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Water Resources Governance in the Upper Swakop Basin of Namibia a Dissertation Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements of T

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Water Resources Governance in the Upper Swakop Basin of Namibia a Dissertation Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements of T WATER RESOURCES GOVERNANCE IN THE UPPER SWAKOP BASIN OF NAMIBIA A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEGREE OF PHD IN ENGINEERING OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NAMIBIA BY GODFREY T PAZVAKAWAMBWA (201137933) March 2018 Main Supervisor: Dr. Adedayo A. Ogunmokun, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology University of Namibia Co-Supervisor: Dr. K.F. Tjipangandjara NamWater, Department of Engineering and Scientific Services ABSTRACT This dissertation examined and presented adaptive water governance analysis and tools for the Upper Swakop Basin (USB) in Namibia where integrated river basin management is still in its infancy. The water governance concerns in the basin include pollution monitoring and control challenges that are further threatening the security and adequacy of the developed drinking water sources. By applying and triangulating different methods (models, statistical analysis, quantitative and qualitative measures etc.), this study uniquely analysed the water governance issues in the Upper Swakop Basin. The objectives of the study were to assess the water quality at potential pollution sources and at major receiving waters in the Upper Swakop Basin based on secondary data obtained from key stakeholders; to evaluate the adequacy and availability of drinking water sources in the USB; to assess the ethical, social and acceptability perceptions of water reuse for potable purposes based on primary data obtained from a purposive stakeholder survey; to qualitatively assess water governance structures and participation as well as to evaluate overall water governance processes and outcomes in the USB. Water quality parameters were assessed using descriptive statistics, extreme value analysis, spatial analysis and some of the parameters were compared to those given in the water quality regulations and standards of Namibia using ANOVA. The adequacy and availability of water was assessed using the simple water balance method, the Box-Jenkins ARIMA time series forecasting models, and the WEAP model. The ethical, social and health acceptability views and perceptions on water reuse for potable purposes were assessed using frequency tables, charts, and graphs. Stakeholder participation was analysed using scenario workshops, mediated modelling and social multi-criteria evaluation methods and was based on the ADVISOR framework. The researcher developed the 7”I”s water governance tool which was used to map stakeholders and to assess the overall water governance performance of the USB. The study found that water pollution parameters values were extremely high for agro-industries. Moreover it was found that the developed water resources supplying the USB are inadequate especially in Windhoek where additional drinking water sources outside the USB are required to augment its demand of 26.7 Mm3 per annum in 2015 to a projected amount of 52.93 Mm3 per annum in 2050. Acceptability levels of water reuse for potable purposes were found to be moderate. Stakeholder participation in water governance needs to be more inclusive. The existing legal and institutional framework for water governance was found to be inadequate due to lack of implementing technical capacity (in terms of personnel, technical skills, database management and information sharing). One of the unique contribution of the study to new knowledge is the development of the 7”I”s evaluation tool for overall water governance performance which can also be used in other similar basins. The pollution extreme parameter values assessment is proposed as a quick and initial evaluation of any problematic river catchment and to take remedial measures on would be polluters. Proper water pollution control and compliance strategies should be stepped up for agro-based industrial landuses. Landuse based water governance policy interventions may be required to prevent water pollution on the Swakoppoort Dam. The study proposed a new concept of utilizing the smaller already polluted Goreangab Dam, which receives polluted water from Windhoek and is situated upstream of ii Swakoppoort Dam, as a pollution detention and check dam as well as a clean-up dam for the downstream dam. A study on the feasibility of this new concept should be carried out. If the concept proves to be successful, it could be used to solve the problem of polluted dams downstream of “city river catchments” elsewhere. The time series of the rainfall in Windhoek area was stationary. This could mean climate change might have had little effect on Windhoek rainfall for the past 121 years. Therefore the study recommended more