Ontogenetic and Life History Trait Changes Associated with Convergent Ecological Specializations in Extinct Ungulate Mammals
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Ontogenetic and life history trait changes associated with convergent ecological specializations in extinct ungulate mammals Helder Gomes Rodriguesa,b,1, Anthony Herrelb, and Guillaume Billeta aSorbonne Universités, Centre de Recherche sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements, UMR CNRS 7207, CP 38, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 75005 Paris, France; and bMécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, UMR CNRS 7179, Bâtiment Anatomie Comparée, CP 55, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 75005 Paris, France Edited by Mikael Fortelius, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, and accepted by Editorial Board Member David Jablonski December 15, 2016 (received for review August 22, 2016) Investigating life history traits in mammals is crucial to understand (e.g., humans, hippos, rhinos) (11). However, this relationship, their survival in changing environments. However, these param- previously summarized under Schultz’s “rule,” cannot be general- eters are hard to estimate in a macroevolutionary context. Here ized to all mammals (12, 13). It has also been suggested that the we show that the use of dental ontogenetic parameters can provide time of eruption of the first molars is a suitable predictor of the pace clues to better understand the adaptive nature of phenotypic traits of life (e.g., longevity, maturity, weaning period) in some mammals in extinct species such as South American notoungulates. This (e.g., primates, ruminants) (10, 12). Consequently, the scrutiny of recently extinct order of mammals evolved in a context of important dental ontogenetic patterns may prove very insightful to understand geological, climatic, and environmental variations. Interestingly, changes in life history and ecology, and therefore to assess the notoungulates were mostly herbivorous and acquired high- impact of environmental changes on extinct mammals. crowned teeth very early in their evolutionary history. We focused During the Cenozoic, the long isolated South American conti- on the variations in crown height, dental eruption pattern, and nent underwent drastic geological, climatic, and environmental associated body mass of 69 notoungulate taxa, placed in their changes that might have severely affected endemic mammalian phylogenetic and geological contexts. We showed that notoungu- faunas (14–17). Among these mammals, the extinct order of lates evolved higher crowns several times between 45 and 20 Ma, Notoungulata was highly diversified taxonomically and consisted of independently of the variation in body mass. Interestingly, the rodent-sized up to rhino-sized taxa (18–20). They exhibited very independent acquisitions of ever-growing teeth were systemati- advanced dental specializations thought to be related to herbivory cally accompanied by eruption of molars faster than permanent (21, 22). Interestingly, high-crowned teeth (i.e., hypsodonty) evolved premolars. These repeated associations of dental innovations have among notoungulates during the Paleogene more than 10 million never been documented for other mammals and raise questions on years before their appearance in the majority of other mammalian their significance and causal relationships. We suggest that these groups (17, 21–24). For instance, intense crown height increase correlated changes could originate from ontogenetic adjustments occurred during the Middle Miocene–Pliocene period in mammals favored by structural constraints, and may indicate accelerated life from northern continents, such as ruminants, and also perissodactyls histories. Complementarily, these more durable and efficient (e.g., Equidae, Elasmotheriinae) (8, 21, 22, 24), the closest extant dentitions could be selected to cope with important ingestions of relatives of notoungulates (25, 26). Most remarkably, a crown height abrasive particles in the context of intensified volcanism and increase convergently evolved in four distinct notoungulate clades increasing aridity. This study demonstrates that assessing both life history and ecological traits allows a better knowledge of the Significance specializations of extinct mammals that evolved under strong environmental constraints. Estimating life history traits such as pace of growth or lon- gevity is difficult in extinct mammals. Yet, these parameters dental ontogeny | hypsodonty | abrasion | notoungulates | South America could be helpful to better understand how herbivorous mam- mals adapted to changing environments. We here highlight the n understanding of the life history of mammals in their insights gained by studying dental growth and eruption in a Aecological context is essential to predict how these animals clade of extinct ungulate