Davao Research Journal ISSN 2244-4432

The Official R & D Publication of State College of Science & Technology

Policy Brief

Sustainable tourism in an ecologically critical area: Implications to Dahican and its threatened marine megafauna

Lea A. JIMENEZ1, Bernadette J. NANUAL1, Diana Maria Margarita VERDOTE2, Maria Jessica June LABAJA2, Marlo Khen INABIOGAN1 France Guillian B. RAPIZ1,*

1Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology, City of Mati, Davao Oriental 2Large Marine Vertebrates Research Institute , Dumaguete, Oriental *[email protected]

Abstract The City of Mati, Davao Oriental is one of the few places that can boast of a wide variety of natural attractions ideal for promoting eco-tourism enterprises. Dahican Beach is unique because it is the habitat of several charismatic marine megafauna, namely: dugongs, whale sharks, dolphins, and three species of nesting marine turtles. Yet, very little is known about the marine species that have made Dahican their home. In 2013, the Regional ICRM Center XI simultaneously conducted two studies in Dahican: one was the baseline study on the status of marine megafauna in Mayo Bay; and the other was a willingness-to-pay study for the feasibility of collecting environmental fees. Both projects have implications on the sustainability of these resources as well as that of future tourism endeavors. Around the same time, however, the operation of a personal watercraft (PWC) – popularly known as Jet Ski® – had been observed in Dahican. Such an activity has and will result to a number of issues including but not limited to conflict with other beach recreationists, disruption in the con- duct of RIC XI’s research, and the potentially grave threat to the survival of marine organ- isms, especially the large marine vertebrates. To elucidate to the reader the possible threats of PWCs on the marine wildlife of Dahican, a literature review is provided.

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The Role of Research Discussion The Regional Integrated Coastal Resource Management (ICRM) Center – XI Sustainable Ecotourism (RIC XI) aims to provide scientific informa- Tourism is one of the world’s biggest tion that can be used as a tool for enhancing and fastest growing industry. It is also the natural resource management. We are cog- only major service sector where developing nizant of the fact that management is countries have recorded trade surpluses with 1 founded on policy and legislative developed countries . To ensure the frameworks which, in turn, rely on accurate, long-term benefits of tourism, the industry is and rigorous information. At present, we are pursuing a more sustainable approach; that conducting two simultaneous studies in is, tourism is concerned with achieving the Dahican funded by the Foreign Assisted triple bottom line of economic viability, 1,2 Project (FASPO) of the Department of Envi- environmental integrity, and social equity . ronment and Natural Resources (DENR). Undoubtedly, tourism is a big income earner One of these studies is to gather baseline and the Philippines, in particular, is well status information on the dugongs, whale positioned to gain much from tourism con- sharks, cetaceans, and marine turtles in sidering that our country is blessed with Mayo Bay; the other study is to elicit the abundant and diverse natural resources. willingness of tourists to pay environmental Ecotourism – which is nature-based tourism 3 fees for the conservation of the marine that supports environmental conservation – resources. Clearly, both projects have specifically is one product niche that we can implications on the sustainability of these and should proactively pursue. resources as well as that of future tourism The beach of Dahican is a particularly endeavors. rare jewel because of its sugary, white sand and the surfer waves during amihan season Admittedly, the role of RIC XI is have secured Mati City’s place in the tipped more towards natural resource ecotourism map. Dahican Beach is so conservation and management than towards uniquely positioned to make the most of the identifying tourism potential but they are, in opportunity: very rarely is a small area being fact, complementary. The baseline study we the habitat of not just one but several are conducting is primarily a recognition of charismatic marine megafauna – dugongs, the importance of the above-mentioned whale sharks, dolphins, and three species of marine species. Their importance is detailed nesting marine turtles. Yet, very little is in the attached literature review but on the known about the marine species that Da- whole – being top predators of the hican hosts. Perhaps, this is why Dahican ecosystem – they are indicators of the has not been promoted for its full potential? overall health of the marine environment. The place is popular enough through word- They ensure a well-balanced ecological of-mouth. In fact, Dahican may be Mati’s interaction, ensuring that the products and most well-known (and well-loved) destina- services upon which the human population tion, especially among outsiders seeking the heavily depends will be maintained. Hence, tranquility and unique experience this idyllic these species need to be conserved and place can offer. protected for their own value, making the conservation of Dahican imperative.

