lithgow and Wingecarribee), 2016 60,000

50,000 48,256

40,000

34,775 27,546

30,000 27,441

24,122

22,920

21,328 21,235

20,000 18,518

15,027

12,395

9,217 8,253

10,000 6,458 4,641

0 Number of persons aged 65+

LGA

Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing, General Community Profile, G04

Of the 285,096 residents in GWS that were aged 65 years and over, 46.5% were males (132,513 persons) and 53.5% were females (152,607 persons) (See Table 1).

Table 1: Gender, persons aged 65 years and over, GWS, 2016

Gender, persons aged 65 years and over, GWS, 2016 Region Males Females Total 65+ persons Greater Western Sydney 132,513 152,607 285,096 % of 65+ population 46.5 53.5 100 Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing, General Community Profile, G04

For a more detailed look at age and gender distribution by five year age groups for GWS LGAs and comparative regions, please see WESTIR Limited’s 2016 Census Topic Paper ‘Population of Greater Western Sydney’.

MAP: PERSONS AGED 65 YEARS AND OVER

Map 2 shows the number of persons aged 65 years and over in Greater Sydney in 2016. The 65+ population appears to be distributed fairly across the region, however, concentrations of this age group appear slightly higher in the outer areas of GWS, as well as in Lithgow and Wingecarribee, which sit outside the region. In saying this, the Statistical Areas (SAs) in the less populated rural areas are also larger in size and, therefore, the 65+ population in these areas appear more pronounced when represented in a visual form.

Map 2: Persons aged 65 years and over, Greater Sydney, 2016

Changes in age over time

The proportion of persons aged 65 years and over in GWS has increased over time, from 10.2% of the total population in 2006, 11.1% in 2011 and 12.4% in 2016. Between 2006 and 2016, the 65+ population in GWS increased by 87,462 persons or +44.3%, faster than the 65+ populations in Greater Sydney (+32.9%) and NSW (+34.4%). All GWS LGAs had a numerical increase in their 65+ populations between 2006 and 2016, with the largest increases in Blacktown (+12,533 persons), The Hills Shire (+9,975 persons) and Penrith (+8,879 persons) (See Table 3 over the page).

Also, it is interesting to look at the change across the younger and older age groups in GWS over time. Between 2006 and 2016, the population aged 65 years and over (+44.3%) in GWS grew at a faster rate than the population aged less than 65 years (+16.2%). In addition, the two age groups with the fastest growth between 2006 and 2016 were in the older age groups – the first one being those aged 85 years and over (+64.3%) followed by the 65-69 years age group (+63.3%). The sustained growth in the older age groups is worthy of attention given its ongoing impact in areas such as service provision (See Table 2).

Table 2: Persons by five year age group, GWS, 2006-16

Persons by five year age group, GWS, 2006-16 Persons aged 65 years and over Change over time 5 year 5 year 10 year 10 year change change change change Age group 2006 (no) 2011 (no) 2016 (no) (2011- (2006- (2006- (2006- 16) (no) 16) (%) 16) (no) 16) (%) 0-4 years 143,216 155,783 167,044 11,261 7.2 23,828 16.6 5-9 years 145,019 146,505 165,610 19,105 13.0 20,591 14.2 10-14 years 145,586 145,790 150,341 4,551 3.1 4,755 3.3 15-19 years 142,675 147,021 151,305 4,284 2.9 8,630 6.0 20-24 years 140,729 145,913 160,277 14,364 9.8 19,548 13.9 25-29 years 134,586 153,632 170,851 17,219 11.2 36,265 26.9 30-34 years 143,918 150,625 181,961 31,336 20.8 38,043 26.4 35-39 years 144,537 151,784 168,041 16,257 10.7 23,504 16.3 40-44 years 145,569 147,395 159,492 12,097 8.2 13,923 9.6 45-49 years 139,890 144,590 150,467 5,877 4.1 10,577 7.6 50-54 years 123,821 137,680 145,149 7,469 5.4 21,328 17.2 55-59 years 110,691 119,578 135,691 16,113 13.5 25,000 22.6 60-64 years 80,133 104,287 115,899 11,612 11.1 35,766 44.6 65-69 years 59,956 74,181 97,908 23,727 32.0 37,952 63.3 70-74 years 47,683 55,120 68,820 13,700 24.9 21,137 44.3 75-79 years 40,157 41,500 49,519 8,019 19.3 9,362 23.3 80-84 years 28,928 31,861 34,496 2,635 8.3 5,568 19.2 85 years and over 20,899 27,573 34,342 6,769 24.5 13,443 64.3 Less than 65 years 1,740,370 1,850,583 2,022,128 171,545 9.3 281,758 16.2 65 years and over 197,623 230,235 285,085 54,850 23.8 87,462 44.3 Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing, Time Series Profile, Table T03

Table 3: Persons aged 65 years and over, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2006-16

Persons aged 65 years and over, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2006-16 Persons aged 65 years and over Change over time Total persons 5 year 5 year 10 year 10 year % of total % of total % of total change change change change Region 2006 area 2011 area 2016 area 2006 2011 2016 (2011- (2006- (2006- (2006- population population population 16) (no) 16) (%) 16) (no) 16) (%) Blacktown 22,236 8.2 27,094 9.0 34,769 10.3 7,675 28.3 12,533 56.4 271,712 301,097 336,962 Blue Mountains 9,893 13.4 11,899 15.7 15,022 19.5 3,123 26.2 5,129 51.8 74,064 75,941 76,904 Camden 4,215 8.5 5,508 9.7 8,256 10.6 2,748 49.9 4,041 95.9 49,645 56,719 78,218 Campbelltown 10,601 7.4 13,610 9.3 18,524 11.8 4,914 36.1 7,923 74.7 143,075 145,969 157,006 Canterbury-Bankstown 41,334 13.8 43,553 13.6 48,251 13.9 4,698 10.8 6,917 16.7 300,449 319,807 346,302 Cumberland 19,701 11.3 21,083 10.9 24,125 11.2 3,042 14.4 4,424 22.5 174,124 193,224 216,079 Fairfield 20,085 11.2 22,550 12.0 27,440 13.8 4,890 21.7 7,355 36.6 179,892 187,766 198,817 Hawkesbury 5,866 9.7 7,249 11.6 9,219 14.3 1,970 27.2 3,353 57.2 60,557 62,353 64,592 Lithgow 3,038 15.4 3,651 18.1 4,644 22.0 993 27.2 1,606 52.9 19,760 20,162 21,090 Liverpool 13,564 8.2 16,495 9.2 21,326 10.4 4,831 29.3 7,762 57.2 164,601 180,141 204,326 Parramatta 21,251 12.2 23,766 12.2 27,546 12.2 3,780 15.9 6,295 29.6 174,730 194,019 226,149 Penrith 14,038 8.2 17,155 9.6 22,917 11.7 5,762 33.6 8,879 63.2 172,141 178,465 196,066 The Hills Shire 11,255 8.5 15,603 11.0 21,230 13.5 5,627 36.1 9,975 88.6 132,656 141,995 157,243 Wingecarribee 7,584 17.9 9,613 21.7 12,395 25.9 2,782 28.9 4,811 63.4 42,272 44,396 47,882 Wollondilly 3,584 8.9 4,670 10.8 6,460 13.3 1,790 38.3 2,876 80.2 40,344 43,261 48,519 Greater Western Sydney 197,623 10.2 230,235 11.1 285,085 12.4 54,850 23.8 87,462 44.3 1,937,990 2,080,757 2,307,183 FACS WS District 107,278 9.9 127,500 10.9 159,472 12.3 31,972 25.1 52,194 48.7 1,079,744 1,167,256 1,295,085 FACS SWS District 100,967 11.0 115,999 11.9 142,652 13.2 26,653 23.0 41,685 41.3 920,278 978,059 1,081,070 Greater Sydney 505,895 12.3 564,442 12.9 672,563 13.9 108,121 19.2 166,668 32.9 4,118,193 4,391,673 4,823,991 Rest of Sydney 308,272 14.1 334,207 14.5 387,478 15.4 53,271 15.9 79,206 25.7 2,180,203 2,310,916 2,516,808 NSW 904,941 13.8 1,016,786 14.7 1,215,935 16.3 199,149 19.6 310,994 34.4 6,538,953 6,904,625 7,467,527 Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing, Time Series Profile, Table T03

Age forecasts

The NSW Department of Planning and Environment (DPE) releases population projections to predict the growth of age groups in the coming decades. The 65+ population of GWS is expected to increase from approximately 300,750 persons in 2016 to 600,200 persons in 2036. Between 2016 and 2036, the region’s 65+ age group (+99.6%) is expected to grow at a much faster rate than the 0-64 age population (+40.8%), with the highest growth rate to occur in the 85 years and over age group (+171.5%) (See Table 4).

Table 4: Age projections, by five year age groups, 2011-36

Age projections, by five year age groups, 2011-36 % change Age 2016 2021 2026 2031 2036 2011- 2036 0-4 183,700 203,950 220,400 234,150 249,200 35.7% 5-9 167,150 192,150 214,500 229,850 244,150 46.1% 10-14 156,250 175,000 201,150 222,350 238,250 52.5% 15-19 155,200 166,000 186,650 211,550 233,200 50.3% 20-24 164,450 170,250 183,850 203,350 228,400 38.9% 25-29 180,700 185,450 195,500 207,250 228,600 26.5% 30-34 187,400 202,350 210,250 218,150 232,600 24.1% 35-39 172,900 202,800 220,550 226,300 236,250 36.6% 40-44 166,050 183,350 215,150 231,300 238,300 43.5% Greater 45-49 157,050 172,600 191,100 221,800 238,500 51.9% Western 50-54 150,000 159,450 176,300 193,900 224,450 49.6% Sydney 55-59 140,350 149,050 160,000 176,050 193,450 37.8% 60-64 119,400 136,550 146,400 157,050 173,200 45.1% 0-64 2,100,600 2,298,950 2,521,800 2,733,050 2,958,550 40.8% 65-69 101,750 114,100 131,750 141,400 152,450 49.8% 70-74 73,800 96,950 109,800 126,950 137,050 85.7% 75-79 52,650 68,400 90,850 103,300 120,100 128.1% 80-84 36,050 44,900 59,500 79,500 91,500 153.8% 85+ 36,500 44,150 55,150 72,950 99,100 171.5% 65+ 300,750 368,500 447,050 524,100 600,200 99.6% Total 2,401,350 2,667,450 2,968,850 3,257,150 3,558,750 48.2% Source: NSW Department of Planning and Environment, Population projections, 2016

For a more detailed look at population projections by five year age groups for GWS LGAs and comparative regions, please see WESTIR Limited’s 2016 Census Topic Paper ‘Population of Greater Western Sydney’.

2. Family and relationships

Registered and social marital status

The marital status of older persons provides an insight into their relationships and how they have changed over time. Figure 3 shows the registered social marital status of persons aged 65 years and over in GWS between 2006 and 2016. Most older persons in GWS stated that they were married, increasing from 55.8% of persons aged 65 years and over in 2006 to 58.3% in 2016. The proportion of widowers in this age group declined over the same time period, from 30.2% in 2006 to 23.4% in 2016. The proportion of persons aged 65 years and over in the region identifying with less common marital status categories also increased during this period - separations grew from 2.6% in 2006 to 3.2% in 2016, divorces increased from 7.3% in 2006 to 10.6% in 2016 and those that were never married grew from 4.2% in 2006 to 4.6% in 2016.

Figure 3: Registered marital status, persons aged 65 years and over, GWS, 2006-16

Registered marital status, persons 65 years and over, GWS, 2006-16

70.0 58.3

60.0 57.2 55.8

50.0

40.0 30.2

30.0 26.9

23.4 % % of65+ population

20.0

10.6 9.0

10.0 7.3

4.6

4.2

3.2

2.7 2.6 0.0 Married Separated Divorced Widowed Never married Registered marital status

2006 2011 2016

Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing, Time Series Profile, Table T04

Some LGAs in GWS experienced higher proportions of certain registered marital statuses among older people in 2016 – for example, Campbelltown had the highest proportion of separations (4.1% of persons aged 65 years and over), Blue Mountains had the highest proportion of divorced and never married older people (15.4% and 8.5% respectively) and Cumberland had the highest proportion of widowed older people (25.6%). Overall, the incidence of divorce (+110.4%), separation (+76.5%) and never being married (+54.9%) among persons aged 65 years and over in GWS grew at a faster rate than those that were married (+50.8%) or widowed (+11.8%) between 2006 and 2016 (Please see Appendix A for the full dataset).

The social marital status indicator also illustrates the change in relationship types for older persons in GWS over time, particularly the emergence of relationships not defined in a registered marital category. Figure 4 shows that the proportion of persons aged 65 and over, in GWS, who stated that they were married in a registered marriage remained relatively constant over time (from 57.6% in 2006 to 58.9% in 2016). At the same time, those who stated they were not married declined (from 41.5% in 2006 to 38.4% in 2016) and those married in de facto marriages increased (from 1.0% in 2006 to 2.7%). Between 2006 and 2016, the rate of de facto marriages (+286.4%) among older people in GWS grew at a notably faster rate than those who were married (+47.1%) or not married (+33.2%). This trend could suggest that persons aged 65 years and over in the region are opting for less traditional relationship types following life events such as divorce or the death of their long- term spouse.

Figure 4: Social marital status, persons aged 65 years and over, GWS, 2006-16

Social marital status, persons aged 65 years and over, GWS, 2006- 16 70.0

58.9 58.9 60.0 57.6

50.0 41.4 39.7 38.4 40.0

30.0

20.0 % % of65+ population

10.0 1.0 1.4 2.7 0.0 Married in a registered marriage Married in a de facto marriage Not married Social marital status

2006 2011 2016

Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing, Time Series Profile, Table T04

For the full dataset on the social marital status for persons aged 65 years and over in GWS LGAs and comparative regions between 2006 and 2016, please see Appendix B.

Number of children ever born

The ABS collects data on the number of children ever born to females aged 15 years and over. In 2016, there were 152,567 females aged 65 years and over in GWS collected in this dataset. Most females, aged 65 years and over in GWS, stated that they had two children (29.4%) or four or more children (23.1%). When compared to the region’s 15-64 female parents, females aged 65 years and over were more likely to have two or more children and less likely to have no children or just one child (See Figure 5). For the complete dataset for GWS LGAs and comparative regions, please see Appendix C.

Figure 5: Number of children ever born by age of female parent, GWS, 2016

Number of children ever born by age of female parent, GWS, 2016 40

35 33.4 29.4 30 24.7 25 23.1 22.1

13.8 15 12.8

8.9 8.7 10 7.7 8 7.3

5 % % of female parent population 0 No children 1 child 2 children 3 children 4 or more Not stated children Number of children ever born

15-64 year olds 65 years and over

Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing, General Community Profile, Table G24

Providing unpaid childcare

In 2016, 13.8% of persons aged 65 years and over in GWS provided unpaid child care. Most older persons providing unpaid child care in GWS were caring for children other than their own (12.5%), most likely in a grandparent capacity or similar (See Table 5). The GWS LGA with the highest proportion of persons aged 65 years and over providing unpaid child care was The Hills Shire (21.6% of the 65+ population) and the lowest was Lithgow (8.0%) which is located outside the region (See Appendix D for the full dataset).

Table 5: Unpaid child care by age, GWS, 2016

Unpaid child care by age, GWS, 2016 % of 15-64 year % of 65+ population population Cared for own child/ren only 25.4 1.2 Cared for other child/ren only 5.4 12.5 Cared for own child/ren and other 0.7 0.1 child/ren Cared for child/ren - total 31.5 13.8 Did not provide child care 61.7 76.8 Unpaid child care not stated 6.7 9.4 Total persons in age group 1,539,151 285,055 Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing, General Community Profile, Table G22

Grandparent families

In the ABS Census, families are identified and classified in terms of the relationship that exists between a single family reference person and each other member of the family. Grandparent families are recognised where there is a grandparent-grandchild relationship in a family and no parent-child relationship3.

In 2016, there were 5,656 persons aged 65 years and over in GWS who identified as grandparent carers, accounting for 2.0% of the region’s 65+ population. This was higher than the comparative grandparent carer rate for Greater Sydney (1.5%) and NSW (1.4%). The GWS LGAs with the highest proportion of grandparent carers aged 65 years and over were Campbelltown (2.6%), Blacktown (2.5%), Fairfield and Liverpool (both 2.3%) (See Table 6).

Table 6: Grandparent families, persons aged 65 years and over, GWS and comparative regions, 2016

Grandparent families, persons aged 65 years and over, GWS and comparative regions, 2016 Number of 65+ % 65+ population in Total 65+ Region persons in grandparent persons grandparent families families Blacktown 900 2.5 35,470 Blue Mountains 196 1.3 14,749 Camden 169 2.1 8,205 Campbelltown 481 2.6 18,653 Canterbury-Bankstown 902 1.9 48,316 Cumberland 461 1.9 24,240 Fairfield 636 2.3 27,356 Hawkesbury 174 1.9 9,146 Lithgow 69 1.5 4,482 Liverpool 499 2.3 21,668 Parramatta 349 1.2 28,337 Penrith 485 2.1 22,991 The Hills Shire 284 1.3 21,446 Wingecarribee 123 1.0 12,091 Wollondilly 117 1.8 6,405 Greater Western Sydney 5,656 2.0 286,977 FACS WS District 2,918 1.8 160,861 FACS SWS District 2,927 2.1 142,694 Greater Sydney 10,385 1.5 677,067 Rest of Sydney 4,729 1.2 390,090 NSW 17,689 1.4 1,221,703 Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing 2016, TableBuilder Pro, Counting persons, Place of enumeration

3To read more about the ABS grandparent families indicator, please go to the following link: https://bit.ly/2Hm38Up

Same sex couples

The ABS derives the estimated number of persons in a same-sex couple relationship through the Relationship in Household question in the Census4. In 2016, there were approximately 365 persons aged 65 years and over in GWS that were in a same-sex couple relationship, accounting for only 0.1% of the region’s 65+ population. There were slightly more older persons in a male same-sex couple (196 persons) than a female same-sex couple (169 persons). The GWS LGAs with the highest number of persons aged 65 years and over in a same-sex couples were the Blue Mountains (107 persons), Canterbury- Bankstown (53 persons), Blacktown and Parramatta (both 35 persons) (See Table 7).

