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Monografies De La Institució Catalana D'història Natural 3 Monografies de la Institució Catalana d’Història Natural 3 Biodiversity in anthropized marinas The case of the Barcelona Forum bathing area (Spain) Miquel Pontes, Xavier Salvador, Àlex Parera, Guillermo Álvarez & Manuel Ballesteros Barcelona, 2021 1 Monografies de la Institució Catalana d’Història Natural 3 Biodiversity in anthropized marinas The case of the Barcelona Forum bathing area (Spain) Miquel Pontes, Xavier Salvador, Àlex Parera, Guillermo Álvarez & Manuel Ballesteros Barcelona, 2021 Monografies de la ICHN, núm. 3, 2021 2 INSTITUCIÓ CATALANA D’HISTÒRIA NATURAL Editor en Cap Juli Pujade-Villar, Facultat de Biologia, Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals (Secció Invertebrats), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona. Coeditors Albert Masó, Facultat de Biologia, Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Am- bientals (Secció Ecologia), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona Joan Pino, Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra. Llorenç Sáez, Unitat de Botànica, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra. Amador Viñolas, Consorci del Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona, Laboratori de Natura, Coŀlecció d’artròpodes, Barcelona. Figura de la portada: Rhyssoplax olivacea (Spengler, 1797). Fotografia de Miquel Pontes. Data de publicació: setembre de 2021 © Miquel Pontes, Xavier Salvador, Àlex Parera, Guillermo Álvarez & Manuel Ballesteros Aquesta edició és propietat de la Institució Catalana d’Història Natural (filial de l’Institut d’Estudis Catalans) Carrer del Carme, 47. 08001 Barcelona Compost per Amador Viñolas ISSN: 2696-4988 (online edition) DOI: 10.2436/20.1502.04.03 Aquesta obra és d’ús lliure, però està sotmesa a les condicions de la llicència pública de Creative Commons. Es pot reproduir, distribuir i comunicar l’obra sempre que se’n reconegui l’autoria i l’entitat que la publica i no se’n faci un ús comercial ni cap obra derivada. Es pot trobar una còpia completa dels termes d’aquesta llicència a l’adreça: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/es/deed.ca. Monografies de la ICHN, núm. 3, 2021 MONOGRAFIES DE LA INSTITUCIÓ CATALANA D'HISTÒRIA NATURAL 3 Biodiversity in anthropized marinas The case of the Barcelona Forum bathing area (Spain) Miquel Pontes**, Xavier Salvador****, Àlex Parera*, **, Guillermo Álvarez*** & Manuel Ballesteros*, ** * Departament Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals. Universitat de Barcelona. Avda. Diagonal, 643. 08028 Barcelona, Spain. ** Grup d’Estudis VIMAR (Vida Marina). Rocafort, 246. 08029 Barcelona, Spain. *** Federació Catalana d’Activitats Subaquàtiques (FECDAS). Moll de la Vela, 1. 08930 Sant Adrià de Besòs, Barcelona, Spain. **** Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC). Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37. 08003 Barce lona, Spain) Corresponding author: Miquel Pontes. A/e: [email protected] Abstract The Mediterranean Sea is a hotspot for biodiversity and endemic species (between 4 % and 18 % of known species are endemic, depending on the group), but this environment, favourable for native species, also favours exotic species. To ascertain how biodiversity has been impacted by intense human activity, we surveyed the marine life in the Barcelona Forum bathing area, ​​an artificial beach receiving large amounts of waste from neighbouring areas and effluent from the nearby sewage treatment plant. Despite such eutrophic influences and the replacement of natural substrates with artificial ones, a surprisingly rich marine biota of 514 species was found. The groups with most species identified were molluscs (176), fish (88), crustaceans (65) and algae (50). These results include 15 exotic species that have settled in this ecosystem, such as the sea hare Bursatella leachii and the polychaete Branchiomma luctuosum, and some iconic natives such as the Fan mus- sel (Pinna nobilis) and the Dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus). Urban litter was sampled and no significant deleterious effects on the biota were detected. The site acts as a refuge for fish and is conducive to the settlement of encrusting species that colonize new substrates. Key words: Marinas, Biodiversity, alien species, marine litter, Barcelona Forum Resum Biodiversitat en marines antropitzades. El cas de la zona de banys del Fòrum de Barcelona (Espanya) El mar Mediterrani és un punt calent per a la biodiversitat i les espècies endèmiques (entre el 4 % i el 18 % de les espècies conegudes són endèmiques, segons el grup), però aquest entorn, favorable per a les espècies autòctones, també afavoreix les espècies exòtiques. Per esbrinar com la biodiversitat s’ha vist afectada per la intensa activitat humana vàrem examinar