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It may be recalled that several dugongs cannot be allowed to launch without the died 2 years ago from accidental gill net appropriate policy guidelines to steer it in the entrapments in Dahican, provoking public right course. In areas such as Dahican, the outcry that reached national level agencies. very first step in maintaining coastal The prevalent concern was securing what integrity is to minimize disturbance, could be one of the last few havens of especially as dugongs, cetaceans, whale dugongs in the Philippines. Various groups sharks and turtles are all vulnerable to noise, brought up the call for a more permanent crowding and traffic. protection of the Dahican area and safeguard Lately, the operation of a personal the threatened biodiversity that has made it watercraft – popularly known by the their home. The benefit of such a protection Kawasaki trademark of Jet Skis® – had been is two-fold: (1) it will assure the conserva- observed in Dahican. The reason for our tion of species and improve fisheries; and concern is two-fold: (1) the PWC pose an (2) enhance eco-tourism value. immediate threat as it was reportedly operated near the shoreline frequented by Tourism and Conservation: Harmony or other non-motorized water-based tourists, Conflict? posing potential safety risk; and (2) the con- It is thereby encouraging to note that tinuous operation of PWC in the area further the local government has taken a step threatens the marine organisms that we – towards this direction with the signing of from the Local Government Units (LGU), Resolution No. 275 Series of 2011, “A academe and to the community – are trying Resolution Declaring the Eastern Part of to conserve in Dahican. The former is Mayo Bay Going to Dahican Stretch vis-à- apparent and requires no greater elaboration vis to Bobon and Lawigan as Environmen- while the latter is less appreciated, thus, the tally Critical Areas” in recognition of its subject of the succeeding literature review. being a habitat to threatened marine wildlife The PWCs are very different from and for its ecotourism potentials. other motorized crafts operated in the area However, this is but a first step. The because of their speed (from zero to 50 kph resolution needs to be reinforced by legis- in a few seconds), maneuverability4, and lated guidelines on how to ensure the long stopping speed of 80 to 150m5. Large “protection, preservation, conservation and marine vertebrates and turtles are known to management of natural resources” in this evade boats because of the latter’s relatively environmentally critical area. Without direct course, slow movement, and inability which, Dahican will remain vulnerable to to enter shallow waters. PWCs, on the other unscrupulous economic pursuits and unregu- hand, have a high potential of harming the lated shoreline activities that in no way pro- animals, obstructing natural route and subse- mote sustainable tourism development. quently causing them to seek other less dis- It needs to be pointed out that tourism turbed areas but maybe with less food. itself can be detrimental to the environment. Moreover, the high possibility of a vessel For one, infrastructures and facilities strike raises ethical issues on animal welfare. constructed to cater tourism cause pollution The US National Park Service proposed a and habitat alteration; for another, an influx ban against the use of PWCs in national of imprudent tourists to a small natural area parks due to the grave danger to aquatic can cause undue stress a fragile ecosystem. wildlife and vegetation.4 These underscore the fact that ecotourism

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In order to make a complete, albeit the sound of the Jet Ski® or by creating concise situation of these animals, a short wave disturbance in the seawater. Unlike description regarding their importance and fishing boats that pass through in the area Jet the threats to their survival is provided. Skis® can likely cause major disruptions in Towards the end of this advocacy paper, a dugong’s communication as they just stay in few recommendations are also outlined. the same area going back and forth. The disruption in seawater may also affect the Vulnerability of Dugongs to Personal delay in hearing the coming vessel so that Watercrafts they may have not enough time to dock Dugong (Scientific Name: Dugong underwater, and thus, their collision to the dugon; Local Name: dugong or sea cow) has vessel. been documented as a regular visitor in the The disturbance created by PWC can coastal waters of Dahican. Though this drive away dugongs from the area. This is documentation is yet to be seen in print, critical if the dugongs are feeding because accounts of fisherfolks and the dead dugongs feeding disruptions can starve them. Aside recovered in the early part of 2011 proved from physical weakness, starving can also the existence of dugongs in the area. Further, affect their reproductive activities – delaying dugong feeding trails were documented in their breeding. Further, the constant water the seagrasses meadows of Dahican during a movement created by PWC can stir up the research conducted on March 2013, strength- seabed and can directly smother the small ening support to their presence in the area. and delicate seagrasses. Dugong has been listed as "vulnerable to The sediment stir-up can also cause extinction at a global scale" by The World turbidity to the water column, decreasing Conservation Union (IUCN). This threat to light penetration in the water column. their population stemmed largely from their Halophila ovalis, one preferred seagrass dependence on their seagrass food which species, appears to be particularly sensitive thrives only in the shallow part of the reef or to light reduction, with the duration and the coastal area. The shallow site preference frequency of light-deprivation events of seagrasses is due largely to their need for primary factors affecting its survival in sunlight as being photosynthetic. The fre- environments that experience transient light quency of dugongs in the coastal waters deprivation.6 exposes them to human activities6. Among these human activities, in the case of the Vulnerability of Dolphins to Personal Dahican coastal area, is the operation of per- Watercrafts sonal water crafts (PWCs), otherwise known Dolphins, being highly social animals, carry as Jet Ski®, which at present has raised is- out their day-to-day activities such as feed- sues on their effects to marine organisms ing and foraging, resting, and social- in the area. This document, thus, discusses izing in groups called pods. Much like a the likely negative effects of such vessels to human family, pods are integral for an indi- dugong, in particular, in the area. vidual dolphin’s survival and well-being. Dugongs communicate through chirps, They constantly communicate with other whistles, barks, and other sounds that echo 6 members of the pod in order to stay together. underwater. Their communication can be Studies have shown that dolphins are reliant easily disrupted by a passing PWC via on sound for communication and monitoring 7 Conducted by Dr. Miguel Fortes of UP-MSI and Dr. Hiroshi Mukai of of their surrounddings . Kyoto Univ, Japan under the Seagrass-Mangrove Bioshield Project in collaboration with RIC XI