Table 7: Same-sex couple indicator, persons aged 65 years and over, GWS and comparative regions, 2016

Same-sex couple indicator, persons aged 65 years and over, GWS and comparative regions, 2016 Number of Number of Total % 65+ 65+ persons 65+ persons number of population Total 65+ Region in a male in a female 65+ persons in a same- persons same-sex same-sex in a same- sex couple couple couple sex couple Blacktown 17 18 35 0.1 35,470 Blue Mountains 55 52 107 0.7 14,749 Camden 0 4 4 0.0 8,205 Campbelltown 8 19 27 0.1 18,653 Canterbury-Bankstown 34 19 53 0.1 48,316 Cumberland 16 5 21 0.1 24,240 Fairfield 6 9 15 0.1 27,356 Hawkesbury 11 8 19 0.2 9,146 Lithgow 5 0 5 0.1 4,482 Liverpool 7 11 18 0.1 21,668 Parramatta 27 8 35 0.1 28,337 Penrith 4 9 13 0.1 22,991 The Hills Shire 12 12 24 0.1 21,446 Wingecarribee 31 14 45 0.4 12,091 Wollondilly 4 0 4 0.1 6,405 Greater Western Sydney 196 169 365 0.1 286,977 FACS WS District 147 112 259 0.2 160,861 FACS SWS District 90 76 166 0.1 142,694 Greater Sydney 895 496 1,391 0.2 677,067 Rest of Sydney 699 327 1,026 0.3 390,090 NSW 1,247 829 2,076 0.2 1,221,703 Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing 2016, TableBuilder Pro, Counting persons, Place of enumeration

Lone person households

In 2016, there were 53,094 persons aged 65 years and over in GWS who were living alone. This equated to 18.5% of the region’s 65+ population, lower than comparative rates in Greater Sydney (21.3%) and NSW (22.5%). The GWS LGA with the highest proportion of

4To read more about how the same-sex couple indicator is derived from the ABS Census, please go to the following link: https://bit.ly/2u0GLvT

20 persons aged 65 years and over living alone was the Blue Mountains (25.4%) and the lowest was The Hills Shire (13.1%) (not including Lithgow and Wingecarribee with the highest rates at 28.6% and 22.8% respectively). When looking across age groups, lone person household rates among persons 65 years and over in GWS were higher than the region’s 15-64 year old population (18.5% compared to 5.3%) (See Table 8).

Table 8: Lone person households by age, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016

Lone person households by age, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016 % of 15-64 65 years 15-64 years % of 65+ Region year and over old (no) population population (no) Blacktown 10,415 4.6 6,145 17.3 Blue Mountains 4,069 8.5 3,748 25.4 Camden 2,132 4.2 1,407 17.1 Campbelltown 6,214 5.9 3,663 19.6 Canterbury-Bankstown 13,015 5.7 9,949 20.6 Cumberland 7,856 5.3 4,742 19.6 Fairfield 5,766 4.3 4,031 14.7 Hawkesbury 2,838 6.7 1,866 20.4 Lithgow 1,414 11.1 1,284 28.6 Liverpool 6,395 4.6 3,586 16.5 Parramatta 10,869 6.7 5,543 19.6 Penrith 8,572 6.5 4,516 19.6 The Hills Shire 2,998 2.9 2,818 13.1 Wingecarribee 2,169 8.1 2,757 22.8 Wollondilly 1,402 4.5 1,089 17.0 Greater Western Sydney 82,538 5.3 53,094 18.5 FACS WS District 49,028 5.6 30,664 19.1 FACS SWS District 37,090 5.2 26,473 18.6 Greater Sydney 233,567 7.0 144,355 21.3 Rest of Sydney 151,029 8.6 91,261 23.4 NSW 391,518 7.9 275,196 22.5 Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing 2016, TableBuilder Pro, Counting persons, Place of enumeration

The Relationship in Household indicator5 can also be explored to indicate the types of household arrangements that older people are living in. Table 9 shows that persons aged 65 years and over in GWS were most likely to be living in a household as an opposite sex couple (53.4%), lone person (18.0%), lone parent (6.5%) or with their father/mother (5.2%). Overall, older persons in GWS were more likely to be living in these types of relationships when compared to their 15-64 year old counterparts.

5To read more about how the relationship in household indicator is derived from the ABS Census, please go to the following link: https://bit.ly/2Hkftbr

Table 9: Relationship in household by age, GWS, 2016

Relationship in household by age, GWS, 2016 % of 15-64 65 years 15-64 years % of 65+ Region year and over old (no) population population (no) Husband, wife or partner, opposite-sex couple 798,709 51.4 153,326 53.4 Lone person 74,258 4.8 51,538 18.0 Lone parent 86,474 5.6 18,663 6.5 Father/mother 8,140 0.5 14,903 5.2 Other non-classifiable relationship 57,301 3.7 10,147 3.5 Visitor from within Australia 35,382 2.3 6,487 2.3 Group household member 46,551 3.0 4,675 1.6 Overseas visitor 17,454 1.1 4,518 1.6 Brother/sister 27,002 1.7 2,234 0.8 Unrelated individual living in family household 31,347 2.0 1,411 0.5 Non-dependent natural, or adopted child 177,361 11.4 758 0.3 Uncle/aunt 1,227 0.1 548 0.2 Grandfather/grandmother 15 0.0 383 0.1 Other related individual 2,268 0.1 306 0.1 Husband, wife or partner, same-sex couple 5,082 0.3 303 0.1 Cousin 3,183 0.2 142 0.0 Nephew/niece 6,029 0.4 34 0.0 Non-dependent step child 13,493 0.9 28 0.0 Non-dependent foster child 127 0.0 16 0.0 Not applicable 20,470 1.3 16,550 5.8 Total population for age group 1,553,042 100.0 286,977 100.0 Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing 2016, TableBuilder Pro, Counting persons, Place of enumeration Please note: The green coloured cells denote percentages that are lower than their corresponding counterpart and the red coloured cells denote percentages that are higher than their corresponding counterpart.

For more data around other household types for the 65+ population in GWS and comparative regions, please contact WESTIR Limited.

3. Housing

Tenure and landlord type

In 2016, 56% of persons aged 65 years and over in GWS owned their dwelling outright, lower than comparative rates for Greater Sydney (58.7%), Rest of Sydney (60.7%) and NSW (60.8%). Persons aged 65 years and over in GWS and other comparative regions were significantly more likely to own their dwelling outright than those under 65 years old (See Figure 6). Approximately 15.7% of persons aged 65 years and over in GWS rented their dwellings, with those aged under 65 years old more likely to rent than their 65 years and over counterparts (See Figure 7).

Appendix E shows the tenure and landlord categories for all GWS LGAs and comparative regions in 2016. Dwelling ownership among persons aged 65 years and over varied across GWS LGAs, from 48.4% in Liverpool LGA to 66.8% in Blue Mountains LGA. Rental rates for persons aged 65 years and over also varied, from 6.3% in The Hills Shire to 21.1% in Fairfield LGA.

Figure 6: Dwelling owned outright by age, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016

Dwelling owned outright by age, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016 70.0 60.7 60.8 57.7 58.7 60.0 56.0 55.2

50.0

40.0

30.0

19.0 20.5 19.1 19.2 20.2

20.0 18.1 % % oftotal population

10.0

0.0 Greater FACS WS FACS SWS Greater Rest of NSW Western District District Sydney Sydney Sydney

15-64 years 65 years and over

Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing 2016, TableBuilder Pro, Counting persons, Place of enumeration

Figure 7: Dwelling rented by age, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016

Dwelling rented by age, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016 40.0 35.0 35.0 33.0 31.2 30.6 30.7 30.1 30.0

25.0

20.0 16.9 15.7 14.0 15.0 13.4 11.7 12.3

10.0 % % oftotal population

5.0

0.0 Greater FACS WS FACS SWS Greater Rest of NSW Western District District Sydney Sydney Sydney

15-64 years 65 years and over

Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing 2016, TableBuilder Pro, Counting persons, Place of enumeration

4. Cultural diversity

Country of birth

Table 10 shows the top ten countries of birth for persons aged 65 years and over in GWS and comparative regions in 2016. Approximately 39.2% of persons aged 65 years and over in GWS were born in Australia. After Australia, the top countries of birth for this age group were England (5.3%), Italy (3.9%), China (3.9%) and Lebanon (3.1%). When compared to Greater Sydney, there were more older people in GWS born in countries such as Vietnam (2.8% GWS compared to 1.4% Greater Sydney), Lebanon (3.1% compared to 1.8%), Philippines (1.9% compared to 1.1%) and India (1.6% compared to 1.2%). Top countries of birth for persons aged 65 years and over also varied for the different FACS regions, with more Australian-born older people in FACS WS District (45.8%) than FACS SWS District (35.1%). For top countries of birth for persons aged 65 years and over in GWS LGAs, please contact WESTIR Limited.

Table 10: Country of birth, persons aged 65 years and over, GWS and comparative regions, 2016

Country of birth, persons aged 65 years and over, GWS and comparative regions, 2016 Greater Western Sydney FACS WS District 65 years and % of 65+ 65 years and % of 65+ Country of birth Country of birth over (no) population over (no) population 1 Australia 111,713 39.2 1 Australia 73,070 45.8 2 England 15,117 5.3 2 England 10,157 6.4 China (excludes 3 Italy 11,225 3.9 3 6,258 3.9 SARs and Taiwan) China (excludes SARs 4 11,108 3.9 4 Malta 4,157 2.6 and Taiwan) 5 Lebanon 8,866 3.1 5 Philippines 3,749 2.4 6 Vietnam 7,933 2.8 6 Italy 3,659 2.3 7 Greece 7,680 2.7 7 India 3,452 2.2 8 Malta 6,106 2.1 8 Lebanon 3,407 2.1 9 Philippines 5,404 1.9 9 Germany 2,373 1.5 10 India 4,509 1.6 10 Sri Lanka 2,018 1.3 Total 65+ population 285,061 100.0 Total 65+ population 159,463 100.0 FACS SWS District Greater Sydney 65 years and % of 65+ 65 years and % of 65+ Country of birth Country of birth over (no) population over (no) population 1 Australia 50,082 35.1 1 Australia 310,301 46.1 China (excludes SARs 2 4,885 5.4 2 England 40,739 6.1 and Taiwan) China (excludes 3 Italy 7,696 4.8 3 26,562 3.9 SARs and Taiwan) 4 England 6,618 4.6 4 Italy 24,662 3.7 5 India 1,108 4.2 5 Greece 18,468 2.7 6 Philippines 1,679 3.8 6 Lebanon 12,010 1.8 7 Malta 1,998 3.4 7 Vietnam 9,551 1.4 8 Scotland 1,216 2.3 8 New Zealand 9,162 1.4 9 New Zealand 1,173 1.6 9 Malta 8,268 1.2 10 Lebanon 5,469 1.4 10 Germany 7,982 1.2 Total 65+ population 142,636 100.0 Total 65+ population 672,561 100.0 Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing 2016, TableBuilder Pro

Language spoken at home

Table 11 shows the top ten languages spoken at home for persons aged 65 years and over in GWS and comparative regions in 2016. Approximately 54.0% of persons aged 65 years and over in GWS spoke English at home. After English, the next most common languages spoken at home were Arabic (4.9%), Italian (3.8%), Greek (3.3%) and Cantonese (3.1%). When compared with Greater Sydney, GWS had a lower proportion of older persons who spoke English at home (54.0% GWS compared to 62.3% Greater Sydney) and a higher proportion of other languages such as Arabic (4.9% compared to 2.8%) and Vietnamese (2.2% compared to 1.1%). Languages spoken at home for persons aged 65 years and over also varied for the different FACS regions, with more English speakers at home in FACS WS District (63.0%) than FACS SWS District (48.0%). For top countries of birth for persons aged 65 years and over in GWS LGAs, please contact WESTIR Limited.

Table 11: Language spoken at home, persons aged 65 years and over, GWS and comparative regions, 2016

Language spoken at home, persons aged 65 years and over, GWS and comparative regions, 2016 Greater Western Sydney FACS WS District Language spoken 65 years and % of 65+ Language spoken 65 years and % of 65+ at home over (no) population at home over (no) population 1 English 154,051 54.0 1 English 100,519 63.0 2 Arabic 13,871 4.9 2 Arabic 5,223 3.3 3 Italian 10,828 3.8 3 Cantonese 4,756 3.0 4 Greek 9,351 3.3 4 Mandarin 3,799 2.4 5 Cantonese 8,908 3.1 5 Italian 3,387 2.1 6 Mandarin 6,849 2.4 6 Maltese 3,117 2.0 7 Vietnamese 6,364 2.2 7 Greek 2,228 1.4 8 Spanish 6,027 2.1 8 Tagalog 2,055 1.3 9 Maltese 4,516 1.6 9 Spanish 1,923 1.2 10 Croatian 3,667 1.3 10 Croatian 1,653 1.0 Total 65+ population 285,061 100.0 Total 65+ population 159,463 100.0 FACS SWS District Greater Sydney Language spoken 65 years and % of 65+ Language spoken 65 years and % of 65+ at home over (no) population at home over (no) population 1 English 68,519 48.0 1 English 419,072 62.3 2 Arabic 8,663 6.1 2 Italian 24,082 3.6 3 Italian 7,558 5.3 3 Greek 22,792 3.4 4 Greek 7,186 5.0 4 Cantonese 21,728 3.2 5 Vietnamese 5,777 4.1 5 Arabic 18,508 2.8 6 Cantonese 4,178 2.9 6 Mandarin 15,869 2.4 7 Spanish 4,131 2.9 7 Spanish 10,157 1.5 8 Mandarin 3,067 2.2 8 Vietnamese 7,406 1.1 Assyrian Neo- 9 2,035 1.4 9 Croatian 6,038 0.9 Aramaic 10 Croatian 2,034 1.4 10 Maltese 5,765 0.9 Total 65+ population 142,636 100.0 Total 65+ population 672,561 100.0 Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing 2016, TableBuilder Pro

Proficiency in spoken English

In 2016, 54.0% of persons aged 65 years and over in GWS spoke English only and 40.2% spoke another language and spoke English at various proficiencies. Of those that spoke another language, 22.4% reported that they spoke English very well or well and 17.4% spoke English not well or not at all. When compared to Greater Sydney, GWS had a lower proportion of persons aged 65 years and over who spoke English only (54.0% GWS compared to 62.3% Greater Sydney) and a higher total proportion of those speaking another language (40.2% GWS compared to 31.3% Greater Sydney) (See Figure 8).

English proficiency varied across the regions making up GWS. In 2016, there was a higher proportion of English-only speakers in the 65+ population of FACS WS District (63.0%) compared to the FACS SWS District (48.0%). Conversely, there was a higher total proportion of the 65+ population that spoke another language in FACS SWS District (46.0%) compared to FACS WS District (31.3%). The proportion of persons aged 65 years and over who spoke another language and spoke English not well or not at all was also notably higher in FACS SWS District (21.8%) compared to FACS WS District (11.6%) (See Figure 8).

On an LGA level, those aged 65 years and over who spoke English only varied from 22.1% in Fairfield to 87.8% in the Blue Mountains (and 89.0% in Wingecarribee which is located outside GWS). The total proportion of persons aged 65 years and over who spoke another language varied from 6.8% in the Blue Mountains (3.8% and 5.1% in Lithgow and Wingecarribee) to 74.0% in Fairfield (See Appendix F for further detail).

Between 2006 and 2016, GWS experienced the following changes in English proficiency among the 65+ population:

• Speaks English only: The proportion of persons aged 65 years and over in GWS who spoke English only declined from 59.1% in 2006, 57.3% in 2011 and 54.0% in 2016. The number of English only speakers aged 65 years and over increased by 37,325 persons or +31.9% between 2006 and 2016. There were two GWS LGAs that experienced a numerical decline in English only speakers aged 65 years and over, that being Canterbury-Bankstown (-1,924 persons; -9.4%) and Cumberland (-511 persons; -5.1%).

• Speaks other language and speaks English – total: The proportion of persons aged 65 years and over in GWS who spoke English and another language increased from 35.2% in 2006, 37.6% in 2011 and 40.2% in 2016. The number of persons aged 65 years and over who spoke English and another language increased by 45,145 persons between 2006 and 2016. Those aged 65 years and over who spoke another language (+64.9%) grew at a faster rate in this time period than English only speakers of the same age (+31.9%) in GWS.

• Speaks other language and various proficiencies in English: The proportion of persons aged 65 years and over in GWS who spoke another language and spoke English very well or well increased from 18.1% in 2006 to 22.4% in 2016, while those that spoke another language and spoke English not well or not at all also increased

from 16.7% in 2006 to 17.4% in 2016. Those aged 65 years and over who spoke another language and spoke English very well or well grew at a faster rate (+78.9%; +28,196 persons) than those of the same age that did not speak English well or at all (+49.5%; +16,392 persons) in GWS during this time period.

A more detailed time series dataset (2006-16) for English proficiency among persons aged 65 years and over in GWS and comparative regions is available in Appendix F.

Figure 8: Proficiency in spoken English/language, persons aged 65 years and over, GWS and comparative regions, 2016

Proficiency in spoken English/language, persons aged 65 years and over, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016

80.0 72.9

70.0 68.4

63.0 62.3

60.0

54.0 48.0

50.0 46.0 40.2

40.0

31.3 31.3

30.0

24.7

23.7

22.4

21.8

19.8

19.3

18.5 17.4

20.0 15.5

% % of65+ population

12.5

12.1

11.6 8.9 10.0 7.4

0.0 Greater FACS WS FACS SWS Greater Sydney Rest of Sydney NSW Western District District Sydney Region Speaks English only Speaks other language and speaks English - total Speaks other language and speaks English very well or well Speaks other language and speaks English not well or not at all

Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing, Time Series Profile, Table T11

Religion

Religion is an important part of the lives of older people. In 2016, persons aged 65 years and over in GWS were more likely to report Christianity as their religion (71.5% of 65+ population) and less likely to identify with non-Christian religions (9.4%) or no religion at all (10.9%). For more information about religious affiliation by age, please see WESTIR Limited’s 2016 Census Topic Paper called ‘Religious affiliation in Greater Western Sydney’.

5. Indigenous status

Indigenous persons are classified as ‘older’ if they are aged 50 years and over (rather than 65 years and over) due to their poorer health outcomes and lower life expectancy compared to non-Indigenous persons.

In 2016, there were 6,496 persons age 50 years and over in GWS that identified as Indigenous. This equates to 1.0% of the 50+ population, higher than rates in Greater Sydney (0.8%) but lower than NSW (1.5%). The Indigenous 50+ population varied across GWS LGAs, from 0.3% in The Hill Shire to 1.8% in Penrith and Hawkesbury. Lithgow LGA, which is outside GWS, reported a higher proportion of Indigenous persons aged 50 years and over at 2.6% (See Figure 9 and Appendix G for full table).

Figure 9: Indigenous status by age, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016

Indigenous status by age, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016

9.0 8.3 8.0 7.0

6.0

4.8 4.7

5.0 4.7 4.0

4.0 3.6

3.3

3.0

2.9 2.6

3.0 2.5

2.2

2.0

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.5 1.5

2.0 1.4

1.3

1.1

1.0

% % oftotal population

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5 0.4

1.0 0.4 0.3 0.0

% of <50 years old population % of 50+ population

Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing, Time Series Profile, Table T06

Table 12 shows how the Indigenous population, aged 50 years and over, has changed over time across GWS LGAs and comparative regions. Since 2006, the number of Indigenous persons aged 50 years and over in GWS increased by 3,399 persons (or +109.8%). The GWS LGAs with the largest numerical increases between 2006 and 2016 were Blacktown (+652 persons) and Penrith (+634 persons). This trend could be due to a variety of factors. Firstly, persons in GWS may be increasingly identifying with their indigeneity, although identification of Indigenous status may still be underreported due to the historical mistrust of Aboriginal communities with data collection by government institutions. Other factors, such as better health outcomes and subsequent higher life expectancies, are also suspected to play a role in the rise of older Indigenous persons over time.