mammals. Variation in these traits may have coped with past environmental and climatic variations. was assessed in the context of volcanism, cooling, and in- The life history of mammals reflects behavioral, physiological, and creasing aridity in South America starting 50 Ma. We show that anatomical adaptations that have a direct impact on survival and ever-growing teeth combined with faster molar eruption arose reproductive success (1). Life history traits are in turn directly several times during the evolution of these mammals, allowing influenced by size and lifestyle, reflecting the adaptations of mam- them to obtain a more durable and efficient dentition in con- mals to their environment (2, 3). However, life history parameters straining environments. These innovations might represent such as fecundity, the age at sexual maturity, longevity, or mortality convergent ontogenetic and physiological adjustments that often cannot be quantified precisely in extinct species. Estimations of contributed to their ecological specialization. body size (or mass) alone do not allow accurate inferences on life history traits because of intrinsic variations depending on ecological Author contributions: H.G.R., A.H., and G.B. designed research; H.G.R. and G.B. performed factors (2, 4). For these reasons, bone histology is frequently used in research; H.G.R. and G.B. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; H.G.R. and G.B. ana- lyzed data; and H.G.R., A.H., and G.B. wrote the paper. extinct species for physiological inferences (5, 6). The authors declare no conflict of interest. Dental growth measured using crown height can, however, pro- – This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. M.F. is a Guest Editor invited by the Editorial vide data on both ecology and longevity (7 9). Moreover, studying Board. dental replacement, especially the timing of postcanine eruption, 1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: helder.gomes-rodrigues@ can give insights into the pace of life or ecology (10–12). The late mnhn.fr. EVOLUTION eruption of molars compared with permanent premolars can for This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10. instance be associated with a slow pace of growth in some mammals 1073/pnas.1614029114/-/DCSupplemental. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1614029114 PNAS | January 31, 2017 | vol. 114 | no. 5 | 1069–1074 Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 (e.g., Toxodontidae, Interatheriidae, Mesotheriidae, and Hegeto- Interatheriidae, whereas they have similar variations regarding theriidae). This repeated innovation was likely selected to withstand crown height. As a result, it can be considered that a crown high dental wear during mastication (17, 27). It was also assumed to height increase is not directly influenced by body mass, as was be related to the successive orogenic, volcanic, and erosive phases of previously suggested for some notoungulates (31) and other the Andean Cordillera starting from the Late Paleocene (approxi- mammals (9). mately 57 Ma) (28), which involved subsequent deposition of Because they lived in environments on which soil minerals abrasive detritic particles on plants (16, 29, 30). (dust and grit) were likely deposited to an important degree due The comparative ecology and life history of the different to volcanic activity (16, 17, 29), high-crowned teeth may have groups of notoungulates remains, however, poorly understood. allowed notoungulates to cope with the ingestion of such exter- Here, we provide data allowing a more complete overview of the nal abrasive particles that strongly wear teeth during chewing. In convergent crown height increases and associated dental onto- the presence of external abrasives, wear rates may have also been genetic changes in notoungulates to better understand their enhanced by an increase in the pressure and intensity of chewing, evolution with respect to environmental variations taking place especially given a diet including many fibrous plants with a low in South America from the Late Paleocene onwards. For this nutritive value (e.g., grass and grass-like plants, some shrubs) reason, we studied and compared the evolutionary patterns of (27). This increase might also be related with digestive abilities dental growth (Fig. 1A) and eruption (Fig. 1B) in different clades assumedtobelessefficientinnotoungulatesthanruminants, of notoungulates along with estimated body mass in the context but closer to those of their extant relatives (e.g., horses, rhinos), of a consensual and well-resolved phylogeny. We also put these for which the amount of food intake is higher and the chewing original data into a geological framework to estimate the varia- effort greater (17). It is important to point out that the pres- tions in ecological and life history traits that may be related to ence of abundant external abrasive particles