la vida marina de la zona de bany del Fòrum de Barcelona, ​​una platja artificial que rep gran quantitat de residus de zones veïnes i efluents de la depuradora propera. Malgrat aquestes influències eutròfiques i la substitució dels substrats naturals per artificials, es va trobar una biota marina sorprenentment rica, amb 514 espècies. Els grups amb més espècies identificades van ser els moŀluscs (176), els peixos (88), els crustacis (65) i les algues (50). Aquests resultats inclouen 15 espècies exòtiques que s’han assentat en aquest ecosistema, com la llebre marina Bursatella leachii i el poliquet Branchiomma Monografies de la ICHN, núm. 3, 2021 4 BIODIVERSITY IN ANTHROPIZED MARINAS luctuosum, i algunes espècies nadiues emblemàtiques com la nacra (Pinna nobilis) i el mero (Epi- nephelus marginatus). Es van obtenir mostres de residus urbans i no es van detectar efectes nocius significatius sobre la biota. El lloc actua com a refugi de peixos i propicia l’assentament d’espècies incrustants que solen colonitzar nous substrats. Paraules clau: Marines, Biodiversitat, espècies exòtiques, residus marins, Fòrum de Barcelona Introduction There is a great lack of knowledge regarding the marine environment compared to the terrestrial environment. Concern over degradation of the marine environment in recent decades has prompted a worldwide increase in the number of marine biodiversity studies. In the Mediterranean Sea, these include Bianchi & Morri (2000) and Boudouresque (2004) with estimates of the current biodiver- sity and distribution patterns, and Lloret et al. (2008) who showed that these changes over time are related to anthropogenic impacts. As more than 12,000 species of macroscopic organisms are known in the Mediterranean Sea, it is considered a “hot spot” of marine biodiversity (Coll et al., 2010). It contains about 4 % to 18 % of all living marine species despite representing only 0.8 % of the Earth’s ocean surface (Bianchi & Morri, 2000). Recently, over 600 alien species of macroscopic marine organisms have been re- corded (Zenetos et al., 2008). Experiments have shown that seawater quality degradation facilitates the presence of non-native species (Crooks et al., 2011). The potential of recreational boats to act as vectors for introducing alien species has been suggested by Davidson et al. (2010). In recent decades, Mediterranean marine biodiversity has been profoundly altered by the joint action of climate change, including increased sea water temperature and acidification and, especially, direct human impacts such as eutrophication, development of coastal areas, professional fishing and the incidental introduction of alien species on international shipping (Coll et al., 2010). The coasts and sea fronts of many coastal cities have been substantially modified for decades by the extraordinary increase in the human population living on or near the coast. To satisfy the demands of commercial, tourist and social activities, new ports and marinas have been built, break- waters of the main ports lengthened, artificial reefs and submerged rock barriers built to protect the beaches, and the seabed dredged for sand to regenerate beaches after big storms. These develop- ments, combined with the loss of natural habitats, have caused substantial changes in the biota that inhabit the seabed (Airoldi et al., 2009). Bulleri & Chapman (2010) have summarized the main effects produced by the introduction of artificial coastal structures, both in biotic factors (marine communities and their composition) and abiotic factors (nutrients, water temperature, new habitats) and consider these changes as possibly irreversible, stating the need for management of anthro- pogenic disturbances and to incorporate ecological criteria into coastal engineering to preserve biodiversity. Firth et al. (2016) discuss the «ocean sprawl» (increasing human anthropization of the marine environment) and point to the need for managing this phenomenon in a way compatible with strengthening the resilience of ecosystems. Bugnot et al. (2021) provide a global assessment of the extent of existing and projected marine construction and its effects on the seascape, while setting a baseline for tracking future marine human development. In a multi-year study conducted in various Singapore marinas, Chou et al. (2015) studied the evolution of the communities of epibiont marine organisms that settle on pylons, pontoons, walls of breakwaters (seawalls) and on the muddy bottom, and have verified that these new surfaces can support a varied and abundant fauna of epibionts and create new habitats for fauna and flora, a fact also verified by Connell (2000). It has also been proven that the increase in artificial substrates in the superficial marine environment can favour the settlement of exotic species more than
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