Table 12: Indigenous status, persons aged 50 years and over, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2006-16

Indigenous status, persona aged 50 years and over, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2006-16 Indigenous persons 50 Change over time years and over

5 year 5 year 10 year 10 year change change change change 2006 2011 2016 (2011-16) (2011-16) (2006-16) (2006-16) (no) (%) (no) (%) Blacktown 720 979 1,372 393 40.1 652 90.6 Blue Mountains 141 222 341 119 53.6 200 141.8 Camden 77 136 262 126 92.6 185 240.3 Campbelltown 351 561 815 254 45.3 464 132.2 Canterbury-Bankstown 330 433 524 91 21.0 194 58.8 Cumberland 215 275 316 41 14.9 101 47.0 Fairfield 157 231 292 61 26.4 135 86.0 Hawkesbury 120 210 387 177 84.3 267 222.5 Lithgow 97 147 237 90 61.2 140 144.3 Liverpool 282 411 507 96 23.4 225 79.8 Parramatta 154 202 268 66 32.7 114 74.0 Penrith 392 647 1,026 379 58.6 634 161.7 The Hills Shire 54 91 136 45 49.5 82 151.9 Wingecarribee 63 128 185 57 44.5 122 193.7 Wollondilly 104 167 250 83 49.7 146 140.4 Greater Western Sydney 3,097 4,565 6,496 1,931 42.3 3,399 109.8 FACS WS District 1,893 2,773 4,083 1,310 47.2 2,190 115.7 FACS SWS District 1,364 2,067 2,835 768 37.2 1,471 107.8 Greater Sydney 5,584 8,338 11,791 3,453 41.4 6,207 111.2 Rest of Sydney 2,487 3,773 5,295 1,522 40.3 2,808 112.9 NSW 17,748 26,169 37,978 11,809 45.1 20,230 114.0 Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing, Time Series Profile, Table T06

6. Education

Highest year of school completed

Table 13 shows the highest year of school completed by age for GWS LGAs and comparative regions in 2016. The table shows persons aged 65 years and over in GWS were less likely to have completed Year 12 or equivalent compared to their 15-64 year old counterparts (27.7% compared to 61.7%). Conversely, persons aged 65 years and over in GWS were more likely to have completed Year 10 or equivalent compared to their 15-64 year old counterparts (24.1% compared to 18.6%) and were also more likely to have only completed schooling equivalent to Year 8 or below (17.1% for those aged 65 years and over compared to 3.1% aged 15-64 years old). Persons aged 65 years and over in GWS were also more likely to not have gone to school compared to their 15-64 year old counterparts (5.4% compared to 1.5%). The trends in educational attainment among younger and older age groups reflect the changes in policy and legislation that have occurred over time, including the age in which certain generations have been able to leave school for work and the changing requirements in apprenticeships for young people.

Non-school qualifications

Table 14 shows the non-school qualification by age of those with a qualification for GWS LGAs and comparative regions in 2016. The dataset excludes qualifications out of the scope of the Australian Standard Classification of Education (ASCED) and overseas visitors.

In 2016, there were 125,085 persons aged 65 years and over in GWS who held a non- school qualification. Most held a certificate level qualification (33.3% of those aged 65 years and over) followed by a bachelor degree level qualification (15.8%). Approximately 4.5% of persons aged 65 years and over in GWS held a postgraduate degree qualification. When compared to the 15-64 year old cohort, persons aged 65 years and over in GWS were less likely to have a postgraduate or bachelor degree level qualification and more likely to hold a certificate level qualification. The trends in non-school qualifications among different age groups may reflect the occupations and industries that a large proportion of older people worked in during their working lives (such as manual trades and manufacturing), as well as the changes to qualifications needed for particular professions since the mid 1970’s (Please see Section 7 for more information about occupation and industry of employment).

Table 13: Highest year of school completed by age, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016

Highest year of school completed by age, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016 Highest year of Year 12 or equivalent Year 11 or equivalent Year 10 or equivalent Year 9 or equivalent Year 8 or below Did not go to school Total persons school not stated % of 15-64 % of 15-64 % of 15-64 % of 15-64 % of 15-64 % of 15-64 % of 15-64 15-64 % of 65+ % of 65+ % of 65+ % of 65+ % of 65+ % of 65+ % of 65+ 65 years Region year year year year year year year years old population population population population population population population and over population population population population population population population (no) Blacktown 62.6 27.3 4.9 2.7 18.8 24.2 3.8 11.7 2.7 18.3 0.8 3.5 6.5 12.2 212,458 34,702 Blue Mountains 62.2 41.8 5.6 4.5 22.8 27.6 2.9 10.0 1.0 5.6 0.2 0.4 5.3 10.2 44,968 15,014 Camden 54.2 20.3 6.5 2.9 28.1 31.8 4.2 16.4 1.6 12.8 0.3 1.6 5.2 14.2 48,306 8,239 Campbelltown 53.7 24.4 6.1 2.9 24.7 28.3 5.2 14.3 2.8 13.5 0.7 2.5 6.8 14.0 99,009 18,502 Canterbury-Bankstown 65.1 24.1 4.1 2.2 15.0 20.7 3.1 10.1 3.8 22.9 1.9 8.3 7.1 11.8 214,384 48,153 Cumberland 65.1 25.3 3.9 2.0 13.4 21.1 3.0 10.2 4.6 20.8 3.2 8.5 6.8 12.2 140,421 24,048 Fairfield 55.9 22.8 4.7 1.8 15.8 16.2 5.0 7.8 7.3 26.1 5.3 14.2 6.1 11.1 125,135 27,355 Hawkesbury 44.8 24.3 7.0 3.9 33.9 29.5 5.4 16.1 2.1 13.2 0.2 1.1 6.6 12.1 40,214 9,212 Lithgow 33.0 18.7 7.1 3.7 35.4 30.5 6.7 15.5 3.3 14.3 0.2 0.6 14.3 17.0 12,220 4,647 Liverpool 59.4 23.2 4.9 2.2 17.9 21.9 3.8 10.4 3.8 21.8 2.0 7.6 8.2 12.8 128,235 21,278 Parramatta 76.2 38.9 2.9 3.4 9.5 23.8 1.6 10.2 1.3 9.9 0.9 3.4 7.7 10.5 150,166 27,479 Penrith 48.9 21.3 6.4 3.1 29.3 29.6 5.1 15.1 2.4 16.2 0.4 1.9 7.5 12.9 124,977 22,876 The Hills Shire 76.0 41.6 3.7 4.0 14.2 27.8 1.5 10.2 0.7 7.8 0.3 1.6 3.5 7.0 95,364 21,217 Wingecarribee 52.0 39.8 6.4 5.2 27.8 26.4 4.3 10.1 1.6 6.3 0.2 0.5 7.6 11.7 25,216 12,385 Wollondilly 44.5 20.5 6.8 3.5 35.1 32.0 5.2 16.8 1.8 12.7 0.2 0.8 6.5 13.7 29,544 6,454 Greater Western Sydney 61.7 27.7 4.8 2.8 18.6 24.1 3.6 11.3 3.1 17.1 1.5 5.4 6.7 11.7 1,453,181 284,529 FACS WS District 63.6 31.0 4.6 3.2 18.4 25.7 3.3 11.7 2.4 13.9 1.0 3.2 6.6 11.2 820,788 159,195 FACS SWS District 58.4 24.7 5.0 2.6 19.4 22.6 4.1 10.9 4.0 19.6 2.1 7.2 6.9 12.3 669,829 142,366 Greater Sydney 68.2 34.3 4.2 3.4 15.1 23.3 2.6 10.3 2.0 13.2 1.0 3.5 7.0 12.1 3,086,699 671,509 Rest of Sydney 73.9 39.2 3.6 3.8 12.0 22.7 1.7 9.5 1.1 10.3 0.4 2.1 7.3 12.4 1,633,518 386,980 NSW 60.6 28.8 5.2 3.7 20.1 26.0 3.6 12.6 2.2 13.3 0.7 2.3 7.5 13.3 4,613,324 1,214,501 Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing, General Community Profile, Table G16 Please note: Excludes persons with a qualification out of the scope of the Australian Standard Classification of Education (ASCED). Excludes overseas visitors.

Table 14: Non-school qualification by age with a qualification, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016

Non-school qualification by age of those with a qualification, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016 Graduate Diploma and Level of education Postgraduate Degree Advanced Diploma and Graduate Certificate Bachelor Degree Level Certificate Level inadequately described Total persons Level Diploma Level Level / not stated % of 15-64 % of 15-64 % of 15-64 % of 15-64 % of 15-64 % of 15-64 15-64 % of 65+ % of 65+ % of 65+ % of 65+ % of 65+ % of 65+ 65 years Region year year year year year year years old population population population population population population and over population population population population population population (no) Blacktown 10.1 4.2 2.1 1.4 28.4 17.6 16.1 11.1 29.4 32.7 13.9 33.0 132,710 14,729 Blue Mountains 10.1 8.6 4.9 4.2 27.2 20.7 17.0 17.7 31.3 27.4 9.5 21.5 33,186 9,784 Camden 5.5 3.1 2.5 1.8 21.1 10.8 18.2 11.8 41.7 39.1 10.9 33.4 31,031 4,034 Campbelltown 7.6 3.1 1.9 1.4 20.8 11.7 16.4 11.3 38.0 37.7 15.4 34.7 57,957 8,537 Canterbury-Bankstown 9.8 3.2 2.1 1.4 28.7 13.2 17.3 10.9 26.3 34.2 15.9 37.1 125,987 17,445 Cumberland 12.0 3.6 2.0 1.3 30.6 15.6 16.7 11.1 22.6 31.4 16.0 37.0 81,114 8,942 Fairfield 4.3 1.8 1.3 0.8 24.3 12.0 18.8 10.5 33.4 35.4 17.9 39.5 56,783 8,398 Hawkesbury 4.3 3.8 2.3 2.3 16.3 12.6 16.2 14.2 47.5 36.5 13.4 30.2 25,778 4,613 Lithgow 2.4 1.9 1.9 1.5 11.5 10.4 11.8 10.7 45.9 34.6 26.5 40.5 7,638 2,285 Liverpool 6.4 2.7 1.6 1.2 23.7 11.8 17.8 10.8 32.5 34.9 18.0 38.5 74,490 8,278 Parramatta 18.3 6.9 2.9 2.7 36.7 22.0 13.4 15.6 15.5 27.5 13.1 25.3 110,426 14,623 Penrith 5.5 3.0 1.9 1.5 18.3 10.9 15.9 11.2 42.7 38.8 15.7 34.8 74,667 10,041 The Hills Shire 14.2 7.2 3.3 3.0 36.1 22.8 16.7 17.6 22.1 30.5 7.7 19.0 69,659 12,391 Wingecarribee 6.9 7.3 3.5 3.1 21.7 20.6 15.5 17.5 38.3 27.0 14.1 24.5 17,471 7,726 Wollondilly 4.3 2.8 2.2 1.6 15.7 10.7 16.1 12.0 48.4 40.7 13.2 32.6 19,217 3,270 Greater Western Sydney 9.9 4.5 2.3 1.9 27.4 15.8 16.5 12.9 29.7 33.3 14.4 31.6 893,005 125,085 FACS WS District 11.6 5.4 2.6 2.3 29.1 18.1 15.7 14.0 27.6 31.6 13.4 28.6 535,178 77,408 FACS SWS District 7.2 3.4 2.0 1.6 24.3 13.3 17.4 11.9 33.2 34.8 15.9 35.1 382,936 57,688 Greater Sydney 12.6 7.0 2.9 2.5 32.7 19.3 15.1 14.1 23.5 28.3 13.2 28.9 2,099,255 345,402 Rest of Sydney 14.6 8.4 3.4 2.9 36.6 21.2 14.1 14.8 18.9 25.4 12.4 27.3 1,206,250 220,317 NSW 10.1 5.4 2.9 2.3 28.4 16.2 14.9 13.5 29.5 30.7 14.3 31.8 3,082,329 619,806 Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing, General Community Profile, Table G46

7. An ageing workforce

Labour force status

Labour force status data looks at those in the population who are employed6, unemployed7 or not in the labour force at all (For all datasets for GWS LGAs and comparative regions, please see Appendix H to Appendix J). ABS Census data reveals the following labour force characteristics for persons aged 65 years and over in GWS:

Employment

In 2016, there were 31,980 persons aged 65 years and over in GWS who were employed. The employment rate8 for the GWS 65+ population in 2016 was 11.2%. lower than comparative rates for Greater Sydney (13.0%) and NSW (12.0%). The 65+ employment rate varied across GWS LGAs, from 7.3% in Fairfield to 19.0% in The Hills Shire. The variation in the 65+ employment rate across the region is likely associated with certain occupation and industry types. This is explored further in the following sections.

Between 2006 and 2016, the number of employed persons aged 65 years and over in GWS increased by 17,987 persons (or +128.5%). The 65+ employment rate increased from 7.1% in 2006 to 11.2% in 2016. All GWS LGAs and comparative regions reported an increase in employed persons aged 65 years and over, suggesting that more older persons are remaining in the workforce over time.

Unemployment

There were 1,027 persons aged 65 years and over in GWS in 2016 who were unemployed. The unemployment rate9 for the GWS 65+ population in 2016 was 3.1%. Between 2006 and 2016, the number of unemployed persons aged 65 years and over in GWS increased by 622 persons (or +153.6%). The 65+ unemployment rate in GWS fluctuated over the ten year period, from 2.8% in 2006, 2.7% in 2011 and then up to 3.1% in 2016. The increasing unemployment among persons aged 65 and over in GWS may also reflect the intention of older persons in the region to continue being in the workforce in a full-time or part-time capacity. The reasons for continuing work may include personal choice, cost of living pressures or changes to government policy or incentives.

Labour force participation

In 2016, the total labour force10 for persons aged 65 years and over in GWS was 32,948 persons. The labour force participation rate11 for the GWS 65+ population was 11.6%, up

6Employed includes those who worked full-time, part-time and those who were away from work. 7Unemployed includes those who were looking for both full-time and part-time work. 8Employment rate is the number of employed persons expressed as a percentage of the total number of persons in the age group (in this case, 65 years and over). 9Unemployment rate is the number of unemployed persons expressed as a percentage of the total labour force in the age group (in this case, 65 years and over). 10Total labour force is the total number of employed and unemployed persons in a specified region. 11Labour force participation rate is the number of persons in the labour force expressed as a percentage of the total labour force in the age group (in this case, 65 years and over).

33 from 7.3% in 2006 and 9.9% in 2011. It should be noted that there were a large number of persons aged 65 years and over in GWS in 2016 who were not in the labour force (231,647; 81.3% of the GWS population), reflecting a high proportion of this age group who are retired from the workforce.

Industry of employment

Table 15 shows the industry of employment for employed persons in GWS in 2016. The top five industries of employed persons aged 65 years and over in GWS were health care and social assistance (13.7% of 65+ employed population), education and training (9.6%), manufacturing (8.3%), transport, postal and warehousing (7.9%) and retail trade (7.9%). When compared to the 15-64 years old employed population, employed persons aged 65 years and over had a higher proportion of workers (as a proportion of the total population for the age bracket) in the top four industries of employment, as well as industries such as professional, scientific and technical services and rental, hiring and real estate services.

Table 15: Industry of employment by age of employed persons, GWS, 2016

Industry of employment by age of employed persons, GWS, 2016 % of 15-64 % of 65+ 15-64 year year 65 years and Industry employed olds employed over population population Health Care and Social Assistance 112,844 11.5 4,382 13.7 Education and Training 72,294 7.4 3,067 9.6 Manufacturing 75,834 7.7 2,656 8.3 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 62,766 6.4 2,528 7.9 Retail Trade 100,934 10.3 2,527 7.9 Construction 95,575 9.7 2,479 7.8 Professional, Scientific and Technical 63,302 6.4 2,160 6.8 Services Public Administration and Safety 57,022 5.8 1,751 5.5 Other Services 37,610 3.8 1,383 4.3 Wholesale Trade 38,618 3.9 1,193 3.7 Accommodation and Food Services 61,143 6.2 994 3.1 Administrative and Support Services 61,143 6.2 994 3.1 Financial and Insurance Services 50,379 5.1 848 2.7 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 14,966 1.5 685 2.1 Arts and Recreation Services 12,602 1.3 418 1.3 Information Media and 18,608 1.9 354 1.1 Telecommunications Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste 9,325 0.9 210 0.7 Services Mining 1,963 0.2 52 0.2 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 5,470 0.6 561 0.0 Inadequately described/Not stated 57,899 5.9 2,346 7.3 Total employed population 983,049 100.0 31,956 100.0 Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing 2016, General Community Profile, Table G51 Please note: The green coloured cells denote percentages that are lower than their corresponding counterpart and the red coloured cells denote percentages that are higher than their corresponding counterpart.

The industries of employment for persons aged 65 years and over varied across GWS LGAs in 2016. It also appears that certain industry types were strongly related to the employment rates for older persons in the region. For example, The Hills Shire, which had the highest employment rate for older persons in GWS, had the highest proportion of its 65+ population working in highly skilled professions such as professional, scientific and technical services (11.4%) and financial services (4.1%). Conversely, Fairfield, which had the lowest employment rate for older persons in GWS, had the highest proportion of its 65+ population in manual professions such as manufacturing (13.1%) and construction (9.9%). The reasons for this result are discussed in the next section. For the full dataset on industry of employment by age for GWS LGAs and other comparative regions in 2016, please contact WESTIR Limited.

Occupation

The ABS also collects data on the occupation of employed persons aged 15 years and over. In 2016, most employed residents aged 65 years and over in GWS stated their occupation as professionals (19.4%), followed by clerical and administrative workers (17.9%) and managers (12.2%). Approximately 11.7% were technical and trade workers, 10.7% were labourers and 10.5% were machine operators and drivers. When compared to the 15-64 years old employed population, employed persons aged 65 years and over in GWS were more likely to be managers (12.2% compared to 10.8%), clerical and administrative workers (17.9% compared to 15.6%), machine operators and drivers (10.5% compared to 8.7%) and labourers (10.7% compared to 9.7%) (See Figure 10).

Figure 10: Occupation by age of employed persons, GWS, 2016

Occupation by age of employed persons, GWS, 2016

3.0 Inadequately described / not stated 2.1

10.7 Labourers 9.7

10.5 Machine operators and drivers 8.7

7.3 Sales workers 9.4

17.9 Clerical and administrative workers 15.6

7.1 Community and personal service workers 10.0

11.7 Technician and trade workers 13.7

19.4 Professionals 20.0

12.2 Managers 10.8

0 5 10 15 20 25 % of employed population

65 years and over 15-64 years olds

Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing, General Community Profile, G57

It is interesting to explore the occupation distribution for residents aged 65 years and over across GWS LGAs with varying rates of employment in 2016. As previously discussed, the GWS LGA with the highest number of employed older residents was The Hills Shire (19.0%) while the LGA with the lowest number of employed older residents was Fairfield (7.3%). When exploring the occupation distribution of these two LGAs, The Hills Shire had a much higher proportion of employed residents aged 65 years and over who were professionals (27.8%) and managers (18.1%) compared to Fairfield (10.6% and 12.2% respectively). Conversely, Fairfield had much higher proportions of employed persons aged 65 years and over who were technician and trade workers (16.0%), machine operators and drivers (14.1%) and labourers (16.6%) compared to The Hills Shire (8.7%, 5.0% and 5.6% respectively) (See Figure 11). Much like results for industries of employment, the differences in occupation distribution goes some way to explaining why 65+ employment rates are higher in some GWS LGAs and lower in others. In this instance, older persons with less physical professions in The Hills Shire, may be able to stay in the workforce for longer when compared to older persons in Fairfield who may only be able to do more manual professions for as long as they are physically able.

