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Uni International 300 N INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photographed, a definite method of “sectioning” the material has been followed. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For illustrations that cannot be satisfactorily reproduced by xerographic means, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and inserted into your xerographic copy. These prints are available upon request from the Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. Uni International 300 N. Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 8311769 Liu, Jim-Wen Robert EFFECT OF PH, SULFUR DIOXIDE, INSOLUBLE SOLIDS, AND IMMOBILIZED LEUCONOSTOC OENOS PSU-1 ON THE INDUCTION OF MALOLACTIC FERMENTATION IN TABLE WINES The Ohio State University Ph.D. 1983 University Microfilms International300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 EFFECT OF pH, SULFUR DIOXIDE, INSOLUBLE SOLIDS, AND IMMOBILIZED Leuconostoc oenos PSU-1 ON THE INDUCTION OF MALOLACTIC FERMENTATION IN TABLE WINES DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State university By Jim-Wen Robert Liu, B.S., M.S. ***** The Ohio State University 1983 Reading Committee: Approved By Dr. J. F. Gallander Dr. G. A. Cahoon Dr. J. R. Geisman Dr. A. C. Peng Adviser epartment of Horticulture ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to express his sincere gratitude to Dr. James F. Gallander for his guidance, understanding, and constant support in performing this research and preparing this dissertation. The author is also grateful to Drs. Robert B. Beelman, Garth A. Cahoon, Jean R. Geisman, Andrew C. Peng, and Robert L. Clements for their time and valuable advice during the course of this research. Appreciation is extended to Dr. Robert G. Hill, Jr. for his support, and to Drs. Junius F. Snell and David C. Ferree for their constructive criticism of the dissertation. Appreciation is also extended to Judith Stetson for her friendship and valuable assistance, to Dr. Demetrio G. Ortega, Jr., and many staff members of O.A.R.D.C. for their helpful assistance. Gratitude is expressed to The George F. Lonz Foundation for financial support. To my parents for their support and encouragement. To my wife Ting-Ting, for her support, understanding, and sacrifices over the past years. ii VITA January 5, 1948 .... Born - Taiwan, Republic of China 1972.... ....... .... B.S., Department of Biology, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Republic of China 1977.... ................ M.S., Department of Horticulture, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 1979.... ............ M.S., Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 1979 -1983 ............. Research Associate, Department of Horticulture, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio PUBLICATIONS A simplified medium for the growth of maize (Zea mays) endosperm tissue in suspension culture. Physiol. Plant. 40:285-291 (1977). Agaritine content in fresh and processed mushrooms, Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach. J. Food Sci. 47:1542-1544,1548 (1982). Effect of insoluble solids on the sulfur dioxide content and rate of malolactic fermentation in white table wines. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 33:194-197 (1982). Effect of pH and sulfur dioxide on the rate of malolactic fermentation in red table wines. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. (accepted for publication). iii VITA (continued) FIELD OF STUDY Major Field: Food Technology Studies in Enology. Professors Garth A. Cahoon and James F. Gallander. Studies in Food Biochemistry. Professors Fred E. Deatherage, Michael E. Mangino, and Andrew C. Peng. Studies in Food Fermentation. Professors Jean R. Geisman, James W. Harper, and Thorvald Kristoffersen. Studies in Food Microbiology. Professor Emil M. Mikolajcik. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................... ii VITA .......................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ........................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES.......................................... ix INTRODUCTION .............................................. 1 GENERAL REVIEW OF LITERATURE . ........... 5 The Microbiology and Biochemical Pathways of Malolactic Fermentation ............................ 5 Factors Affecting Malolactic Fermentation .... 11 Wine Deacidification by Malolactic Fermentation . 19 Methods for Inducing Malolactic Fermentation. 21 Immobilized Cell Systems and Their Application to Induction of Malolactic Fermentation ......... 25 Chapter I. EFFECT OF pH AND SULFUR DIOXIDE ON THE RATE OF MALOLACTIC FERMENTATION IN RED TABLE WINES . 29 Materials and Methods....................... 31 Results and Discussion ....................... 33 Literature Cited .............................. 43 II. EFFECT OF INSOLUBLE SOLIDS ON THE SULFUR DIOXIDE CONTENT AND RATE OF MALOLACTIC FERMENTATION IN WHITE TABLE WINES .............. 45 Materials and Methods....................... 46 Results and Discussion ....................... 49 Literature Cited ........... 59 v TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Page Chapter III. CHARACTERISTICS OF INSOLUBLE SOLIDS INVOLVED IN THE REDUCTION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE CONTENT OF WHITE GRAPE JUICES AND TABLE WINES.............. 61 Materials and Methods......................... 63 Results and Discussion ....................... 67 Literature Cited .............................. 80 IV. INDUCTION OF MALOLACTIC FERMENTATION IN TABLE WINES BY IMMOBILIZED CELLS OF Leuconostoc oenos PSU-1 ....................................... 82 Materials and Methods......................... 84 Results and Discussion ....................... 88 Literature Cited ............................... 103 GENERAL DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION..........................105 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................... 109 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Time (weeks) to complete malolactic fermentation in Chancellor wines at different must pH and sulfur dioxide levels............................................. 34 2. pH values of fermenting musts at the time of bacterialinoculation .................... 37 3. Free, bound, and total sulfur dioxide contents of Vidal blanc and Catawba juices 12 hours after the addition of 30 ppm of sulfur dioxide ................................ 50 4. Rate of malolactic fermentation in Vidal blanc and Catawba wines with different levels of insoluble solids....................... 55 5. Rate of alcoholic fermentation in Vidal blanc and Catawba wines with different levels of insoluble solids....................... 58 6. The insoluble solids and total sulfur dioxide contents in three types of juice from five different grape varieties ............ 68 7. The insoluble solids content, pH, and total acidity of five grape varieties at harvest......................................... 70 8. Effect of sampling time on the sulfur dioxide contents of Cayuga White and Catawba juices with various amounts of insoluble solids.................................. 71 9. The effect of initial sulfur dioxide levels on the sulfur dioxide content of Vidal blanc juices with 0.0 and 9.2% of insoluble solids.................................. 73 vii Table Page 10. Addition of various particulate materials and its effect on the sulfur dioxide content of Aurora juice initially treated with 30 ppm of sulfur dioxide ......... 74 11. Effect of EDTA (5 mM) and ascorbic acid (5 mM) on the sulfur dioxide content of Vidal blanc juices added with 1.0 and 8.0% of insoluble solids and 30 ppm of sulfur d i o x i d e .................................. 76 12. Effect of pasteurization and insoluble solids on the total sulfur dioxide content in Seyval blanc juices and wines................ 78 13. The rate of malolactic fermentation in Chancellor wines without inoculation (A), and with inoculation of free cells (B), free cells plus gel pellets (C), gel pellets (D), and immobilized cells (E) of L. oenos P S U - 1 .............................................. 89 14. The rate of malolactic fermentation in Chancellor wines inoculated with free or immobilized cells of L. oenos
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