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U. S. Army Air Defense Employment Copy 3 FM 44-1 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY FIELD MANUAL U. S. ARMY AIR DEFENSE EMPLOYMENT HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY OCTOBER 1965 FOREWORD The information in this manual regarding Army air defense operations in CONUS and the theater of operations is of a transitional nature. Although control of many Army air defense engagement operations is currently centralized at high echelons of command, provisions exist for rapid decentralization as may be required in combat; thus, the Army concept of air defense tactical operations is based on the principle of decentralized execution. This manual should not be construed to restrict this concept; Army air defense commanders at all levels must prepare their units to adjust to rapid transition from one control mode to the other, and to operate autonomously if centralized control facilities fail or are destroyed during battle. As secure, reliable means of identification are developed, the require- ment for centralized control of Army air defense engagement operations will be minimized and control may be decentralized as necessary for fully effec- tive aid defense operations while providing adequate freedom of action for friendly aviation operating in defended airspace. *FM 44-1 FIELD MANUAL HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY No. 44-1 WASHINGTON, D.C., 11 October 1965 U.S. ARMY AIR DEFENSE EMPLOYMENT Paragraph Page PART ONE. GENERAL CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1-3 2 2. MISSION, RESPONSIBILITIES, AND DOCTRINE ............................................ 4-10 3 3. ARMY AIR DEFENSE MATERIEL .................................................. ..................... 11-16 6 4. ARMY AIR DEFENSE ORGANIZATION ........................................ 17-22 15 5. AIR DEFENSE EMPLOYMENT CONSIDERATIONS ......................... 23-33 17 PART Two. AIR DEFENSE, UNITED STATES CHAPTER 6. DOCTRINE AND ORGANIZATION Section I. Basic doctrine for air defense of the United States .... .................................... 34-37 20 II. Organization ...................................................................................................................... 38-42 22 CHAPTER 7. AIR DEFENSE OPERATIONS Section I. Command and control facilities ............................................................................... 43, 44 26, 27 II. Control procedures ................................................ 45, 46 29, 30 III. Detection and identification .......................................................................................... 47-52 31 IV. Communications .............. ........................................................................................... 5353 33 PART THREE. AIR DEFENSE, THEATER OF OPERATIONS CHAPTER 8. AREA (THEATER) AIR DEFENSE Section I. Doctrine, organization, and functions ........................................................................ 54-65 34 II. Coordination and control facilities ........................................ .............................. 66-68 35 III. Communications ................................................................................................................ 69 36 CHAPTER 9. FIELD ARMY AIR DEFENSE Section I. General ........................................ ........................................................................................ 70, 71 45 II. Air defense officer staff functions .................................... ........................................... 72-77 45 III. Organization and deployment for combat .................................................................. 78-82 47 IV. Operations .......................................................................................................................... 83-100 50 V. Displacement of air defense units ............................................................................... 101,102 57, 58 VI. Communications ........................................ ................................. 103-107 58 CHAPTER 10. AIR DEFENSE IN SPECIAL OPERATIONS .................................... 108-113 60 APPENDIX I. REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... ... 6 II. ESTABLISHMENT OF MISSILE DEFENSES .................................................... ........ 65 III. ESTABLISHMENT OF AIR DEFENSE AUTOMATIC WEAPON D E FE N SE S ................................................................................................................ ........ 91 IV. LOCAL SECURITY ........................................................................................................ ........ 98 V. SAMPLE FORMATS AND REPORTS .................................................................... ........ 102 VI. CONVERSION TABLES .............................................................................................. ........ 110 GLOSSARY............................... ............................................................................................................................ ....... 111 INDEX............................................................................. ............................................................................................. 113 *This manual supernedes FM 44-1, 25 February 1964. PART ONE GENERAL CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Purpose and Scope e. The information presented is applicable to a. This manual is a guide for cormnanders and both nuclear and nonnuclear warfare. staff officers concerned with the organization, f. FM 44-1A supplements this manual by training, deployment, and employment of Army presenting certain classified information on U.S. Air Defense (AD) units and the integration of Army AD materiel and employment. the Army air defense capability with that of other U.S. forces. 2. Recommended Changes or Comments b. Part one provides general information con- Users are encouraged to submit recommended cerning Army AD doctrine, materiel, organiza- changes or comments to improve this manual. tion, and employment principles. Part two pre- Comments should be keyed to the specific page, sents doctrine for the organization and opera- paragraph, and line of the text in which the tions of U.S. Army AD forces in the United ange is recommended. Reasons should be provided for each comment to insure understand- States. Part three presents similar information ing and complete evaluation. Comments should ing and complete evaluation. Comments should ftions. Army AD forces in a theater of opera- be forwarded direct to Commanding Officer, U.S. Army Combat Developments Command Air De- c. This manual pertains primarily to the em- fense Agency, Fort Bliss, Tex. 79916. ployment of U.S. Army AD missile systems; appendix II presents detailed guidance for es- 3. References, Conversion Tables, and tablishment of missile defenses. However, ap- Glossary pendix III presents an abbreviated coverage of References listed in appendix I should be con- U.S. Army AD automatic weapon systemsystem em- sulted for details beyond the scope of this man- ual. Appendix VI provides conversion tables for d. Appendix IV presents considerations for convenience in converting between the English local security of AD units. Appendix V includes and metric measuring systems. The glossary de- sample formats for selected AD SOP, reports, fines certain nonstandard terms used in this and plans. manual. 2 CHAPTER 2 MISSION, RESPONSIBILITIES, AND DOCTRINE 4. Air Defense Mission the quick restoration of capability to degraded a. The mission of air defense elements is to areas. Ground-based air defense weapons add destroy hostile airborne aircraft and missiles, or depth to the defense by providing terminal de- to nullify or reduce their effectiveness. This mis- fense of priority target areas. sion is accomplished by the active air defense b. Army Air Defense. Active Army air de- means and by those passive air defense measures fense is obtained by the deployment in depth of employed by all U.S. forces. a family of complementary weapon systems. This b. Army air defense units equipped with deployment must be quantitatively and qualita- weapons capable of engaging surface targets tively balanced against the probable enemy may be assigned a ground support mission. threat. Friend-or-foe identification procedures should permit flexible and effective employment 5. Air Defense Objective of both the air defense means and friendly avi- The air defense forces in being contribute to a military posture which deters attack. Should c. Army Air Defense Fire Unit. The air de- deterrence fail, air defense forces deployed in fense fire unit is the key element for effective defense of the United States must insure, as air defense in combat. Therefore, air defense fire their primary objective, the survival of the U.S. units must have the capability to autonomously as a nation by limiting the damage inflicted on accomplish all engagement functions - the basic elements of our national strength. (1) Detection of potential targets. When deployed in defense of oversea land areas, (2) Identification of unknown objects. air defense forces must have the objective of (3) Interception of enemy forces. limiting the effectiveness of enemy offensive air (4) Destruction of the hostile threat. efforts to a level permitting freedom of action to friendly forces of all types. a. Forces used in the active air defense effort 6. Air Defense Concepts are those employing surface-to-air weapon sys- a. Overall Air Defense
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