Figure 11: Occupation, persons aged 65 years and over, selected GWS LGAs, 2016

Occupation, persons aged 65 years and over, selected GWS LGAs, 2016 30.0 27.8

25.0

19.1 20.0 18.1 16.0 16.6 14.4 15.0 14.1 12.2 10.6 10.0 8.7 8.7

% % of65+ population 6.5 6.1 5.6 4.5 5.0 5.0 3.9 2.5

0.0 Managers Professionals Technician Community Clerical and Sales workers Machine Labourers Inadequately and trade and personal administrative operators and described / workers service workers drivers not stated workers

Fairfield LGA The Hills Shire LGA

Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing, General Community Profile, G57

For the full dataset on occupation by age of employed persons for GWS LGAs and comparative regions, please contact WESTIR Limited.

Total personal income (weekly)

Figure 12 and Table 16 shows the total weekly personal income for persons aged 65 and over in GWS in 2016. In 2016, most persons aged 65 years and over in GWS (55.5%) had a total personal income between $1-$499 per week, followed by 17.8% that earned $500-$999 per week. Approximately 8.8% of persons aged 65 years and over earned $1,500 or more per week. Persons aged 65 years and over in GWS were more likely to earn less than $500 per week than their 15-64 year old counterparts. This most probably reflects the large proportion of the 65+ population on social security benefits such as the age pension (for more information, please see ‘Section 8 – Social Security’).

Figure 12: Total personal income (weekly) by age, GWS, 2016

Total personal income (weekly) by age, GWS, 2016

60.0 55.5

50.0

40.0

30.0 23.0 24.1

20.0 17.8 16.4 13.4 % % oftotal population 10.7 9.0 10.0 7.3 6.9 7.2 5.1 2.0 1.7 0.0 Negative/nil $1-$499 $500-$999 $1000-$1499 $1500-$1999 $2000 or Personal income more income not stated

% of 15-64 year population % of 65+ population

Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing 2016, General Community Profile, Table G17

Table 16: Total personal income (weekly) by age, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016

Total personal income (weekly) by age, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016 Personal income not Negative/nil income $1-$499 $500-$999 $1000-$1499 $1500-$1999 $2000 or more Total persons stated % of 15-64 % of 15-64 % of 15-64 % of 15-64 % of 15-64 % of 15-64 % of 15-64 15-64 % of 65+ % of 65+ % of 65+ % of 65+ % of 65+ % of 65+ % of 65+ 65 years Region year year year year year year year years old population population population population population population population and over population population population population population population population (no) Blacktown 13.3 8.6 21.0 57.3 25.2 16.3 18.0 4.4 9.3 1.6 6.3 1.1 6.9 10.8 225,535 34,763 Blue Mountains 9.5 3.1 22.6 46.3 23.2 26.1 16.2 7.6 12.2 2.8 10.5 2.6 5.9 11.5 47,812 15,017 Camden 9.8 6.0 17.7 49.1 23.8 19.8 20.3 6.1 12.9 2.5 9.7 2.1 5.9 14.5 51,276 8,249 Campbelltown 12.2 5.7 23.3 55.8 27.4 18.2 17.4 5.1 8.1 1.7 4.5 1.2 7.1 12.1 104,630 18,525 Canterbury-Bankstown 15.2 7.5 25.9 60.3 24.6 15.6 14.5 3.7 7.0 1.3 5.1 1.0 7.7 10.7 227,021 48,246 Cumberland 16.2 8.7 26.1 59.8 24.8 15.3 14.3 3.9 6.7 1.2 4.4 0.9 7.5 10.3 147,598 24,116 Fairfield 15.6 7.8 32.0 66.9 25.2 11.7 12.8 2.8 5.0 1.0 2.7 0.8 6.7 9.0 133,441 27,439 Hawkesbury 9.2 5.1 20.2 48.8 25.6 22.4 18.5 7.1 11.0 2.6 7.7 2.4 7.8 11.5 42,499 9,221 Lithgow 8.8 3.0 27.2 56.8 23.1 18.8 12.8 4.2 6.8 1.0 7.0 1.3 14.3 14.9 12,850 4,649 Liverpool 13.6 7.8 24.3 58.2 24.2 14.9 16.1 3.8 8.1 1.4 5.1 1.3 8.6 12.6 136,703 21,325 Parramatta 14.6 8.7 18.6 48.2 20.2 20.9 17.0 6.5 11.3 3.0 10.4 2.6 8.0 10.0 156,999 27,547 Penrith 9.9 5.7 20.0 54.9 25.9 18.8 19.5 5.5 10.3 2.2 6.3 1.6 8.1 11.4 131,865 22,911 The Hills Shire 12.9 8.7 17.8 41.4 18.7 24.4 16.3 9.4 12.6 4.5 17.3 4.7 4.4 6.9 102,397 21,231 Wingecarribee 9.6 4.2 22.1 43.5 25.9 24.3 15.2 8.3 9.3 3.9 9.2 4.6 8.4 11.3 27,089 12,385 Wollondilly 9.8 4.9 19.5 52.9 24.8 19.6 17.9 6.1 11.5 2.1 9.3 2.0 7.2 12.2 31,375 6,465 Greater Western Sydney 13.4 7.3 23.0 55.5 24.1 17.8 16.4 5.1 9.0 2.0 6.9 1.7 7.2 10.7 1,539,151 285,055 FACS WS District 13.0 7.4 21.0 52.1 23.4 19.7 17.0 6.0 10.0 2.4 8.4 2.1 7.2 10.4 867,555 159,455 FACS SWS District 13.6 6.6 25.6 58.2 25.2 16.6 15.3 4.5 7.6 1.6 5.3 1.5 7.4 11.1 587,682 125,958 Greater Sydney 12.4 6.3 20.1 47.8 22.4 20.2 16.2 6.8 10.2 3.3 12.0 4.2 7.5 11.5 3,251,132 672,561 Rest of Sydney 11.4 5.5 17.5 42.2 20.8 21.9 16.0 8.1 11.4 4.2 16.5 6.0 7.7 12.1 1,711,981 387,506 NSW 11.1 4.8 22.1 50.1 23.3 20.6 15.7 6.2 9.6 2.6 10.2 3.2 8.0 12.5 4,866,045 1,215,926 Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing 2016, General Community Profile, Table G17

38 Volunteering

In 2016, 11.9% of persons aged 65 years and over in GWS stated that they had volunteered for an organisation or group in the last 12 months. The proportion of persons aged 65 years and over who volunteered in GWS (11.9%) was lower than the proportion of persons aged 15-64 years who volunteered (14.4%). There were a higher proportion of persons aged 65 years and over in the FACS WS District who volunteered (14.4%) than FACS SWS District (10.7%). The proportion of persons aged 65 years and over who volunteered in GWS (11.9%) was lower than the rate for Greater Sydney (14.6%), Rest of Sydney (16.6%) and NSW (17.3%) (See Figure 13).

Figure 13: Volunteered for an organisation or group in the last 12 months by age, GWS and comparative regions, 2016

Volunteered for an organisation or group in the last 12 months by age, GWS and comparative regions, 2016 25.0

19.5 20.0 18.3 17.1 17.3 16.1 16.6 14.4 14.4 14.6 15.0 12.6 11.9 10.7

10.0 % of% population 5.0

0.0 Greater FACS WS FACS SWS Greater Sydney Rest of Sydney NSW Western District District Sydney

15-64 year olds 65 years and over

Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing 2016, General Community Profile, Table G19

Figure 14 shows the proportion of persons aged 65 years and over who volunteered over the last 12 months across the GWS LGAs (including Lithgow and Wingecarribee) in 2016. The LGA with the highest proportion of persons aged 65 years and over who volunteered was Blue Mountains LGA (25.8% of 65+ population) and the lowest rate was in Fairfield (6.2%). Volunteer rates for persons aged 65 years and over in Lithgow (19.4%) and Wingecarribee (25.9%) were higher than most comparative GWS LGAs.

39 Figure 14: Volunteered for an organisation or group in the last 12 months by age, GWS LGAs (including Lithgow and Wingecarribee), 2016

Volunteered for an organisation or group in the last 12 months by age, GWS LGAs (including Lithgow and Wingecarribee), 2016

30.0

25.9

25.8 25.1

25.0

22.4

22.3

19.4

18.9

18.4

18.4 18.0

20.0 17.9

17.2

16.4

15.9

15.8

15.1

14.7 13.6

15.0 13.5

12.3

11.6

11.5

11.4

10.0

9.5

8.6 8.5

10.0 8.1 6.2

% of% population 5.0

0.0

Penrith

Lithgow

Fairfield

Camden

Liverpool

Wollondilly

Blacktown

Parramatta

Cumberland

Hawkesbury

Campbelltown

Wingecarribee

The Hills The Shire

Blue Mountains Blue Canterbury-Bankstown

15-64 year olds 65 years and over

Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing 2016, General Community Profile, Table G19 8. Social security

The Australian Government provides an Age Pension as a means of income support to older Australians who need it, while encouraging pensioners to maximise their overall incomes. The Age Pension is paid to people who meet age and residency requirements, subject to an income and assets test. The pension age for men and women born from 1 July 1952 will be gradually increased from 65 to 67 years by 1 July 2023. For more information on the eligibility requirements for the Age Pension, visit the Department of Social Services (DSS) website.

Persons of age pension age may also be entitled to a Commonwealth Seniors Health Card. This is a concession card to get cheaper health care and some discounts. The eligibility basics for the card holder is that they must be over pension age, they are unable to get a payment from Department of Human Services (DHS) or the Department of Veterans’ Affairs, they must be under the income test limit, and they must meet residence rules. For more information on the eligibility requirements for the Commonwealth Seniors Health Card, visit the Department of Human Services (DHS) website.

Table 17 shows the number of recipients receiving the age pension and Commonwealth Seniors Health Card across the GWS LGAs in September 2018. There were approximately 200,503 persons receiving the age pension and 23,768 persons who had a Commonwealth Seniors Health Card in GWS in September 2018. The LGAs with the highest number of age

40 pension recipients were Canterbury-Bankstown12 (36,039 recipients), Blacktown (26,240 recipients) and Fairfield (22,563 recipients). The LGAs with the highest number of Commonwealth Seniors Health Card holders were The Hills Shire (5,082 card holders) and Parramatta (2,323 card holders).

Between September 2013 and September 2018, the number of age pension recipients in GWS grew by 12,223 (or +6.5%) and the number of Commonwealth Seniors Health Card holders grew by 7.402 (or +45.2%). Trends for DSS payments on an LGA level are available through WESTIR Ltd or can be found on the www.data.gov.au website.

Table 17: Social Security Payments for Older Persons, GWS LGAs (including Lithgow and Wingecarribee), September 2018

Social Security Payments for Older Persons, GWS LGAs (including Lithgow and Wingecarribee), September 2018 Commonwealth Seniors LGA Age Pension Health Card Auburn* 5,602 564 Bankstown* 20,117 1,976 Blacktown 26,240 2,013 Blue Mountains 9,609 1,741 Camden 6,029 814 Campbelltown 14,045 1,012 Canterbury* 15,922 1,563 Fairfield 22,563 1,092 Hawkesbury 5,658 1,043 Holroyd* 10,043 1,074 Lithgow 3,395 301 Liverpool 16,221 1,289 Parramatta* 14,480 2,323 Penrith 16,558 1,512 The Hills Shire 13,097 5,082 Wingecarribee 6,888 1,766 Wollondilly 4,319 670 Greater Western Sydney 200,503 23,768 Source: DSS Payment Demographic Data, www.data.gov.au *Data collected based on pre-2016 amalgamation LGA boundaries

MAP: AGE PENSION RECIPIENTS

Map 3 illustrates the number of age pension recipients across Greater Sydney in September 2018. The map confirms that the highest number of age care recipients are concentrated around the Canterbury-Bankstown, Fairfield and Cumberland LGAs. There is also a concentration of age pension recipients in the mid-Blue Mountains (roughly around Springwood and Winmalee) which most likely reflects both the high number of older people in the general community as well as those living in the large number of age care facilities located in this area.

12DSS still collects payment data based on pre-2016 amalgamation LGA boundaries. Figures for Canterbury-Bankstown are the sum of both Bankstown and Canterbury LGA data.

Map 3: Age pension recipients, Greater Sydney, September 2018

9. Need for assistance

Core activity need for assistance

In 2016, 64,916 persons aged 65 years and over in GWS that stated they needed assistance with core activities (that is, self-care, body movement or communication). This equated to 22.8% of the region’s 65+ population, higher than the comparative need for assistance rates in Greater Sydney (19.8%), Rest of Sydney (17.6%) and NSW (18.1%). There was a higher proportion of persons aged 65 years and over in the FACS SWS District (25.2%) who stated that they needed assistance compared to the FACS WS District (19.7%). The GWS LGA with the highest proportion of persons aged 65 years and over needing assistance was Fairfield (33.6%) and the lowest was The Hills Shire (13.2%) (See Table 18). In addition to occupation type factors, the need for assistance rate in these GWS LGAs may partly explain why some older people in these areas are still in the labour force while others are not.

The number of persons aged 65 years and over needing assistance with core activities increased from 40,039 persons in 2006 to 64,916 persons in 2016. This was an increase of 24,877 persons or 38.3% in this ten-year period. All GWS LGAs experienced an increase in the number of persons aged 65 years and over since 2006, with the numerical increases occurring in Canterbury-Bankstown (+4,679 persons) and Fairfield (+3,859 persons) (See Table 19).

For more information on need for assistance by age and other variables, please see WESTIR Ltd’s 2016 Census Topic Paper ‘Disability and need for assistance with core activities in GWS‘.

Table 18: Core Activity Need for Assistance by age, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016

Core Activity Need for Assistance by age, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016 Does not have need for Need for assistance not Has need for assistance Total persons assistance stated Less 65 years % of <65 % of <65 % of <65 Less than than 65 and % of 65+ % of 65+ % of 65+ 65 years Region year year year 65 years years over population population population and over population population population old old (no) (no) Blacktown 9,348 3.1 7,942 22.8 91.1 70.1 5.8 7.0 302,202 34,763 Blue Mountains 2,109 3.4 2,107 14.0 91.7 79.3 4.9 6.6 61,881 15,017 Camden 1,820 2.6 1,516 18.4 92.5 74.6 4.9 7.1 69,979 8,249 Campbelltown 5,707 4.1 3,509 18.9 89.7 71.9 6.2 9.1 138,492 18,525 Canterbury-Bankstown 10,000 3.4 13,113 27.2 90.2 65.8 6.5 7.0 298,058 48,246 Cumberland 6,047 3.2 6,452 26.8 90.7 66.5 6.2 6.8 191,964 24,116 Fairfield 7,688 4.5 9,214 33.6 90.2 60.9 5.3 5.6 171,374 27,439 Hawkesbury 1,610 2.9 1,460 15.8 91.1 76.1 6.1 8.1 55,369 9,221 Lithgow 677 4.1 724 15.6 83.4 73.3 12.6 11.5 16,441 4,649 Liverpool 6,898 3.8 5,863 27.5 88.9 63.9 7.4 8.6 183,005 21,325 Parramatta 3,919 2.0 5,367 19.5 91.2 74.0 6.9 6.5 198,602 27,547 Penrith 5,625 3.2 4,517 19.7 90.2 73.0 6.6 7.3 173,149 22,911 The Hills Shire 2,216 1.6 2,792 13.2 95.0 82.6 3.4 4.3 136,025 21,231 Wingecarribee 1,086 3.1 1,631 13.2 89.9 80.2 7.0 6.8 35,497 12,385 Wollondilly 1,159 2.8 1,064 16.5 91.4 76.2 5.9 7.3 42,058 6,465 Greater Western Sydney 64,146 3.2 64,916 22.8 90.8 70.3 6.0 6.9 2,022,158 285,055 FACS WS District 31,551 2.8 31,361 19.7 91.3 73.6 5.9 6.7 1,135,633 159,455 FACS SWS District 34,358 3.7 35,910 25.2 90.1 67.6 6.3 7.2 938,463 142,634 Greater Sydney 103,140 2.5 132,995 19.8 91.2 50.7 6.3 7.2 4,151,431 672,561 Rest of Sydney 38,994 1.8 68,079 17.6 91.6 75.0 6.5 7.4 2,129,273 387,506 NSW 180,898 2.9 220,539 18.1 90.4 51.3 6.7 8.0 6,251,604 1,215,926 Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing 2016, Time Series Profile, Table T28

Table 19: Core Activity Need for Assistance by age, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2006-16

Core Activity Need for Assistance by age, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2006-2016 Has need for Has need for Has need for Change over time assistance (2006) assistance (2011) assistance (2016) 5 year 5 year 10 year 10 year 65 years 65 years 65 years % of 65+ % of 65+ % of 65+ change change change change Region and over and over and over population population population (2011-16) (2011-16) (2006-16) (2006-16) (no) (no) (no) (no) (%) (no) (%) Blacktown 4,684 21.1 6,291 23.2 7,942 22.8 1,651 20.8 3,258 41.0 Blue Mountains 1,591 16.1 1,717 14.4 2,107 14.0 390 18.5 516 24.5 Camden 823 19.5 1,076 19.5 1,516 18.4 440 29.0 693 45.7 Campbelltown 2,272 21.4 3,029 22.2 3,509 18.9 480 13.7 1,237 35.3 Canterbury-Bankstown 8,434 20.4 10,285 23.6 13,113 27.2 2,828 21.6 4,679 35.7 Cumberland 4,289 21.8 5,185 24.6 6,452 26.8 1,267 19.6 2,163 33.5 Fairfield 5,355 26.7 7,029 31.2 9,214 33.6 2,185 23.7 3,859 41.9 Hawkesbury 999 17.0 1,207 16.6 1,460 15.8 253 17.3 461 31.6 Lithgow 536 17.6 575 15.7 724 15.6 149 20.6 188 26.0 Liverpool 3,154 23.3 4,207 25.5 5,863 27.5 1,656 28.2 2,709 46.2 Parramatta 3,749 17.6 4,272 18.0 5,367 19.5 1,095 20.4 1,618 30.1 Penrith 2,608 18.6 3,363 19.6 4,517 19.7 1,154 25.5 1,909 42.3 The Hills Shire 1,519 13.5 1,941 12.4 2,792 13.2 851 30.5 1,273 45.6 Wingecarribee 1,019 13.4 1,385 14.4 1,631 13.2 246 15.1 612 37.5 Wollondilly 562 15.7 738 15.8 1,064 16.5 326 30.6 502 47.2 Greater Western Sydney 40,039 20.3 50,340 21.9 64,916 22.8 14,576 22.5 24,877 38.3 FACS WS District 19,975 18.6 24,551 19.3 31,361 19.7 6,810 21.7 11,386 36.3 FACS SWS District 21,619 21.4 27,749 23.9 35,910 25.2 8,161 22.7 14,291 39.8 Greater Sydney 90,589 16.0 108,474 17.1 132,995 19.8 24,521 18.4 42,406 31.9 Rest of Sydney 50,550 13.8 58,134 14.4 68,079 17.6 9,945 14.6 17,529 25.7 NSW 157,136 15.6 186,524 16.5 220,539 18.1 34,015 15.4 63,403 28.7 Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing 2016, Time Series Profile, Table T28

Providing unpaid assistance to a person with disability

In 2016, 32,596 persons aged 65 years and over stated that they provided unpaid assistance to a person with disability. This equated to 11.4% of the region’s 65+ population, which were similar to comparative rates in Greater Sydney (11.8%) and NSW (11.6%) (See Figure 15). The GWS LGAs with the highest proportion of persons aged 65 years and over providing assistance was Blue Mountains and The Hills Shire (both 12.9% of 65+ population) and the lowest was Fairfield (10.5%) (See Appendix K for full table).

