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ESPON Project 3.4.1. Europe in the World (Volume 1)

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ESPON Project 3.4.1. Europe in the World (Volume 1) ESPON project 3.4.1. Europe in the World (Volume 1) 3 Co-financed by the European Community through the Interreg III ESPON Programme 4 ESPON 3.4.1 Europe in the World 5 This report represents the final results of a research project conducted within the framework of the ESPON 2000-2006 programme, partly financed through the INTERREG programme. The partnership behind the ESPON programme consists of the EU Commission and the Member States of the EU25, plus Norway and Switzerland. Each partner is represented in the ESPON Monitoring Committee. This report does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the members of the Monitoring Committee. Information on the ESPON programme and projects can be found on www.espon.lu” The web side provides the possibility to download and examine the most recent document produced by finalised and ongoing ESPON projects. ISBN number: This basic report exists only in an electronic version. Word version: © The ESPON Monitoring Committee and the partners of the projects mentioned. Printing, reproduction or quotation is authorized provided the source is acknowledged and a copy is forwarded to the ESPON Coordination Unit in Luxembourg. 6 Participants Lead Partner RIATE : Bernard Corminboeuf, Clarisse Didelon, Nicolas Lambert, Isabelle Salmon Core Team IGEAT : Laurent Aujean, Gilles Van Hammes, Pablo Medina, Christian Vandermotten ITPS: Mats Johansson, Daniel Rauhut LADYSS : Pierre Beckouche, Yann Richard UMR Géographie-cités : Nadine Cattan, Claude Grasland, Christian Grataloup, Christine Zanin Experts CRS HAS: Györgyi Barta, László Dancs, Imre Nagy, Alexandra Szigeti, Péter Strömpl CASA: Elena Besussi, Sinesio Alves Junior TIGRIS - "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University: Octavian Groza, Ionel Muntele, Alexandru Rusu, Oana Stoleriu, Georgiana Voicu ETH Zurich: Marco Keiner GRUPO SOGES: Alberto Vanolo 7 Table of contents 1 Executive Summary ................................................................ 15 1.1 Introduction to the report......................................................... 15 1.2 ESPON Influence area.............................................................. 16 1.3 Key questions......................................................................... 18 1.3.1 World divisions: mental maps ................................................... 18 1.3.2 Europe in its network............................................................... 19 1.3.3 Europe in its neighbourhood ..................................................... 20 1.3.4 Europe in its neighbourhood – net migration patterns .................. 21 1.3.5 Differentiation of European territory .......................................... 22 2 Introduction: Preliminary Results On European Influence Area...................................................................................... 25 2.1 Toward a new vision of the world .............................................. 25 3 World Unified Territorial System (WUTS) .................................... 42 3.1 Introduction: from NUTS to WUTS ….......................................... 42 3.2 The World in 3 Global Regions (WUTS1) ..................................... 43 3.2.1 Nbstate ................................................................................. 44 3.2.2 Legend .................................................................................. 44 3.3 The World in 7 Macro Regions (WUTS2) ..................................... 46 3.4 The World in 17 Meso Regions (WUTS3)..................................... 49 3.5 The European Neighbourhood in 12 Micro Regions (WUTS4) ............................................................................... 52 3.6 Conclusion : Further development and usefulness of WUTS.................................................................................... 55 3.6.1 The distribution of Human Development Index in the World in 2002......................................................................... 55 3.6.2 Share of the Wealth of the World; The double perspective at different WUTS levels........................................................... 58 4 Dictionary of concepts............................................................. 61 4.1 Integration Zones ................................................................... 61 4.2 Centre / Periphery................................................................... 62 4.3 Regionalisation ....................................................................... 64 4.4 Polycentrism .......................................................................... 65 4.5 Gateway (cities) ..................................................................... 67 4.6 Area of influence..................................................................... 70 4.7 Barrier Effect.......................................................................... 72 4.8 Neighbourhood ....................................................................... 73 4.9 Territorial cooperation/competition ............................................ 76 4.10 Territorial Cohesion ................................................................. 80 4.11 International Division of Labour ................................................ 81 4.12 Territorial / Spatial differentiation.............................................. 84 4.13 Bonus: trying to define Europe.................................................. 85 8 5 Key Question n°1. Mental maps : Firms, Countries, International Organisations and NGOs’s World regionalisation ........................................................................ 89 5.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 89 5.2 Methodology .......................................................................... 90 5.3 How we build the data base...................................................... 90 5.4 How we get the results .......................................................... 100 5.5 Resullts ............................................................................... 102 5.5.1 Continentalisation ................................................................. 102 5.5.2 Other “Geographical” factors for subdivisions? .......................... 106 5.5.3 Cultural factors ..................................................................... 110 5.5.4 Development Perceptions ....................................................... 115 5.5.5 Europecentric view of the World .............................................. 117 6 Key Question n°2. Europe in its networks ................................. 121 6.1 Background.......................................................................... 121 6.1.1 The Context ......................................................................... 121 6.1.2 The Main Objectives .............................................................. 122 6.2 Database collection and problems............................................ 123 6.3 Methodological issues while analysing flows .............................. 124 6.4 PROVISIONAL RESULTS on the way Europe is integrated to the rest of the world through air traffic................................. 129 7 Key Question n°3-a, Neighbourhoods....................................... 135 7.1 The Neighbourhoods question in the EIW programme................. 135 7.1.1 Triad, Globalisation, Regionalisation......................................... 135 7.1.2 Assessing regionalisation ....................................................... 136 7.1.3 Our approach of the case of Europe ......................................... 137 7.2 First results – Economy. West-East integration, North- South divide......................................................................... 139 7.2.1 Structures – GDP .................................................................. 139 7.2.2 Flows - Trade ....................................................................... 141 7.2.3 Flows - FDI .......................................................................... 156 7.2.4 Flows - Workers remittances................................................... 162 7.3 First results - Regional policies................................................ 165 7.3.1 The ambition of the European Neighbourhood Policy .................. 165 7.3.2 The shortcomings of the Barcelona process............................... 166 8 Key Question n°3-b, Europe and its neighbours – Net migration patterns ................................................................ 171 8.1 Convergence, divergence, factor endowments and mobility ............................................................................... 171 8.2 World Migration Trends .......................................................... 172 8.3 The 1990s - new migration patterns?....................................... 174 8.4 Future migration -Tendencies ................................................. 177 8.5 Migration flows and possible sender countries ........................... 178 8.6 Europe and its Neighbourhood - WUTS4-development ................ 179 8.6.1 Europe - country profiles........................................................ 184 9 8.6.2 Neighbours- country profiles................................................... 191 8.7 Integration, factor mobility and migration – some remarks and reflections ......................................................... 196 9 Key Question n°4, Internal differentiation of the Europe ............. 201 9.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 201 9.2 Europe in the World..............................................................
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