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Dolphins communicate using whistles Stress and dolphins and clicks, sounds which may be Dolphins manifest stress mainly by “masked” (covered or cancelled out) by trying to get away from the object. Their natural and man-made noises in the water so immediate response to perceived threats is to that they are unable to hear other pod mem- leave what they are doing and any one of the bers. Scientists have been studying the ef- following: come closer together, rapidly fects of noise and boats on dolphins, swim away, dive deep down, or stay under- mainly by quantifying changes in their water longer. Pods with one or more calves behavior when exposed to different are more susceptible to stressful situations conditions. as young ones cannot swim as fast as adults plus they need to come up for air in shorter Effects of Personal Watercrafts on Dolphins intervals. Whereas shallow areas such as bays may be utilized as resting places, they Noise from jet-propulsion water vehicles could also be more stressful because one All factors being equal (speed, sea avenue of escape (diving down) is closed to conditions, water quality), a jet-propulsion them. water vehicle produces less noise than boats. Long term studies showed that However, being less noisy, they are detected dolphins may relocate to different sites by dolphins only when they are close. The which may be less suitable. Food may not be animals, upon seeing the vehicle too close as abundant or good, or there may be more to them, interprets the craft’s “behavior” as threats so that their rest is affected. In the predatory and thus express strong avoidance long run, individuals’ health may deteriorate behavior by diving down, abandoning their so that they may be more susceptible to activity, or even leaving the site.8, 9 parasites and diseases.

Collisions with dolphins Vulnerability of Whale Sharks to Personal A PWC’s speed and maneuverability Watercrafts plus man’s natural curiosity makes it more The whale shark, Rhincodon typus, is likely that operators will inadvertently get the world’s largest living species of fish.11 too close to dolphins. Interrupting the Globally distributed and inhabiting tropical animals’ normal activities, resulting to and warm temperate waters off-shore and stress. Pods that have calves (young dol- close to land, it is known to travel large phins) are more susceptible to this kind of distances and form seasonal aggregations in stress, causing pods to leave a site areas rich in its choice of prey (e.g. bolinao, temporarily or for good9. The high speed, small squid, krill, and plankton). It is this unpredictability, sudden appearance and dependency on food pulses located in coastal erratic movement of PWCs are important areas that has opened doors for the scientific factors for high risk of collision with community to conduct studies on this dolphins behaviors in whale watching sites 9, “enigmatic” animal, and for the tourism 10. industry to use this iconic species as an While animals will avoid such economic resource. vehicles when possible, inexperienced juveniles may miscalculate their proximity (or even attempt to play with a novelty) and are more susceptible to get injured or cause injury.