Figure 15: Unpaid assistance to a person with a disability by age, GWS and comparative regions, 2016

Unpaid assistance to a person with a disability by age, GWS and comparative regions, 2016 14.0 12.5 12.0 11.8 11.8 11.7 12.0 11.4 11.311.5 11.3 11.6 11.0 10.2 10.0

8.0

6.0

% % ofpopulation 4.0

2.0

0.0 Greater FACS WS FACS SWS Greater Sydney Rest of Sydney NSW Western District District Sydney

15-64 years olds 65 years and over

Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing 2016, General Community Profile, Table G2

Indigenous need for assistance

In 2016, there were 1,179 Indigenous persons aged 50 years and over who needed assistance with core activities in GWS. This equated to 18.2% of the Indigenous 50+ population, higher than comparative Indigenous need for assistance rates in Greater Sydney (17.1%), Rest of Sydney (15.9%) and NSW (17.6%). Indigenous persons aged 50 years and over in GWS were more likely to need assistance with core activities than their non- Indigenous counterparts (18.2% Indigenous 50+ compared to 13.9% non-Indigenous 50+). The GWS LGAs with the highest number of Indigenous persons aged 50 years and over needing assistance was Blacktown (273 persons), Campbelltown (181 persons) and Penrith (142 persons) (See Table 20).

Table 20: Indigenous Need for Assistance with Core Activities, persons aged 50 years and over, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016

Indigenous Need for Assistance with Core Activities, persons aged 50 years and over, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016 Has need for assistance % of non- % of Non- Indigenous Indigenous Indigenous Region Indigenous 50+ 50+ 50+ 50+ population population Blacktown 11,074 13.4 273 19.9 Blue Mountains 2,755 9.1 58 16.8 Camden 1,937 10.2 42 16.0 Campbelltown 5,280 12.1 181 22.3 Canterbury-Bankstown 17,501 17.4 97 18.6 Cumberland 9,022 16.8 68 21.5 Fairfield 13,209 21.0 60 20.3 Hawkesbury 1,896 9.5 50 12.9 Liverpool 8,800 17.2 100 19.7 Parramatta 6,815 11.4 45 16.5 Penrith 6,077 11.5 142 13.8 The Hills Shire 3,408 7.0 11 8.0 Wollondilly 1,357 9.3 42 16.8 Greater Western Sydney 89,127 13.9 1,179 18.2 FACS WS District 41,973 11.8 684 16.7 FACS SWS District 50,021 16.0 557 19.6 Greater Sydney 169,836 12.1 2,020 17.1 Rest of Sydney 80,709 10.5 841 15.9 NSW 282,119 11.8 6,724 17.6 Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing 2016, TableBuilder Pro

10. Health

Life expectancy at 65 years

The NSW Ministry of Health collects data on life expectancy at 65 years of age on a Local Health District (LHD) and LGA level. Life expectancy at 65 years of age is an estimate of the average age at death for someone who turns 65 years old in a given year, assuming that death rates prevailing in that year continue unchanged.

Figure 16 shows the life expectancy at 65 years for the LHDs in GWS in 2016. Western Sydney LHD had the highest life expectancy at 65 years for total persons (86.5 years), followed closely by South Western Sydney LHD (86.4 years) and Nepean Blue Mountains (85.3 years). South Western Sydney LHD had the highest life expectancy at 65 years for females (87.7 years) while Western Sydney LHD had the highest life expectancy at 65 years for males (85.4 years).

Figure 16: Life expectancy by sex at 65 years, GWS LHDs, 2016

Life expectancy by sex at 65 years, GWS LHDs, 2016

88 87.6 87.7

87 86.6 86.5 86.4

86 85.4 85.3 84.9 85

83.9 84

Life expectancy Lifeexpectancy at years 65 83

82 Western Sydney Nepean Blue Mountains South Western Sydney

LHD Males Females Persons

Source: NSW HealthStats, 2019, www.healthstats.nsw.gov.au

Life expectancy at 65 years for GWS LGAs in 2016 are found in Figure 17. The Hills Shire had the highest life expectancy at 65 years for total persons (88.2 years) while Penrith had the lowest (85.0). The highest life expectancy at 65 years for females was found in Fairfield LGA (88.7 years) while the highest for males was in The Hills Shire (86.9 years). For more information on the trends in life expectancy at an LGA level, please visit the NSW HealthStats website.

Figure 17: Life expectancy by sex at 65 years, GWS LGAs (including Lithgow and Wingecarribee), 2016

Life expectancy by sex at 65 years, GWS LGAs (including Lithgow and Wingecarribee), 2016 90

89 88.7

88.4

88.2

88.1 88.1 88.0

88 87.9

87.4 87.4

87.0 87.0

86.9 86.9

86.9

86.8

86.7

86.6 86.6 86.6

86.6 86.5

87 86.5

86.4

86.1 86.1

85.7

85.7 85.7

86 85.5

85.4

85.3

85.1

85.0

84.9 84.9

84.5 84.5

85 84.5

84.4

84.2

84.0 84.0 84 83.8 83

Life expectancy Lifeexpectancy at years 65 82

Penrith

Lithgow

Fairfield

Camden

Liverpool

Blacktown

Wollondilly

Parramatta

Cumberland

Hawkesbury

Campbelltown

Wingecarribee

The Hills The Shire

Blue Mountains Blue Canterbury-Bankstown LGA

Males Females Persons

Source: NSW HealthStats, 2019, www.healthstats.nsw.gov.au

Dementia hospitalisations

The NSW Ministry of Health do not release statistics on dementia prevalence, rather on hospitalisations with dementia, as a principal diagnosis or as a co-morbidity. The Ministry13 states:

“Dementia is a condition associated with an ageing population. It is characterised by disturbed memory, thinking and other intellectual impairments accompanied by deterioration in emotional control and social behaviour. Dementia can be caused by a number of diseases that impair the brain…the most common is Alzheimer's disease…other causes include 'vascular dementia'…and other conditions affecting the brain. Hospital separations do not reflect the burden of dementia in the community as not all people living in the community with dementia come into contact with the hospital system. Usually, about 10% of hospitalisations of persons with dementia in NSW are principally for dementia or conditions that are often characterised by dementia…The remaining 90% of hospitalisations are for other, unrelated conditions with dementia identified as co-morbidities, which in some way have affected the clinical treatment during a hospital stay. Most of hospital separations for dementia or with dementia were in persons aged 65 years and over.”

13NSW HealthStats 2018, Dementia hospitalisations, https://bit.ly/2T8MH3V

Figure 18 shows the rate of dementia hospitalisations (per 100,000) across GWS LHDs and NSW between 2001-02 and 2016-17. The highest rates in dementia hospitalisations in GWS in 2016-17 were in Nepean Blue Mountains LHD (1,548.2 per 100,000), followed closely by South Western Sydney LHD (1,535.1) and Western Sydney LHD (1,378.5). Dementia hospitalisation rates across GWS LHDs in 2016-17 were lower than the NSW rate (1,676.1). Dementia hospitalisation rates across GWS LHDs and NSW have generally declined since 2001-02. This decline may suggest an effectiveness of support services in addressing dementia symptoms before they require hospitalisation, or other types of intervention.

Figure 18: Dementia as a principal diagnosis or as a co-morbidity, hospitalisations by persons aged 65 years and over, GWS LHDs and NSW, 2001-02 to 2016-17

Dementia as a principal diagnosis or as a comorbidity, hospitalisations by persons aged 65 and over, GWS LHDs and NSW, 2001-02 to 2016-17 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

Rate per 100,000 population 0

Year

Western Sydney LHD Nepean Blue Mountains LHD South Western Sydney LHD Total NSW

Source: NSW HealthStats, 2019, www.healthstats.nsw.gov.au

Table 21 shows the dementia hospitalisation rates for persons aged 65 and over for GWS LGAs (including Lithgow and Wingecarribee) between 2015-16 to 2016-17. Canterbury- Bankstown had the highest dementia hospitalisation rates (2,031.5 per 100,000) while The Hills Shire had the lowest (1,060.9) in GWS. Dementia hospitalisation rates in Canterbury- Bankstown, Campbelltown and Penrith were significantly higher than NSW rates. For dementia hospitalisation trends for GWS LGAs over time, please visit the NSW HealthStats website.

Table 21: Dementia as a principal diagnosis or as a comorbidity, hospitalisations by persons aged 65 and over, GWS LGAs (including Lithgow and Wingecarribee), 2015- 16 to 2016-17

Dementia as a principal diagnosis or as a comorbidity, hospitalisations by persons aged 65 and over, GWS LGAs (including Lithgow and Wingecarribee), 2015-16 to 2016-17 Spatially Adjusted Rate per Significantly higher or lower than LGA 100,000 population State Blacktown 1282.6 -- Blue Mountains 1292.1 -- Camden 1604.8 0 Campbelltown 1872.2 ++ Canterbury-Bankstown 2031.5 ++ Cumberland 1589.6 0 Fairfield 1441.8 -- Hawkesbury 1378.9 - Lithgow 1620.6 0 Liverpool 1606.4 0 Parramatta 1490.8 -- Penrith 1812.6 ++ The Hills Shire 1060.9 -- Wingecarribee 1221.5 -- Wollondilly 1334.1 - Source: NSW HealthStats, 2019, www.healthstats.nsw.gov.au Significance legend: • -- Significantly lower than the State • - Lower than the State • 0 Neither higher or lower than the State • + Higher than the State • ++ Significantly higher than the State

Prevalence of falls in elderly

The NSW Ministry of Health also releases estimates on the percentage of falls in the previous year for persons aged 65 years and over14. Figure 19 shows that in 2015, approximately 18.4% of persons aged 65 years and over in Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 20.7% in South Western Sydney LHD and 20.8% in Western Sydney LHD experienced a fall in the previous year. This is slightly lower than the NSW rate (22.7%).

14The indicator shows self-reported data collected through Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing. Estimates were weighted to adjust for differences in the probability of selection among respondents and were benchmarked to the estimated residential population using the latest available Australian Bureau of Statistics mid-year population estimates. Adults are defined as persons aged 16 years and over in the NSW Population Health Survey. In order to address diminishing coverage of the population by landline telephone numbers, a mobile phone number sampling frame was introduced into the 2012 survey.

Figure 19: Falls in the previous year, persons aged 65 years and over, GWS LHDs and NSW, 2015

Falls in the previous year, persons aged 65 years and over, GWS LHDs and NSW, 2015 25 22.7 20.7 20.8

20 18.4

10 Actual Actual estimate (%)

0 Nepean Blue South Western Western Sydney LHD All LHDs Mountains LHD Sydney LHD

Source: NSW HealthStats, 2019, www.healthstats.nsw.gov.au

11. Aged care

The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) collects information and data on aged care in Australia through their GEN Aged Care Data platform. Aged care services in Australia are funded and delivered in Aged Care Planning Regions (ACPRs). The ‘My aged care region’ tool provided data on the provision of aged care services and the people who receive these services within these ACPRs. It should be noted that this data mainly looks at the characteristics of age care, rather than the need and/or demand for these services.

There are three ACPRs located within GWS – Nepean, Western Sydney and South Western Sydney. Table 22 shows various aged care indicators for GWS ACPRs in 2017. The main findings include:

• Number of services: Western Sydney ACPR had the highest number of home support (n=78) and home care (n=91) services in 2017, while South Western Sydney had the highest number of residential services (n=65). The Nepean ACPR had the lowest number of home support (n=33), home care (n=22) and residential services (n=25) out of all the ACPRs in GWS. This data does not reflect that most aged care services in these ACPRs are at capacity and have waiting lists for new clients requiring these types of services.

• Places in aged care: Most aged care places in GWS ACPRs were operated by not-for profit organisations (60.0% in Nepean; 56.6% in Western Sydney and 52.5% in South Western Sydney). Over a third of aged care places were operated by private entities (37.3% in Nepean; 41.5% in Western Sydney and 45.9% in South Western Sydney), with rates mostly higher than NSW (34.1%) and Australia (38.1%). A very small proportion of aged care places were operated by government organisations (2.0% in Nepean; 1.8% in Western Sydney and 0.6% in South Western Sydney), lower than rates for NSW (3.6%) and Australia (7.9%).

• Places in residential care per 1,000 people aged 70+: As of 30 June 2017, there were 72.7 places per 1,000 in residential care for Nepean, 68.3 places per 1,000 in Western Sydney and 76.2 places per 1,000 in South Western Sydney. Western Sydney ACPR had notably lower places of residential care per 1,000 than NSW (78.6 per 1,000) and Australia (76.5 per 1,000).

• Types of aged care used: Residential care was the most used type of aged care in GWS ACPRs (77.4% in Nepean; 64.8% in Western Sydney and 77.5% in South Western Sydney). Western Sydney had a notably higher use of home care (34.2%) than Nepean (21.2%) and South Western Sydney (21.3%) ACPRs. Transitional care accounted for approximately 1% of aged care services in GWS ACPRs.

• Dementia diagnosis in permanent residential aged care: As of 30 June 2017, 58.5% of people using permanent residential aged care in Western Sydney, 52.9% in South Western Sydney and 52.2% in Nepean had a diagnosis of dementia.

• Characteristics of people using aged care: As of 30 June 2017, there were approximately 17,714 people using aged care in GWS ACPRs. Most aged care

recipients were in the Western Sydney and South Western Sydney ACPRs (7,224 persons and 7,705 persons respectively) and were aged 65 years and over.

• Characteristics of people using permanent residential aged care: As at 30 June 2017, there were approximately 12,843 people in permanent residential aged care in GWS ACPRs. South Western Sydney had the highest number of people in permanent residential aged care (5,995 persons) out of all the GWS ACPRs. Most permanent residential aged care recipients across GWS ACPRs were female and Nepean ACPR had the highest number of recipients who were Indigenous (1.2%) or born in Australia (71.3%). South Western Sydney ACPRs had the highest proportion of permanent residential aged care recipients who were born in non- English speaking countries (39.0%).

Table 22: Aged Care Planning Regions of Greater Western Sydney, various indicators, 2017

Aged Care Planning Regions of Greater Western Sydney, various indicators, 2017 Aged Care Planning Region Western South Western Indicator Nepean NSW Australia Sydney Sydney Services and places in aged care Number of home support services 33 78 69 Number of home care services 22 91 55 Number of residential services 25 57 65 Places in aged care by Government 48 (2.0%) 102 (1.8%) 112 (0.6%) 3,364 (3.6%) 16,523 (7.9%) organisation type, at 30 Not-for profit 1,426 (60.6%) 3,139 (56.6%) 3,710 (52.5%) 43,878 (61.2%) 113,311 (54.1%) June 2017 Private 878 (37.3%) 2,301 (41.5%) 3,242 (45.9%) 24,414 (34.1%) 79,792 (38.1%) Places in residential care Government 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 3.4 per 1,000 people aged 70+, Not-for-profit 45.0 39.4 40.6 49.9 42.8 at 30 June 2017 Private 27.7 29 35.6 27.8 30.4 All 72.7 68.3 76.2 78.6 76.5 People using aged care Types of care used, at 30 Residential care 2,226 (77.4%) 4,839 (64.8%) 6,230 (77.5%) June 2017 Home care 610 (21.2%) 2,554 (34.2%) 1,710 (21.3%) Transition care 39 (1.4%) 69 (0.9%) 101 (1.3%) % of people using permanent residential aged care on 30 52.2 58.5 52.9 June 2017 with a diagnosis of dementia Age and sex of people Total number of people 2,785 7,224 7,705 using aged care, at 30 % of females 65 years+ 98.6 97.3 97.8 June 2017 % of males 65 years+ 89.2 97.4 94.7 % of females under 65 years 1.4 2.7 2.2 % of males under 65 years 10.8 2.6 5.3

Aged Care Planning Regions of Greater Western Sydney, various indicators, 2017 (continued) Aged Care Planning Region Western South Western Indicator Nepean NSW Australia Sydney Sydney People using aged care (continued) Characteristics of people Total number of people 2,175 4,673 5,995 60,507 178,713 using permanent % female 66.2 66.1 65.4 66.7 67.5 residential aged care, at % male 33.8 33.9 34.6 33.3 32.5 30 June 2017 % Indigenous 1.2 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.9 % Preferred language other 4.1 21.8 26.7 11.2 9.5 than English % Born Australia 71.3 53.7 53.1 70.0 69.2 % Born in other English- 14.4 7.8 7.9 9.4 11.9 speaking countries % Born in non-English 14.3 38.5 39.0 20.5 18.9 speaking countries Source: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Aged Care Data, My aged care region, www.gen-agedcaredata.gov.au/My-aged-care-region

12. Conclusion

The population of GWS is ageing and is expected to continue growing in the coming decades due to factors such as increased life expectancies, lower death rates and falling birth rates. The region’s 65+ population has grown at a faster rate than the younger age groups in the past decade, with those aged 85 years and over the fastest growing age group.

This paper reveals a range of characteristics and trends about the 65+ population in GWS that deserve ongoing attention. While most of the region’s older population continue to live in traditional married relationships, there has been a notable increase in the number of divorces, separations and de facto relationships occurring over the past five to ten years. There was also a small number of persons aged 65 years and over in the region who reported living in same-sex couple relationships. While older people in GWS were more likely to own their dwelling than rent, nearly one in five older persons in the region lived alone. Lone households with persons aged 65 years and over are expected to increase over time as the region’s population continues to age.

The region’s 65+ population also played a vital role in the community by volunteering, providing unpaid childcare and in some circumstances, acting as grandparent carers. The Census data suggests that older persons in GWS are remaining in the workforce for longer, with higher employment rates concentrated among older persons in more skilled and less physical professions. The reasons for staying in the workforce are not fully known but may be due to personal choice, cost of living pressures or changes to government policy or incentives. In saying that, most older persons are on a low income and this probably reflects a large proportion of the 65+ population being on social security benefits such as the age pension.

The Census data further shows that the 65+ population of GWS is culturally and linguistically diverse and has become more diverse over the last five to ten years. The region’s Indigenous population is also ageing and will continue to require culturally appropriate support to maintain their health and quality of life. A large proportion of older persons in GWS also needed assistance with core activities or had experienced falls in recent years. There are a number of home support, home care and residential services that older people can access in the region, but they often struggle to meet the service demands as the population grows and ages.

Overall, this paper highlights how the issues affecting older people in GWS are complex and multifaceted. These issues will require holistic and flexible policy and service responses in order to ensure that older people in the region can continue living healthy and active lives as they age in place.

