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Student Number: 2003101793, Email Address Atiikuzu@Yahoo.Com DECLARATION AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE CAUSES AND SOLUTIONS FOR THE HIGH DROPOUT RATE AMONG THE SAN CHILDREN IN FORMAL SCHOOLS - A CASE STUDY OF THE 0MAHEKE REGION IN NAMIBIA. BY AUGUSTIN US T JIKUZU DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: PROFESSOR MIKE DEJONGH DECEMBER 2016 Student Number: 2003101793, Email Address [email protected] DECLARATION Augustinus Tjikuzu hereby delcarc that: a. The research reported in this dissertation is a true reflection of my own original work. All the sources that I used or quoted in this study have been indicated and acknowledged by means of a complete reference. b. This dissertation has not been submitted for any degree at any other university or institution. ~·~= ............ .d. 7.f.,;/..?..P..1..7.. Augustinus · Date Student Number 2003101793 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I hereby would like to acknowledge the Lord for giving me strength to complete this study. A special word of gratitude and appreciation goes to my study supervisor, Professor Mike De Jongh for his guidance, support and patience during the duration of this research project. I am also indebted to my entire family for their support. I particularly, would like to express my sincere thanks to my uncle, Mr. Vekondja Tjikuzu, for his support and encouragement. I would also like to thank my former colleagues in the Ministry of Health and Social Services, particularly Mr. Edson Muchenjekwa (Social Worker) and Mr. G. Chibaya (Occupational Therapist) for sharing their experience in research with me and for their encouragement. I furthermore wish to express my deepest gratitude to the entire staff at the CDS' office for their support and guidance throughout the duration of my study for this program. iii ABSTRACT School dropout is a global challenge with serious negative repercusions for the socio­ economic well-being of individuals as well as for the entire society. Studies and official statistics indicate that many San learners in the Omaheke region, Namibia, drop out of school in high numbers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the reasons that contribute to many San learners dropping out of primary and secondary schools in the Omaheke region, Namibia. The study adopted a qualitative approach, following a case study research design. The study employed a non-probability sampling design and utilised purposive sampling in the selection of participants. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews, focus group discussion, and analysis of available documents. The findings of the study revealed that there are a variety of factors that contribute to the high school dropouts of San learners. Some of the causes included the inability of the San parents to afford the school-related expenses, ignorance on the importance of education, poor parental involvement in education, early courting and teenage parenthood, inability to handle transition from primary to secondary schools, and an unwelcoming school environment which is irresponsive to the cultural and living realities of the San population and in addition characterised by bullying and ridicule of San learners. The study recommended an intersectoral approach to address the school dropout challenge. It proposed among others the strengthening of the existing livelihood programs to improve the socio-economic conditions of the San population, the establishment of programs to build the self-esteem and resilience of San children from younger ages, and the creation of a conducive school environment that is friendly and culturally responsive to the needs of the San children. Keywords: School dropout, socio-economic conditions, resilience, learners, parental involvement. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages Declaration ................................................................................................ii Acknowledgements ....................................................................................iii Abstract. ...................................................................................................iv Table of Contents ........................................................................................v List of Tables .............................................................................................vi List of Annexures .......................................................................................vii List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................vii Chapter 1: Orientation of the Study 1.1. Introduction ..........................................................................................1 1.2. Background to the study ..........................................................................3 1.3. Statement of the problem ........................................................................ 8 1 .4. Aims and objectives of the study .............................................................. 10 1.5. Definition of the key concepts ..................................................................11 1.6. Overview of the methodology .............................................................................. 11 1. 7. Ethical considerations ...........................................................................12 1.8. Limitations ...........................................................................................12 1.9. Outline of the study .............................................................................. 13 Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1. lntroduction ........................................................................................14 2.2. Conceptual framework ..........................................................................14 2.3. Causes of school dropout ...................................................................... 16 2.4. Addressing the school dropout challenge ..................................................28 2.5. Chapter summary................................................................................ 31 Chapter 3: Research Design and Methodology 3.1. Introduction ........................................................................................32 3.2. Research design .................................................................................32 3.3. Population and sampling .......................................................................33 v 3.4. Data collection ....................................................................................34 3.5. Data analysis ......................................................................................36 3.6. Ethical considerations ...........................................................................37 3.7. Limitations ..........................................................................................38 3.8. Chapter summary .................................................................................39 Chapter 4: Presentation of Data and Analysis 4.1. Introduction ....................................................................................... .40 4.2. Demographic data of respondents .......................................................... .41 4.3. Findings .............................................................................................43 4.3.1. Extent of the school dropout rate among San learners ................................43 4.3.2. The causes/reasons for school dropout.. ................................................45 4.3.3. Suggested solutions for the school dropout problem ..................................75 4.4. Chapter Summary ................................................................................83 Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations 5.1. Conclusion from the literature and empirical findings .................................... 84 5.2. Recommendations ...............................................................................88 5.3. Chapter Summary ................................................................................92 References ... ..........................................................................................93 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Breakdown of respondents - category of San learners who dropped out of school and their parents/guardians ............................................41 Table 2: Breakdown of respondents - category of principals/life skills teachers ........ .42 Table 3: Breakdown of respondents - category of current school-attending San learners ................................................................................ .43 Table 4: Breakdown of respondents - category of resource persons ......................43 Table 5: Themes and categories: causes of school dropout.. ..............................45 Table 6: Themes and categories: respondents' suggestions on solutions to school dropout ...............................................................75 vi LIST OF ANNEXURES AnnexureA: Mapoftheregion .................................................................. 101 Annexure B: Participant consent form ........................................................ 102 Annexure C: Authorization letter to conduct study in schools ........................... 103 Annexure D-H: lnteiview guides ............................................................................... 104 Annexure I: Editor's confirmation letter. .................................................... 108 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS UNICEF United Nations Children Education
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