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However, past and current threats on Whale Sharks and Tourism the survival of whale sharks – including by- The discovery of the aggregation in catch and poaching, habitat destruction and Donsol, led to the establishment of displacement, unregulated tourism, vessel a tourism scheme as an alternative source of collision, and pollution, to name a few – and income for the local people in the area. As a general gap in knowledge on the basic there was no guideline for interaction then, natural history of these slow growing and Donsol adopted the 1995 Code of Conduct late maturing animals have all contributed of Western Australia’s Department of to its’ predisposition to extinction in the Conservation and Land Management13 that wild. Consequently, the whale shark is now includes prohibitions such as attempting to listed under Appendix II of the Convention touch or ride on a whale shark, undertaking on International Trade in Endangered Spe- flash photography, using motorized cies (CITES) and on Appendix II of the propulsion aids (e.g. scooters, jet-skis) and Convention on Migratory Species of Wild restricting the normal movement or behavior Animals (CMS), as well as classified as vul- of the shark (i.e. blocking the shark’s path) nerable in the Red List of Threatened Ani- 14. However, non-compliance by tourists and mals by the World Conservation Union tour operators alike was observed, which, (IUCN). according to Quiros13, is largely due to varying interpretations of the rules and lack of regulation enforcement. The massive Whale Sharks in the Philippines influx of foreign and local guests over- whelmed the tourism council, especially Situated just above the equatorial belt, since its members were trained in neither the the Philippines is an important area for hospitality industry nor conservation man- whale sharks. It is one of the few places in agement.15 Although they sought to put up a the world where they are present all year community-based tourism initiative, with round. It is also one of the 4 places in the only the minimum groundwork in place, the world where an adult female has been noble intention to manage the industry in a recorded – a special distinction, as most sustainable manner unfortunately backfired. sightings from the various aggregation sites The famous tourist spot saw a decline in are composed predominantly of juvenile whale shark sightings in the past few years male R. typus with very few females or leaving tourists disappointed and displeased adults.11 Moreover, the archipelago is now a (Snow, pers. comm). protected refuge between countries that are IUCN states that the sensitive nature of still catching or abundantly poaching them; whale sharks, its’ aggregation at specific the Philippines, particularly the coastal times of the year, slow maturation rate and waters of and , including migratory behavior all make them suscep- those of Samal Island in Davao and Sitio tible to anthropogenic impacts.16 Literature Tagdodo in Mati12, was a whale shark suggests that these marine vertebrates hunting hotspot for a century until the exhibit avoidance behavior (i.e. fast enactment of FAO 193 in 1998 banning the swimming, changing direction, diving) in harvest and trade of this species. Presently, response to proximity and behavior of with more than 600 individuals identified, swimmers and vessels in the water.13,17 the country could host the largest population These short-term negative impacts may of whale sharks in South East Asia. contribute to long-term adverse effects such

as disruption of feeding behavior, displace-

24 Davao Res J 2015; 11: 19-29 Sustainable Tourism in Dahican Jimenez et al displacement from important feeding areas, disappearance of the targeted species as a stress, injury, and mortality.18 Literature on result of excessive environmental impacts, the relatively well-researched marine and reduced visitation as a result of poor mammal tourism industry records similar visitor experience owing to crowding, envi- detrimental effects as well.7, 8, 19 While the ronmental impacts, and marketing whale sharks are made susceptible to vessel approach.21 Granting that these undesirable collisions because of their surface swimming consequences may not be immediate, a habits11, most frequently observed in precautionary approach to tourism would be response to feeding opportunities in areas the sensible course of action.16 near the coast (e.g. Dahican in Mayo Bay), their advantage with regards to avoidance of Vulnerability of Marine Turtles to Personal human interaction is that unlike mammalian Watercrafts and reptilian megafauna (e.g. dolphins, Of the seven classified species of turtles, dugongs), whale sharks can actively marine turtles in the whole world, five are avoid surface waters in terms of their meta- found in the Philippines, namely: Chelonia bolic requirement for oxygen should they be mydas, Dermochelys coriacea, Caretta unduly disturbed by tourism activities18. caretta, Eretmochelys imbricata and Lepido- It may be argued that whale sharks are chelys olivacea.22 They subsist primarily on less vulnerable to vehicular collision at sea jellyfishes, seaweeds, and small fishes and than other megafauna because of their strong inhabit sea grass pastures. Turtles typically avoidance instinct and fast swimming grow up to 2 to 3 meters in length and can capabilities. Personal watercrafts (PWC), weigh anywhere from 40 to 180 kg however, pose a graver threat to whale depending on the species. Marine turtles are sharks than do other motorized watercrafts: highly migratory and the females only come the inefficient two-stroke engine of most ashore to lay their eggs. It is the turtle’s PWCs releases 30% of its gasoline/fuel distinctive behavior to return to the area mixture unburned into the water and atmos- where they were hatched to lay their eggs in phere5, thereby emitting roughly eight times turn. They can recognize the exact place of more pollution than a two-stroke outboard their birth because as hatchlings, they motorboat20. In fact, a mere two hours of Jet imprint on the earth’s magnetic field of their Ski operation releases three gallons of gas home beach; this is why it is strictly prohi- and oil into the water. The most vulnerable bited to disturb a hatchling’s slow, laborious to these pollutants are the zooplanktons that way towards the sea guided only by float just below the surface water – and orienting themselves to light horizon because whale sharks subsist on these organisms, they would then fail to imprint. 23 which are very susceptible to the acute toxic Marine turtles play an important role in effects of even low hydrocarbon (from oils maintaining the marine and coastal environ- and gas) levels.20 ment.23, 24 For example, hawksbill turtles The confluence of species vulnerability feed on sponges thereby helping to promote and increased tourism volume could be an the growth of corals, the rugosity of which indicator of an ecological and economic provides a important reef fishes with a problem.21 In a study on tourist satisfaction variety of habitats and protection. Green sea on the whale shark tourism industry in turtle on the other hand grazes on seagrasses Holbox, Mexico, it was cited that a wildlife and promote new plant growth for other or- tourism site may collapse in the event of ganisms while leatherback turtles keep the uncontrolled growth because of the jellyfish population in check. Their presence