Appendices

Appendix A: Registered marital status, persons aged 65 years and over, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2006-16

Registered marital status, persons aged 65 years and over, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2006-16 Married Change over time Separated Change over time Divorced Change over time 10 year 10 year 10 year 10 year 10 year 10 year % of 65+ % of 65+ % of 65+ change change % of 65+ % of 65+ % of 65+ change change % of 65+ % of 65+ % of 65+ change change Region 2006 2011 2016 2006 2011 2016 2006 2011 2016 population population population (2006-16) (2006-16) population population population (2006-16) (2006-16) population population population (2006-16) (2006-16) (no) (%) (no) (%) (no) (%) Blacktown 11,911 53.6 14,779 54.5 19,700 56.7 7,789 65.4 721 3.2 944 3.5 1,246 3.6 525 72.8 1,821 8.2 2,644 9.8 3,912 11.3 2,091 114.8 Blue Mountains 5,215 52.7 6,330 53.2 8,139 54.2 2,924 56.1 242 2.4 304 2.6 434 2.9 192 79.3 1,025 10.4 1,575 13.2 2,315 15.4 1,290 125.9 Camden 2,425 57.5 3,285 59.6 5,162 62.5 2,737 112.9 90 2.1 123 2.2 220 2.7 130 144.4 269 6.4 458 8.3 835 10.1 566 210.4 Campbelltown 5,635 53.2 7,456 54.8 10,402 56.2 4,767 84.6 345 3.3 439 3.2 763 4.1 418 121.2 927 8.7 1,561 11.5 2,515 13.6 1,588 171.3 Canterbury-Bankstown 23,459 56.8 24,798 56.9 27,052 56.1 3,593 15.3 997 2.4 1,143 2.6 1,516 3.1 519 52.1 2,571 6.2 3,442 7.9 4,689 9.7 2,118 82.4 Cumberland 10,442 53.0 11,561 54.8 13,545 56.1 3,103 29.7 482 2.4 527 2.5 776 3.2 294 61.0 1,339 6.8 1,709 8.1 2,307 9.6 968 72.3 Fairfield 11,539 57.5 12,962 57.5 15,957 58.2 4,418 38.3 538 2.7 677 3.0 962 3.5 424 78.8 1,202 6.0 1,662 7.4 2,349 8.6 1,147 95.4 Hawkesbury 3,203 54.6 4,107 56.7 5,341 57.9 2,138 66.7 167 2.8 236 3.3 316 3.4 149 89.2 530 9.0 817 11.3 1,193 12.9 663 125.1 Lithgow 1,564 51.5 1,881 51.5 2,413 52.0 849 54.3 83 2.7 117 3.2 183 3.9 100 120.5 291 9.6 448 12.3 673 14.5 382 131.3 Liverpool 7,376 54.4 9,325 56.5 12,324 57.8 4,948 67.1 429 3.2 527 3.2 790 3.7 361 84.1 1,023 7.5 1,448 8.8 2,126 10.0 1,103 107.8 Parramatta 11,959 56.3 13,914 58.5 16,280 59.1 4,321 36.1 422 2.0 494 2.1 673 2.4 251 59.5 1,524 7.2 2,083 8.8 2,788 10.1 1,264 82.9 Penrith 7,382 52.6 9,459 55.1 13,083 57.1 5,701 77.2 387 2.8 493 2.9 797 3.5 410 105.9 1,311 9.3 1,975 11.5 2,989 13.0 1,678 128.0 The Hills Shire 7,514 66.8 10,918 70.0 15,105 71.1 7,591 101.0 202 1.8 232 1.5 370 1.7 168 83.2 553 4.9 968 6.2 1,520 7.2 967 174.9 Wingecarribee 4,604 60.7 5,874 61.1 7,576 61.1 2,972 64.6 129 1.7 223 2.3 281 2.3 152 117.8 603 8.0 930 9.7 1,472 11.9 869 144.1 Wollondilly 2,116 59.0 2,887 61.8 4,106 63.6 1,990 94.0 87 2.4 77 1.6 155 2.4 68 78.2 276 7.7 435 9.3 698 10.8 422 152.9 Greater Western Sydney 110,176 55.8 131,781 57.2 166,196 58.3 56,020 50.8 5,109 2.6 6,216 2.7 9,018 3.2 3,909 76.5 14,371 7.3 20,777 9.0 30,236 10.6 15,865 110.4 FACS WS District 59,190 55.2 72,949 57.2 93,606 58.7 34,416 58.1 2,706 2.5 3,347 2.6 4,795 3.0 2,089 77.2 8,394 7.8 12,219 9.6 17,697 11.1 9,303 110.8 FACS SWS District 57,154 56.6 66,587 57.4 82,579 57.9 25,425 44.5 2,615 2.6 3,209 2.8 4,687 3.3 2,072 79.2 6,871 6.8 9,936 8.6 14,684 10.3 7,813 113.7 Greater Sydney 275,620 54.5 314,598 55.7 381,559 56.7 105,939 38.4 11,299 2.2 13,784 2.4 18,936 2.8 7,637 67.6 39,902 7.9 55,106 9.8 77,620 11.5 37,718 94.5 Rest of Sydney 165,444 53.7 182,817 54.7 215,363 55.6 49,919 30.2 6,190 2.0 7,568 2.3 9,918 2.6 3,728 60.2 25,531 8.3 34,329 10.3 47,384 12.2 21,853 85.6 NSW 504,037 55.7 574,782 56.5 693,978 57.1 189,941 37.7 19,745 2.2 24,338 2.4 34,057 2.8 14,312 72.5 70,046 7.7 98,925 9.7 143,874 11.8 73,828 105.4 Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing, Time Series Profile, Table T04

Appendix A: Registered marital status, persons aged 65 years and over, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2006-16 (continued)

Registered marital status, persons aged 65 years and over, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2006-16 Widowed Change over time Never married Change over time Total persons 10 year 10 year 10 year 10 year % of 65+ % of 65+ % of 65+ change change % of 65+ % of 65+ % of 65+ change change Region 2006 2011 2016 2006 2011 2016 2006 2011 2016 population population population (2006-16) (2006-16) population population population (2006-16) (2006-16) (no) (%) (no) (%) Blacktown 6,984 31.4 7,777 28.7 8,600 24.7 1,616 23.1 803 3.6 965 3.6 1,281 3.7 478 59.5 22,236 27,094 34,769 Blue Mountains 2,707 27.4 2,873 24.1 2,856 19.0 149 5.5 708 7.2 823 6.9 1,270 8.5 562 79.4 9,893 11,899 15,022 Camden 1,312 31.1 1,496 27.2 1,798 21.8 486 37.0 103 2.4 148 2.7 241 2.9 138 134.0 4,215 5,508 8,256 Campbelltown 3,314 31.3 3,639 26.7 4,070 22.0 756 22.8 387 3.7 495 3.6 767 4.1 380 98.2 10,601 13,610 18,524 Canterbury-Bankstown 12,361 29.9 12,068 27.7 12,308 25.5 -53 -0.4 1,938 4.7 2,108 4.8 2,689 5.6 751 38.8 41,334 43,553 48,251 Cumberland 6,314 32.0 6,126 29.1 6,165 25.6 -149 -2.4 1,124 5.7 1,155 5.5 1,333 5.5 209 18.6 19,701 21,083 24,125 Fairfield 6,120 30.5 6,386 28.3 6,916 25.2 796 13.0 680 3.4 857 3.8 1,264 4.6 584 85.9 20,085 22,550 27,440 Hawkesbury 1,680 28.6 1,778 24.5 1,965 21.3 285 17.0 288 4.9 329 4.5 418 4.5 130 45.1 5,866 7,249 9,219 Lithgow 924 30.4 938 25.7 1,035 22.3 111 12.0 191 6.3 252 6.9 346 7.5 155 81.2 3,038 3,651 4,644 Liverpool 4,288 31.6 4,683 28.4 5,363 25.1 1,075 25.1 453 3.3 500 3.0 728 3.4 275 60.7 13,564 16,495 21,326 Parramatta 6,376 30.0 6,171 26.0 6,350 23.1 -26 -0.4 964 4.5 1,105 4.6 1,465 5.3 501 52.0 21,251 23,766 27,546 Penrith 4,450 31.7 4,600 26.8 5,174 22.6 724 16.3 509 3.6 631 3.7 846 3.7 337 66.2 14,038 17,155 22,917 The Hills Shire 2,735 24.3 3,177 20.4 3,785 17.8 1,050 38.4 273 2.4 315 2.0 448 2.1 175 64.1 11,255 15,603 21,230 Wingecarribee 1,825 24.1 2,097 21.8 2,351 19.0 526 28.8 418 5.5 485 5.0 710 5.7 292 69.9 7,584 9,613 12,395 Wollondilly 956 26.7 1,077 23.1 1,274 19.7 318 33.3 168 4.7 173 3.7 258 4.0 90 53.6 3,584 4,670 6,460 Greater Western Sydney 59,597 30.2 61,851 26.9 66,624 23.4 7,027 11.8 8,398 4.2 9,604 4.2 13,008 4.6 4,610 54.9 197,623 230,235 285,085 FACS WS District 32,170 30.0 33,440 26.2 35,930 22.5 3,760 11.7 4,860 4.5 5,575 4.4 7,407 4.6 2,547 52.4 107,278 127,500 159,472 FACS SWS District 30,176 29.9 31,446 27.1 34,080 23.9 3,904 12.9 4,147 4.1 4,766 4.1 6,657 4.7 2,510 60.5 100,967 115,999 142,652 Greater Sydney 149,349 29.5 148,841 26.4 153,650 22.8 4,301 2.9 29,733 5.9 32,120 5.7 40,790 6.1 11,057 37.2 505,895 564,442 672,563 Rest of Sydney 89,752 29.1 86,990 26.0 87,026 22.5 -2,726 -3.0 21,335 6.9 22,516 6.7 27,782 7.2 6,447 30.2 308,272 334,207 387,478 NSW 263,656 29.1 267,013 26.3 277,522 22.8 13,866 5.3 47,450 5.2 51,722 5.1 66,494 5.5 19,044 40.1 904,941 1,016,786 1,215,935 Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing, Time Series Profile, Table T04

Appendix B: Social marital status, persons aged 65 years and over, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2006-16

Social marital status, persons aged 65 years and over, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2006-16 Married in a registered marriage Change over time Married in a de facto marriage Change over time 10 year 10 year 10 year 10 year % of 65+ % of 65+ % of 65+ change change % of 65+ % of 65+ % of 65+ change change Region 2006 2011 2016 2006 2011 2016 population population population (2006-16) (2006-16) population population population (2006-16) (2006-16) (no) (%) (no) (%) Blacktown 10,831 55.5 13,697 56.7 17,551 57.2 6,720 62.0 205 1.1 332 1.4 830 2.7 625 304.9 Blue Mountains 4,573 54.9 5,629 55.3 7,093 55.5 2,520 55.1 113 1.4 266 2.6 630 4.9 517 457.5 Camden 2,115 59.6 2,949 62.8 4,534 63.9 2,419 114.4 46 1.3 65 1.4 192 2.7 146 317.4 Campbelltown 5,156 55.5 6,871 56.9 9,312 57.0 4,156 80.6 140 1.5 239 2.0 565 3.5 425 303.6 Canterbury-Bankstown 21,388 58.1 22,621 58.3 23,709 56.5 2,321 10.9 274 0.7 389 1.0 995 2.4 721 263.1 Cumberland 9,414 54.6 10,448 56.1 11,842 56.2 2,428 25.8 156 0.9 214 1.1 506 2.4 350 224.4 Fairfield 10,549 59.0 11,990 59.0 14,148 58.2 3,599 34.1 145 0.8 205 1.0 592 2.4 447 308.3 Hawkesbury 2,874 56.5 3,638 58.2 4,614 58.3 1,740 60.5 86 1.7 173 2.8 296 3.7 210 244.2 Lithgow 1,357 52.6 1,643 52.8 1,990 51.8 633 46.6 51 2.0 75 2.4 166 4.3 115 225.5 Liverpool 6,598 56.5 8,426 58.2 10,787 58.4 4,189 63.5 122 1.0 170 1.2 492 2.7 370 303.3 Parramatta 10,629 58.6 12,425 60.5 14,168 59.8 3,539 33.3 143 0.8 218 1.1 510 2.2 367 256.6 Penrith 6,790 54.8 8,714 56.9 11,641 58.0 4,851 71.4 180 1.5 267 1.7 614 3.1 434 241.1 The Hills Shire 6,933 67.9 10,115 70.9 13,708 71.2 6,775 97.7 103 1.0 175 1.2 415 2.2 312 302.9 Wingecarribee 4,045 62.2 5,200 62.7 6,419 61.5 2,374 58.7 94 1.4 199 2.4 412 3.9 318 338.3 Wollondilly 1,943 60.5 2,639 63.2 3,653 64.2 1,710 88.0 61 1.9 100 2.4 218 3.8 157 257.4 Greater Western Sydney 99,793 57.6 120,162 58.9 146,760 58.9 46,967 47.1 1,774 1.0 2,813 1.4 6,855 2.7 5,081 286.4 FACS WS District 53,401 57.1 66,309 59.0 82,607 59.3 29,206 54.7 1,037 1.1 1,720 1.5 3,967 2.8 2,930 282.5 FACS SWS District 51,794 58.2 60,696 59.0 72,562 58.4 20,768 40.1 882 1.0 1,367 1.3 3,466 2.8 2,584 293.0 Greater Sydney 245,199 56.6 282,712 57.7 333,018 57.6 87,819 35.8 5,184 1.2 8,174 1.7 17,865 3.1 12,681 244.6 Rest of Sydney 145,406 56.0 162,550 56.8 186,258 56.7 40,852 28.1 3,410 1.3 5,361 1.9 11,010 3.4 7,600 222.9 NSW 447,157 57.7 511,562 58.3 596,004 57.8 148,847 33.3 10,865 1.4 17,109 2.0 35,097 3.4 24,232 223.0 Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing, Time Series Profile, Table T05

Appendix B: Social marital status, persons aged 65 years and over, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2006-16 (continued)

Social marital status, persons aged 65 years and over, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2006-16 Not married Change over time Total persons 10 year 10 year % of 65+ % of 65+ % of 65+ change change Region 2006 2011 2016 2006 2011 2016 population population population (2006-16) (2006-16) (no) (%) Blacktown 8,502 43.6 10,160 42.0 12,278 40.0 3,776 44.4 19,522 24,176 30,658 Blue Mountains 3,644 43.8 4,266 41.9 5,070 39.6 1,426 39.1 8,327 10,176 12,789 Camden 1,396 39.3 1,667 35.5 2,357 33.2 961 68.8 3,551 4,697 7,092 Campbelltown 3,986 42.9 4,960 41.1 6,443 39.5 2,457 61.6 9,289 12,069 16,327 Canterbury-Bankstown 15,158 41.2 15,808 40.7 17,247 41.1 2,089 13.8 36,824 38,812 41,956 Cumberland 7,686 44.5 7,960 42.7 8,696 41.3 1,010 13.1 17,254 18,623 21,058 Fairfield 7,205 40.3 8,128 40.0 9,605 39.5 2,400 33.3 17,893 20,327 24,318 Hawkesbury 2,129 41.9 2,442 39.0 3,003 37.9 874 41.1 5,087 6,254 7,917 Lithgow 1,181 45.8 1,393 44.8 1,695 44.1 514 43.5 2,581 3,112 3,845 Liverpool 4,953 42.4 5,887 40.7 7,203 39.0 2,250 45.4 11,687 14,470 18,476 Parramatta 7,357 40.6 7,907 38.5 8,995 38.0 1,638 22.3 18,123 20,534 23,685 Penrith 5,421 43.8 6,316 41.2 7,805 38.9 2,384 44.0 12,382 15,317 20,065 The Hills Shire 3,153 30.9 4,002 28.0 5,117 26.6 1,964 62.3 10,212 14,276 19,246 Wingecarribee 2,365 36.4 2,874 34.7 3,596 34.5 1,231 52.1 6,500 8,287 10,435 Wollondilly 1,223 38.1 1,439 34.5 1,815 31.9 592 48.4 3,211 4,175 5,688 Greater Western Sydney 71,813 41.4 80,942 39.7 95,634 38.4 23,821 33.2 173,362 203,906 249,275 FACS WS District 39,073 41.8 44,446 39.5 52,659 37.8 13,586 34.8 93,488 112,468 139,263 FACS SWS District 36,286 40.8 40,763 39.6 48,266 38.8 11,980 33.0 88,955 102,837 124,292 Greater Sydney 182,630 42.2 199,286 40.7 226,825 39.3 44,195 24.2 432,980 490,181 577,719 Rest of Sydney 110,817 42.7 118,344 41.3 131,191 39.9 20,374 18.4 259,618 286,275 328,444 NSW 317,430 40.9 348,611 39.7 399,581 38.8 82,151 25.9 775,411 877,274 1,030,697 Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing, Time Series Profile, Table T05

Appendix C: Number of children ever born by age of female parent, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016

Number of children ever born by age of female parent, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016 No children One child Two children 15-64 % of 15-64 15-64 % of 15-64 15-64 % of 15-64 65+ year % of 65+ 65+ year % of 65+ 65+ year % of 65+ Region year old year year old year year old year old parent population old parent population old parent population parent population parent population parent population Blacktown 35,709 31.5 1,195 6.4 16,346 14.4 1,600 8.5 29,388 25.9 5,238 27.9 Blue Mountains 8,161 33.0 1,062 12.9 3,189 12.9 790 9.6 6,623 26.8 2,572 31.2 Camden 8,167 31.1 231 5.2 3,399 12.9 300 6.7 7,368 28.1 1,389 31.0 Campbelltown 16,762 31.3 642 6.5 7,130 13.3 781 7.9 13,269 24.8 2,750 27.7 Canterbury-Bankstown 39,942 35.1 2,274 8.8 16,043 14.1 2,572 10.0 25,153 22.1 7,843 30.4 Cumberland 24,729 35.1 1,121 8.7 10,968 15.6 1,179 9.1 14,978 21.3 3,475 26.9 Fairfield 23,816 35.1 1,141 7.8 7,671 11.3 1,202 8.2 15,784 23.3 3,472 23.8 Hawkesbury 6,880 32.0 384 7.8 2,464 11.5 399 8.1 5,473 25.5 1,452 29.5 Lithgow 1,642 26.2 229 9.6 714 11.4 168 7.0 1,613 25.7 669 28.1 Liverpool 21,793 31.6 653 5.7 8,283 12.0 921 8.1 17,186 24.9 3,165 27.7 Parramatta 29,762 38.2 1,386 9.3 14,501 18.6 1,529 10.3 18,376 23.6 4,818 32.3 Penrith 21,246 31.8 734 6.0 8,491 12.7 968 7.9 16,942 25.4 3,627 29.6 The Hills Shire 16,761 32.0 736 6.6 6,650 12.7 1,044 9.4 16,422 31.4 4,102 36.9 Wingecarribee 4,346 30.7 888 13.3 1,613 11.4 573 8.6 3,761 26.6 1,940 29.0 Wollondilly 4,675 29.4 239 7.3 1,674 10.5 247 7.5 4,323 27.2 979 29.7 Greater Western Sydney 258,403 33.4 11,798 7.7 106,809 13.8 13,532 8.9 191,285 24.7 44,882 29.4 FACS WS District 144,890 33.4 6,847 8.0 63,323 14.6 7,677 9.0 109,815 25.4 25,953 30.4 FACS SWS District 119,501 33.1 6,068 8.0 45,813 12.7 6,596 8.7 86,844 24.1 21,538 28.3 Greater Sydney 638,982 38.9 35,840 9.8 222,499 13.5 35,473 9.7 385,101 23.4 113,854 31.1 Rest of Sydney 380,579 43.7 24,042 11.3 115,690 13.3 21,941 10.3 193,816 22.3 68,972 32.4 NSW 879,955 35.8 58,820 9.0 316,161 12.8 55,682 8.5 598,909 24.3 194,694 29.8 Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing, General Community Profile, Table G24

Appendix C: Number of children ever born by age of female parent, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016 (continued)