adaptive water resource planning, multi-source optimization and water governance initiatives of exploring the available secondary sources for the sustainable development of the USB. Water security in the USB can be enhanced by optimizing the Windhoek Rechargeable Aquifer Storage capacity. Institutions that supply bulk water to Windhoek can be unified into a single water governance institution to optimize and integrate these multiple sources. Based on adaptive water governance resource planning and multi-source optimization, the study further proposed a basin management strategy to ensure suitable water quality and quantity and to build adequate technical capacity. iii DEDICATION To God! “If any of you lacks wisdom, let him ask of God, who gives to all liberally and without reproach and it will be given to him”, James 1 verse 5, New King James Version (1982). iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisors Dr Adedayo A. Ogunmokun and Dr Kuiri F Tjipangandjara for the guidance they gave during the course of my study. Special thanks go to Professor Kolawole Ogedengbe for assisting with the proposal development. I would like to thank the following institutions, the Namibia Water Corporation (NamWater), in particular the chief executive officer, Dr. Vaino P Shivute; Windhoek Municipality, in particular Mr. du Pisane and the Ministry of Agriculture Water and Forestry (MAWF), in particular the deputy permanent secretary, Mr Abraham Nehemia and the Meteorological Services for allowing me to collect the secondary data that was used in the analysis of the study. Special thanks go to Ms Laura Namene from Windhoek Municipality, Ms Maria Amakali, Ms Ivondia Karumendu and Ms Geraldine Pickering all from MAWF. At NamWater, special thanks are owed to Mr. Walto Metzler, Mr. Abednego Shinana, Mr. John Sirunda and Ms Ndapewa Hatutale. I kindly express my great appreciation to the all individuals and workmates who made this work a success, in spite of the seemingly unfavourable conditions during the passage of the part-time study. Special thanks to the participants who attended and made presentations in the workshops. I am also indebted to the training on WEAP conducted by Dr Brain Joyce of Stockholm Environmental Institute (SEI), as well Lund and Seleenbinder Consulting Engineers. Much gratitude is also given to my beloved wife Lillian, who gave me peace, encouragement and support; and my children Joshua, Delight and Tsitsi for the emotional stamina and resilience they showed during the course of my study when I could not give them my full attention. My sister-in law Stella Nyemba and Professor Benjamin Mapani helped with the proof v reading. My gratitude also goes to Pardon Mutambirwa and Dennis Mukada for helping with some of the typing and perfecting the graphics. Lastly and profoundly I would like extol the Almighty God for giving me life and good health through this season of study that was exhaustive. God’s unspeakable eternal hope in the words of the Bible: “But those who wait upon the Lord shall renew their strength; they shall mount up with wings like eagles, they shall run and not be weary, they shall walk and not faint”, Isaiah 40 verse 31, New King James Version (1982) kept me going and energized. vi DECLARATIONS I, Godfrey Tichaona Pazvakawambwa, hereby declare that this study is a true reflection of my research. This work or part thereof has not been submitted for a degree in any other institution of higher learning. No part of this dissertation may be reproduced, stored in an any retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by means of electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, save for the benefit of the key stakeholder organizations intended to benefit from this study i.e. Upper Swakop Basin Committee, NamWater and Windhoek Municipality and the Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry of Namibia. Otherwise prior permission of the author and/or the University of Namibia (UNAM) has to be sought. I, Godfrey Tichaona Pazvakawambwa, grant UNAM the right to produce this dissertation in whole or in part in any manner or format, for the purposes of study and research. UNAM shall waive this right if the whole dissertation has been or is being published in accordance with the University‘s publishing requirements. ------------------------------------ --------------------- Godfrey Pazvakawambwa Date vii ACRONYMS ACF AutoCorrelation Function ADWF Average Daily Water Flow AIC Akaike Information Criterion AIWPS Advanced Integrated Wastewater Ponding System ANN Artificial Neural Networks ANOVA Analysis of Variance ARIMA Auto Regression Integrated moving Average ASOR Adaptive and Solution Oriented Research ASR Aquifer Storage Recovery BAC Biologically Activated Carbon BAT Best Available Technology BATNEEC Best Available Technology Not Entailing Excessive Cost BG Blue Green BGR Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (Federal Institute for Geosciences
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