Davao Res J 2015; 11: 19-29 25 Sustainable Tourism in Dahican Jimenez et al in a given area is indicative of the health of zones” must be employed.24 that area. Their importance makes their conservation imperative but due to various stresses, they are now highly endangered. Conclusion and Recommendations This is why, in the Philippines, their protec- tion is stipulated by formal regulations and PWCs, admittedly, are one of the thrill crafts by one law in particular, the Republic Act that may attract tourists to a given resort; in 9147, or the Wildlife Act of 2001.22 the special case of Dahican, however, alter- Their strong affinity to their place of natives need to be sought. It is but one of hatching is only one of the factors that the examples wherein balance must be found makes them vulnerable. Each marine turtle between tourism and environment and population is also genetically isolated and between immediate income and sustained distinct and so it cannot be replenished by economic benefits. But this observation other populations of the same species should decide it for us: without its marine should that population be threatened.23, 24 wildlife, Dahican will cease to be a unique And although marine turtles produce place for ecotourism. We could lose the thousands of eggs during their lifetime, very value that makes Dahican – and Mati natural predators and the harsh conditions at by association – so attractive. sea ensures only a 1% survival rate. This is In view of these and at the behest of the City further decimated by the anthropogenic Administrator, Engr. Joel Capalit during threats, which, by far, is the most alarming. the meeting last September 26, 2013 at the The adults are hunted for their meat and for Mati City Hall, RIC XI wishes to make the their shells, which makes exotic ornaments. following recommendations: Fishing methods such as trawls, gill nets, abandoned nets and by catch have also 1. Fast track the declaration of Mayo lessened their population. Marine turtles are Bay, specifically the portion of also vulnerable to pollution such as marine Dahican, as a marine protected area, debris and pollution. Poaching of turtle eggs, which was already initiated by the intentional captivity, beach lightings, beach DENR through the Integrated Coastal infrastructure and sand mining also Resource Management Project and as a compound the threats the marine turtles’ next logical step to its declaration as an survival. environmentally critical area; The speed and maneuverability of 2. In the absence of formal protection at personal watercrafts pose a more direct this time, it is suggested that an ad hoc threat to marine turtles. Because marine committee be created to define guide- turtles have to surface to breath area, a fast lines on the use of Dahican, it being an moving motorized craft in the vicinity would environmentally critical area, to imme- be difficult to avoid especially as the PWC’s diately address the operation of high frequency noise does not give a personal watercraft in the area. The warning of their approach. Records have formulation of guidelines should shown that PWCs have killed numerous adhere to the principle of the precau- surface dwelling and air-breathing marine tionary approach and lend itself to fu- vertebrates, including marine turtles, usually ture iterations as better information are by blunt impact trauma. Numerous studies made available and formal protection have ruled that where turtles make their is established; sanctuary, the “slow speed or no wake’

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3. Consider a marine spatial planning approach to delineate the various zones – and define their specific uses – along the coastal areas of Mayo Bay and Pujada Bay; and 4. For the LGU and other concerned agencies to initiate a dialogue with resort owners and other stakeholders in Dahican to harmonize conservation and tourism goals for the area.

Disclaimer The authors of this advocacy paper are researchers for the Regional ICRMP Center XI (RIC XI) and LaMaVe. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, and Physalus/LaMaVe.

Threatened Marine Megafauna in Dahican, City of Mati, Davao Oriental.

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