Number of children ever born by age of female parent, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016 Three children Four or more children Not stated Total persons 15-64 % of 15-64 15-64 % of 15-64 15-64 % of 15-64 15-64 65+ year % of 65+ 65+ year % of 65+ 65+ year % of 65+ 65 years Region year old year year old year year old year years old old parent population old parent population old parent population and over parent population parent population parent population (no) Blacktown 14,732 13.0 4,249 22.6 9,597 8.5 4,947 26.3 7,543 6.7 1,566 8.3 113,341 18,793 Blue Mountains 3,644 14.7 1,815 22.1 1,780 7.2 1,393 16.9 1,320 5.3 588 7.1 24,706 8,231 Camden 4,026 15.3 1,119 25.0 1,872 7.1 920 20.6 1,416 5.4 507 11.3 26,249 4,475 Campbelltown 7,358 13.7 2,305 23.2 5,301 9.9 2,377 24.0 3,811 7.1 1,076 10.9 53,611 9,917 Canterbury-Bankstown 13,595 11.9 5,099 19.8 9,854 8.7 5,675 22.0 9,254 8.1 2,329 9.0 113,827 25,786 Cumberland 7,468 10.6 2,704 21.0 6,340 9.0 3,288 25.5 5,953 8.5 1,151 8.9 70,419 12,905 Fairfield 9,175 13.5 2,915 20.0 6,406 9.4 4,690 32.2 5,005 7.4 1,157 7.9 67,876 14,577 Hawkesbury 3,431 16.0 1,196 24.3 1,763 8.2 1,036 21.0 1,447 6.7 458 9.3 21,469 4,926 Lithgow 1,028 16.4 525 22.0 577 9.2 500 21.0 653 10.4 290 12.2 6,267 2,385 Liverpool 9,511 13.8 2,503 21.9 6,290 9.1 3,006 26.3 5,915 8.6 1,204 10.6 68,961 11,411 Parramatta 6,338 8.1 3,259 21.9 2,656 3.4 2,688 18.0 6,177 7.9 1,223 8.2 77,822 14,895 Penrith 9,691 14.5 2,887 23.6 5,573 8.3 2,864 23.4 4,891 7.3 1,155 9.4 66,832 12,245 The Hills Shire 7,467 14.3 2,828 25.4 2,689 5.1 1,779 16.0 2,334 4.5 616 5.5 52,313 11,113 Wingecarribee 2,292 16.2 1,543 23.1 1,165 8.2 1,115 16.7 976 6.9 625 9.3 14,164 6,689 Wollondilly 2,775 17.5 854 25.9 1,418 8.9 654 19.9 1,023 6.4 315 9.6 15,899 3,293 Greater Western Sydney 99,211 12.8 33,733 22.1 61,539 8.0 35,317 23.1 56,089 7.3 13,345 8.7 773,325 152,567 FACS WS District 53,799 12.4 19,463 22.8 30,975 7.2 18,495 21.6 30,318 7.0 7,047 8.2 433,169 85,493 FACS SWS District 48,732 13.5 16,338 21.5 32,306 9.0 18,437 24.2 27,400 7.6 7,213 9.5 360,587 76,148 Greater Sydney 182,045 11.1 80,042 21.9 91,825 5.6 66,828 18.3 123,281 7.5 33,637 9.2 1,643,703 365,686 Rest of Sydney 82,834 9.5 46,309 21.7 30,286 3.5 31,511 14.8 67,192 7.7 20,292 9.5 870,378 213,119 NSW 314,004 12.8 149,082 22.8 166,234 6.8 129,668 19.8 186,028 7.6 65,815 10.1 2,461,258 653,781 Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing, General Community Profile, Table G24

Appendix D: Unpaid child care by age, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016

Unpaid child care by age, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016 Cared for own child/ren only Cared for other child/ren only Cared for own child/ren and other child/ren 15-64 % of 15-64 15-64 % of 15-64 15-64 % of 15-64 65+ year % of 65+ 65+ year % of 65+ 65+ year % of 65+ Region year old year year old year year old year old parent population old parent population old parent population parent population parent population parent population Blacktown 61,531 27.3 421 1.2 12,774 5.7 4,339 12.5 1,776 0.8 62 0.2 Blue Mountains 12,526 26.2 100 0.7 3,642 7.6 2,045 13.6 661 1.4 4 0.0 Camden 16,019 31.2 79 1.0 3,525 6.9 1,306 15.8 592 1.2 6 0.1 Campbelltown 26,145 25.0 170 0.9 7,222 6.9 2,301 12.4 830 0.8 27 0.1 Canterbury-Bankstown 54,667 24.1 577 1.2 9,913 4.4 5,034 10.4 1,213 0.5 48 0.1 Cumberland 34,424 23.3 313 1.3 6,048 4.1 2,491 10.3 674 0.5 33 0.1 Fairfield 26,901 20.2 377 1.4 6,408 4.8 2,607 9.5 557 0.4 34 0.1 Hawkesbury 10,875 25.6 75 0.8 3,077 7.2 1,195 13.0 451 1.1 8 0.1 Lithgow 2,809 21.9 38 0.8 1,063 8.3 329 7.1 113 0.9 3 0.1 Liverpool 34,139 25.0 257 1.2 6,683 4.9 2,335 10.9 784 0.6 16 0.1 Parramatta 40,519 25.8 493 1.8 6,113 3.9 3,854 14.0 848 0.5 32 0.1 Penrith 33,987 25.8 204 0.9 9,523 7.2 2,965 12.9 1,366 1.0 23 0.1 The Hills Shire 30,482 29.8 307 1.4 5,751 5.6 4,251 20.0 784 0.8 44 0.2 Wingecarribee 7,087 26.2 58 0.5 1,888 7.0 1,231 9.9 322 1.2 3 0.0 Wollondilly 8,813 28.1 60 0.9 2,428 7.7 839 13.0 333 1.1 10 0.2 Greater Western Sydney 391,028 25.4 3,433 1.2 83,107 5.4 35,562 12.5 10,869 0.7 347 0.1 FACS WS District 227,153 26.2 1,951 1.2 47,991 5.5 21,469 13.5 6,673 0.8 209 0.1 FACS SWS District 173,771 24.4 1,578 1.1 38,067 5.3 15,653 11.0 4,631 0.7 144 0.1 Greater Sydney 790,351 24.3 7,703 1.1 159,990 4.9 91,500 13.6 22,784 0.7 755 0.1 Rest of Sydney 399,323 23.3 4,270 1.1 76,883 4.5 55,938 14.4 11,915 0.7 408 0.1 NSW 1,182,831 24.3 10,887 0.9 281,419 5.8 141,327 11.6 40,295 0.8 1,026 0.1 Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing, General Community Profile, Table G22

Appendix D: Unpaid child care by age, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016 (continued)

Unpaid child care by age, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016 Cared for child/ren - total Did not provide child care Unpaid child care not stated Total persons 15-64 % of 15-64 15-64 % of 15-64 15-64 % of 15-64 15-64 65+ year % of 65+ 65+ year % of 65+ 65+ year % of 65+ 65 years year old year year old year year old year years old old parent population old parent population old parent population and over parent population parent population parent population (no) 76,074 33.7 4,836 13.9 134,806 59.8 26,492 76.2 14,671 6.5 3,445 9.9 225,535 34,763 16,831 35.2 2,148 14.3 28,525 59.7 11,592 77.2 2,450 5.1 1,281 8.5 47,812 15,017 20,140 39.3 1,391 16.9 28,463 55.5 6,001 72.7 2,669 5.2 859 10.4 51,276 8,249 34,201 32.7 2,493 13.5 63,394 60.6 13,752 74.2 7,030 6.7 2,272 12.3 104,630 18,525 65,800 29.0 5,655 11.7 144,689 63.7 38,149 79.1 16,527 7.3 4,438 9.2 227,021 48,246 41,147 27.9 2,844 11.8 95,830 64.9 18,892 78.3 10,615 7.2 2,388 9.9 147,598 24,116 33,845 25.4 3,015 11.0 91,329 68.4 22,342 81.4 8,249 6.2 2,069 7.5 133,441 27,439 14,398 33.9 1,279 13.9 25,218 59.3 6,948 75.3 2,883 6.8 985 10.7 42,499 9,221 3,995 31.1 372 8.0 7,064 55.0 3,554 76.4 1,807 14.1 711 15.3 12,850 4,649 41,605 30.4 2,597 12.2 84,053 61.5 16,280 76.3 11,059 8.1 2,442 11.5 136,703 21,325 47,481 30.2 4,383 15.9 97,427 62.1 20,784 75.4 12,090 7.7 2,385 8.7 156,999 27,547 44,896 34.0 3,193 13.9 77,293 58.6 17,450 76.2 9,683 7.3 2,275 9.9 131,865 22,911 37,020 36.2 4,583 21.6 61,532 60.1 15,408 72.6 3,832 3.7 1,231 5.8 102,397 21,231 9,288 34.3 1,288 10.4 15,746 58.1 9,743 78.7 2,031 7.5 1,360 11.0 27,089 12,385 11,569 36.9 908 14.0 17,767 56.6 4,793 74.1 2,030 6.5 772 11.9 31,375 6,465 485,007 31.5 39,325 13.8 950,326 61.7 218,883 76.8 103,788 6.7 26,842 9.4 1,539,151 285,055 281,842 32.5 23,638 14.8 527,695 60.8 121,120 76.0 58,031 6.7 14,701 9.2 867,555 159,455 216,448 30.4 17,347 12.2 445,441 62.6 111,060 77.9 49,595 7.0 14,212 10.0 711,535 142,634 973,136 29.9 99,946 14.9 2,051,830 63.1 505,829 75.2 226,172 7.0 66,786 9.9 3,251,132 672,561 488,129 28.5 60,621 15.6 1,101,504 64.3 286,946 74.0 122,384 7.1 39,944 10.3 1,711,981 387,506 1,504,564 30.9 153,234 12.6 3,001,154 61.7 923,312 75.9 360,319 7.4 139,385 11.5 4,866,045 1,215,926 Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing, General Community Profile, Table G22

Appendix E: Tenure and Landlord Type by age, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016

Tenure and Landlord Type by age, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016 Owned outright Owned with a mortgage Rented

15-64 % of 15-64 65 years 15-64 % of 15-64 65 years 15-64 % of 15-64 65 years % of 65+ % of 65+ % of 65+ Region years old year and over years old year and over years old year and over population population population (no) population (no) (no) population (no) (no) population (no)

Blacktown 34,227 15.1 18,205 51.3 107,386 47.3 6,288 17.7 69,546 30.6 6,387 18.0 Blue Mountains 11,819 24.6 9,852 66.8 23,788 49.4 1,706 11.6 8,576 17.8 1,092 7.4 Camden 8,106 15.9 4,808 58.6 29,706 58.3 1,270 15.5 10,437 20.5 782 9.5 Campbelltown 17,387 16.5 9,701 52.0 47,792 45.4 2,937 15.7 32,124 30.5 3,365 18.0 Canterbury-Bankstown 49,340 21.5 27,548 57.0 81,047 35.4 5,423 11.2 79,922 34.9 8,635 17.9 Cumberland 26,397 17.7 13,334 55.0 50,337 33.8 3,039 12.5 60,149 40.3 4,594 19.0 Fairfield 34,246 25.6 14,265 52.1 46,488 34.7 3,824 14.0 44,089 32.9 5,773 21.1 Hawkesbury 8,792 20.7 5,603 61.3 20,650 48.7 1,269 13.9 9,351 22.1 911 10.0 Lithgow 3,154 24.8 2,872 64.1 4,754 37.4 355 7.9 2,856 22.5 495 11.0 Liverpool 24,629 17.9 10,492 48.4 61,554 44.6 3,740 17.3 38,477 27.9 4,047 18.7 Parramatta 26,032 16.0 15,406 54.4 54,339 33.3 3,607 12.7 64,429 39.5 4,589 16.2 Penrith 23,205 17.6 13,501 58.7 61,675 46.8 3,208 14.0 36,197 27.4 3,149 13.7 The Hills Shire 25,159 24.4 14,111 65.8 55,028 53.4 3,895 18.2 18,132 17.6 1,357 6.3 Wingecarribee 6,536 24.3 8,001 66.2 12,047 44.8 1,244 10.3 5,755 21.4 971 8.0 Wollondilly 6,452 20.8 3,935 61.4 18,152 58.6 1,048 16.4 4,244 13.7 488 7.6 Greater Western Sydney 295,780 19.0 160,757 56.0 657,938 42.4 41,245 14.4 475,668 30.6 45,175 15.7 FACS WS District 158,788 18.1 92,886 57.7 377,949 43.1 23,359 14.5 269,246 30.7 22,582 14.0 FACS SWS District 146,686 20.5 78,739 55.2 296,784 41.5 19,476 13.6 215,043 30.1 24,068 16.9 Greater Sydney 634,413 19.1 397,619 58.7 1,265,948 38.2 81,424 12.0 1,092,669 33.0 90,846 13.4 Rest of Sydney 338,633 19.2 236,862 60.7 608,010 34.5 40,179 10.3 617,001 35.0 45,671 11.7 NSW 999,647 20.2 742,767 60.8 1,897,132 38.3 124,542 10.2 1,545,782 31.2 150,445 12.3 Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing 2016, TableBuilder Pro, Counting persons, Place of enumeration

Appendix E: Tenure and Landlord Type by age, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016 (continued)

Tenure and Landlord Type by age, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016 Other tenure type Tenure type not stated / not applicable Total persons

15-64 % of 15-64 65 years 15-64 % of 15-64 65 years % of 65+ % of 65+ 15-64 65 years Region years old year and over years old year and over population population years old and over (no) population (no) (no) population (no)

Blacktown 867 0.4 312 0.9 15,213 6.7 4,283 12.1 227,247 35,470 Blue Mountains 189 0.4 211 1.4 3,762 7.8 1,885 12.8 48,139 14,749 Camden 159 0.3 243 3.0 2,550 5.0 1,093 13.3 50,960 8,205 Campbelltown 513 0.5 423 2.3 7,521 7.1 2,223 11.9 105,330 18,653 Canterbury-Bankstown 1,156 0.5 348 0.7 17,654 7.7 6,357 13.2 229,122 48,316 Cumberland 760 0.5 198 0.8 11,486 7.7 3,076 12.7 149,130 24,240 Fairfield 700 0.5 173 0.6 8,429 6.3 3,325 12.2 133,941 27,356 Hawkesbury 198 0.5 133 1.5 3,414 8.1 1,226 13.4 42,405 9,146 Lithgow 74 0.6 64 1.4 1,878 14.8 702 15.7 12,713 4,482 Liverpool 665 0.5 239 1.1 12,575 9.1 3,168 14.6 137,901 21,668 Parramatta 674 0.4 680 2.4 17,520 10.7 4,056 14.3 162,991 28,337 Penrith 436 0.3 149 0.6 10,396 7.9 2,976 12.9 131,912 22,991 The Hills Shire 369 0.4 497 2.3 4,322 4.2 1,593 7.4 103,004 21,446 Wingecarribee 144 0.5 184 1.5 2,405 8.9 1,685 13.9 26,881 12,091 Wollondilly 139 0.4 190 3.0 1,967 6.4 746 11.6 30,951 6,405 Greater Western Sydney 6,839 0.4 3,781 1.3 116,805 7.5 36,020 12.6 1,553,042 286,977 FACS WS District 3,576 0.4 2,239 1.4 67,989 7.7 19,794 12.3 877,545 160,862 FACS SWS District 3,482 0.5 1,793 1.3 53,092 7.4 18,604 13.0 715,088 142,686 Greater Sydney 13,857 0.4 11,313 1.7 308,643 9.3 95,864 14.2 3,315,516 677,067 Rest of Sydney 7,018 0.4 7,532 1.9 191,838 10.9 59,844 15.3 1,762,474 390,090 NSW 22,603 0.5 19,693 1.6 484,949 9.8 184,243 15.1 4,950,102 1,221,703 Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing 2016, TableBuilder Pro, Counting persons, Place of enumeration

Appendix F: Proficiency in spoken English/language, persons aged 65 years and over, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2006-16

Proficiency in spoken English/language by age, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2006-16

Speaks English only Change over time Speaks other language and speaks English very well or well Change over time

10 year 10 year 10 year 10 year % of 65+ % of 65+ % of 65+ % of 65+ % of 65+ % of 65+ Region 2006 2011 2016 change (2006- change (2006- 2006 2011 2016 change (2006- change (2006- population population population population population population 16) (no) 16) (%) 16) (no) 16) (%) Blacktown 13,157 59.2 15,679 57.9 18,588 53.5 5,431 41.3 4,747 21.3 6,455 23.8 9,339 26.9 4,592 96.7 Blue Mountains 8,754 88.5 10,500 88.2 13,181 87.8 4,427 50.6 609 6.2 729 6.1 898 6.0 289 47.5 Camden 3,468 82.3 4,510 81.9 6,472 78.5 3,004 86.6 398 9.4 530 9.6 944 11.4 546 137.2 Campbelltown 7,325 69.1 9,488 69.7 12,331 66.6 5,006 68.3 1,435 13.5 2,096 15.4 3,159 17.1 1,724 120.1 Canterbury-Bankstown 20,532 49.7 19,035 43.7 18,608 38.6 -1,924 -9.4 8,784 21.3 10,865 24.9 13,630 28.3 4,846 55.2 Cumberland 10,075 51.1 9,458 44.9 9,564 39.7 -511 -5.1 4,176 21.2 5,218 24.8 6,801 28.2 2,625 62.9 Fairfield 5,820 29.0 5,917 26.2 6,057 22.1 237 4.1 5,249 26.1 6,703 29.7 8,766 31.9 3,517 67.0 Hawkesbury 5,017 85.4 6,223 85.8 7,706 83.6 2,689 53.6 409 7.0 525 7.2 698 7.6 289 70.7 Lithgow 2,798 92.1 3,316 90.7 3,967 85.3 1,169 41.8 84 2.8 127 3.5 146 3.1 62 73.8 Liverpool 6,625 48.8 7,495 45.5 8,545 40.1 1,920 29.0 2,966 21.9 4,185 25.4 6,221 29.2 3,255 109.7 Parramatta 14,447 68.0 15,454 65.0 16,155 58.6 1,708 11.8 2,816 13.3 3,704 15.6 5,314 19.3 2,498 88.7 Penrith 10,390 74.0 12,781 74.5 16,856 73.6 6,466 62.2 1,987 14.2 2,532 14.8 3,430 15.0 1,443 72.6 The Hills Shire 8,226 73.1 11,422 73.2 14,513 68.4 6,287 76.4 1,813 16.1 2,685 17.2 4,224 19.9 2,411 133.0 Wingecarribee 6,756 89.0 8,616 89.6 11,020 89.0 4,264 63.1 330 4.3 390 4.1 537 4.3 207 62.7 Wollondilly 2,979 83.1 4,021 86.2 5,474 84.7 2,495 83.8 346 9.6 377 8.1 507 7.8 161 46.5 Greater Western Sydney 116,815 59.1 131,983 57.3 154,050 54.0 37,235 31.9 35,735 18.1 46,604 20.2 63,931 22.4 28,196 78.9 FACS WS District 72,864 67.9 84,833 66.5 100,530 63.0 27,666 38.0 16,641 15.5 21,975 17.2 30,850 19.3 14,209 85.4 FACS SWS District 53,505 53.0 59,082 50.9 68,507 48.0 15,002 28.0 19,508 19.3 25,146 21.7 33,764 23.7 14,256 73.1 Greater Sydney 336,119 66.4 369,866 65.5 419,079 62.3 82,960 24.7 74,672 14.8 94,274 16.7 124,119 18.5 49,447 66.2 Rest of Sydney 219,304 71.1 237,883 71.2 265,029 68.4 45,725 20.9 38,937 12.6 47,670 14.3 60,188 15.5 21,251 54.6 NSW 689,671 76.2 772,792 76.0 886,552 72.9 196,881 28.5 92,207 10.2 114,227 11.2 146,858 12.1 54,651 59.3 Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing, Time Series Profile, Table T11

Appendix F: Proficiency in spoken English/language, persons aged 65 years and over, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2006-16 (continued)

Proficiency in spoken English/language by age, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2006-16

Speaks other language and speaks English not well or not at all Change over time Speaks other language and speaks English -total Change over time Total persons

10 year 10 year 10 year 10 year % of 65+ % of 65+ % of 65+ % of 65+ % of 65+ % of 65+ Region 2006 2011 2016 change (2006- change (2006- 2006 2011 2016 change (2006- change (2006- 2006 2011 2016 population population population population population population 16) (no) 16) (%) 16) (no) 16) (%) Blacktown 2,979 13.4 3,673 13.6 4,560 13.1 1,581 53.1 7,814 35.1 10,253 37.8 14,053 40.4 6,239 79.8 22,239 27,091 34,763 Blue Mountains 65 0.7 70 0.6 111 0.7 46 70.8 681 6.9 816 6.9 1,024 6.8 343 50.4 9,892 11,910 15,017 Camden 133 3.2 194 3.5 313 3.8 180 135.3 535 12.7 747 13.6 1,273 15.4 738 137.9 4,216 5,508 8,249 Campbelltown 881 8.3 1,053 7.7 1,389 7.5 508 57.7 2,344 22.1 3,184 23.4 4,614 24.9 2,270 96.8 10,606 13,614 18,525 Canterbury-Bankstown 9,553 23.1 11,061 25.4 13,066 27.1 3,513 36.8 18,506 44.8 22,158 50.9 26,987 55.9 8,481 45.8 41,330 43,558 48,246 Cumberland 4,184 21.2 4,884 23.2 6,238 25.9 2,054 49.1 8,430 42.8 10,245 48.6 13,188 54.7 4,758 56.4 19,699 21,080 24,116 Fairfield 7,922 39.4 8,876 39.4 11,277 41.1 3,355 42.4 13,330 66.4 15,771 70.0 20,295 74.0 6,965 52.3 20,085 22,546 27,439 Hawkesbury 93 1.6 106 1.5 142 1.5 49 52.7 515 8.8 637 8.8 857 9.3 342 66.4 5,873 7,253 9,221 Lithgow 9 0.3 17 0.5 21 0.5 12 133.3 94 3.1 141 3.9 175 3.8 81 86.2 3,037 3,656 4,649 Liverpool 2,971 21.9 3,645 22.1 4,894 22.9 1,923 64.7 6,003 44.3 7,929 48.1 11,250 52.8 5,247 87.4 13,562 16,490 21,325 Parramatta 2,621 12.3 3,246 13.7 4,529 16.4 1,908 72.8 5,506 25.9 7,033 29.6 9,929 36.0 4,423 80.3 21,249 23,758 27,547 Penrith 812 5.8 882 5.1 1,112 4.9 300 36.9 2,825 20.1 3,453 20.1 4,600 20.1 1,775 62.8 14,036 17,152 22,911 The Hills Shire 801 7.1 1,070 6.9 1,754 8.3 953 119.0 2,640 23.5 3,801 24.4 6,019 28.4 3,379 128.0 11,255 15,598 21,231 Wingecarribee 36 0.5 51 0.5 71 0.6 35 97.2 380 5.0 453 4.7 626 5.1 246 64.7 7,590 9,612 12,385 Wollondilly 78 2.2 93 2.0 100 1.5 22 28.2 426 11.9 478 10.2 611 9.5 185 43.4 3,586 4,667 6,465 Greater Western Sydney 33,093 16.7 38,853 16.9 49,485 17.4 16,392 49.5 69,555 35.2 86,505 37.6 114,700 40.2 45,145 64.9 197,628 230,225 285,055 FACS WS District 11,564 10.8 13,948 10.9 18,467 11.6 6,903 59.7 28,505 26.6 36,379 28.5 49,845 31.3 21,340 74.9 107,280 127,498 159,455 FACS SWS District 21,574 21.4 24,973 21.5 31,110 21.8 9,536 44.2 41,524 41.1 50,720 43.7 65,656 46.0 24,132 58.1 100,975 115,995 142,634 Greater Sydney 59,637 11.8 68,093 12.1 84,055 12.5 24,418 40.9 135,895 26.9 164,321 29.1 210,416 31.3 74,521 54.8 505,895 564,445 672,561 Rest of Sydney 26,544 8.6 29,240 8.7 34,570 8.9 8,026 30.2 66,340 21.5 77,816 23.3 95,716 24.7 29,376 44.3 308,267 334,220 387,506 NSW 65,850 7.3 74,474 7.3 90,479 7.4 24,629 37.4 160,014 17.7 191,040 18.8 240,164 19.8 80,150 50.1 904,943 1,016,792 1,215,926 Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing, Time Series Profile, Table T11

Appendix G: Indigenous status by age, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016

Indigenous status by age, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016 Indigenous Non-Indigenous Indigenous status not stated Total persons

Less than % of <50 50 years Less than % of <50 50 years Less than % of <50 50 years Less than % of 50+ % of 50+ % of 50+ 50 years Region 50 years years old and over 50 years years old and over 50 years years old and over 50 years population population population and over old (no) population (no) old (no) population (no) old (no) population (no) old (no)

Blacktown 8,160 3.3 1,372 1.5 229,286 92.4 82,871 93.4 10,778 4.3 4,501 5.1 248,224 88,742 Blue Mountains 1,474 3.3 341 1.1 41,364 92.6 30,291 94.0 1,852 4.1 1,589 4.9 44,685 32,219 Camden 1,666 2.9 262 1.3 53,913 92.9 18,997 93.9 2,404 4.1 959 4.7 58,003 20,228 Campbelltown 5,165 4.7 815 1.7 99,129 90.2 43,504 92.4 5,605 5.1 2,782 5.9 109,910 47,099 Canterbury-Bankstown 2,023 0.8 524 0.5 224,897 94.0 100,633 94.1 12,427 5.2 5,823 5.4 239,330 106,972 Cumberland 1,079 0.7 316 0.6 150,320 94.4 53,559 94.1 7,795 4.9 3,024 5.3 159,188 56,896 Fairfield 1,197 0.9 292 0.4 126,211 95.0 62,875 95.3 5,451 4.1 2,808 4.3 132,841 65,973 Hawkesbury 2,005 4.7 387 1.8 38,597 90.1 19,974 91.9 2,248 5.2 1,368 6.3 42,847 21,726 Lithgow 978 8.3 237 2.6 9,738 82.6 8,173 88.0 1,096 9.3 874 9.4 11,792 9,287 Liverpool 2,504 1.7 507 0.9 137,122 92.0 51,124 92.3 9,345 6.3 3,732 6.7 148,972 55,359 Parramatta 1,428 0.9 268 0.4 153,099 93.8 59,573 94.6 8,676 5.3 3,125 5.0 163,186 62,974 Penrith 6,712 4.8 1,026 1.8 125,273 90.2 53,030 92.7 6,847 4.9 3,167 5.5 138,845 57,224 The Hills Shire 667 0.6 136 0.3 103,108 96.7 48,886 96.5 2,808 2.6 1,639 3.2 106,592 50,653 Wingecarribee 767 3.0 185 0.8 23,247 91.0 20,758 93.0 1,551 6.1 1,381 6.2 25,550 22,332 Wollondilly 1,305 4.0 250 1.6 29,864 91.1 14,571 92.5 1,618 4.9 923 5.9 32,766 15,746 Greater Western Sydney 35,385 2.2 6,496 1.0 1,512,183 93.0 639,888 93.9 77,854 4.8 35,440 5.2 1,625,389 681,811 FACS WS District 22,503 2.5 4,083 1.1 850,785 92.9 356,357 93.8 42,100 4.6 19,287 5.1 915,359 379,721 FACS SWS District 14,627 2.0 2,835 0.8 694,383 92.9 312,462 93.6 38,401 5.1 18,408 5.5 747,372 333,709 Greater Sydney 58,331 1.8 11,791 0.8 3,086,831 92.9 1,406,672 93.6 176,441 5.3 83,934 5.6 3,321,603 1,502,386 Rest of Sydney 22,946 1.4 5,295 0.6 1,574,648 92.8 766,784 93.4 98,587 5.8 48,494 5.9 1,696,214 820,575 NSW 177,327 3.6 37,978 1.5 4,427,691 90.7 2,388,724 92.3 274,023 5.6 161,802 6.3 4,879,033 2,588,479 Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing, Time Series Profile, Table T06

Appendix H: Labour force status, persons aged 65 years and over, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2006-16 (Employment)

Labour force status by age, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2006-16 Employed persons 65 years and over Change over time Employment rate 65 years and over (%) 10 year 10 year change change 2006 2011 2016 2006 2011 2016 (2006-16) (2006-16) (no) (%) Blacktown 1,420 2,415 3,682 2,262 159.3 6.4 8.9 10.6 Blue Mountains 892 1,468 2,094 1,202 134.8 9.0 12.3 13.9 Camden 355 628 1,112 757 213.2 8.4 11.4 13.5 Campbelltown 762 1,393 2,151 1,389 182.3 7.2 10.2 11.6 Canterbury-Bankstown 2,159 3,087 4,017 1,858 86.1 5.2 7.1 8.3 Cumberland 971 1,463 2,019 1,048 107.9 4.9 6.9 8.4 Fairfield 911 1,341 1,994 1,083 118.9 4.5 5.9 7.3 Hawkesbury 732 1,064 1,443 711 97.1 12.5 14.7 15.7 Lithgow 199 323 421 222 111.6 6.5 8.9 9.1 Liverpool 866 1,340 2,150 1,284 148.3 6.4 8.1 10.1 Parramatta 1,816 2,679 3,438 1,622 89.3 8.5 11.3 12.5 Penrith 1,062 1,822 2,924 1,862 175.3 7.6 10.6 12.8 The Hills Shire 1,714 2,895 4,023 2,309 134.7 15.2 18.6 19.0 Wingecarribee 890 1,374 1,838 948 106.5 11.7 14.3 14.8 Wollondilly 333 559 933 600 180.2 9.3 12.0 14.4 Greater Western Sydney 13,993 22,154 31,980 17,987 128.5 7.1 9.6 11.2 FACS WS District 8,806 14,129 20,044 11,238 127.6 8.2 11.1 12.6 FACS SWS District 6,276 9,722 14,195 7,919 126.2 6.2 8.4 10.0 Greater Sydney 43,801 63,952 87,517 43,716 99.8 8.7 11.3 13.0 Rest of Sydney 29,808 41,798 55,537 25,729 86.3 9.7 12.5 14.3 NSW 75,284 107,906 146,438 71,154 94.5 8.3 10.6 12.0 Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing, Time Series Profile, Table T33

Appendix I: Labour force status, persons aged 65 years and over, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2006-16 (Unemployment)

Labour force status by age, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2006-16 Unemployed persons 65 years and over Change over time Unemployment rate 65 years and over (%) 10 year 10 year change change 2006 2011 2016 2006 2011 2016 (2006-16) (2006-16) (no) (%) Blacktown 45 83 140 95 211.1 3.1 3.3 3.7 Blue Mountains 28 57 61 33 117.9 3.1 3.7 2.8 Camden 6 6 19 13 216.7 1.7 0.9 1.7 Campbelltown 19 30 83 64 336.8 2.4 2.1 3.7 Canterbury-Bankstown 75 83 154 79 105.3 3.3 2.6 3.7 Cumberland 39 52 76 37 94.9 3.9 3.4 3.6 Fairfield 36 53 81 45 125.0 3.8 3.8 3.9 Hawkesbury 11 21 32 21 190.9 1.5 1.9 2.2 Lithgow 6 6 16 10 166.7 2.9 1.9 3.7 Liverpool 32 40 63 31 96.9 3.6 2.9 2.9 Parramatta 50 78 115 65 130.0 2.7 2.8 3.2 Penrith 22 40 68 46 209.1 2.0 2.2 2.3 The Hills Shire 38 62 115 77 202.6 2.2 2.1 2.8 Wingecarribee 15 30 56 41 273.3 1.7 2.1 3.0 Wollondilly 4 11 20 16 400.0 1.2 1.9 2.1 Greater Western Sydney 405 616 1,027 622 153.6 2.8 2.7 3.1 FACS WS District 239 399 623 384 160.7 2.6 2.7 3.0 FACS SWS District 187 253 476 289 154.5 2.9 2.5 3.2 Greater Sydney 653 1,557 2,581 1,928 295.3 1.5 2.4 2.9 Rest of Sydney 248 941 1,554 1,306 526.6 0.8 2.2 2.7 NSW 990 2,367 3,938 2,948 297.8 1.3 2.1 2.6 Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing, Time Series Profile, Table T33

Appendix J: Labour force status, persons aged 65 years and over, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2006-16 (Labour force participation)

Labour force status by age, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2006-16 Total labour force 65 years and over Total persons 65 years and over Labour force participation rate 65 years and over (%)

2006 2011 2016 2006 2011 2016 2006 2011 2016

Blacktown 1,473 2,502 3,813 22,237 27,090 34,763 6.6 9.2 11.0 Blue Mountains 917 1,524 2,148 9,895 11,902 15,021 9.3 12.8 14.3 Camden 361 635 1,125 4,222 5,513 8,252 8.6 11.5 13.6 Campbelltown 786 1,424 2,221 10,607 13,616 18,521 7.4 10.5 12.0 Canterbury-Bankstown 2,240 3,175 4,176 41,337 43,550 48,249 5.4 7.3 8.7 Cumberland 1,007 1,524 2,089 19,697 21,074 24,123 5.1 7.2 8.7 Fairfield 949 1,396 2,080 20,085 22,554 27,449 4.7 6.2 7.6 Hawkesbury 745 1,078 1,474 5,868 7,247 9,220 12.7 14.9 16.0 Lithgow 205 324 432 3,040 3,648 4,647 6.7 8.9 9.3 Liverpool 882 1,375 2,203 13,557 16,495 21,329 6.5 8.3 10.3 Parramatta 1,859 2,755 3,539 21,248 23,763 27,549 8.7 11.6 12.8 Penrith 1,091 1,856 2,990 14,037 17,156 22,913 7.8 10.8 13.0 The Hills Shire 1,759 2,959 4,132 11,257 15,597 21,228 15.6 19.0 19.5 Wingecarribee 909 1,402 1,885 7,589 9,611 12,392 12.0 14.6 15.2 Wollondilly 336 570 958 3,585 4,667 6,457 9.4 12.2 14.8 Greater Western Sydney 14,405 22,773 32,948 197,632 230,224 285,074 7.3 9.9 11.6 FACS WS District 9,056 14,522 20,617 107,279 127,477 159,464 8.4 11.4 12.9 FACS SWS District 6,463 9,977 14,648 100,982 116,006 142,649 6.4 8.6 10.3 Greater Sydney 44,864 65,518 90,095 505,973 564,446 672,567 8.9 11.6 13.4 Rest of Sydney 30,459 42,745 57,147 308,341 334,222 387,493 9.9 12.8 14.7 NSW 76,887 110,286 150,380 904,938 1,016,796 1,215,934 8.5 10.8 12.4 Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing, Time Series Profile, Table T33

Appendix K: Unpaid Assistance to a person with disability by age, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016

Unpaid assistance to a person with a disability by age, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016 Provided unpaid assistance No unpaid assistance provided Unpaid assistance not stated Total persons 15-64 % of 15-64 65 years 15-64 % of 15-64 65 years 15-64 % of 15-64 65 years 15-64 % of 65+ % of 65+ % of 65+ 65 years Region years old year and over years old year and over years old year and over years old population population population and over (no) population (no) (no) population (no) (no) population (no) (no) Blacktown 25,361 11.2 3,780 10.9 184,231 81.7 27,155 78.1 15,951 7.1 3,829 11.0 225,535 34,763 Blue Mountains 6,784 14.2 1,932 12.9 38,386 80.3 11,722 78.1 2,638 5.5 1,372 9.1 47,812 15,017 Camden 5,708 11.1 985 11.9 42,659 83.2 6,280 76.1 2,906 5.7 987 12.0 51,276 8,249 Campbelltown 13,215 12.6 2,222 12.0 83,716 80.0 13,840 74.7 7,701 7.4 2,459 13.3 104,630 18,525 Canterbury-Bankstown 28,430 12.5 5,427 11.2 180,475 79.5 37,894 78.5 18,109 8.0 4,928 10.2 227,021 48,246 Cumberland 16,655 11.3 2,589 10.7 119,323 80.8 18,914 78.4 11,617 7.9 2,610 10.8 147,598 24,116 Fairfield 17,364 13.0 2,878 10.5 106,680 79.9 22,138 80.7 9,393 7.0 2,423 8.8 133,441 27,439 Hawkesbury 4,955 11.7 1,066 11.6 34,498 81.2 7,077 76.7 3,054 7.2 1,087 11.8 42,499 9,221 Lithgow 1,710 13.3 463 10.0 9,281 72.2 3,414 73.4 1,861 14.5 769 16.5 12,850 4,649 Liverpool 16,479 12.1 2,378 11.2 108,230 79.2 16,282 76.4 12,001 8.8 2,664 12.5 136,703 21,325 Parramatta 15,938 10.2 3,247 11.8 128,498 81.8 21,722 78.9 12,567 8.0 2,576 9.4 156,999 27,547 Penrith 14,937 11.3 2,571 11.2 106,577 80.8 17,695 77.2 10,368 7.9 2,640 11.5 131,865 22,911 The Hills Shire 11,721 11.4 2,740 12.9 86,534 84.5 17,155 80.8 4,131 4.0 1,341 6.3 102,397 21,231 Wingecarribee 3,684 13.6 1,480 11.9 21,230 78.4 9,451 76.3 2,171 8.0 1,458 11.8 27,089 12,385 Wollondilly 3,862 12.3 781 12.1 25,288 80.6 4,819 74.5 2,226 7.1 876 13.5 31,375 6,465 Greater Western Sydney 181,409 11.8 32,596 11.4 1,245,095 80.9 222,693 78.1 112,662 7.3 29,792 10.5 1,539,151 285,055 FACS WS District 98,061 11.3 18,388 11.5 707,328 81.5 124,854 78.3 62,187 7.2 16,224 10.2 867,555 159,455 FACS SWS District 88,742 12.5 16,151 11.3 568,278 79.9 110,704 77.6 54,507 7.7 15,795 11.1 711,535 142,634 Greater Sydney 356,761 11.0 79,232 11.8 2,653,345 81.6 520,603 77.4 241,034 7.4 72,716 10.8 3,251,132 672,561 Rest of Sydney 175,352 10.2 46,636 12.0 1,408,250 82.3 297,910 76.9 128,372 7.5 42,924 11.1 1,711,981 387,506 NSW 567,369 11.7 141,106 11.6 3,914,159 80.4 922,474 75.9 384,513 7.9 152,333 12.5 4,866,045 1,215,926 Source: ABS Census of Population and Housing 2016, General Community Profile, G21